Why do you need fluorescent ceiling lamps. How fluorescent ceiling lamps work

The market for electrical products is huge. Each customer can choose what suits him the most. Fluorescent lamps are often purchased - a relative novelty among similar products.

What is it, advantages and disadvantages

Until recently, buyers were actively interested in energy-saving lamps. These devices are so called because they are more economical than incandescent lamps. They fit almost all chandeliers, therefore they are popular. In addition to this characteristic, the product has a lot of advantages that play an important role in the purchase.

So these lamps:

• Significantly reduce energy consumption. Buyers will notice the difference to incandescent bulbs after they receive their "payment" for the light at the end of the month.
• They serve for a very long time. The lamp can work for about 15 thousand hours. But this is very individual, since some devices shine longer, some less.
• They practically do not heat up. It is quite difficult to get a burn.
• These devices are much cheaper than LED ones, but more expensive than incandescent lamps. It is worth noting that using a fluorescent lamp is a more economical option than others. One such device can last longer than a dozen incandescent lamps - despite the fact that the cost will be 1 in 10.

But these lighting fixtures are not without drawbacks. For some, they will serve as an excuse to abandon the use, but for others, the advantages will still outweigh.

The cons are as follows:

• It is based on ultraviolet light, but its effect is excluded, since the intensity is thousands of times lower than that of sunlight.
• Unlike incandescent lamps and LED devices, the scope of application of such devices is more limited.
• Compared to LED - such devices are more fragile.

Specifications

You can choose a lamp for any interior, since modern manufacturers offer a variety of shapes and product characteristics. Modern models come in different sizes, capacities.

Power

The longer the tube, the greater its power. If we compare the spiral and U-shaped versions, then they will be equal in power, although the first version is more compact.

Colour temperature

This indicator is measured in kelvin. Typically this value is indicated on the lamp packaging. The warmest white light has a temperature of 2700 K, just warm white (TB) - 3000 K. Natural light (E) - 4000 K, cold white (CB) - more than 5000 K. This is the so-called daylight.

If the characteristic is below 5000 K, then the light will turn out with a reddish tint. If the temperature exceeds 5000 K, then the color of the light will turn green.

Plinths

A very important indicator, without knowing which it is difficult to find a suitable light bulb, since there is a risk of buying a product with a too large or small base. The material from which the lamps are made is the same, but there is a difference in size. An indication of which base is required is on the chandelier.

Usually lamps and chandeliers are divided into several categories (by the size of the base):

1. A 2D base / plinth is used for decorative lighting. It can also be used as an airtight one in shower rooms. But in such rooms you can often find a G23 base.
2. This same type of G23 is used in wall lights, not just in bathrooms.
3. In a domestic environment, the most common bases are 2G7, G24Q1, G24Q2, G24Q3. They are also found in industrial conditions.
4. Spotlights provide maximum energy savings. Their base is usually G53.
5. The most popular and common base is the E27. It is designed for a common cartridge that is used everywhere.
6. Bulbs with an E14 base are screwed into a smaller cartridge, it is used a little less often.
7. The large E40 base is less common, but sometimes lamps are required with it.

Marking

The lamp packaging is marked. Before buying, it is important to know what the letters in the marking mean. It consists of four letters and numbers (from which you can determine the power). The first letter means the type of product: for example, L is a lamp. The second indicates the color of the light:

1. L - luminescent;
2. D - daylight;
3. UV - ultraviolet.

There are several varieties with white light. The most common are cold white, white, warm white, natural white. In the marking, they will be marked with the letters HB, B, TB and E.

There are red, blue, green options. In such cases, the marking is also based on the first letter of the color.

The third letter is the color quality, and the fourth is the design feature:

• R - reflex;
• U - the tube or flask has a U-shape;
• K - annular or round;
• A - amalgam (rare now);
• B - there is a quick start option.

Safety level, disposal

You can use such lamps at temperatures from -15 to +40 degrees. Serviceable undamaged light bulbs are absolutely safe for humans. But at the same time, the class of waste to which they belong is toxic. This is due to the fact that the flask contains mercury vapors that are dangerous to living beings.

To dispose of the used lamp, you must take it to a designated collection point. This way you can protect the environment from the effects of harmful compounds.

Under no circumstances should the lamps be broken. If this happened by accident, then the fragments should be collected as carefully as possible, wearing a mask and gloves before this. For a thorough collection, it is best to use a vacuum cleaner.

When the debris is removed, you need to vacuum the room and lower the air temperature in it, if possible.

Life time

These bulbs last three to five times longer than conventional incandescent bulbs. This indicator is individual for each type of lamp and starts from three thousand hours. Most often they work from ten thousand hours. The term is influenced by the ambient temperature, product quality, and the frequency of switching on and off.

Each inclusion reduces the service life by about two hours and can be up to 17% of the life indicated on the package, but this fits into the norm.

It so happens that a very high-quality device, with proper care, lasts up to twenty thousand hours. However, it so happens that devices fail after a little over two thousand hours of operation. In order to extend the service life, you should not turn the device on and off more than five times a day. But you also don’t need to leave it on for a long time.

Device and principle of operation

A typical fluorescent lamp consists of:

1. glass cylindrical flask;
2. glass leg;
3. electrodes;
4. contact pins;
5. base;
6. shtengel (this is the name of the hole through which air is pumped out of the flask);
7. inert gas;
8. drops of mercury;
9. phosphor.

The product will have either a bulb or a tube, depending on the model. The number of plinths is one or two, also depending on the model. The electrodes are located inside, and the inside of the lamp is coated with a phosphor.

When electricity is applied, a discharge occurs between the electrodes, a current flows through the gas, and ultraviolet radiation appears.

It is at this stage that the property of a phosphor comes in handy. It allows you to translate this radiation into light visible to the human eye.

Kinds

There are a lot of types of fluorescent lamps.

There are different classifications - for example, according to what color the light of the lamp is. They come in cold white, warm light. Fluorescent lamps are popular.

For special rooms, explosion-proof, moisture-proof, dust-and-moisture proof lamps are chosen.

Thanks to modern technologies, devices have appeared on the market with motion sensor... It is very comfortable. Such options are especially often preferred by those who regularly forget to turn off the light when leaving the room. But most often, such devices are installed in the entrances in order to save common house electricity. They turn on only when someone enters the room.

Another modern device - options with dimmer... Dimmers have been around for a very long time. They were designed for use with incandescent lamps. They received a new round in development precisely in modern times. A dimmer is a special device that adjusts the brightness of the lighting.

When dimmers first appeared, they were practically the only way to save energy. Now energy-saving lamps cope with this task. Dimmers, on the other hand, are now primarily aimed at making accents in the lighting design of the room. It becomes possible to adjust the light to suit different needs.

It is important to note that not every light bulb is designed to work in conjunction with a dimmer. This possibility should be indicated on the package.

Sometimes you can find an outdated model with ballast. It allows you to reduce the current value to the required level so that the structure does not fail.

For this, electromagnetic elements regulating the launch or electronic analogs are used - in more modern models.

The second option is more preferable, since such lamps practically stop flickering. In addition, the noise level that the device emits is significantly reduced. Such a hum is familiar to many who have at least once been, for example, in old clinics.

Fluorescent lamps vary in shape.

Linear lamps can be U-shaped or ring-shaped. According to GOST-6825-64, such devices must have a diameter of 38 mm. Thanks to this very parameter of the bulb, it is possible to ignite such a lamp even at low temperatures.

Separately, it must be said about compact fluorescent lamps. These lamps have a curved bulb shape to fit into smaller luminaires. In this way, a complete replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps can be achieved.

Colors

Since such lamps are often used as decorative ones, you can find black, yellow, red, blue options. Colored lighting will refresh the look of the room, giving it mystery and romance. It helps to tune in a certain way. Thanks to the ability to choose interesting color solutions, such bulbs are very popular.

However, the most popular colors are the more natural ones.

In electrical stores, you can most often find the following options:

1. Cold bluish. Their second name, which is better known and recognizable, is "fluorescent lamps". These options are good for office spaces or home offices. In addition, this color is used in table lamps. It allows you to tune in to the working mood, and also with its help you can more accurately see the shades.
2. Warm. Their peculiarity is that they provide a calm yellowish light that is very pleasing to the eye. Such devices are well suited for living rooms, as the light is ideal for relaxation. In this light, the room seems more comfortable and relaxing.
3. White lamps Is an intermediate option between the other two. They are popular with those who prefer something in between. This lamp color is divided into two types: neutral white and cold white.

It is the fluorescent lamps that are used for the light design of the room - because of the wide variety of shades. Using such lighting devices, very interesting decorative solutions can be realized. Designers can leverage the latest in electrical products to create great interiors that are a pleasure to live in and enjoy.

Fluorescent lamps are used both for laconic modern rooms and for more sophisticated ones - such as country, baroque.

Forms

Such lighting fixtures come in different shapes as they are used in different conditions. The following options can be distinguished:

1. U-shaped;
2. thin single-pin;
3. middle - with two pins;
4. closed;
5. with double female connector;
6. round annular.

Long tubular options are often found in various institutions; such lamps are rarely used at home.

Even less common are square ones, although lamps of any shape find their scope and customers.

Dimensions (edit)

The size of a fluorescent lamp depends on many factors. First of all - from belonging to one type or another. The T5 flask has a diameter of 16 mm, and the T6 is 26 mm. In everyday life, mainly compact, miniature, short lamps are used, while longer versions are used in industry and public institutions.

Compact lamps come in sizes from 27 x 13 x 135 to 27 x 13 x 235. Miniature lamps must have indicators that correspond to GOST 15150-69. Short lamps can be fitted with an E27 base to fit most luminaires used in home lighting.

Several variants are used in car headlights.

Luminaire types

Luminaires can be divided into two large groups: ceiling and furniture.

• Furniture devices are most often wireless. They are powered by batteries or accumulators, so they do not need to run electrical wires that are ugly sticking out of, for example, a wardrobe.
• Ceiling devices are built into suspended or stretch ceilings. The best way to install such fixtures is to hang them on trunking light boxes.

Luminaires can be divided into single-tube, two-tube, three-, four-tube. This characteristic is determined by the number of lamps that can be placed in the luminaire.

Fluorescent lamps are also used for street lighting.

To find out in what types of street lamps fluorescent lamps are used, it is enough to go out to any illuminated street and take a closer look at the lamps installed on lanterns, searchlights, near the entrances.

Fastening

There are ceiling and wall luminaires. The former are most often used. They are designed to be placed inside apartments.

In sanatoriums, hospitals and hospitals, wall lamps that are located above the bed are often used. They have a soft, individual glow. Such a device allows you to read comfortably and safely: your eyes will not get tired.

There are different ceiling devices. They are built-in and overhead, raster, rack and pinion, point.

Lighting scope

For a long time, fluorescent lamps were of interest only in terms of operation in special institutions (schools, stadiums, hospitals). For the entire time of its existence, this type of lighting, which appeared almost simultaneously with the incandescent lamp, did not attract the attention of the general public for a long time.

The advantage of these lamps, such as the minimum electricity consumption, which now makes the governments of many countries demand to replace incandescent lamps with devices of this type, has not been duly appreciated. The uneven growth in popularity of such devices is due to the technical difficulties that accompany the installation of these devices.

However, in general, the number of people willing to buy such lamps has increased significantly. The scope of application of such devices began to gradually expand: they resorted to using such lamps in swimming pools and even in the entrances of apartment buildings. Now this type of lamp is replacing all others, even in those countries where the replacement of devices of one type with others is not compulsory.

Now the installation of these lamps does not require special technical means and skills. It is possible to replace an incandescent lamp with a fluorescent one without significant effort, since the production of such bulbs with an E27 base has long been established.

The scope of application of fluorescent lamps is very wide: there is still no analogue in those places where the application was initially found. There is still no such economical equipment as fluorescent lamps - despite the urgency of the problem with energy saving. These devices are especially often used where a large amount of artificial light is required.

It is worth dwelling in more detail on such places of application of these lighting devices as apartments and photo studios.

As for residential premises, the displacement of incandescent lamps by fluorescent lamps is associated with the development of technology. These lamps can now be installed anywhere. Of course, the choice of such lamps for the home is also due to decorative solutions.

It is possible to truly appreciate the advantages of these lighting devices when photographing: a photography studio does not have the same capabilities as large enterprises, so the need for a large amount of artificial light here must be correlated with the economy of lighting devices.

Modern studio photography is almost impossible without the use of fluorescent lamps. They are indispensable in this area: photographers simply have no choice in this matter - in terms of the combination of price, energy consumption, space occupied, such equipment has no analogues.

In addition, photographers are not faced with the question of combining lighting devices with the interior; it is simply pointless to consider other lighting options when photographing.

Manufacturers

Today, a large number of fluorescent lamps are presented on the Russian market of electrical goods. The manufacturers of this equipment can be divided into several groups. It is worth paying attention to domestic manufacturers of energy-saving lighting devices. There are a lot of Russian-made lamps in electrical stores, but the share of domestic manufacturers in the segment of energy-saving bulbs is insignificant.

This is due to the fact that the issue of saving electricity in Russia was not as acute as abroad.

Now Russians are forced to reap the benefits of such an irresponsible attitude to resources and buy imported energy-saving equipment. However, domestic manufacturers were ready for the growing interest in such devices, so today it is already possible to single out major players in this market offering exceptionally high-quality products:

• Gauss. Among the advantages of these lamps, one can single out an unusual appearance, high quality, and affordability. They can be purchased both in company stores and in most specialized outlets - anywhere in our country.

• Optogan. Products with this name are focused on the realities of Russian reality. Optogan products are notable for their low price. In addition, Optogan is the basis of all domestic products in this segment, since it is the only full-cycle manufacturer in Russia.
• ASD Is the largest importer of fluorescent lamps in Russia.
• Svetlana-Optoelectronics. This manufacturer has established itself in the domestic market with more than 20 years of successful work experience. Among the advantages, one can single out the constant expansion of the assortment.

Fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate both industrial and residential premises. They have their own advantages and, accordingly, disadvantages. Most often they are used for street and industrial lighting, but their popularity is growing every day, so many people install such lamps in their home or apartment.

Fluorescent lamps

Not all luminescent elements can rightly be called daylight fixtures. There are reasons for this. Fluorescent lamps, ceiling lamps in particular, do not have a spiral, the color temperature in them should reach 4200 K and above. The main difference between such lamps and gas-discharge lamps is in the formation of a light source. The phosphor creates secondary radiation, in its absence, this lamp will not give visible light and can be used simply for warming up with ultraviolet light for medical or cosmetic purposes. It is the amount of phosphor that affects the quality of illumination of objects.

Until a few decades ago, such lamps did not have a designer look, they looked just like long tubes and were used most often to illuminate exclusively industrial premises.

Modern daylight elements

Long gone are the days when daylight parts were manufactured in the form of tubes. Now they can be called, without exaggeration, a design invention. Ceiling daylight luminaires are nowadays successfully installed both in industrial premises and shops, and in residential ones.

In living rooms, fluorescent lamps, especially, can be mounted in any room without exception. They provide bright and high quality light. Such lamps have different purposes and dimensions.

Advantages

It is worth noting that fluorescent lamps have many more advantages than disadvantages. Ceiling luminaires with daylight significantly reduce energy costs, that is, by purchasing them, you automatically start saving your financial resources.

Depending on the place of installation of such lamps and provided they are used correctly, they can serve for a fairly long time. In addition, fluorescent lamps (ceiling lamps) heat up to only 60 degrees Celsius, which completely excludes the possibility of a fire. Thus, fluorescent lamps can be safely installed in suspended ceilings.

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps can be quite compact in size, therefore they are used in different cases and situations.

Flaws

Like any device or technique, fluorescent lamps (ceiling lamps) have their drawbacks, which, however, are easily compensated for by the advantages listed above.

Still, it is worth noting that such lamps can significantly reduce their service life if constant voltage drops are observed. In addition, such light harms the sensitive retina of the human eye, so these lamps must be protected with a shade.

Daylighting devices cannot light up instantly; after switching on, the lamp must work for a while and gain the required power. They also cannot work fully at low temperatures. The minimum air temperature is +5, otherwise they will burn dimly.

Daylight lamps in the office

Fluorescent lamps (ceiling lamps) have gained immense popularity in the office. The fact is that very often in such rooms, for one reason or another, the blinds are closed, light penetrates through them poorly, and fluorescent lamps successfully solve this problem.

Moreover, many institutions always put financial issues in the forefront, so savings play an important role here. Ceiling daylight luminaires for the office are simply ideal, because with all their advantages, they also provide uniform light, which is convenient to work at any time of the day.

Fluorescent lamps in industry

Due to their many advantages, daylight elements are widely used for installation in industrial premises. For example, in warehouses, shops and shopping malls.

Such lamps can be safely installed even in a room with an increased fire hazard. Due to the larger surface of the lamp itself, the light is distributed more evenly and gently, which is another factor for using these devices in such rooms. Also, daylight ceiling lamps (industrial) have a high enough power to provide excellent and uniform illumination around the entire perimeter of the room.

Selection rules

Before you buy a fluorescent lamp, you need to decide on its size. It will depend on why and for which room you need it. Remember that most of the daytime is slightly larger than the usual.

There are several forms of them, but whatever it may be, this will not affect the power and principle of operation in any way. But it is worth noting that elements in the form of a spiral are always more expensive. This is due to the complex production technology, and not to the functional features of such parts. The light output of daylight is several times higher. Therefore, if you have used a 100 W part before, then purchase an energy-saving one no more than 20 W.

The main feature of such elements is their color temperature. The higher it is, the closer the light will be to blue, lower - to red. This also needs to be considered when choosing and buying a lamp.

Conditions for correct use

Remember that the terms of their use depends on the conditions for the correct operation of the lighting elements. If you follow all the precautions, then such lamps can serve their owner for at least three years, and sometimes 5-7. If you experience constant power outages, then be aware that your lamp may not last you for a long time.

Never use such lamps in luminaires in which the socket is faulty. If the lamp is intended for street lighting, make sure that during operation it will be reliably protected from atmospheric precipitation. You also need to screw the lamp correctly - holding it by the plastic case.

Like any lamp, a fluorescent lamp can break or fail. If it breaks, then you need to take basic precautions - carefully remove the debris and be sure to ventilate the room. The fact is that in the production of such lamps, liquid mercury can be used, the vapors of which are very dangerous to health. If the lamp is produced in Europe, then you should not be afraid of this, since it contains a small amount of amalgam and is quite safe for health. When buying, do not forget to pay attention to the packaging and labeling of the lamp, since due to the increased popularity, such devices are in demand, respectively, the number of fakes has increased significantly.

For a long time, almost all over the world, they abandoned the use of conventional incandescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps, including overhead lamps, save energy and keep our environment in good shape.

Price

What is the price of fluorescent ceiling lamps? You can buy these lighting elements for 1-2 thousand rubles.

For many people, the discovery will be that fluorescent lamps come in many varieties. They can be selected for any kind of lighting: for both outdoor and indoor lighting. The characteristics of the bulbs also vary.

What is it and what is it called?

Fluorescent lamps are often referred to as fluorescent lamps because of their ability to produce pure white light that is close to natural light. They differ from all other varieties due to a different mechanism for creating lighting. Once upon a time, fluorescent lamps were not popular, since the spectrum of lighting shades was very scarce: there were only white-green or white-pink tones. However, a significant advantage was that it was possible to create luminaires of various shapes. Soon, the novelty was appreciated by the designers, highlighting all sorts of interesting details with the help of fluorescent lamps of unusual configurations. So the lamps have become firmly established.

It is worth dwelling a little more on the work of lamps. They glow due to the fact that an electric discharge in mercury vapor in the flask creates ultraviolet light, with which the phosphor reacts in the future - a special sputtering on the walls of the flask. It converts UV radiation to the spectrum of light visible to the eye. In terms of the degree of light output, fluorescent lamps are not much inferior to LED ones. Lumens in LED bulbs do not always correlate closely with wattage, and the same can be said for fluorescent daylight. Do not confuse lumens with suites: the former show the light output of the light bulb, and the latter show the degree of illumination of the room.

Various caps are produced for fluorescent lamps: compact fluorescent bulbs can even be bought to replace ordinary incandescent bulbs. Not only are the phosphor models brighter, they use far less electricity and are also less harmful to eye health. The main disadvantage of fluorescent light sources is their harmfulness (if the bulb cracks, then prolonged inhalation of mercury vapor can greatly harm the human body). Another drawback is the inability to use the lamp at low temperatures, since it simply will not turn on.

Types and types

Fluorescent lamps are classified according to many factors. One of them is size. There are compact models or large ones. Compact designs are often chosen as an alternative to conventional incandescent lamps in ceiling chandeliers. They are equipped with a screw base. Large models are most often inserted into specially designed luminaires. Lamps come in different shapes: long linear, tubular, curly. There are also more common configurations, such as a round lamp or a candle shape.

The finished model has the appropriate marking - the designation of the light temperature.

According to the temperature of light, the following types are distinguished:

• LD - fluorescent lamp;
• LHB - cold white light lamp;
• ЛБ - lamp of neutral white light;
• LTB - warm white light lamp;

• LE - natural light lamp;
• ЛК, ЛЖ, ЛЗ, ЛГ, ЛС - red, yellow, green, blue, blue, respectively;
• LUF - ultraviolet lamps used for disinfection of premises.

The colored lamp is widely accepted. It is she who is often chosen as a street lamp, which allows the use of fluorescent bulbs. In the case of outdoor lighting, shades must be used that create a suitable microclimate for the operation of luminescent models. For public institutions like hospitals, administrative centers, and so on, it is customary to buy fluorescent lamps. There are one-lamp, two-lamp, four-lamp models, depending on the size of the illuminated area. It is worth noting that due to certain features of the operation of the lamps, a dimmer cannot be applied to them to adjust the intensity of light brightness.

Another popular model is energy-saving luminescent. It is made up of several curved spirals and usually has a compact design and a screw base. On any energy-saving light bulb, they usually write about the principle of its operation. Please note that in the case of luminescent options, it is worth giving preference to only high-quality options, since in case of depressurization of the flask, significant harm will be done to health.

In general, a distinction is made between high and low pressure options. The first type is used to create street lighting, and the second is used to illuminate the living rooms of a house.

Specifications

You can fully recognize the device of a particular model by looking at its labeling. It reflects all the characteristics of the lamp. An important characteristic is the glow temperature. This aspect was discussed in more detail in the previous section. For measuring the diameter of the flask, use 1/8 "in accordance with International Standards. When marking, the letter T and the corresponding part of the inch are put, for example, T8 (25.4 mm). Please note that the thickness of the lamp directly affects how long it will last: models with a wider diameter are much more durable than thin samples.

You can also find out about the bases and their number by the marking of the lamp.

The following types of connectors and plinths are used:

• G24Q1;
• G24Q2;
• G24Q3;

In order to determine the mains voltage, it is also enough to simply look at the lamp. The fluorescent luminaire can be directly connected to a 220 volt network or it may be necessary to lower the voltage to 127 V.

The shape configuration is reflected in the lamp designation. In addition to the standard designations, there are additional ones.

The standard ones are:

• The linear form has no designation;
• U - horseshoe shape;
• S - spiral shape, usually used with compact lamps;
• C - candle lamp;
• G - sphere shape;
• R - in the form of an ordinary incandescent lamp with a reflector that sets the direction of the luminous flux;
• T is a tablet lamp.

Additional values ​​include the following:

• M - small-sized. The letter comes after the one that denotes the shape, for example, TM - a small-sized round flat-shaped light bulb.
• P - light scattering housing.

Not all characteristics are listed, since each manufacturer considers it necessary to bring something of its own into the design of fluorescent bulbs. There are, however, such important indicators as the power, the size of the lamps and the principle of their operation, and I would like to dwell on the points listed in more detail.

Power

Power marking is carried out using the letter W followed by a number indicating the number of watts in the light bulb. However, one should not focus only on power: in the case of fluorescent lamps, their light output means much more. Below is a table of correspondence between the powers of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps with equal light output.

Fluorescent lamp power Incandescent lamp power 6 30 7 36 8 40 9 45 10 40 11 55 12 60 13 65 15 75 16 80 18 90 20 100 23 115 24 120 26 130 36 180 55 275

The higher the lamp wattage, the wider or longer it is. For example, a linear design with a power of 18W with a diameter of 26 mm will be 590 mm, at 30W - 895 mm, at 36 W - 1200 mm, and at 58W - 1500 mm. The table clearly demonstrates the enormous efficiency of fluorescent lamps compared to traditional incandescent lamps. The capacity classification was made based on the most frequent selection. This includes both street lighting and indoor models.

There are a few more nuances that relate to the power of energy-saving lamps. Regardless of the chosen luminescent model, over time it will lose some of the brightness of the light. This is due to the gradual fading of the element inside. You also need to know that 30% of all power consumed during operation falls on the fact that the lamp lights up. Some luminaires are equipped with a special starting system, which does not make them more economical at all. In such cases, electricity consumption is simply stretched over time.

Regardless of the power of the lamp, it does not get very hot. Unlike incandescent lamps, the heating limit for the luminescent version is 50-60 degrees Celsius. Even touching the lamp without gloves is almost impossible to get burned. Very few modern light bulb models can boast of the same distinctive properties.

Dimensions (edit)

As mentioned above, there are compact models or standard linear large sizes. Nowadays, compact fluorescent lamps are more often used, so it would be logical to dwell on them in more detail. The compact specimens are curved tube bulbs. There are both U-shaped and spiral patterns. Compact versions are made for different types of caps, which opens up a wide scope for replacing ordinary fluorescent lamps with energy-saving ones.

There are models with screw bases, and there are models designed only for special fluorescent lamps. It is worth noting that models with a screw base are more expensive, since all fluorescent lamps require a ballast, and in such models it is built directly into the base case.

Compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps differ from incandescent lamps in the following characteristics:

• Energy saving models absorb 80% less electrical energy with the same light output as incandescent lamps;
• It is possible to select the model of the desired light temperature;
• Typically, the life of a compact fluorescent model is much longer than what incandescent lamp manufacturers offer. Traditional tungsten bulbs last about 1000 hours, while a high-quality fluorescent replacement can work 6000-15000 hours without replacement;
• Thanks to the durability of daylight models, it takes much less time, effort and money to maintain and maintain them in working order.

Linear large models are most often used for lighting in non-residential premises, for example, in warehouses. Due to their high ripple factor, equal to double the ripple rate of the mains, they cannot be installed to illuminate moving conveyors without additional, more stable incandescent lamps.

Principle of operation

Due to the special structure of the lamp, for long-term operation, it must be supplied with ballast, which makes it possible to neutralize the negative consequences of the fact that a large amount of current is passed through the lamp. Ballasts are electromagnetic and electronic. Electromagnetic ballast is cheaper and simpler in design. However, this model has a number of serious drawbacks. The most significant of these is that lamps with this ballast flicker violently and frequently. This leads to rapid fatigue, loss of strength, and also increases eye strain during long-term work in a room with such lighting.

On top of that, the electromagnetic ballast variants produce an unpleasant buzzing noise that quickly leads to headaches. There are also disadvantages that are not related to human well-being. For example, lamps equipped with an electromagnetic ballast take time to start up. Usually it fluctuates within 1-3 seconds, but as the model wears out, it will increase. Luminaires also consume more electricity than electronic ballast models.

An electronic ballast converts the standard mains voltage into high-frequency alternating current, which is then used to power the lamp. Such models are a little more expensive, but they do not make noise, do not flicker, the ballast itself takes up less space and also weighs less. There are models that instantly light up, but such a starting system has a bad effect on the service life of fluorescent lamps. It is much better if there is a pre-heating system. In this case, the start-up takes about one second, which usually does not play a special role.

Thus, it is best to choose the model with electronic ballast, since its cost is not much higher, and the advantages are obvious. Moreover, today this option is found more often than with electromagnetic ballast, so problems with searches should not arise.

What brands are produced?

Today, many manufacturers produce all kinds of light bulbs. There are models of both Russian and foreign production. Below are a few of the firms that are highly trusted by consumers.

• GE Is a firm founded by Thomas Edison. If initially General Electric specialized only in the production of incandescent lamps, now it is one of the oldest and most respected brands in the world.

• Orsam Is another world-famous brand that produces various types of lighting equipment, ranging from options for cars and ending with grandiose lighting structures for public events.

• Phillips offers high quality luminescent models and accessories. Lamps are available in different types: both tubular and compact. There are different types of base, suitable for both special luminaires and conventional ones.

• Lisma Is a leading company in the production of lamps in Russia. The company offers high quality samples, as well as all the details for them. The advantage is the large selection of models.

• Sylvania specializes not in simple lamps, but in environmentally friendly ones. As you know, birds are very sensitive to ultraviolet light, so special models must be chosen for the rooms in which they are kept. Similar options are just produced under this brand.

• RUPP "Vityaz" manufactures products of average quality, which have a democratic price. Many people prefer the lamps of this company precisely because of the cost.

• Tomsk Electric Lamp Plant has been producing lamps since 2009 and has already gained a good reputation among users. The products are attractively priced and of good quality.

In short, there is plenty to choose from. You can choose a quality model for every taste and wallet.

How to choose?

When choosing luminescent models, you need to focus on many factors. Some of them have already been presented in this article. The lamp must be from a verified manufacturer. Poorly made options in case of depressurization are hazardous to health. You shouldn't buy a Chinese fake, because it won't last long, and no one needs mercury vapor in the air.

Focus on what purpose a fluorescent lamp is needed for. There are specialized options for indoor, outdoor, medical facilities. Luminescent options are used everywhere, including to maintain a constant backlight in flowers or to keep animals. In the latter case, it should be especially carefully attributed to the selection of the option, it must be suitable for these purposes, otherwise you will only harm the animals. Don't forget about the optimal light temperature. The natural white color is the most comfortable for the eyes. When combining multi-colored models, try to select high quality samples.

Pay attention to the type of ballast. It is best to prefer an electronic one, as such lamps have proven themselves better.

Take a closer look at how the lamp works. It can mean a built-in starter or its presence in the luminaire.

There are models of the following types:

• RS - rapid start - do not require a starter and ignite without preliminary heating of the elements.
• InS - instant start - models with a gradual start "lag behind" when turned on for 1-3 seconds, but they serve better.
• US - universal start - universal options.
• PHs - pre-heat start - fluorescent lamps requiring a starter.

Models that do not have such markings require a mandatory starter. This means that the lamp itself is so arranged.

How to check the serviceability?

In order to check whether a failed fluorescent lamp is in a usable condition, a small test should be performed:

• First, remove the lamp itself directly from the fixture and see if the tube is blackened. As a rule, the presence of large black spots indicates that the lamp has worked out the prescribed period and will not light up again.
• Next, you need to check with a multimeter if the filaments are intact. To check, put it in the resistance test mode and use a tester to check each of the threads one by one. If any of them are burned out, the value on the multimeter will be equal to one. In simple terms, this means that the electrical circuit is broken.
• If both of the above factors are in order, then it is necessary to work with ballast.

The simplest thing that can be done to check the operation of the ballast is to remove the fluorescent tube, connect ordinary cables to the wires of the case and install a standard light bulb between them. Please note that you cannot plug in an electrical appliance without a light bulb, otherwise the ballast may burn out. If the light comes on, it means that the ballast is working, and the point is in the luminescent tube itself: maybe the bulb has burst or one of the filaments has burnt out. If the light does not light up, then the ballast is defective and the entire lamp will have to be replaced.

These methods are only suitable for checking bulbs already in use. Before buying a fluorescent lamp, you should check it directly in the store. If you have an unpleasant smell, strong flickering or other things that cause alertness, feel free to ask to replace the model provided to you, otherwise it may burn out after a couple of weeks after purchase.

How to connect?

It is possible to connect one or two fluorescent lamps at the same time. For each of these methods, its own connection diagram has been developed. Take a look at the diagram. It clearly shows how and which mechanisms are connected to each other for proper operation. To begin with, the current from the mains enters the choke, where it is converted to further power the lamp. After the current has entered the lamp itself, it goes to the starter. Further, the current goes to another spiral of the bulb, closing the circuit, and thus an electric discharge is formed inside the lamp, igniting the mercury vapor.

For two lamps, the principle of operation is practically the same, except that the current from the inductor gradually flows into the two starters.

To connect the lamp, follow the instructions below:

• First you need to find the right lamp. Pay attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to whether the mains voltage in your house corresponds to that indicated on the lamp. Otherwise, it will quickly fail.
• Depending on which type of lamp you have chosen, either screw it into the holder, or fix it in the lamp by snapping on both sides. In the second case, make sure to fix your version as indicated on the luminaire body. Sometimes the performance of the lamp depends precisely on how correctly all the contacts are connected when connected.
• Test the lamp by turning it on. When properly operated, it will not flicker or make noise.

As you can see, self-connecting a fluorescent lamp does not present any particular difficulties, even for a beginner. The most important thing is to remember the elementary safety rules: do not work with bare wires when the mechanism is in the current supply mode.

How to change?

Many people find it difficult to independently change a fluorescent lamp to a new one due to the fact that they have no idea how to get a burnt-out model out of the case. Fortunately, there is nothing complicated about this:

• Disconnect the power supply. It is advisable not just to turn off the light itself, but to completely de-energize the apartment.
• Grasp the lamp firmly and start rotating it. You will have to rotate all the way, the total angle is approximately 90 degrees. This will turn the pins of the lamp to a vertical position.
• Next, gently pull the lamp towards you and downward until it is completely detached. Set aside the removed light source in a safe place so that it does not break: remember, mercury vapors are dangerous to health and life!
• Install the new bulb carefully. Repeat the path that you pulled the lamp, only in the opposite direction. Once you've reached the grooves, begin to gently twist the tube until it locks in place. The light bulb can be checked securely by pulling it slightly.
• Check if the device works. To do this, turn on the current in the apartment and flip the switch.

It's safe to say that replacing a lamp is very simple, and anyone can do it if they want to. Do not forget to arm yourself with a stepladder if you are installing a fixture on the ceiling. This will make your job easier, at the same time reducing the likelihood of accidentally dropping a faulty fluorescent lamp and breaking it. When replacing lamps in an office, where panels of several lamps are usually protected with frosted glass, be sure to wipe the inside of the lamp. It is not known when you will still have the opportunity to clean it of dust, and besides, it is unlikely that you will want to do all the above manipulations specifically for this purpose.

Service life and disposal

Fluorescent lamps have one of the longest lifespans available today. Some manufacturers claim that their models are suitable for 20,000 hours of continuous use. Such figures cannot but amaze, but the average value of the operation of such options is 13,000 hours. Models with a long operating life are good for office premises in which it is not possible to constantly replace some lamps with others. It is worth noting that tubular models usually work longer than curly ones. The same rule applies to the diameter of the lamps: thicker models can be used longer than thinner ones.

As you know, there are mercury vapors inside the bulb, which is why the lamps must be disposed of using a special technology. Abroad, fines have long been established for thoughtless handling of such equipment due to the great harm to the environment caused by disposal. Absolutely all fluorescent lamps bear a warning that they cannot be simply thrown into the trash can. Mercury is a poisonous substance, and if the lamp is accidentally broken, its vapors will remain in the air for a long time, not moving anywhere and poisoning the space. Unfortunately, few people in Russia are concerned about this problem.

Daylight lamps are artificial sources of illumination, in which the luminous flux is as close as possible to natural light, which is familiar to human perception. Has a color temperature ranging from 3000 to 6500 Kelvin. Human perception of light depends on illumination. With an indicator in the range of 50 ÷ 75 lux, the luminous flux with a color temperature of 3000 K looks natural, with an illumination of 400 lux - light is perceived in yellow tones, natural lighting will be with a color temperature of 4000 ÷ 6000 K.

By appointment, daylight lamps are divided into the following types:

1. household;
2. office;
3. industrial.

Foreign and domestic companies produce a wide range of fluorescent lamps, differing in technical characteristics, dimensions, power and type of base. Currently, fluorescent and LED light sources are used as fluorescent lamps.

Fluorescent lamps and their marking

The work of lamps is based on the appearance of the phenomenon of luminescence, which occurs as a result of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by a special substance (phosphor) and it turns into visible light. To do this, it is necessary to pass an electric charge through the electrodes located in a sealed flask filled with a special gas.

The main elements of the light source are as follows:

• flask;
• 2 electrodes;
• base or pins (conclusions);
• control gear (remote, built-in).

Most often, daylight sources have a portable electronic control gear. It includes 2 elements - a choke and a starter. The turn-on process is provided by setting fire to a high-voltage pulse, heating the electrodes and stabilizing the voltage during operation.

According to the shape of the flask, the following products are distinguished:

• straight (length from 450 to 1500 mm);
• U-shaped;
• ring.

The daylight lamp can be installed in a glass shade, which increases its degree of protection. The service life of such light sources is 20,000 hours and depends on the production technology adopted by the manufacturer.

For straight products, the length indicates the power level - the higher it is, the higher the load. These lamps are equipped with G13 pin holders with a distance of 13 mm for installation in a special housing. They are produced by manufacturers with different flask diameters and are designated T4, T5, T8, T10 and T12.

Fluorescent fluorescent lamps are selected according to the characteristics that are applied to the body and packaging. The marking includes the following indicators:

• letters indicating that the product is daylight (D, L, TL-D, F - depends on the company that manufactures the product);
• power in watts (there can be a number with or without the letter W, for example, 24W or just 24);
• through a fraction, the chromaticity numbers are indicated;
• in brackets or without them - color rendering index and color temperature.

The designation F24W / 21 (850) stands for a 24-watt General Electric fluorescent lamp with a chromaticity of 21, a color rendering index of 8 and a color temperature of 5000 K. You also need to pay attention to the supply voltage. Products can be powered from 220 and 127 V.

Luminescent lighting products are characterized by durability, diffuse glow, high efficiency, excellent light output and low electrical energy consumption compared to incandescent lamps. Their cost is low.

LED lamps

Fluorescent daylight sources have been replaced by more economical LED-type products. They do not need control gear, they work directly from the mains and are included in the work instantly. They are completely safe, because do not contain harmful gases in the flask and do not require special disposal. Their service life exceeds 50,000 hours.

The principle of operation of LED fluorescent lamps is based on obtaining a luminous flux from LEDs by passing an electric current through them. Manufacturers produce them in various shapes - in the form of a ball, a candle in the wind, capsules, candles and other types. Installed in special fixtures, chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps. They are supplied with different types of plinths, which allows them to be installed in the required product without any problems.

When choosing an LED type source, you need to pay attention to the following factors:

• supply voltage (220 or 12 V);
• power;
• scattering angle (30, 650 or 90);
• base type;
• manufacturer.

For powerful power sources, you need to pay attention to the presence of a radiator and the material from which it is made. The color transmission coefficient must be at least 80. If you want to install a light regulator, you need an appropriate design of the LED lamp. And special attention should be paid to this.

Important! Replacing incandescent lamps with LED products, the power is chosen 5 times less.

Fluorescent and LED daylight products are excellent alternatives to incandescent bulbs. They save electricity consumption, their luminous flux is close to natural daylight, and it is not difficult to replace them.

Fluorescent lamp video

Fluorescent lamps are a gas-discharge light source where an electrical charge in mercury vapor creates ultraviolet radiation. It is converted into visible radiation by means of a phosphor. Its role is played by calcium halophosphate and other elements. The luminous efficiency of fluorescent lighting is several times higher than that of an incandescent lamp with exactly the same power.

Classification of fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent bulbs last approximately 5 years, provided that the number of starts is limited to 2000. That is, during the warranty period of 2 years, there are no more than 5 lights per day. The most common are high and low pressure gas-discharge mercury lamps. The characteristics of fluorescent lamps are as follows:

1. High pressure models are used for street lighting and high power lighting fixtures;
2. Low pressure modifications are used for residential and industrial premises.

The low pressure mercury discharge lamp is a phosphor coated glass tube. The product is filled with argon and amalgam at a pressure of 400 Pa. Plasma displays are another modification of fluorescent lamps.

Scope of lamps

Fluorescent lamps are widely used to illuminate public buildings. Since then, as modifications of the contact type appeared, equipped with electronic ballast, they began to be actively used instead of the usual lighting devices.

It makes sense to use these devices for general lighting, especially if you have to work with a large area. Thanks to this, it is possible to improve lighting conditions and reduce energy consumption by 80%. ... This extends the life of the lamps.... They are used to:

• local lighting of the working space;
• illumination of facades;
• illuminated advertising.

Such lighting devices acted as the sole source of illumination for LCD screens until the advent of LEDs.

Pros and cons of lighting equipment

These devices are popular, as they have a whole set of advantages... What is their advantage over incandescent lamps:

• high luminous efficiency and good efficiency indicators;
• diffused light;
• a wide range of shades of light;
• long service life.

They also have some disadvantages.... These include:

• potential health hazard due to mercury content;
• flicker with double the frequency;
• a change in the spectrum that occurs over time, caused by negative transformations in the phosphor;
• the presence of an additional device for the lamp trigger;
• reduced power rating, which creates a load on the power grid.

How the device works

When the device is turned on, an arc discharge is formed. It is located at opposite ends of the lamp between two electrodes. The device is filled with mercury vapor and inert gas. After the passage of an electric current, ultraviolet radiation is formed, which is invisible for the human eye.

From the inside, the walls of the device are covered with a phosphor. It is a special substance that can absorb ultraviolet radiation. Visible light emanates from it. By changing the composition of the phosphor, it is possible to change the shade of the lamp glow. Phosphor function performed mainly by orthophosphates and calcium halophosphates.

Features of marking

The perception of color by the human eye directly depends on the level of illumination. If it is small, then red is perceived as the worst. At the same time, a person is quite well able to discern a blue tint. The average illumination of residential buildings is 75 Lux. In workrooms and offices, it is equal to 400 Lux.

If daylight is in the 5,000 to 6,500 Kelvin range, it will appear blue in low light. Light with a color temperature of 3000 Kelvin looks the most natural at illumination from 50 to 75 Lux. If the illumination is 400 Lux, the resulting light appears yellow. The most natural light becomes with a temperature of 4 to 6 thousand Kelvin.

The industry produces various modifications of lamps. Marking allows you to figure out for which zone a particular model is suitable. Digital code indicates parameters such as light quality, color temperature, and color rendering index. The first digit indicates the color rendering index.

For fluorescent lighting devices, this characteristic varies from 60 to 98 Ra. Accordingly, the higher the index, the more reliable the color rendering can be. The second and third digits indicate the color temperature of the model. For example, if there is a marking of 827, this means that the color temperature here is 2700 Kelvin, and the color rendition is 80 Ra. These parameters correspond to those of an incandescent lamp.

Electrical connection

Discharge lamps of all types are not directly connected to the mains. This is their main difference from incandescent lamps. There are two reasons for this:

1. High resistance when cold. Due to this, a high voltage pulse is required to ignite the discharge.
2. After the discharge occurs, the lighting device forms a negative resistance. Therefore, if you turn on the resistance in the circuit, a short circuit will occur, and the lighting device will fail.

To solve these problems, ballasts are used. These are ballasts of a special type. The most common connection methods today are:

1. the use of electronic ballast;
2. use of an electromagnetic ballast in combination with a neon starter.

Description of electromagnetic ballast

The device is an electromagnetic type choke. It has an inductive reactance. It is connected to the lamps in a certain sequence. A starter, which is a neon lamp, is connected to the filament. Its design includes a capacitor and bimetallic electrodes. Today, the advantages of electromagnetic balance are long service life, ease of use and reliability. At the same time, some shortcomings are revealed, for example, a long start-up. It varies from 1 to 3 seconds depending on how worn out the device is.

An electromagnetic balancer consumes a large amount of energy due to its choke. Occasionally, there may be a low-frequency hum of the magnetic wire plates. Does not add advantages and flicker with double the frequency of the network. This can adversely affect human vision. These lighting fixtures, including ballast, must not be used to illuminate mechanisms and moving parts of locks. It is also important to point out the impressive dimensions of the device. The mass of such ballast is several kilograms. If temperatures are below freezing, the device may not start.

Starting with electromagnetic ballast and starter

The classic scheme provides for the connection of an electromagnetic balance together with a starter. The latter is a neon lamp with a capacitor connected in parallel, hidden in the case. The electrodes are initially in the open state. A starter is connected in parallel to the lamp so that an electric current passes through the lamp spiral. This happens after the electrodes are closed.

A large capacitor is connected in parallel. It is necessary to create a resonant circuit that forms a long pulse. Due to this, it is possible to light the lamp. When the starter is opened, the lamp spirals are in a hot state. A sufficient surge voltage must be provided to ignite the discharge.

The operating voltage of the lighting fixture is low as it drops across the choke. That is why a higher extinction voltage level is set in the starter lamp initially. As a result, the starter does not operate again.

The operating voltage of the lighting device gradually increases, and when it approaches the end of its life, the voltage may increase. Due to this, a characteristic continuous flashing of a failed lamp is formed. As soon as it goes out, you can see the glowing cathodes installed over the entire area of ​​the starter.

Electronic ballast and its properties

This element is responsible for powering the lamp with electric current. In this case, a voltage of the off-network frequency is formed, which varies from 50 to 60 Hertz. High frequency levels from 25 to 133 kilohertz are provided here, so that blinking, irritating to the eyes, is eliminated.

It is possible to distinguish cold and hot start of the model. In the first case, the lighting device is closed after switching on. This method is used when the lamp is rarely used. Frequent use of this technique is not recommended, as it damages the electrodes.

The second type of start involves preheating the electrodes. The lamp lights up after 1 second, but it also has a longer service life, especially when regular use of the device is expected.

Factors predisposing to breakage

The electrodes in the design of the lighting device are a spiral of a tungsten filament. They are covered with a layer of alkaline earth metals. It is necessary to ensure the stability of the discharge. During operation, this layer continuously crumbles and evaporates.

This happens especially intensively during launch. This is why all fluorescent lighting fixtures have a specific lifespan. It depends on the ignition speed and the quality of the electrodes. It exceeds the service life of the incandescent lamp. Darkening forms at the ends of the product, which intensifies as the time of failure approaches. After the metal paste has completely burned out, the voltage rises abruptly. For this reason, the circuit in which the lamp operates is not capable of providing high voltage for combustion.

Electromagnetically balanced lamps have an increased voltage when they approach the end of their useful life. By this time, the paste has completely burned out on one of the electrodes. As a result, the starter starts to work constantly.

When the starter fails, a shunting of the lamp along the circuit is formed, so the ignition of the discharge becomes impossible. Only the filaments are left to work, and for this reason the electricity consumed by the lighting device becomes higher.

When it comes to devices with electronic ballast, the mass of electrodes involved in the work is actively burned out. The threads overheat and fail. In high-quality models, auto-shutdown of a burned-out device is provided. In low-quality modifications, such protection is absent. Also, in such devices, a capacitor is installed, designed for a voltage close to the voltage of the new lamp. As the product ages, the pressure rises and a breakdown forms in the condenser. For this reason, the ballast transistors also fail.

Phosphor emission spectrum

Cheap lamps use a halophosphate phosphor. It produces blue and yellow colors. Much less red and green tones are emitted. This mixture appears to be white, but an incomplete spectrum can be seen when reflected. On the other hand, such devices have a high level of light output. There are also special fluorescent lamps. with different spectral parameters:

There are also special models for tanning salons and beauty salons, counters in supermarkets, rooms where poultry are kept. Allocate ultraviolet modifications with black glass flasks. They are able to convert invisible radiation into light, creating the so-called fluorescence effect. Used in food and textile industries.