FTP - file transfer
Another widely used Internet service is ftp. There is no Russian translation of this word, generally speaking, and it is called so in conversation - eftepe. This abbreviation is deciphered as a file transfer protocol, but when considering ftp as an Internet service, we mean not just a protocol, but a service - access to files in file archives. Generally speaking, ftp - standard program working on TCP protocol, which is always supplied with the operating system. Its original purpose is to transfer files between different computers operating in TCP/IP networks:
a server program is running on one of the computers, on the second, the user runs a client program that connects to the server and transfers or receives files via the ftp protocol. It is assumed here that the user is logged in on both computers and connects to the server under his own name and with his password on this computer. The ftp protocol is, of course, optimized for file transfers.
This feature and caused the ftp programs to become part of separate service Internet. The fact is that the ftp server is often configured in such a way that you can connect to it not only under your own name, but also under the conditional name anonymous - anonymous. Then not all of them become available to you. file system computer, but some set of files on the server that make up the contents of the anonymous ftp server - a public file archive. So. if someone wants to make files with information, programs and other things available for public use, then it is enough for him to organize an anonymous ftp server on his computer connected to the Internet. It is quite easy to do this, there are ftp client programs on almost any computer - in this regard, today public file archives are organized mainly as anonymous ftp servers. On such servers today available great amount information and software. Almost everything that should be made available to the public in the form of files is available from anonymous ftp servers. These are programs - freely distributed and demo versions, this is multimedia, this is, finally, just texts - laws, books, articles, reports.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, in case you, for example, want to present to the world a demo version of your software product- anonymous ftp is a good solution to this problem. If. on the other hand, you want to find, say, latest version your favorite free software, then look for it on the ftp servers.
Despite the prevalence, ftp has many disadvantages. FTP clients are not always convenient and easy to use. It is not always possible to understand what kind of file is in front of you - is it that file. what are you looking for or not. There is no simple and universal remedy search on anonymous ftp servers - although there is a special service archie, but it is an independent program, not universal and not always applicable. ftp programs are quite old and some of their features that were useful at birth are not very clear and are needed today - for example, there are two modes for transferring files - binary and text, and if you suddenly choose the wrong mode, then transferred file must be damaged. File descriptions on the server are given in the format operating system server, and the list of files of the operating UNIX systems can be confusing for a DOS user. The problem here is that with a list of files it is issued extra information and knowing too much is always harmful. The ftp servers are not centralized, and this brings its own problems. Despite all this, anonymous ftp servers are the standard way of organizing public file archives on the Internet today. You can also organize password-protected access to files - for example, to your clients.
ftp-service direct access, requiring full connection to the Internet, but access via e-mail is also possible - there are servers that can e-mail you files from any anonymous ftp servers. At the same time, this should be very inconvenient, because such servers are heavily loaded, and your request may wait a long time for its turn. However, large files when sending, they are divided by the server into parts of a limited size, sent by separate letters - and if one part out of a hundred is lost or damaged during transmission, then the remaining 99 will also be unnecessary.
FTP - file transfer - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "FTP - file transfer" 2014, 2015.
Moves copies of files from one Internet site to another in accordance with the FTP protocol (File Transfer Protocol - "file transfer protocol"). It does not matter where these nodes are located and how they are interconnected. Computers with shared files... .
File transfer protocols The Internet uses the following file transfer protocols: · FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - File Transfer Protocol · TFTP. (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) A trivial file transfer protocol. SFTP. (Simple File Transfer Protocol) - a simple file transfer protocol, ... .
Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) SFTP supports user rights checking (access control), file transfer, listing directory contents, changing directories, renaming and deleting files. Like FTP, SFTP uses TCP. However, unlike FTP, SFTP uses... .
Data Connection Establishment Control Connection FTP clients use a control connection to send commands and receive responses from the server. Typically, commands are sent over a control connection, asking the server to execute... .
Transfer Protocol File The Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows you to transfer files from one computer to another. Using this protocol, it is possible to carry out the processes of exchanging data arrays - text and program files. Through an FTP connection, the computer...
FTP service on the Internet is designed for direct file exchange, it is built on the technological basis of "client-server". There is an interaction between the client and the server through FTP protocol. A client is someone who sends requests to a particular server and receives and transmits information. A server is a system that receives files from a client, processes them, and then transfers them further.
What are the benefits of using the FTP service?
The FTP service on the Internet is designed to receive and transfer all kinds of files. It has its own servers, which store large archives with all sorts of data and files. In such archives, huge volumes of absolutely various information. There are also duplicate archives, in which information is completely identical between several servers, they are called mirrors.
The benefits of this service are several:
1. Opportunity through the worldwide network. Using the protocol, it is possible to download almost any files to a computer: music, archives, text information and programs.
2. The ability to remotely manage files on the server of any computer connected to the network. That is, in other words, you can manage the files of a computer located on the other side of the world from one computer.
3. It is convenient to work with information, files or documents, no need to go from one page to another in the search necessary information, as it happens in any browser.
To work with the FTP service, specialized programs are required, they are the ones that ensure the operation of the protocol. There are several types of such programs: FTP server, FTP client and archie.
What is the FTP protocol?
Service FTP files uses a protocol that communicates directly with the protocol at the transport layer, aka TCP:
- The initial standard is RFC-114.
- The last one is RFC-959.
This service differs from other developed applications in that it uses only two TCP connections in order to transfer any information and files:
1. Control connection- it is intended for sending commands to the server and receiving already processed responses from it. To organize this connection, the Telnet protocol is needed (sending a request and waiting for a processed response, after receiving it, it gives a signal that it is possible to send a command).
2.Connect existing or all sent and received files. Once a Telnet connection has been established, file transfers are handled by a logical process organized by TCP that checks for available ports on the FTP server.
These are constantly being formed and, if necessary, eliminated.
The FTP protocol can work in two modes:
active;
- passive.
What is an FTP client?
An FTP client is a specific one that implements the transfer through the FTP file protocol. It turns out that the FTP service on the Internet is designed to exchange files between several computers connected by a local or Internet network. At the same time, it does not matter at all what platforms these computers are equipped with or at what distance they are from each other.
In fact, such a client is arranged in the same way as a server, but it is controlled only with the help of local machine automated or human. It turns out that it is impossible to manage an FTP client via the Internet - only through a computer.
There are types of FTP client - the so-called For example, ReGet, Go!Zilla and many others. Thanks to them, the user can download from any Web server. main feature such programs in that they can be integrated under any browser, automatically intercept necessary files for the user. FTP downloaders have convenient control, beautiful interface and in the event of a break in communication, they will resume resuming after it is turned on.
What is meant by FTP server?
FTP server is special programs that run on personal computer, they work in background. They allow you to make a full-fledged FTP server out of the most ordinary computer, and managing the FTP service allows you to download or upload any necessary files. Such a program automatically monitors all requests that come from other computers, then processes them and gives a response. When installing this server, be sure to designate a limited directory accessible to other software clients. Each file and directory has its own individual attributes, you can restrict access to them if you wish, for any computers. For example, one file can only be read, another can be written, a third is absolutely open to any machine, and so on.
FTP server is limited systems, they are available only to registered users, when connecting to them, you must enter a login and password. There are many so-called open servers, otherwise they are also called anonymous. To enter there, you must enter the login - anonymous and password - password.
Archie - search program for FTP archives
Finding the necessary FTP server on the Internet is a very time-consuming and complicated task; a special tool has been developed to facilitate it. software module Archie. You can work with it via e-mail, via Telnet session or locally. It should be understood that the service FTP archives and archie are technologies that are completely different in their capabilities. Most often, in order to be able to access the archie server, the user must first access the archie client.
To work via Telnet, the user should open a Telnet session, write the word archie in the required line. It looks like this: telnet archie.mcgill.ca login: archie.
After the line appears: archie>. You can also ask about the capabilities of the server by typing the command: help in the line.
How on your own on the Internet?
Since the FTP service on the Internet is intended for the exchange of files between Internet users, and with its help it can be done quickly and easily, some users want to install their own server. It is possible to fulfill this desire, but only with the necessary theoretical knowledge about the Internet and certain programs, as well as file sharing.
There are many programs that allow you to create a personal FTP server on a personal computer. One of these specialized programs is GuildFTPd. It is quite easy to install and intuitive if you know some of the nuances. FTP creation. Initially, it must be found on the Internet and installed on your computer. There shouldn't be any problems installing it. But in setting up the program, it will be necessary to perform some actions - this is necessary for further correct operation created FTP service.
FTP Internet File Transfer Service created with the GuildFTPd program
After downloading and installing this program on your computer, you need to go to the settings panel (GuildFTPd options), there will be several tabs and items. The General category contains all the main settings that determine the number of connections, port numbers, and other important parameters. Everything must be done here desired settings. For each server, they are individual and depend only on the wishes of the creator.
Now you need to choose which method the server will be created with. The GuildFTPd system works in such a way that future users should be divided into groups, on the basis of which a specific server will be created: based on personal accounts or the desired directory.
What kind of FTP server to create? Server based on personal accounts
This type is suitable when a file server is organized, which will be used by friends. In this case, for each individual user, it will be possible to do personal system files.
To do this, a group is created, it is given a name, shared access to the root directory is made. To do this, click on the Add button and go to the Edit Path section. Then a user base is created, Admin, then Add User, here you need to enter the identification data (login, password) of all future users created server. There can be any number of such users, it is advisable to immediately decide on them if, for example, 16 people will use it. The FTP service on the Internet is designed to exchange documents between an unlimited number of people.
When the main base is ready, if necessary, a virtual file system can be created for each user. To do this, go again to Add - Edit Path, there specify the names of files and folders for each individual login.
How is an open FTP server created?
This is the second way to create own server, but it is more suitable for a large number of users and for online marketing. The Internet services of the FTP server are perceived positively, there are a very large number of such services on the network.
Create open server much easier than with personal accounts. In this case, only one user is created, in the line for specifying the name, enter anonymous. Also, be sure to uncheck the box next to the list name. The only thing left to do is upload file directories, which will be available to any Internet user.
Most often, users for sharing files on the network do not large sizes use email or skype. However, when you need to send an archive of photos or a movie that is several gigabytes in size, these services cannot be used. Public file hosting also creates some difficulties, such as waiting for a timer and speed limiting. Best Solution in this case, create your own FTP server.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transferring information over the Internet and local computer networks. This is a program that remote connection to a dedicated folder for viewing and sharing files, including large ones. Data exchange is possible from a computer to remote server and between other FTP servers.
Data is transmitted without traffic encryption, so attackers can easily gain access to logins and passwords. For secure transmission files, it is recommended to use the protocol with TLS protection - FTPS, which encrypts data.
Having your own FTP server has certain advantages:
- allows you to manage the server and its resources;
- give users different access rights;
- it doesn't need a static IP address.
- no speed limits;
- no payment to the host for its placement;
In accordance with the difficulty of access, the software. To set up an FTP server for private use with minimal setup, free software packages are fine.
Microsoft in Windows 7 added the Internet Information Services (IIS) feature, which provides general access from the network to a folder allocated for this purpose. Therefore, to create an FTP server for Windows 7, you do not need to install additional software.
FTP server installation
Some standard features, which are less frequently used, are disabled by default in Windows 7. Therefore, in order to activate them, you need to follow a series of steps.
To create an FTP server on Windows 7, you need:
- Click "Start" and open the "Control Panel" section. For easier viewing, you can select the "Small Icons" mode.
- Go to "Programs and Features" and select "Turn Windows features on or off".
- In the list of the menu that opens, you need to mark the components that should be activated by ticking the box next to it. This is the "FTP Server" folder, it has two items: "FTP Extensibility" and "FTP Service", as well as the "Web Site Management Tools" folder, and in it - "Console IIS management". Click OK to start.
FTP server setup
- Now you need to go back through the "Start" to the "Control Panel".
- Find the "Administration" section and open the "Manager" in this section IIS».
- Go to the "Sites" tab by clicking on the name right click, select "Add FTP Sites" from the list.
- In a new window, you need to specify the name of the future FTP server, and the path to the directory with its data. You can proceed to the next configuration step by clicking the "Next" button.
- Now the server parameters are set. In the IP address field, select the required one from the list. You can bind it to a specific address or make extended access by selecting the "All free" item. In this case, the standard port - 21 should be checked. If you plan to constantly use the FTP server, then you should check the box “Start the FTP site automatically”. Select the "No SSL" option, you can enable it later if necessary. Click "Next" again.
- In a new window, the type of authorization is set. In the "Authentication" item, you can allow login for regular or anonymous users. Here you can also set permissions for them. Press "Done".
After the installation is completed, a new FTP server will appear in the "Sites" section.
Configuring Windows Firewall
Now it is imperative to configure the Windows firewall to open ports and services.
Go back to Control Panel, then " Windows Firewall". Find the "Advanced Options" section.
In it, select "Rules for incoming connections." For them it is recommended to install passive mode. To do this, right-click and enable the rules " FTP Server Passive" and "FTP Server ( incoming traffic)". In the same way, for outgoing connections, enable the “FTP-Server” rule in the corresponding section.
Connecting Users
In order for users to access the server, they must be connected.
- In the Control Panel tab, open the Administrative Tools folder.
Section Administration
- Find the "Computer Management" section, then navigate to the " Local Users". By right-clicking on the "Groups" line, select the "Create group" function. In the new window, specify a name and a short description of the group, click "Create".
- Now you can connect users to the created group. In the "Local Users" folder, right-click on the "Users" line and select "New" from the menu list. Fill in the fields by entering a name and password, here you should check the box to prevent changing the password.
- To connect a user, right-click on it account and select the "Properties" item from the menu list, then the "Group Membership" tab and the "Add" button. Find the created group, add and click OK. This procedure must be performed for all users of the server.
- At the next stage, the access rights of the users of the group to the working directory are determined. To do this, go to the "Site" directory, right-click on the name and open "Properties". Next - the "Security" tab, in the "Change" item, specify the name of the group and click OK. Then you need to set up permissions for users.
- Enter the "IIS Manager" by right-clicking on the "FTP Authorization Rules" line, add an allow rule. You can allow users to write and delete data, or you can only read.
Server installation and configuration is complete. However, now you need to know how to access the FTP server.
Standard Windows features make it easy. Just open the folder "My Computer", then in address bar specify the path to the server.
Another way is to create an FTP connection shortcut on your computer's desktop.
To do this, open the "Control Panel", right-click on the "Network Neighborhood" section. In tasks, select "Add new element v network”, then click on the item “Select a different network location” and “Next”. Now a shortcut will appear in the "Network Locations" section, which you just need to drag with the mouse to the desktop.
As you can see, it is useful to know how to set up an FTP server in order to make data exchange between users convenient and without restrictions.
A huge amount of information recorded in files is stored on FTP sites or file servers. An FTP site is a computer on the Internet on which a program is running. FTP server a.
The abbreviation FTP stands for "File Transfer Protocol", that is, a file transfer protocol. This protocol is used to view the contents of files and exchange files with FTP sites.
Files on FTP servers are stored in a tree structure of directories, just like they are on your computer. An FTP site program allows you to view the contents of these directories, download files from them to your computer, and transfer files from your computer to an FTP site.
As a program for working with FTP sites, you can use regular browser, For example Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. Users familiar with command line operating system can use the "ftp" command.
Access to some FTP sites is restricted. Sometimes this requires you to know the registered user name and password. Most FTP Sites public access allow uploading files without providing a password. However, you cannot write your own files to them.
FTP- English abbreviation, which stands for File Transfer Protocol - file transfer protocol. FTP is used to transfer files from one machine to another (of course, a 3.5" floppy transfer cannot be called an FTP transfer!). If you have an Internet connection, you can access a lot of information located in various places networks. using FTP so-called. An FTP client that connects to an FTP server (from where you want to download files, or vice versa, you want to upload files there). Anonymous FTP allows you to connect to the server without having personal login and password. As a rule, "anonymous" is indicated as the login, and your e-mail as the password. This is done on large servers so that everyone can download, for example, Linux distribution or any other useful programs.
Files are transferred in several modes - ASCII mode (abbr. - american standard Code for information Interchange) is used to transfer text files, including HTML. Binary mode, as the name suggests, is used to transfer binary code(in fact, everything is more complicated, in general we can say that this mode is used for non-text files, for example, pictures). Mode switching is performed by the ascii and binary commands, respectively, but if you use a Windows client (for example, WsFtp), you should rearrange the single selection button to the appropriate position.
How to use FTP outside of Windows
In any case, Linux makes it possible to read the documentation for available commands. This is done with the command $man commandv this case
$ man ftp
To connect to the server, you need to dial
$ ftp yourhost.at.domain
Do not forget that you do not need to enter $ - this is a system prompt. If it looks like #, go to bed immediately. # means administrator rights, and an administrator who does not know how to use FTP is a miracle of nature. After that, you will be asked for a username and password, logging in, you can use the following commands:
ascii - switch to ASCII transfer mode
binary - switch to transfer binary files
cd foldername - Changes the folder you are in to remote computer to the subfolder foldername of the current folder. To go from /pub/progs to /etc use cd /etc, to go from there to /pub/progs/netscape use cd netscape, and to go up a level try typing two dots for the folder name.
dir - shows files in current folder remote computer
get filename - copies the file filename to your computer
help - help by commands
lcd foldername - Changes the folder you are in on the local computer. The options are the same as the cd command.
mget - to download multiple files at once
put filename - to upload a local file filename to a remote computer
mput - for downloading several local files to a remote computer
exit - exit from ftp to OS.
How to use ftp from under Windows
Download, for example, an ftp client, such as WsFTP, from download.ru. All further explanations are given for this program. After starting, you see two windows - one (on the left) contains the contents of your disk, the other is empty. To connect to the server, click the connect button (lower left). You will be prompted to enter1) Profile Name - it doesn't matter what you enter. This function is used so that in the future you do not need to re-enter the parameters of this server
2) Host Name/Address - enter the address of the remote computer, for example, ftp.netscape.com
3) Host Type - if you are reading this article, then you should use Automatic Detect
4) User ID - your login on this server. For example, anonymous
5) Password - the password corresponding to the login. For an anonymous login, this is something containing a "dog"
6) Account and Comment - try to leave empty
After that, click OK. If everything is fine, skip this paragraph. If the connection has not been established (the right window is empty), try repeating the procedure, before clicking the OK button, looking at other tabs: Startup, Advanced, Firewall. Startup determines which folder you will be in after connecting - skip this tab. In the Advanced tab:
1) Connection Retry - how many times WsFTP will try to connect to the server.
2) Network Tiomeout - how long to wait for a response from the server
3) Remote Port - the port to connect to on the server, by default 21, if you need to connect to another port, this is usually explained where you learned about the server. If you want to use a link like ftp://ftp.netscape.com:25 FTP client, set this field to 25.
4) Passive Transfers - Try it in two positions. Some network settings require a check mark.
Next comes the Firewall tab. If you are not using a proxy, uncheck the box next to "Use Firewall". If you are, check this box. If you do not know your proxy settings - look them up in your browser settings - Netscape has the Edit|Preferences menu, Advanced|Proxies there, IE has "browser options" (for different versions v different menus), Connection - Network settings - Advanced, there you are interested in point c). Rewrite the data from there to the settings FTP client. You can find out the FireWall Type either by brute force or by asking the person who gave you access. After that click OK. If the connection is not established - check if your computer is connected to the Internet or call a specialist.
So, the connection is established, the contents of the remote computer appeared in the right window. Changing the folder you are in is achieved by clicking on the "ChgDir" button next to the corresponding box (i.e. to change the local folder with d:\Windows to c:\Dos press the button to the right of the left box and enter d:\Dos; to change the folder on the remote computer, use the similar button to the right of the right window. In general, the left row of buttons corresponds to the local computer, and the right row to the remote one). To transfer a file, mark it with the mouse (using Shift keys and Ctrl to select multiple files is allowed) and click the arrow (between the boxes) in the appropriate direction - from left to right - to the server, from right to left - from the server. The View and Exec buttons are used to view the file in a text editor and run it (if it is an .exe or .com file). Delete deletes the selected files, refresh updates the list of files (for example, if some maniac is connected to the server besides you, constantly renaming files. To disconnect from the server, press the same button that you pressed to connect - now it says Disconnect.
It should also be noted that a browser is enough to download files. To use a browser to connect, instead of a URL, type something like
ftp://user: [email protected]:port
where user and password- login and password, host.at.domain is the name of the server, and port- port for access (you can not dial, then the default is 21).
If you are using anonymous FTP, you only need to type
ftp://host.at.domain:port
In practice, most likely, you will use FTP exclusively for uploading files to the server, since downloading with a browser (or a program like ReGet) is more convenient. If for some reason FTP does not work for you - check - it is possible that your FireWall is configured in such a way that you can only use a browser. In this case, choose hosting like null.ru, which allows you to upload not only via FTP, but also by mail and through a special form. A manual for uploading files is usually found on every server of this type.
What is an FTP server?
Each of us, wandering on the Internet, downloads various files from web pages. And it happens that we are faced with the fact that the file we need is located on a web site that is not being viewed, and in order to download it, we need to visit the FTP server. And many do not know what it is.
FTP server, it regular computer, which is connected to the Internet, where they contain public files. And in order to copy these files to your computer, you need a special data transfer protocol - FTP. Using an FTP client program (for example, FTPExplorer, CuteFTP Pro, FileZilla and others) or from an Internet browser, entering the address of the server you need after ftp://, a connection is made to this server.
You can also connect to an FTP server using file managers. This feature is very handy in free file manager FreeCommander. You can connect to the FTP server we need in standard and anonymous mode.
To gain access to the FTP server, it is enough to enter a login and password, if the password that gives access to the files is missing, you must register. There is also such an option that the server administrator has placed a password and login at the entrance to the system.
Besides standard connection to the FTP server, it is possible to connect anonymously. For an anonymous connection, the anonymous login is often used, and the etiquette password is the address Email. Many FTP servers provide the ability anonymous login, for example, if you are using a browser Internet Explorer, then when you enter the address of the FTP server, you will connect anonymously to this resource.
But there are also closed FTP servers, to which it is forbidden anonymous access. These servers are usually dedicated to specific users and cannot be logged into when standard input. It could be servers. various companies and organizations, and access to them is allowed only for computers with a specific IP address.
Naturally, it should be remembered that no computer can provide a huge number of visitors. To do this, FTP servers are limited to a certain number of users who are connected at the same time. And if you get a message when connecting that the number of users has been exceeded, try again after a while.
There are several more reasons why it will not be possible to connect to the server, these are bad connection, and accordingly, if the server is disabled.
You can often come across mirror FTP servers on the Internet, let's look at what this means. Mirrors are FTP servers located in different places that contain identical information. They are designed for fast and convenient receipt information by users from different countries. So if loading desired file the computer brought you to a list of resources, which means that you have the opportunity to choose an FTP server that is geographically closest to you, which means it is more convenient and practical for copying after receiving the necessary data.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the FTP server great alternative information carriers. And if you need to transfer information between two computers, you can not use disks, flash cards, but it's easier to place these files on open FTP server on the Internet and then upload it to the desired local computer. It is also convenient if you are going on a trip and you need to take necessary information, just upload it to an FTP server and, upon arrival at the place, upload them from anywhere in the world.
