Animation is the Western name for animation. This word comes from the English animation, which translates as "revival, animation."

Previously, animation was created by hand - in pencil and ink on tracing paper. Then they started using computers. In the beginning, they used big computers, they were called mainframes. Then the creators of cartoons switched to powerful graphics stations.

And in our time, in order to create a simple animated film, the power of an ordinary personal computer is enough.

Animation(from French animation - animation, animation) - a type of cinematography in which a film is created by frame-by-frame shooting of drawings or puppet scenes. The animator, like an actor, plays his role, infusing life into a motionless character, soul, endowing him with character and habits, experiencing with him every fraction of a second of life in the scene.

Animation has its own history, so the creator of the technology for performing cartoons frame by frame is E. Reino. But animation was most widely used during the time of Walt Disney. The principles of animation he used became so effective that they are still considered the foundation of the animator. There are several types of animation: Traditional, Freeze Frame, Computer. Computer and Traditional - in fact, the same thing, only Traditional is drawn by hand on paper, and Computer - on a tablet, in some program. Animation is a complex process that takes a lot of time. Traditional animation is considered the most time-consuming to perform, so it is now used very rarely. In Computer animation, everything is much simpler.

computer animation- type of animation created by a computer. Unlike the more general concept of "CGI graphics", which refers to both still and moving images, computer animation refers only to moving images. Today it has been widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same ways of creating images: vector graphics, raster graphics, fractal graphics, three-dimensional graphics (3D)

Also, computer animation can be divided into types: Flash-animation, frame-by-frame classical, 3D animation.

Flash animation

Flash animation is based on the keyframe animation principle. . The arrangement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is the closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the computer takes on the role of the phaser, not a person.

The process of creating cartoons consists of several stages:

The first stage is the idea and script;

The second is the storyboard;

Third - Creating an animatic (a rough layout of the cartoon. Already on the basis of the animatic, you can judge the ongoing action. Animation is already present in the animatic, but the movements of the characters can be changed at the next stage),

The fourth and longest is Animation;

Fifth - fine outline;

Sixth - editing and assembly of the film.

Animation (lat. Animare - to revive) is a kind of art, the works of which are created by frame-by-frame shooting of individual drawings or scenes. In addition to the term "animation", the term "animation" is also widely used (Latin multiplicatio - multiplication, reproduction).

Frames are drawn or photographed images of the successive phases of the movement of objects or their parts. When viewing a sequence of frames, the illusion of animation of the static characters depicted on them arises. To create the effect of a smooth change in their position and shape, based on the characteristics of human perception, the frame rate should be at least 12-16 frames per second. Movies use 24 frames per second, television 25 or 30 frames per second.

The principle of animation was found long before the invention of cinema. Back in the early 19th century, the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and other scientists and inventors used a rotating disk or tape with drawings, a system of mirrors and a light source - a lantern to reproduce moving images on a screen.

The principle of animation was found long before the invention of cinema. Back in the early 19th century, the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and other scientists and inventors used a rotating disk or tape with drawings, a system of mirrors and a light source - a lantern to reproduce moving images on a screen.

Hand-drawn animation originated at the end of the 19th century. In 1900-1907. American James Stuart Blackton made animated films "Magic Drawings", "Comic Expressions of a Funny Face", "Haunted Hotel". In Russia, the first cartoons were created in 1911-1913. In Belarus, the first cartoon "October and the Bourgeois World" was filmed in 1927.

The drawing of all phases of movement (frames) in the first cartoons required huge labor costs. So, for a cartoon lasting 5 minutes at a frequency of 24 frames per second, 7200 drawings are needed. At the same time, many frames contain repeating fragments that had to be redrawn many times with virtually no changes. Therefore, since the 20s of the XX century, simplified animation technology began to be used: transparent celluloid films with changing moving elements were applied to a static, unchanging pattern. This was the first step in the mechanization of the work of an animator, which was developed in computer technology.

In computer animation, only some key frames are drawn (they are called key frames), while intermediate ones are synthesized (calculated) by computer programs. Independent animation of individual elements of the image is provided by creating graphic objects for each character and placing them on different layers (similar to transparencies in classical animation).

The main types of computer animation: frame-by-frame animation, animation of the movement of objects and animation of the form. Frame-by-frame animation (animation) consists in drawing all phases of movement. All frames are key frames. Automatic animation of a movement or shape consists of drawing keyframes corresponding to the main phases or stages of movement, and then autofilling the intermediate frames. The basis of any animation is the fixation of the phases of the movement of objects - the determination at each moment of time of their position, shape, size and other properties, such as color

Creating an animation clip for a piece of music

thesis

1.2 Types of animation

Computer animation is a type of animation created using a computer. Today it has been widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same ways of creating images:

Vector graphics;

Raster graphics;

Fractal graphics;

Three-dimensional graphics (3D).

According to the principle of animation, there are several types of computer animation:

Keyframe Animation

The arrangement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the computer takes on the role of the packer, not a person.

Motion Recording

Animation data is recorded by special equipment from real moving objects and transferred to their simulation in a computer. A common example of such a technique is motion capture. Actors in special suits with sensors make movements that are recorded by cameras and analyzed by special software. The final data on the movement of the joints and limbs of the actors is applied to the three-dimensional skeletons of virtual characters, which achieves a high level of reliability of their movement. The same method is used to transfer facial expressions of a live actor to its three-dimensional counterpart in a computer.

procedural animation

Procedural animation is wholly or partly computer-calculated. Here you can include the following types of it: Simulation of the physical interaction of rigid bodies. Simulation of the movement of systems of particles, liquids and gases. Imitation of the interaction of soft bodies (tissue, hair). Calculation of the movement of the hierarchical structure of connections (character's skeleton) under external influence (Ragdoll). Simulation of the autonomous (independent) movement of the character. An example of such a system is the Euphoria program.

Programmable animation

Two languages ​​are widely used in the network, with the help of which the movements of animated objects are programmed: Java-Script - the browser language Action-Script - the language for working with Flash applications The advantage of programmable animation is in reducing the size of the source file, the disadvantage is the load on the processor client.

Animation constructors

To create animated images, there are many programs, both paid and free:

Paid: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash Professional;

Free: GIMP (more commonly used on Linux), CoffeeCup, Blender (more commonly used on Linux).

Creating animation with a digital camera

Today, software that allows you to use a digital camera to shoot animation is used as often as the 3D or 2D packages that have become familiar. Any program of this type provides control of a digital camera through a computer and work with the received frames.

Storage

Computer animation can be stored in universal graphics files (for example, in GIF format) as a set of independent images, or in specialized files of appropriate animation packages (3ds Max, Blender, Maya, etc.) as textures and individual elements, or in formats intended for viewing (FLIC (English)) and use in games (Bink). Also, animation can be saved in video formats (for example, MPEG-4).

Application

Computer animation (sequential display of slide shows from pre-prepared graphic files, as well as computer simulation of movement by changing and redrawing the shape of objects or displaying sequential images with motion phases prepared in advance or generated during animation) can be used in computer games, multimedia applications (for example, encyclopedias), as well as to "revitalize" individual design elements, such as web pages and advertising (animated banners). On web pages, animation can be generated by means of styles (CSS) and scripts (JavaScript) or modules created using Flash technology or its analogues (flash animation).

One open challenge in computer animation is photorealistic human animation. Currently, most films created using computer animation show animal characters (Flick's Adventures, Finding Nemo, Ratatouille, Ice Age, The Forest Tale, Hunting Season), fantasy characters (Monsters Inc., Shrek, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Monsters vs. aliens), anthropomorphic cars (Cars, WALL-E, Robots) or a cartoon person (The Incredibles, Despicable Me, Up). The film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Us is often cited as the first computer-generated film to attempt to show realistic-looking people. However, due to the enormous complexity of the human body, human movements, and human biomechanics, realistic human simulation remains largely an open problem. Another problem is the dislike-like psychological response to watching near-perfect human animation, known as the "uncanny valley". This is one of the "holy grails" of computer animation. Ultimately, the goal is to create software where the animator can generate sequences showing a photorealistic human character undergoing physically believable movement, along with clothing, photorealistic hair, complicated natural backgrounds, and possibly interactions with other human character models. Having achieved this, the viewer will no longer be able to tell that a certain sequence is computer generated, or created using real actors in front of a movie camera. Achieving total realism could have major implications for the film industry. At the moment, 3D computer animation is used, and it can be divided into two main areas: photorealistic and non-photorealistic rendering. Photorealistic computer animation itself can be divided into two subcategories: real photorealism (where motion capture is used in the creation of a virtual human character) and stylized photorealism. True photorealism is what Final Fantasy has achieved and in the future is likely to be able to give us a feature film with fantasy aspects like The Dark Crystal without the use of advanced puppetry and animatronics, and Antz Ant is an example of stylistic photorealism (in the future, stylized photorealism can replace the traditional animation of foot movement, as in the cartoon Corpse Bride). None of those mentioned are perfect, but progress continues.

Animation and modern feature films. On the problem of using the latest computer technologies

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Basic concepts, types of animation

Animation (lat. Animare - to revive) is a kind of art, the works of which are created by frame-by-frame shooting of individual drawings or scenes. In addition to the term "animation", the term "animation" is also widely used (Latin multiplicatio - multiplication, reproduction).

Frames are drawn images of successive phases of the movement of objects or their parts.

When viewing a sequence of frames, the illusion of animation of the static characters depicted on them arises. To create the effect of a smooth change in their position and shape, based on the characteristics of human perception, the frame rate should be at least 11-16 frames per second. Movies use 24 frames per second, television 25 or 30 frames per second.

The principle of animation was found long before the invention of cinema. Back in the early 19th century, the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and other scientists and inventors used a rotating disk or tape with drawings, a system of mirrors and a light source - a lantern to reproduce moving images on a screen.

Hand-drawn animation originated at the end of the 19th century. In 1900-1907. American James Stuart Blackton made animated films "Magic Drawings", "Comic Expressions of a Funny Face", "Haunted Hotel". In Russia, the first cartoons were created in 1911-1913. In Belarus, the first cartoon "October and the Bourgeois World" was filmed in 1927.

The drawing of all phases of movement (frames) in the first cartoons required huge labor costs. So, for a cartoon lasting 5 minutes at a frequency of 24 frames per second, 7200 drawings are needed. At the same time, many frames contain repeating fragments that had to be redrawn many times with virtually no changes. Therefore, since the 20s of the XX century, simplified animation technology began to be used: transparent celluloid films with changing moving elements were applied to a static, unchanging pattern. This was the first step in the mechanization of the work of an animator, which was developed in computer technology.

In computer animation, only some key frames are drawn (they are called key frames), while intermediate ones are synthesized (calculated) by computer programs. Independent animation of individual elements of the image is provided by creating graphic objects for each character and placing them on different layers (similar to transparencies in classical animation).

The main types of computer animation: frame-by-frame animation, animation of the movement of objects and animation of the form. Frame-by-frame animation (animation) consists in drawing all phases of movement. All frames are key frames. Automatic animation of a movement or shape consists of drawing keyframes corresponding to the main phases or stages of movement, and then auto-filling the intermediate frames. The basis of any animation is the fixation of the phases of the movement of objects - the determination at each moment of time of their position, shape, size and other properties, such as color

Computer animation. Types of computer animation

Computer animation is a type of animation created using a computer. Today it has been widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same ways of creating images:
Vector graphics
Raster graphics
fractal graphics
Three-dimensional graphics (3D)

According to the principle of animation, there are several types of computer animation.

Keyframe Animation

The arrangement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is the closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the computer takes on the role of the phaser, not a person.

Motion Recording

Animation data is recorded by special equipment from real moving objects and transferred to their simulation in a computer. A common example of such a technique is motion capture. Actors in special suits with sensors make movements that are recorded by cameras and analyzed by special software. The final data on the movement of the joints and limbs of the actors is applied to the three-dimensional skeletons of virtual characters, which achieves a high level of reliability of their movement.

The same method is used to transfer facial expressions of a live actor to its three-dimensional counterpart in a computer.

procedural animation

Procedural animation is wholly or partly computer-calculated. This may include the following types:
Simulation of the physical interaction of rigid bodies.
Simulation of the movement of systems of particles, liquids and gases.
Imitation of the interaction of soft bodies (tissue, hair).
Calculation of the movement of the hierarchical structure of connections (character's skeleton) under external influence (Ragdoll).
Imitation of the autonomous (independent) movement of the character. An example of such a system is the Euphoria program.
[edit]
Programmable animation

There are two languages ​​that are widely used in the network, with the help of which the movements of animated objects are programmed:
Java-Script - browser language
Action-Script - language for working with Flash applications

The advantage of programmable animation is in reducing the size of the source file, the disadvantage is the load on the client's processor.

Animation constructors

To create animated images, there are many programs, both paid and free.
Adobe Photoshop - paid
GIMP (more commonly used on Linux) is free
Adobe Flash Professional - Paid
CoffeeCup - shareware
Blender (more commonly used on Linux) - Freeware

Creating animation with a digital camera

Today, software that allows you to use a digital camera to shoot animation is used as often as the 3D or 2D packages that have become familiar. Any program of this type provides control of a digital camera through a computer and work with the received frames.

Storage

Computer animation can be stored in universal graphics files (for example, in GIF format) as a set of independent images, or in specialized files of appropriate animation packages (3ds Max, Blender, Maya, etc.) as textures and individual elements, or in formats intended for viewing (FLIC (English)) and use in games (Bink). Also, animation can be saved in formats intended for video storage (for example, MPEG-

Types of animation

Computer animation is a type of animation created using a computer. Today it has been widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same ways of creating images:

Vector graphics;

Raster graphics;

Fractal graphics;

Three-dimensional graphics (3D).

According to the principle of animation, there are several types of computer animation:

Keyframe Animation

The arrangement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the computer takes on the role of the packer, not a person.

Motion Recording

Animation data is recorded by special equipment from real moving objects and transferred to their simulation in a computer. A common example of such a technique is motion capture. Actors in special suits with sensors make movements that are recorded by cameras and analyzed by special software. The final data on the movement of the joints and limbs of the actors is applied to the three-dimensional skeletons of virtual characters, which achieves a high level of reliability of their movement. The same method is used to transfer facial expressions of a live actor to its three-dimensional counterpart in a computer.

procedural animation

Procedural animation is wholly or partly computer-calculated. Here you can include the following types of it: Simulation of the physical interaction of rigid bodies. Simulation of the movement of systems of particles, liquids and gases. Imitation of the interaction of soft bodies (tissue, hair). Calculation of the movement of the hierarchical structure of connections (character's skeleton) under external influence (Ragdoll). Simulation of the autonomous (independent) movement of the character. An example of such a system is the Euphoria program.

Programmable animation

Two languages ​​are widely used in the network, with the help of which the movements of animated objects are programmed: Java-Script - the browser language Action-Script - the language for working with Flash applications The advantage of programmable animation is in reducing the size of the source file, the disadvantage is the load on the processor client.

Animation constructors

To create animated images, there are many programs, both paid and free:

Paid: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash Professional;

Free: GIMP (more commonly used on Linux), CoffeeCup, Blender (more commonly used on Linux).

Creating animation with a digital camera

Today, software that allows you to use a digital camera to shoot animation is used as often as the 3D or 2D packages that have become familiar. Any program of this type provides control of a digital camera through a computer and work with the received frames.

Storage

Computer animation can be stored in universal graphics files (for example, in GIF format) as a set of independent images, or in specialized files of appropriate animation packages (3ds Max, Blender, Maya, etc.) as textures and individual elements, or in formats intended for viewing (FLIC (English)) and use in games (Bink). Also, animation can be saved in video formats (for example, MPEG-4).

Application

Computer animation (sequential display of slide shows from pre-prepared graphic files, as well as computer simulation of movement by changing and redrawing the shape of objects or displaying sequential images with motion phases prepared in advance or generated during animation) can be used in computer games, multimedia applications (for example, encyclopedias), as well as to "revitalize" individual design elements, such as web pages and advertising (animated banners). On web pages, animation can be generated by means of styles (CSS) and scripts (JavaScript) or modules created using Flash technology or its analogues (flash animation).

One open challenge in computer animation is photorealistic human animation. Currently, most films created using computer animation show animal characters (Flick's Adventures, Finding Nemo, Ratatouille, Ice Age, The Forest Tale, Hunting Season), fantasy characters (Monsters Inc., Shrek, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Monsters vs. aliens), anthropomorphic cars (Cars, WALL-E, Robots) or a cartoon person (The Incredibles, Despicable Me, Up). The film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Us is often cited as the first computer-generated film to attempt to show realistic-looking people. However, due to the enormous complexity of the human body, human movements, and human biomechanics, realistic human simulation remains largely an open problem. Another problem is the dislike-like psychological response to watching near-perfect human animation, known as the "uncanny valley". This is one of the "holy grails" of computer animation. Ultimately, the goal is to create software where the animator can generate sequences showing a photorealistic human character undergoing physically believable movement, along with clothing, photorealistic hair, complicated natural backgrounds, and possibly interactions with other human character models. Having achieved this, the viewer will no longer be able to tell that a certain sequence is computer generated, or created using real actors in front of a movie camera. Achieving total realism could have major implications for the film industry. At the moment, 3D computer animation is used, and it can be divided into two main areas: photorealistic and non-photorealistic rendering. Photorealistic computer animation itself can be divided into two subcategories: real photorealism (where motion capture is used in the creation of a virtual human character) and stylized photorealism. True photorealism is what Final Fantasy has achieved and in the future is likely to be able to give us a feature film with fantasy aspects like The Dark Crystal without the use of advanced puppetry and animatronics, and Antz Ant is an example of stylistic photorealism (in the future, stylized photorealism can replace the traditional animation of foot movement, as in the cartoon Corpse Bride). None of those mentioned are perfect, but progress continues.