Thanks to socialization, the individual joins social life, gets and changes its social status and social role. Social status -it is the position of an individual in a society with certain rights and responsibilities. The personality status can be: profession, position, gender, age, marital status, nationality, religiosity, financial situation, political influence, etc. R. Merton called the totality of all social statuses of a person a “status set”. The status that has a dominant influence on the lifestyle of the individual, his social identity, is called main status. In small, primary social groups great importance It has personal status of a person, formed under the influence of his individual qualities (Appendix, Scheme 6).
Social statuses are also subdivided into prescribed (ascriptive), i.e. obtained independently of the subject, most often from birth (race, gender, nationality, social origin) and achieved, i.e. acquired by the individual's own efforts.
There is a certain a hierarchy of statuses, a place in which is called a status rank. High, medium and low status ranks are distinguished. Mismatch of statuses, those. contradictions in the intergroup and intragroup hierarchy arise under two circumstances:
§ when an individual occupies a high status rank in one group and low in another;
§ when the rights and obligations of one status conflict or interfere with the implementation of the rights and obligations of another.
The concept of "social status" is closely related to the concept of "social role", which is its function, the dynamic side. Social role is the expected behavior of an individual who has a certain status in this society... According to R. Merton's definition, the set of roles corresponding to a given status is called a role-playing system ("role-playing set"). The social role is divided into role expectations - what, according to the rules of the game, is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person performs within the framework of his role.
Any social role, according to T. Parsons, can be described using five main characteristics:
§ the level of emotionality - some roles are emotionally restrained, others are relaxed;
§ method of obtaining - prescribed or achieved;
§ the scale of manifestation - strictly limited or blurred;
§ the degree of formalization - strictly established or arbitrary;
Motivation - for general profit or for personal benefit.
Since each person has a wide range of statuses, it means that he also has many roles corresponding to this or that status. Therefore, in real life often arise role conflicts. In the very general view two types of such conflicts can be distinguished: between roles or within the same role, when it includes incompatible, conflicting responsibilities of the individual. Social experience shows that few roles are free from internal stresses and conflicts, which can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, to psychological stress. There are several types of defense mechanisms that can be used to reduce role tension. These include:
§ "rationalization of roles", when a person unconsciously seeks the negative aspects of the desired, but unattainable role with the aim of his own reassurance;
§ "separation of roles" - supposes a temporary withdrawal from life, exclusion of undesirable roles from the consciousness of an individual;
Regulation of roles "- is a conscious, deliberate release from responsibility for the performance of a particular role.
Thus, in modern society each individual uses the mechanisms of unconscious protection and conscious involvement of social structures in order to avoid the negative consequences of role conflicts.
Social status
A person somehow behaves (performs an action), being in social connection interacting with different social groups: family, street, educational, labor, army, etc. the concept of social status.
Social status- these are the responsibilities and rights of a person in the system of social ties, groups, systems. It includes duties (roles-functions) that a person must perform in a given social community (study group), connections ( educational process), system (university). Rights are those duties that other people must fulfill in relation to a person, social connection, social system. For example, the rights of a student at a university (and at the same time the obligations of the university administration towards him) are: the presence of highly qualified teachers, educational literature, warm and bright classrooms, etc. attend classes, study educational literature, take exams, etc.
V different groups one and the same individual has a different social status. For example, a talented chess player in a chess club has a high status, while in the army he may have a low status. This is a potential cause of frustration and interpersonal conflict. The characteristics of social status are prestige and authority, representing the recognition of the individual's merits by others.
Prescribed (natural) are called statuses and roles imposed by society on an individual, regardless of his efforts and merit. Such statuses are determined by the ethnic, family, territorial, etc. origin of the individual: gender, nationality, age, place of residence, etc. Prescribed statuses have a tremendous impact on the social status and lifestyle of people.
Acquired (achieved) are the status and role achieved by the efforts of the person himself. These are the statuses of a professor, writer, cosmonaut, etc. Among the acquired statuses, one can distinguish the professional-official, which fixes the professional, economic, cultural, etc. position of the individual. Most often, one leading social status determines the position of a person in society, this status is called integral. Quite often, it is due to the position, wealth, education, sports success, etc.
A person is characterized by a set of statuses and roles. For example: man, married, professor, etc. statuses form status dialing of a given individual. Such a set depends both on natural statuses and roles, and on acquired ones. Among the many statuses of a person at every stage of his life, the main one can be distinguished: for example, the status of a schoolchild, student, officer, husband, etc., etc. In an adult, status is usually associated with a profession.
In a class society, the set of status is of a class nature, depends on social class this person... Compare, for example, the status set of "new" Russian bourgeois and workers. These statuses (and roles) for representatives of each social class form a hierarchy according to the degree of value. There is an interstate and inter-role distance between statuses and roles. It is also characteristic of statuses and roles in terms of their social significance.
In the process of life, there is a change in the status set and roles of a person. It occurs as a result of both the development of the needs and interests of the individual, and the challenges of the social environment. In the first case, the person is active, and in the second, he is reactive, showing a reflex reaction to the influence of the environment. For example, a young man chooses which university to enter, and once he is in the army, he is forced to adapt to it, counting the days until demobilization. A person is inherent in the ability to increase and complicate the status and role set.
Some philosophers see the meaning individual life in self-realization of their abilities and needs, raising the status and role-playing set. (This is the basis, in particular, of the above Maslow system of needs.) What is the reason for this phenomenon? It is due to the fact that, on the one hand, self-realization is laid in the “foundation” of a person - in his freedom, ambition, and competitiveness. On the other hand, external circumstances often raise or lower people in the status set. As a result, people who are able to mobilize their abilities and will progress through life from one status level to another, crossing from one social stratum to another, higher one. For example, a schoolboy - a student - a young specialist - a businessman - a president of a company - a pensioner. Final stage status recruitment associated with old age usually puts an end to the process preservation of the status set.
Adaptation of a person to his age and changing social status - an important and difficult problem... Our society is characterized by weak socialization towards old age (and retirement). Many find themselves unprepared for old age, defeat in the fight against age and disease. As a result, retirement, leaving the work collective for a family that was considered a minor social group, was usually accompanied by severe stress, role conflicts, illness and premature death.
Social role
The social behavior of an individual, community, institution, organization depends not only on their social status (rights and obligations), but also on the surrounding social environment, consisting of the same social subjects. They expect a certain social behavior according to their needs and "orientations towards others". In this case social behavior acquires the character of a social role.
A social role is behavior that (1) arises from a person's social status and (2) is expected by others. As expected behavior, the social role includes the totality social norms determining the expected sequence of the subject's actions, adequate to his social status. For example, a talented chess player is expected to play a professional game, the president is expected to be able to formulate the country's interests and realize them, etc. Therefore, a social role can be defined as behavior that meets the social norms adopted in a given society.
How does the subject's social environment force him to follow certain norms leading to the behavior expected by this environment? First of all, socialization, the upbringing of such norms is of great importance. Further, society has a mechanism sanctions - punishments for non-fulfillment of the role and rewards for its fulfillment, that is, for the observance of social norms. This mechanism operates throughout a person's life.
Social status and role are closely interrelated, it is no coincidence that they are often not differentiated in European sociology. "Status" in this sense of the word is equivalent to role, although it is the latter term that has a wider circulation, "write the English sociologists. The behavioral side of social status, expressed in the role, allows us to distinguish between them: social status can include several roles. For example, the status of a mother includes the roles of a wet nurse, doctor, caregiver, etc. The concept of role also makes it possible to single out the mechanism for coordinating the behavior of different subjects in social communities, institutes, organizations.
Strict fulfillment of social roles makes people's behavior predictable, streamlines social life, and limits its chaos. Role learning - socialization - begins in early childhood with the influence of parents and loved ones. At first, it is unconscious for the child. They show him what to do and how, and reward him for the correct performance of the role. For example, little girls play with dolls, help mothers with housework; boys, on the other hand, play cars, help their fathers with repairs, etc. The education of girls and boys forms their different interests, abilities, and roles.
The expected behavior is ideal because it is based on a theoretical situation. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish from the social role real role behavior, t. s. playing a role in specific conditions. For example, a talented chess player can play strength certain reasons bad, that is, not coping with your role. Role behavior usually differs from the social role (expected behavior) in many ways: abilities, understanding, conditions for the implementation of the role, etc.
Role-playing is determined primarily role requirements that are embodied in social norms grouped around a given social status, as well as sanctions for performing the role. A significant influence on the role of a person is exerted by the situation in which he finds himself - first of all, other people. Subject models role expectations - orientation, primarily in relation to other people with whom he is associated in a situation. These people act as an additional member of mutual role orientations. In these role expectations, a person can focus on himself (his worldview, character, abilities, etc.). Parsons calls this expectation-orientation attributive(ascriptive). But role expectations-orientations can refer to the performance of the other. This role-playing expectation Parsons calls achievable. Attribute-achievement orientation is important point status-role behavior.
In the process of socialization, a person learns to perform different roles: a child, student, student, comrade, parent, engineer, soldier, pensioner, etc. Role-based learning includes: 1) knowledge of their duties and rights in this area of social activity; 2) the acquisition of psychological qualities (character, mentality, beliefs) corresponding to a given role; 3) practical implementation role-playing actions. Learning the most important roles begins in childhood with the formation of attitudes (good or bad), focusing on a certain sequence of actions and operations. Children are playing different roles, imitate everyday behavior of others. They are aware of their rights and responsibilities: children and parents, comrades and enemies, etc. Gradually comes awareness of the reasons and results of their actions.
1. Write down the definition of the concept.
Social status is the position of a person in a society or a group, which gives him certain rights and responsibilities.
Fill in the blanks in the diagram.
2. Analyze any social status: identify status rights and responsibilities.
Serviceman
DUTIES:
1. Defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen Russian Federation.
2. A citizen of the Russian Federation bears military service in accordance with federal law. (RF Constitution Article 59)
3. All servicemen are charged with the obligation to obey orders of commanders and superiors without question.
RIGHTS:
These are the rights that servicemen enjoy as citizens of the Russian Federation. They provide soldiers with the opportunity to satisfy their material and spiritual needs.
Soldiers have the right to be provided with free food and clothing. Conscripts are given at least eight hours of sleep and two hours of personal time every day. During their service, soldiers are provided with a basic leave of 15 days (sergeants 20 days). All military personnel use the services of libraries and reading rooms free of charge, watch films and videos, etc.
Example of social status: citizen.
Rights: life, freedom, education, work, rest, judicial protection, dignity, freedom of speech, property, etc.
Responsibilities: observance of the Constitution and other laws, taking care of the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, paying legally established taxes and fees, protecting nature and environment, to carry out military service.
3. How are social status and social role related?
Status and social role in one way or another show a person's position in society, his model of behavior. Social status depends on the role: the role must correspond to the status.
4. Society, social groups influence the individual in order to bring his actions in line with social norms. The set of methods of such influence is called social control. Each of us is subject to social control. Imagine in the form of a diagram social groups, organizations, individuals who exercise social control in relation to you.
5. Write down the definition of the concept.
A sanction is an element of a legal norm that provides for unfavorable consequences for a person who has violated the rule contained in such a norm.
6. Read the text and complete the assignments.
According to the 2005 World Youth Report, the number of young people (persons aged 15-24) in the world has grown from 1.02 billion people (in 1995) to 1.15 billion people (in 2005). ). V currently young people make up 18% of the world's population; 85% of the world's youth live in developing countries, of which 209 million are forced to subsist on funds not exceeding 1 US dollar a day, and 515 million are forced to be content with less than 2 US dollars a day. Currently, 10 million young people are living with HIV / AIDS. Although the current generation of young people is the most educated in the entire previous story of humanity, today 113 million children do not go to school - a figure quite comparable to the 130 millionth group of illiterate young people modern world.
According to Eurostat statistics as of June 2005, the youth unemployment rate in Austria was approximately 10%. Hungary (16%), Slovakia (25%) and Slovenia (13%) faced even higher rates of youth unemployment. Young people are under increasing pressure to compete in the globalizing labor market. However, as highlighted in the pages of the World Report on Youth, it is young people who are most flexible and appear to have the most capacity to adapt and take advantage of the new opportunities that globalization presents at our disposal.
1) Where do most of the world's youth live? Explain this fact.
85% of the world's youth live in developing countries, of which 209 million are forced to subsist on funds not exceeding 1 US dollar a day, and 515 million are forced to be content with less than 2 US dollars a day. Young people in developing countries make up the fastest growing segment of the world's population. More than half of the five billion people living in developing countries are young people under the age of 25. In this context, youth is not only the future, but also the present. Of the world's 6 billion people, 2.8 billion are under 25 and 1.5 billion are under 15. Developing countries are home to 85 percent of young people aged 15 to 24.
It seems to me that due to the fact that in developing countries they will have more opportunities, they will be able to achieve more. Developing countries have a higher standard of living, more chances of finding a job, good conditions for youth.
2) What are the main problems modern youth given in the text?
85% of the world's youth live in developing countries, of which 209 million are forced to subsist on funds not exceeding 1 US dollar a day, and 515 million are forced to be content with less than 2 US dollars a day. Currently, 10 million young people are living with HIV / AIDS. Although today's generation of young people is the most educated in previous human history, today 113 million children are out of school - a figure quite comparable to the 130 million illiterate youth of the world today.
3) Why are young people one of the most vulnerable groups in the labor market?
Because the youth don't have enough professional experience, and because of this, they are less competitive in the labor market. Also, young people lack practical skills.
It is easy to lure young people here and there, since young people are just beginning their journey in this world and do not yet know about all the subtleties and their possibilities that may be waiting for them. Young people are very vulnerable due to their age and lack of life experience.
4) What are the advantages of young people as a social group in the context of globalization?
Young people, as a clean, unwritten leaf, more easily adopt the culture, customs and customs of other states. They have high social mobility. The acceleration of the pace of globalization of society leads to an increase in the role of youth in public life.
By joining social relations, the youth modifies them under the influence of the transformed conditions, they improve themselves.
5) Give a few examples of "new opportunities that the globalization process provides at our disposal."
1) Stimulating effect on the economy:
- the emergence of opportunities to create goods in those regions of the world where their production is cheaper;
- the emergence of the possibility of selling goods where it will give maximum benefit;
- reduction of production costs;
- the emergence of opportunities for further development production;
- profit growth;
- concentration of efforts on the development of new advanced technologies;
- The fruits of the scientific and technological revolution (scientific and technological revolution) can be used by countries that do not have the opportunity to conduct their own scientific and technical research.
2) Rapprochement of states;
3) Stimulating the consideration of the interests of states and warning them against extreme actions in politics;
4) The emergence of the socio-cultural unity of mankind.
7. In our country, the situation of a woman's choice between family and career is still perceived ambiguously. Get acquainted with the data of the sociological survey, complete the tasks and answer the questions. She asked adult citizens the question: "How should home and work be combined in the life of a modern woman?"
1) What is the most popular answer? Why?
Ideal option for a woman, it is a combination of work and family until the birth of a child; in the presence of a small child - only the house, later - again the combination of a career with household chores.
Because, firstly, a woman realizes herself after the birth of a child as a worker, but at the same time as a mother. After the child grows up, he will learn to do many things on his own, which is also good for upbringing. And as a result, we will get an independent and independent mother.
2) How many respondents believe that from a certain moment a woman should devote herself only to her family? Suppose why this opinion is very common among the respondents.
20% believe that a woman should devote her life to her family. They believe that the child should always be under the supervision of an adult who should accompany him in everything. The opinion is so widespread because all mothers have a parental instinct that tells them that a child can easily be crippled or simply cannot cope without a mother.
3) What answer would you give if you took part in this survey? Explain your opinion.
I would answer like 35% of those surveyed because this is the golden mean, which gives more opportunities than any other option.
Introduction
1. Social statuses
1.1 The meaning of the term "status"
1.2 Types of statuses
2.1 The concept of social role
2.2 Social role structure
3. Social control. Social norms
3.1 Concept of social control
3.2 Elements of social control
3.2.1 Concept of social sanction
3.2.2 Concept of social norm
3.2.3 Types of social norms
3.3 Types and forms of social control
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The word "sociology" literally means "the science of society" (socio - society, logic - science, knowledge).
Georg Simmel believed that all reality was already "divided" between different sciences, and therefore sociology is a special view of phenomena that do not belong to it.
Sociology studies people, social phenomena, social processes, causal relationships between social phenomena and people, and, consequently, ways of influencing society.
It has long been known that mental and psychophysiological disorders often take a person out of social life and beyond the scope of social laws: a person simply turns out to be unable to act in accordance with norms or loses such ability.
In what relation do prescribed or desirable actions relate to a person? This question can be answered if we focus on the concepts of social status and social role.
1. Social statuses.
1.1 The meaning of the term "status"
Social status is the place in the social system that occupies special person; it is a set of roles that a person is forced to perform while occupying a certain position in society.
There are two main meanings of the term "status":
1. Social status can be viewed as a kind of brick, that is important element any social system, since the latter is necessarily a set of statuses that are in certain relationships with each other. This understanding of the status was proposed by R. Linton.
2. The concept of "status" can be associated with notions of authority, honor and prestige. In this case, it can underlie the stratification of society (stratification within society) based on the concept of class. Such use of this concept was suggested by M. Weber.
Usually a person has several statuses, but there is only one that really determines a person's position in society; as a rule, this is a person's profession, or rather, the position he occupies (for example, teacher, professor, banker, courier). This status is called integral.
1.2 Types of statuses
One person has many statuses, as he participates in many groups and organizations. He is a man, father, husband, son, teacher, professor, doctor of sciences, middle-aged man, member of the editorial board, Orthodox, etc. One person can hold two opposite statuses, but in relation to different people: he is a father for his children, and a son for his mother. The totality of all statuses occupied by one person is called a status set (this concept was introduced into science by the American sociologist Robert Merton).
In the status set, there is sure to be the main one. The main status is the status most characteristic of a given person, with which he is identified (identified) by other people or with which he identifies himself. For men, the main thing is most often the status associated with the main place of work (bank director, lawyer, worker), and for women - with the place of residence (housewife). Although other options are possible. This means that the main status is relative - it is not unambiguously associated with gender, race or profession. The main thing is always the status that determines the style and way of life, circle of acquaintances, demeanor.
There are also social and personal statuses. Social status - the position of a person in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group(profession, class, nationality, gender, age, religion). Personal status is called the position of an individual in a small group, depending on how he is evaluated and perceived by members of this group (acquaintances, relatives) in accordance with his personal qualities. To be a leader or an outsider, the soul of a company or an expert means to occupy a certain place in the structure (or system) of interpersonal relations (but not social ones).
Varieties of social status are attributed and achievable status s.
Attributed is the status in which a person is born (innate status), but which later is necessarily recognized as such by a society or group. It includes gender, nationality, race. The Negro is an inborn status in the sense that it is impossible to change the color of the skin and the associated physiological characteristics of the body.
However, a Negro in the USA, South Africa and Cuba has different social statuses. In Cuba, the Negro, a representative of the indigenous population, who constitutes the absolute majority, has equal rights with others. In South Africa, as in Cuba, blacks represent the majority of the population, but during the apartheid period they were subjected to political and social discrimination. In the United States, blacks constitute a minority of the population, but the legal situation at a certain historical period resembled the situation in South Africa.
Thus, the Negro is not only a born (given by nature), but also an attributed status. Attributed and inborn statuses include: "member of the royal family", "descendant of a noble family", etc. They are born because the child is endowed with royal and noble privileges by inheritance, like a blood relative. However, the elimination of the monarchical system, the abolition of the privileges of the nobility testify to the relativity of such statuses. The innate status must be reinforced in public opinion, in the social structure of society. Only then will he be born and attributed at the same time.
Illustrative example
The attributed status of the shaman. They are not made, but born. One must have a special predisposition to the spell of diseases and evil spirits.
Previously, some positions could only be occupied by men, for example, policeman, soldier, general. These are attributed statuses. But when women were allowed to serve in the police and the army, the status became attainable. Pope - only a man's office.
The kinship system gives a whole set of inborn and attributed statuses: son, daughter, sister, brother, mother, father, nephew, aunt, cousin, grandfather, etc. They are received by blood relatives. Non-blood relatives are called relatives-in-law. Mother-in-law is a mother-in-law, a father-in-law is a father-in-law. These are attributed, but not innate statuses, because they are acquired through marriage. These are the statuses of a stepson and stepdaughter obtained through adoption.
In the strict sense, ascribed is any status, obtained not of their own free will, over which the individual has no control. In contrast to him, the achieved status is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person. These are the statuses of the president, banker, student, professor, Orthodox, member of the Conservative Party.
The statuses of husband, wife, godfather and mother are attainable, because they are obtained at will. But sometimes the kind of status is difficult to determine. In such cases, they speak of a mixed status that has the features of the ascribed and achievable. Let's say the status of unemployed if it is not obtained voluntarily, but as a result of a massive reduction in production, an economic crisis.
So, let's summarize what has been said: status is the position of an individual in a group or society. Therefore, there are personal and social statuses. In addition to them, there is the main one (with which you identify yourself), attributed (set by circumstances beyond your control), achieved (by free choice) and mixed.
2. Social roles and their structure
2.1 The concept of social role
A social role is a way of behavior that corresponds to the norms accepted in a given society, expressed in the expectations of the environment, and depends on the social status of a person; it is a model of behavior according to which a person must act in certain situations. The role can also be considered as a set of requirements (norms) that are put forward in relation to a person holding a particular social position.
A role cannot exist outside a social institution (since a social institution is a set of roles and statuses), and therefore, it presupposes a relationship with other roles. So, for example, the role of “father” cannot exist outside of her relationship to the role of “child”, since it is in relation to the child that it is mainly realized (the father is the educator and breadwinner in relation to the child).
Social roles are assimilated in the process of socialization (the process of personality formation). First, observing others, and then, imitating them, the child learns to act as is customary in a given society or the group to which he belongs. As you grow older, the number of roles that are known to a person increases.
The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be deferential to the latter. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; the role of soldiers is associated with risk taking and taking oaths, which is not the case for other populations. The status of women is different from that of men, and therefore they are expected to behave differently from men. Each individual can have big number statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and obligations, then a role is an action within this set of rights and obligations. The social role consists of:
From role expectation (expectation) and
Social status of a person- it social status, which he occupies in the structure of society. Simply put, it is the place that an individual occupies among other individuals. For the first time this concept was used by the English lawyer Henry Maine in the middle of the 19th century.
Each person simultaneously possesses several social statuses in different social groups. Consider the main types of social status and examples:
- Inborn status. Unchanged, as a rule, the status obtained at birth: gender, race, nationality, class or estate.
- Acquired status. What a person achieves in the course of his life with the help of knowledge, skills and abilities: profession, position, title.
- Prescribed status. The status that a person acquires due to factors beyond his control; for example - age (an elderly man can do nothing about the fact that he is elderly). This status changes during life and passes into another.
Social status gives a person certain rights and responsibilities. For example, having achieved the status of a father, a person receives the responsibility to take care of his child.
The totality of all the statuses of a person that he possesses on this moment are called status dialing.
There are situations when a person in one social group occupies a high status, and in another - a low one. For example, on the football field you are Cristiano Ronaldo, and at the desk you are a poor student. Or there are situations when the rights and obligations of one status interfere with the fulfillment of the rights and obligations of another. For example, the president of Ukraine, who is engaged in commercial activities, which he has no right to do under the constitution. Both of these cases are examples of status incompatibility (or status mismatch).
Social role concept.
Social role is a set of actions that a person is obliged to perform in accordance with the achieved social status. More specifically, it is a pattern of behavior that follows from the status associated with this role. Social status is a static concept, and social role is dynamic; as in linguistics: status is the subject, and the role is the predicate. For example, the best football player in the world in 2014 is expected to play great. Great acting is a role.
Types of social role.
The generally accepted system of social roles developed by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He divided the types of roles according to four main characteristics:
By the scale of the role (that is, by the range possible actions):
- broad (the roles of husband and wife imply great amount actions and varied behavior);
- narrow (the roles of the seller and the buyer: gave money, received the goods and change, said "thank you", a couple more possible actions and, in fact, that's all).
By the way you get a role:
- prescribed (roles of man and woman, young man, old man, child, etc.);
- achievable (the role of a pupil, student, employee, employee, husband or wife, father or mother, etc.).
By the level of formalization (formality):
- formal (based on legal or administrative norms: police officer, civil servant, official);
- informal (emerging spontaneously: the role of a friend, "the soul of the company", a merry fellow).
By motivation (according to the needs and interests of the individual):
- economic (the role of an entrepreneur);
- political (mayor, minister);
- personal (husband, wife, friend);
- spiritual (mentor, educator);
- religious (preacher);
In the structure of the social role, an important point is the expectation by those around him of a certain behavior from a person in accordance with his status. In case of non-fulfillment or one's role, various sanctions are provided (depending on a specific social group) up to depriving a person of his social status.
Thus, the concepts social status and role inextricably linked, since one follows from the other.
Socialization as a process of learning the generally accepted modes of action and interaction is critical process teaching role behavior, as a result of which the individual becomes truly part of society.
Each individual during his life learns to perform a variety of roles: a child, a school pupil, a student, a father or mother, a coach, an organizer at work, an officer, a member of a certain social stratum, etc.
Basic Provisions role theory of personality were formulated by American sociologists J.G. Mead and R. Minton, were actively developed by R. Merton and T. Parsons, as well as R. Dahrendorf.
As the basic unit of the social system, Parsons used status-role complex, how structural component social system. Status is a structural position within a social system, and role that is, what a person does by taking a given position, considered in the context of its functional significance for the system as a whole. Hence the actor is considered by Parsons to be nothing more than a set of statuses and roles.
A person can have several statuses. But more often than not, only one determines his position in society. This status is called main, or integral... It often happens that the main or integral status is determined by his position (for example, director, professor). Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothing, jargon and other signs of social and professional belonging), and in internal position (in attitudes, value orientations, motivations, etc.).
Sociologists distinguish between prescribed and acquired statuses. Prescribed- this means, imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merit of the individual. It is determined by ethnicity, place of birth, family, etc.
Acquired(achieved) status is determined by the efforts of the person himself (e.g. writer, general secretary, director, etc.). Natural and professional-job statuses are also distinguished. Natural personality status presupposes sex and age characteristics of a person. Professional and job- This is the basic status of a person, for an adult, most often, which is the basis of an integral status. It fixes the social, economic and production-technical situation (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).
It is necessary to distinguish between the social and personal statuses of the same person. Personal status- This is the position taken by a person in his immediate environment, the assessment that his relatives, colleagues, friends give him. Various people who have the same social status may have different personal statuses, and vice versa. One could also make such a distinction: personal status is the position that a person occupies in a small (as a rule, primary) group, and social status is the position occupied by him in a large community.
Social status denotes a specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. The totality of the requirements imposed on the individual by society forms the content of the social role. Social role Is a set of actions that must be performed by a person occupying this status in the social system. Each status usually includes a number of roles. The combination of roles arising from the issued status is called role-set.
The social role should be considered in two aspects: ro-left expectation and role-playing... There is never a complete coincidence between these two aspects. But each of them is of great importance in the behavior of the individual. Our roles are determined primarily by what others expect of us. These expectations are associated with the status that has given person... If someone does not play a role in accordance with our expectations, then he enters into a certain conflict with society.
For example, a parent should take care of children, a close friend should be indifferent to our problems, etc.
Role Requirements(prescriptions, positions and expectations of the corresponding behavior) are embodied in specific social norms, grouped around social status.
The main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual.
Since each person plays several roles in many different situations, conflict can arise between the roles. A situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the requirements of two or more incompatible roles is called role conflict... Role conflicts can arise both between roles and within the same role.
For example, a working wife finds that the demands of her main job may conflict with her domestic responsibilities; or a married student must reconcile the requirements for him as a husband with the requirements for him as a student; or the police officer sometimes has to choose between doing his job and arresting a close friend.
An example of a conflict that occurs within one role is the position of a leader or a public figure who publicly proclaims one point of view, and in a narrow circle declares himself to be a supporter of the opposite, or an individual who, under pressure of circumstances, plays a role that does not meet either his interests or his internal installations.
As a result, we can say that every person in modern society, due to inadequate role training, as well as constantly occurring cultural changes and the multiplicity of roles played by her, experiences role tension and conflict. However, a person has mechanisms of unconscious protection and conscious involvement of social structures to avoid the dangerous consequences of social role conflicts.
Role training.
Teaching the majority critical roles usually begins in early childhood, simultaneously with the beginning of the formation of attitudes aimed at determining the role and status. Small child imitating the role of his father, played by him at home, is more aware of how a man should act and what a man should think in different situations family life than when he is simply playing his own role as a child.
In diagnostic and psychotherapeutic practice, this technique is known as "psychodrama", the foundations of which were developed by J. Moreno and his followers.
Participating in psychodrama, the husband, for example, on certain time can take on the role of a wife, and she simultaneously takes on his role, then they collide in unexpected dialogues, discussions, conflicts. Each tries to play the role of the other, expressing complaints and claims, and as a result has the opportunity to penetrate into the world of feelings and reactions of the other. Such teaching of other people's roles with the help of psychodrama is often used in business games of leaders. different services and divisions of the enterprise.
For any society, no less important age roles... The adaptation of individuals to constantly changing age and age status is an eternal problem.
Before the individual has time to adapt to one age, another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. As soon as a young man begins to cope with the embarrassment and complexes of youth, he is already on the verge of maturity; hardly a person begins to show wisdom, experience, as old age comes.
Each age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles.
In the process of teaching role behavior, mastering gender roles(from the English. gender- genus, gender). The definition of male and female roles can be subjective and depend on the specific place and time. Every society has customs, traditions and norms related to the performance of male and female roles. The roles of men and women in society change over time.
The possibility of replacing heavy manual labor with machines, the use of contraception, and the consequent reduction in family size and household chores have greatly reduced the differences between male and female roles. Women, for example, have become actively involved in the production process and have statuses that were previously considered male.
