Russian explorers - D.S. Panda

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Panda
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Panda (Penda) - Russian explorer, who discovered the Lena River in 1623.

Origin

There is very little information about Pyanda's personality. His records ("skaski") have not survived, and all information about him was collected in the middle of the 18th century by the historian G. Miller. Neither his real name, nor the place of birth and death, nor the fate before and after the trip to Lena are known. It is most likely that Pyandu was called Demid Sofonovich. According to another version - Pantelei Demidovich. He probably came from the Pomors.

Lena's discovery

Guided by this information, in 1620 Pyanda and his comrades set out on plows up the Lower Tunguska. They spent 2 years on it, trading with the local population and hibernating in specially built winter huts. From the Evenks, Pyanda learned that next to his last winter quarters on the banks of the Lower Tunguska another large river flows. In the spring of 1623, their detachment crossed the Chechuy portage and reached the Lena River in the area of ​​modern Kirensk. From there, Pyanda began rafting down the river. He swam to the area of ​​modern Yakutsk, where he got acquainted with the life of the Kangalass Yakuts, and turned back. Up the Lena, the explorers climbed to the Zhigalovo area, and from there crossed to the Angara, along which they descended to Yeniseisk.

During his trip, Pyanda overcame more than 8 thousand km of previously unknown river routes, discovered the Lena River and a convenient way to it. All this became important prerequisites for the further advancement of Russian explorers to the east.

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Notes (edit)

Literature

• Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. - M .: Education, 1983 .-- T. 2. - S. 268-271.
• Miller G. F. History of Siberia. - M .: Publishing house. firm "Eastern Literature", 2000. - T. II. - 796 p.
• Nikitin N.I.The Siberian epic of the 17th century. The beginning of the development of Siberia by the Russian people. - M .: Nauka, 1987 .-- 176 p. - Series “Pages of the History of Our Motherland”.
• Nikitin N.I. Development of Siberia in the 17th century. - M .: Education, 1990 .-- 144 p .: ill. - ISBN 5-09-002832-X

Links

Excerpt from Panda

- This is not the Earth is cruel, my dear. These are people. And how do you know about Qatar? I never taught you about them, did I?
Anna's pale cheeks immediately flashed a "pink" embarrassment ...
- Oh, forgive me, please! I just "heard" what you were talking about, and it became very interesting to me! So I listened. Sorry, because there was nothing personal in her, so I decided that you would not be offended ...
- Surely! But why do you need such pain? After all, what the Pope presents is enough for us, isn't it?
- I want to be strong, mom! I want not to be afraid of him, just as the Cathars were not afraid of their killers. I want you not to be ashamed of me! Anna said, proudly throwing up her head.
Every day I was more and more surprised at the strength of the spirit of my young daughter! .. Where did she have so much courage to resist Karaffe himself? .. What moved her proud, warm heart?
- Would you like to see more? - Sever asked softly. - Wouldn't it be better to leave you alone for a while?
- Oh, please, Sever, tell us more about Magdalena! .. And tell us how Radomir died? Anna asked enthusiastically. And immediately, realizing herself, she turned to me: - You do not mind, mom? ..
Of course, I didn’t mind! .. On the contrary, I was ready for anything, just to distract her from thoughts about our near future.
- Please tell us, Sever! It will help us cope and empower us. Tell me what you know, my friend ...
Sever nodded, and we again found ourselves in someone else's, unfamiliar life ... In something long-lived and abandoned past.
A quiet spring evening was fragrant in front of us with southern scents. Somewhere in the distance, the last reflections of the dying sunset were still blazing, although the sun, tired for the day, had long since set in order to have time to rest until tomorrow, when it will again return to its daily round trip. In the rapidly darkening, velvet sky, unusually huge stars flared up brighter and brighter. The world around was gradually preparing itself for sleep ... Only sometimes, somewhere, suddenly, you heard the offended cry of a lonely bird, which did not find rest in any way. Or from time to time, sleepy barking disturbed the silence by the echo of local dogs, which showed their vigilant vigilance. But the rest of the night seemed frozen, gentle and calm ...
And only in the garden, enclosed by a high clay wall, were two still sitting. They were Jesus Radomir and his wife Mary Magdalene ...

Among the "walking people" in Mangazeya (region of Turukhansk) around 1619, DS Pyanda stood out, who owned funds obtained from nowhere. He arrived from the Yenisei prison. Gathering a small band of "walking people" about 40 people, Pyanda went out with her "on the trades", that is, to buy furs, from Mangazeya to Turukhansk, set up on the lower Yenisei, opposite the mouth of the Lower Tunguska. The indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisei Territory visited Turukhansk to exchange furs for Russian goods. They sometimes came from very distant regions and said that another great river in the east approached the Lower Tunguska, on which "many peoples" lived, and that the river Yelyuene, which in Evenk means "Big River", was "pleasing and abundant." The Russians began to call her Lena.

By 1620 Pyanda, with other people like him, "walking people" built several plows and at the beginning of summer moved from Turukhansk up the Lower Tunguska. At the rapids they were delayed by a congestion of the fin. The travelers thought that it was the Tungus who blocked their way along the river with felled trees. The detachment stopped, either fearing a surprise attack, or to start buying up furs in this area, where the Lower Tunguska, flowing to the north-west, approaches the Lena tributary Vilyuy, flowing to the east. One way or another, but there - a little higher than the rapids - a winter hut was set up, which in the middle of the 18th century. the locals called it Nizhniy Pyandin. The Tungus often raided it, but the Russians easily repulsed them with "firefight".

In the summer of 1621, Pyanda's detachment climbed only a few tens of kilometers along the river on plows and a little lower than Srednyaya Kochema built the Upper Pyandino winter hut. In 1622, when the river opened up, Pyanda's detachment climbed several hundred kilometers along it and here for the third time stopped for the winter.

According to one version, the stop was caused by the opposition of the Evenks, according to the other, on the contrary, - the hope for a profitable bargaining with them. In the wintering area, the Lower Tunguska is close to the upper Lena - this is the Chechuy portage (about 20 km).

In the spring of 1623, Pyanda's detachment dragged it to the Lena or built new plows there and moved down the river "beyond the ice", that is, immediately after the ice drift. For several days we sailed to the northeast between the high, wooded shores. The rocks sometimes came close to the water, and through these rocky "cheeks" Lena was rapidly carrying plows. Below the mouth of the full-flowing southern tributary (Vitim), the river became wider, the current quieter, and after a few days it turned east. Dotted with islands, Lena flowed here in gentle banks. Only in the distance, sometimes at a great distance, were heights visible. Having received another large tributary (Olekma) from the south, the Lena changed again - it flowed in steep, rocky, sometimes sheer banks. In all areas it was wide and deep and still dotted with islands. It is not known exactly where the Pyanda reached, most likely, to the area where the mighty river turns to the north, goes to the plain (Central Yakutsk), and its floodplain expands to 15 km.

Pyanda ascended the Upper Lena to the point where you can still reach by light boats. There the detachment went west through the steppes, inhabited by herdsmen-brothers (Buryats), to a large river (Angara), flowing directly to the north. In the upper reaches, it freezes very late, usually in the second half of December. Therefore, if they reached the Angara in autumn, probably near the mouth of the Uda, they still had time to build new light temporary ships - such as West Siberian karbas - and start rafting a few weeks before freezing. Pyanda's detachment sailed down a wide, full-flowing river, which quickly rolled its waters along the steep banks of the taiga.

For 3.5 years, Pyanda passed about 8 thousand km by new river routes and marked the beginning of the discovery of Eastern Siberia by the Russians. He surveyed the Lower Tunguska for about 2300 km and proved that the upper reaches of it and the Lena are approaching, and through the Chechu port, which he opened, the Russians soon began to penetrate to the Lena. During one summer, the Pyanda passed down and up the Lena for about 4000 km, and traced its course for 2400 km. He was the first to show a convenient way from the Upper Lena to the Angara, and this way - in the opposite direction - in 1628 another explorer Vasily Ermolaevich Bugor came out from the Yenisei to the Upper Lena. Finally, the Pyanda was the first Russian to trace the course of the Angara almost 1400 km from the source and prove that she and the Upper Tunguska are one and the same river. The original notes and even copies of Pyanda's testimonies have not survived. More than a hundred years later, historian G. Miller, a member of the academic detachment of the Great Northern Expedition, collected stories about him in the Yenisei Territory and Yakutia.

(born in the last decade of the 16th century - died in the first half of the 17th century), an explorer, one of the discoverers of Eastern Siberia.

Pomor with r. Pandy. On a nomad by sea in 1618 he reached Mangazeya. In 1619 he visited the Norilsk mountains, where, apparently, he mined a certain amount of silver and got the opportunity to organize a trip to the “distant river Yeluena” (Lena) for the purchase of furs.

From Mangazeya, with a detachment of 40 "walking people" (free Russians, engaged in seasonal trades), he moved to Turukhansk and built several plows there. In the summer of 1620, the explorers began their ascent along the Lower Tunguska under sail or, like barge haulers, used a rope.

In the spring of 1623, they reached the Chechuysky portage, where the Nizhnyaya Tunguska is quite close - it comes 20 km to the Lena, and dragged ships onto it. After the ice drift, Pyanda went down the Lena, most likely to a bend, where the river changes direction from east to north. Among the Yakuts, still unknown to the Russian people, the explorers did not dare to spend the winter and returned to the Chechuy portage. Intending to explore a new route, Pyanda ascended the Lena on light ships to approximately 54 ° N. NS. Leaving the boats, the explorers proceeded westward through the steppes inhabited by herdsmen brothers (Buryats) to a large river (Angara) flowing to the north. In late autumn, on the karbas, they crossed the Angara to the mouth and arrived in Yeniseisk before the offensive in 1624. There is an assumption that Pyanda headed one of two large parties of fishermen who set off in 1626 to the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska.

The banks of the river Lena. Urskie Gates. Chromolithograph

For three and a half years, the great explorer passed through unknown river routes approx. 8 thousand km, marking the beginning of the discovery of Eastern Siberia by the Russians. He swam along the Lower Tunguska for about 2300 km, followed the course of the Lena discovered by him for 2400 km, was the first to raft along the Angara, having examined 1400 km of its course, and proved that she and the Upper Tunguska are one and the same river.

No information about Pyanda has survived for the next 17 years after the campaign. There is only a brief mention of his visit to Yakutsk in 1643. His further fate is unknown.

article from the encyclopedia "The Arctic is my home"

V

the first years of the 17th century Russians knew not only the mouth of the Yenisei and the Yenisei Gulf, but also the river. Pyasin on the Taimyr Peninsula. Dutchman about the opening of the mouth of the Yenisei Isaac Massa, who lived in Moscow for commercial affairs in 1601 - 1609, says that “during the turmoil”, by order of the Siberian governor, “with the participation of many inhabitants of Siberia,” two campaigns were organized. Information about one, overland, undertaken to the east, beyond the Yenisei, no later than 1604, is very confusing, its achievements are unclear. There is, however, an assumption that 700 of its participants forced the Yenisei in the lower reaches and passed along the plain to the river. Pyasina, laying the foundation for the discovery by the Russians of the "land of Pyasida", that is, the western part of the large North Siberian lowland.

The story of another campaign directed by the voivode to the north is beyond doubt, especially since it is confirmed by the map of Siberia compiled by I. Massa in 1612. “Special covered boats [kochi], In the XVI-XVII centuries. Russian kochi were of two types - large and small. A large sea koch had up to 19 m in length, 5–6 m in width, and a displacement of 90 tons. The upper deck housed two boats. which was appointed captain Luke”, In the early spring of 1605 (?) Began rafting down the Ob. In the summer they left the Gulf of Ob into the sea, turned to the east, passed the Gydan Bay without noticing it: it is not shown on the Massa map, but they saw two nameless islands (Oleniy and Sibiryakov) at the entrance to the Yenisei Gulf. Luka's flotilla not only entered the Yenisei, but also advanced further east, beyond about. Sibiryakova, and opened the mouth and lower reaches of the river. Peysids (Pyasins) on the Taimyr Peninsula. Another detachment, sent by the voivode by dry route, possibly by the already known road to Mangazeya and further to the mouth of the Turukhan, was ordered to stay “by the [Yenisei] river until the boats came,” with orders to return in a year if they did not wait for Luke's flotilla. Luka's detachment received from the commander the task “to carefully study the coast and everything that they find on it worthy of exploration. They did what they were ordered to do, ”and even more: people from the ground detachment traveled to the mountains (northwestern part of the Putorana plateau, rising steeply over the plain) and found silver in polymetallic ores. Both detachments met at the mouth of the Yenisei. "Captain Luka" himself and some of his companions died during this campaign, and the rest returned to Siberia "the same way that they came here." The Siberian governor went to Moscow with a report on the success of the enterprise. “His report, I. Massa finishes her story,“ is kept among the treasures of the Moscow state until the end of the war, and then, probably, it will be examined. But we are afraid that before that time it will disappear, which will truly be sad, since the travelers found many different and rare islands, rivers, birds, wild animals - all this far beyond the Yenisei. " Most likely, it was thanks to the silver find in Moscow that the report was considered very important and was placed “among the treasures,” but it really disappeared.

The first Russian news that has come down to us about the sailing of industrialists along the Yenisei and the sea to the river. Pyasina dates back to 1610 and is associated with the name of a merchant from the Northern Dvina - Kondraty Kurochkina... In June, he and his comrades went down the Yenisei on kochi from Novaya Mangazeya. At the mouth of the river, they stood for five weeks because of the ice brought in by the north wind from the Kara Sea: "And the ice is old, about which time is not worn out, thirty fathoms thick and more." In early August, "the midday wind blew, and that wind carried the ice out of the mouth into the sea in one day." Industrialists easily went through the Yenisei Gulf into the sea, turned east, walked along the coast for two days and entered the river. Pyasida (Pyasinu), and "Pyasida falls into the sea with one mouth." According to personal observations or from the words of other Russians, Kurochkin gives accurate information about the taiga near the Yenisei strip south of the Turukhansk winter hut: “... and there are arable lands, and there are all kinds of fish in that river ... [and] many people live on that river. "

Prior to this expedition, Moscow considered "Mangazeya and Yenisei" a country inaccessible or, at least, inaccessible for foreigners if they wanted to come there by sea: the authorities knew only about the mouth of the Ob, which, according to Kurochkin, was "petty good; Not only big ships, ships or at night go, and small ships are not allowed. " Kurochkin, on the other hand, said that the Yenisei was accessible even for large ships (“you can go by big ships from the sea to the Yenisei”) and that, therefore, not only Russians, but also foreign trade people could come there uncontrollably to buy furs: de Yenisey to the sea bay of the Cold Sea, which the Germans use from their lands by ships to the Arkhangelsk mouth. " This message greatly alarmed the Siberian governors, and they sought to ban the "sea passage" to Mangazeya. In 1619, by a tsarist decree, the "Mangazeya sea passage" was banned on pain of death, so that "the German people [foreigners] from Pustozersk and from the Arkhangelsk city did not recognize the road to Mangazeya and did not go to Mangazeya."

After K. Kurochkin's voyage, unknown polar sailors, continuing the forward movement of the Russians along the "hardened" coast of North Asia, reached the Gulf of Middendorf (at 93 ° E) and discovered 300 km of the coast, which was later named Khariton Lapteva.In 1741 H. Laptev found the remains of fires on this coast.

In 1940-1941. A Soviet hydrographic expedition aboard the ship "Nord" on the northern island from the Thaddeus group (at 108 ° E) came across wreckage of a boat, antiques, including a pishchal and ammunition, copper cauldrons, pectoral crosses, remnants of Russian clothing and shoes and Russian silver coins minted no later than 1617. And on the coast of Simsa Bay (77 ° N, 106 ° 50 "E), hydrographers found the remains of at least three people, the ruins of a hut, a fragment of a document - a letter of grant, a large number of personal belongings, including two registered knives, lumps of arctic fox and sable fur, navigational instruments and old Russian coins.All in all, about 3,500 coins were found on the island and near Simsa Bay after the excavations in 1945. As a result of careful research, it was possible to establish the names owners carved on knives: Akaki and Ivan Muromtsy, that is, people from the Murom village of Karacharova. As you know, the Russian epic hero Ilya Muromets came from the same village. It is possible that they belonged to the very rich Pakhomov-Glotov family, information about which has come down to our days, and the first of the Murom peasants began to engage in the fur trade.

A. and I. Muromtsy

The found material material allowed the overwhelming majority of researchers and historians of discoveries to conclude that this was a Russian commercial and industrial expedition of the first quarter of the 17th century. (1615–1625) and it went from the west, since at that time industrialists on the East Siberian rivers had not yet reached the Laptev Sea. This version in the second edition of "Sketches ..." (p. 250) is set out as follows: around 1620, ten unknown Russian sailors, probably moving on one nomad to the east, passed through the Kara Sea and overcame the most difficult part of the Northern Sea paths, rounding the northern tip of the Asian continent. Approximately 100 km southeast of Cape Chelyuskin, they stopped for the winter on the shore of Simsa Bay and built a hut from a driftwood. But at least three, including one woman from the Enets ethnic group, died during the winter. In the summer, part of the winterers went by boat to the northern island of the Thaddeus group (east of Sims Bay) and, in all likelihood, also died.

S. V. Obruchev, who supported the "western" version, believed that for most of the winterers the expedition ended not so tragically. In November, with the first snow, they captured all weapons, except for one squeak, bows and arrows, bullets. fishing tackle, from Sims Bay they moved south, went out into residential areas and eventually reached Mangazeya.

In 1975 the Soviet geographer V.A.Troitsky, relying on the results of his excavations in the summer of 1971 and the published works of the 17th century, he proposed a different, "eastern" version. The following main facts speak in her favor: the absence of items among the found items intended “for the development of commercial and industrial activities”, a large amount of furs, “the remains of which even after three hundred years seemed to the person who found her as a whole warehouse,” the presence in this warehouse of many sable furs, similarity of the sets of objects found at both sites, according to a Dutch geographer Nicholas Witsen about sailing to Taimyr from the east. According to V.A.Troitsky, in the 40s. XVII century the expedition on two koch went to sea with a cargo of the fur treasury collected in the basin of the river. Lena, and moved westward to the Thaddeus Islands and Sims Bay; at these points the two koch were wrecked one after the other. The surviving sailors moved south, crossed the Ice Mountains (Byrranga) and saw the Laptev Sea in the east, and Lake Taimyr in the west, which they took for the sea. Nowadays, the “eastern” version looks more reasonable.

among the "walking people" in Mangazeya around 1619 stood out Panda, who owned the funds obtained from nowhere. ("Panda", of course, is not a surname, but a nickname ") The hem of the hem of the Samoyed malitsa — a deer shirt of a dull cut, with the wool inside — was fluffed on the hem for beauty with multi-colored dog fur; such an edge was called pyanda. Now it is documented that in Yakutia there were two people with this nickname: Pyanda Sofonov named Demid (1637) and Panteley Demidovich Pyanda (1643). The great explorer was most likely called Demid Sofonovich Pyanda. He arrived from the Yenisei prison. Gathering a small group of walking people, 40 people, Pyanda went with her "to the trades", that is, to buy furs, from Mangazeya to Turukhansk, set up on the lower Yenisei opposite the mouth of the Lower Tunguska. The indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisei Territory visited Turukhansk to exchange furs for Russian goods. They sometimes came from very distant regions and told that another great river in the east approached the Lower Tunguska, on which "many peoples" lived, and that the river Yelyuene, which in Evenk means "Big River", was "pleasing and abundant." The Russians began to call her Lena. At the same time, in Mangazeya and in the Russian winter huts on the Yenisei, rumors began to spread about another large river east of the Yenisei. One rumor was recorded from the words of the local "prince" (elders) in December 1619: "... that river is great, but he does not know the name, but there are large ships going by that river and there are great bells on them ... and from guns from those ... ships are firing ... "This message could not refer to Lena, on which before the arrival of the Russians there were no ships with cannons on board, and people" with firefight "did not appear at all. Perhaps these rumors reflected through dozens of intermediaries the actual facts about the Chinese ships sailing along the Amur.

It is unlikely that the Turukhan industrialists were looking for a meeting with well-armed ships that belonged to God knows what people on the unknown eastern great river. But they were tempted by other stories (quite reliable) about abundant, endless hunting grounds, which promised them huge prey, especially if they were the first to come to the river. Lena. Rumors of cannon-armed ships warned the Russians against too hasty a march to the southeast; the hope of enrichment compelled him to a quick march. These two conflicting motives, as we shall see, account for the uneven pace of advance of Pyanda's detachment.

By 1620 Pyanda with other Russians built several plows and at the beginning of summer moved from Turukhansk up the Lower Tunguska. A wide, full-flowing river flowed on the high, wooded banks, and taiga rivers flowed into it from the north and south. In two or three places, they had to overcome small rapids, but in general, the ascent along the river took place relatively quickly, until the Russians reached the area where the valley of the Lower Tunguska narrows and abruptly changes direction to the south. In this place, above the mouth of the Ilimpea, at the rapids they were delayed by a congestion of the fin. The Russians thought that the Tungus deliberately blocked their way along the river with felled trees. The detachment stopped, either fearing an unexpected attack, or to start buying up furs in this area, where the Lower Tunguska, flowing to the northwest, approaches the Lena tributary Vilyuy, flowing to the east. One way or another, but there was set - a little higher than the rapids - a winter hut, which in the middle of the XVIII century. the locals called it Nizhniy Pyandin. The Tungus often raided it, but the Russians easily repulsed them with "firefight".

In the summer of 1621, Pyanda's detachment climbed the river on plows only a few tens of kilometers and a little below Srednyaya Kochema (at 62 ° N) built the Upper Pyandino winter hut. In 1622, when the river opened up, Pyanda's detachment climbed several hundred kilometers along it (up to 58 ° N) and here for the third time stopped for the winter. According to one version, the stop was caused by the opposition of the Evenks; on the other, on the contrary, the hope for a profitable bargaining with them. In the wintering area, the Lower Tunguska is close to the upper Lena - this is the Chechuy portage (about 20 km). It was probably then that Pyanda found out that there were no large ships with bells and cannons on the Lena.

In the spring of 1623, Pyanda's detachment dragged it to the Lena or built new plows there and moved down the river "beyond the ice", that is, immediately after the ice drift. For several days the Russians sailed northeast between the high, wooded shores. The rocks sometimes came close to the water, and through these rocky "cheeks" Lena was swiftly carrying Pyanda's plows. Below the mouth of a large and full-flowing southern tributary (Vitim), the river became wider, the current quieter, and after a few days it turned east. Dotted with islands, Lena flowed here in gentle banks. Only in the distance, sometimes at a great distance, were heights visible. Having received another large tributary (Olekma) from the south, the Lena changed again - it flowed in steep, rocky, sometimes sheer banks. In all areas it was wide and deep and still dotted with islands. It is not known exactly where the Pyanda reached, most likely to the area where the mighty river turns to the north, goes to the plain (Central Yakutsk), and its floodplain expands to 15 km. This area was more populated than the previously traversed areas. Here, among the Yakuts, a people new to the Russians, Pyanda did not dare to stay for the winter with a small detachment. He turned back, climbed the river to the Chechuysky portage, but did not cross to the Lower Tunguska, but decided to scout out a new path.

Pyanda climbed the upper Lena to the point where you can still reach by light boats (at 54 ° N lat.). There the detachment went straight to the west through the steppes, inhabited by herdsmen - brothers (Buryats), to a large river (Angara), flowing directly to the north. In the upper reaches, it freezes very late, usually in the second half of December. Therefore, the Russians, if they reached the Angara in the fall, probably near the mouth of the Uda, still had time to build new light temporary ships - such as the West Siberian karbas - and start rafting a few weeks before freezing. Pyanda's detachment sailed down a wide, full-flowing river, which quickly rolled its waters along the steep banks of the taiga.

The right-bank strip was relatively inhabited here - by the same brothers with whom the Russians had already met on the upper Lena. But the further the detachment moved north, down the river, the more deserted the area became. In the area where the Angara makes a bend, below the mouth of its large southern tributary (Oka), industrialists with a dangerous, but safely passed a number of large paduns (rapids). Behind them, the current became calmer, and the river turned sharply to the west, towards the Yenisei.

The Russians began to visit the Lower Angara - to collect yasak among the local Evenks - no later than 1618, when the Yenisei prison was founded; they named it Verkhnyaya Tunguska. Pyanda met here yascher winter huts. If he stopped rafting due to the fact that the river became, and the freeze-up here began in November, then he could reach Yeniseisk by sledging, where his campaign ended, even before the beginning of 1624.

For 3.5 years, Pyanda passed about 8 thousand km by new river routes and marked the beginning of the discovery of Eastern Siberia by the Russians. He surveyed the Lower Tunguska for about 2,300 km and proved that the upper reaches of it and the Lena were approaching, and the Russians soon began to penetrate the Lena through the Chechu portage opened by him. During one summer, the Pyanda passed down and up the Lena for about 4000 km, and traced its course for 2400 km. He was the first to show the Russians a convenient way from the upper Lena to the Angara, and this way - in the opposite direction - came out in 1628 from the Yenisei to the upper Lena. Vasily Ermolaevich Bugor... Finally, the Pyanda was the first Russian to trace the course of the Angara almost 1,400 km from the source and prove that she and the Upper Tunguska are one and the same river. The original notes and even copies of Pyanda's testimony have not survived. More than a hundred years later, a historian, a member of the academic detachment of the Great Northern Expedition, collected stories about him in the Yenisei Territory and Yakutia G. Miller.

the discovery of the North Siberian lowland and the first Russians on the Central Siberian plateau At the end of the first or the beginning of the second decade of the 17th century. from Turukhansk as the main base, the Russians began to advance northward. They discovered r. Kureyku, another large right tributary of the Yenisei, found another to the north - r. Hantayka - and put a yascher hut on it. Relying on it, industrial and service people discovered the Khantayskoye lake and three more northern ones - Lama, Keta and Pyasino, the source of the river of the same name. In the mountains of this region, they began to mine ore and smelt copper and silver. Penetration into the "land of Pyasida", that is, the North Siberian lowland, was carried out slowly due to the harsh climate of the country. And yet, in search of new "land" the Mangazeans walked along this land to the east near the northern foot of the Central Siberian Plateau, found the river. Kheta and in 1626 at its confluence with the river. Kotui (near 72 ° N), that is, where the river begins. Khatanga, they cut down the Pyasidskoe winter hut. It is possible that it was from this winter quarters in the early 30s. XVII century Ivan Elfimov, at the head of a detachment of archers and industrial people, walked along the Khatanga valley to the mouth and opened the river. Popigay. Along the Kotuya valley, industrial people ascended the Central Siberian plateau from the north, tracing this component of the Khatanga for 500 km, and in 1634 on the lake Essei, rich in fish (at 68 ° 30 "N), set up another yasak winter hut.

From one of the eastern tributaries of the Pyasina, possibly from the river. Dudynts, through a short portage, industrialists crossed to the rivers of the Taimyr system - first to the Upper Taimyr, and then, having opened Lake Taimyr, and to the Lower Taimyr. At its mouth, according to M.I.Belov, Russian ancient huts and household items have been found in our time.

Almost on the heels of Pyanda in the summer of 1622, a detachment of servicemen and industrial people headed by a Pentecostal left Turukhansk to the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska Grigory Semyonov... The baptized Nenets from Pustozersk became the guide Ignatius Haneptek, who knew the river well, since from 1608 to 1621 he collected yasak from the "folk" living in its basin. In the summer of 1623, the detachment reached the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska and split here: Semenov with most of the people returned to Turukhansk, and Khaneptek, accompanied by several industrialists, apparently using the Chechuy portage, reached the Lin-river (Lena). Down its valley, they walked "seven weeks naked and hungry" and collected the first yasak from one of the Yakut tribes. Khaneptek and his companions returned to Mangazeya in 1624 in the same way.

To consolidate the tsarist power in the basin of the Lower Tunguska, to strengthen the position of the Russian industrialists and to stop the robbery of the yasak people, the entire river up to the upper reaches in 1628-1630. a military expedition with two winter quarters S. Navatsky.

Podkamennaya Tunguska was discovered by the Yenisei explorer Let's go to Firsov... In the summer of 1623, he collected yasak at its mouth, and then climbed the river, overcoming two large rapids, to the river. Chuni, which flows into it on the right (at 96 ° E). After a skirmish with the Evenks, Firsov explained them for the first time and returned to Yeniseisk, tracing about 500 km of the river's course. From the Evenks, he probably received information that the upper reaches of the Podkamennaya Tunguska do not come close to other rivers in the east, that is, to the tributaries of the Lena. It is possible that his followers checked the absence of drags, which is why significant points did not arise on the Yenisei opposite the mouth of this tributary.

The first known Russian campaign by the northern route from the Yenisei to the Lena dates back to 1630, when Martyn Vasiliev with 30 servicemen from "New Mangazeya" he climbed the Lower Tunguska to the place where it approaches Chona (at 61 ° N), went down the Chona to Vilyui, and along it - to the Lena. The path of the Russians passed through the regions inhabited by the Evenks, and only in the lower reaches of the Vilyui did they meet the first sedentary Yakuts and Dolgan nomads (a nationality speaking one of the dialects of the Yakut language). Then Vasiliev climbed the Lena to its middle course. He discovered that the Lena in this part is populated more densely than the regions already known to the Russians along the Yenisei, and that he did not have enough strength to conquer the Yakuts. Nevertheless, he managed to somehow impose yasak on them: he took with him to Moscow for the sovereign's treasury more than 200 sables, and denunciations were received against him that he had hidden more than 300 sables and other "soft junk" for himself and his comrades. In Moscow, he promised to bring the Lena Yakuts "under the high tsarist hand" if he was given 40 more people. Among the Yenisei people, the most seductive rumors about the Lena riches also began to spread: both the skis of the Tungus are sometimes lined with sable skins, and the Yakuts give the merchants for copper cauldrons, especially valued by them, as many sables as they can fit in the cauldron.

Since 1619, small detachments of Cossacks were sent from Yeniseisk to the lower reaches of the Angara to collect furs among the local Evenks; soon they began to climb far up the Angara. During the campaign of 1628-1630. Yenisei service man Vasily Bugor opened the southernmost path leading from the Yenisei basin to the Lena. The hillock walked with ten people up the right tributary of the Angara - the Ilim - and its tributary Igirme - to the point where it approaches the Kuta, crossed a low watershed to the Kuta, and went down it to the upper Lena. On the way to the Bugr, a part of another detachment (of 30 people), sent by the Yenisei governor through Ilim to the Lena, landed; people from both detachments agreed on an amicable division of the spoils. For further collection of tribute, Bugor left two posts on the upper Lena: at the mouth of the Kirenga and upstream, at the mouth of the Kuta, that is, at those points where the forts of Kirensk and Ust-Kut were then built.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

In the summer of 1629 ataman Ivan Galkin with a detachment of 33 people went to Ilim. He explored the navigable rivers near the Lena Voloka - the watershed between Ilim and Kuta - and set up a winter quarters at that point on the Ilim, above the Igirma estuary, to which river vessels could reach. This point began to be called the Lena portage, then it was renamed Ilimsk. At the end of 1629, on sleds, Galkin penetrated behind the portage to the upper Lena, and his people changed the temporary post left by Bugr at the mouth of the Kuta; there was organized a permanent Ust-Kut winter hut. In the spring of 1630, on constructed plows, he descended along the Lena to the “Yakol people” (Yakuts) - probably near 62 ° N. - and forced them to pay yasak by force.

According to Galkin, the Yakuts are "cattle and horses and crowded and armored and warriors." From their inquiries, he learned that the valley of the Aldan, the right large tributary of the Lena, was densely populated. And he went up the Aldan beyond the mouth of the river. Amgi for about 400 km, spending one month on the rise. Probably, the first of the Russians, neither Aldane beat V.E.Bugor, but it is not clear how far he climbed the river. The Aldanians refused to go "under the sovereign's hand." Galkin again had to use force and capture the wives and children of local princelings. Having annexed new "land" on the Aldan to Russia, he returned to the upper Lena and compiled the first characteristic of the river between the mouths of the Kuta and Vilyui for more than 2,000 km. He listed six right-hand large tributaries of the Kirenga, Chaya, Chichuy (Chuya), Vitim ("and across ... about a mile away"), Olekma ("a mile and a half and more"), Aldan ("about two miles across") - and three left (Ichera, Peleduy, Vilyui). He understood well the economic significance of Yakutia for the Russian state.

In the fall of 1630, the Yenisei centurion came to the Lena through the Ust-Kut winter hut Peter Ivanovich Beketov... With 20 Cossacks, he climbed the Lena to the mouth of the “Ona River” (Anai. At 107 ° E?) And discovered more than 500 km of its upper course, a little before reaching the source.

It was not immediately possible to bring local Buryats “under the sovereign's hand”; the Cossacks, hastily built a fortress, withstood a three-day siege. Beketov left nine Cossacks under the command of the foreman in this "piece of land" to collect yasak Andrey Dubina, and with the rest descended to the mouth of the Kulenga (at 54 ° N lat.). From there, Beketov made a sortie to the west, in the steppes of the Lena-Angara plateau, where the Buryats roamed, but received such a rebuff that his people were forced to ride horses captured from the Buryats for a whole day, back to the upper Lena; they stopped only opposite the mouth of the Tutura, which flows into the Lena below the Kulenga, where the Evenks, who were friendly to the Russians, lived. From this area, the Cossacks returned to the mouth of the Kuta, where they spent the winter. In the spring of 1631, Beketov with 30 people began rafting along the Lena, and up the river. Kirenge sent A. Dubina with seven Cossacks to “mine new lands”. After repeating the path of Pyanda, Beketov went to the middle Lena and surveyed the southern part of the giant bend of the river. At the top of the arc (near 130 ° E) in the fall of 1632, in a very inconvenient area, Beketov set up the Yakutsk prison, which was constantly suffering from floods in hollow water, and after 10 years it had to be moved 15 km lower, to where it now stands Yakutsk. But on the other hand, this area, which is most advanced to the east, was chosen by Beketov extremely well, and the Yakutsk prison immediately became the starting point for Russian search expeditions not only not north, to the Cold Sea, but also to the east, and later to the south - to the river. Shilkar (Amur) and to the Warm Sea (Pacific Ocean). At the end of June 1632, Beketov sent nine Cossacks under the command of Ivana Paderin, participant of A. Dubina's campaigns to the upper reaches of the Lena; details of the voyage are not known, but I. Paderin became the first Russian to cross almost the entire (4,400 km) great East Siberian river.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

In August 1632, Beketov sent down the Lena a detachment of Yenisei Cossacks, led by Alexey Arkhipov... Beyond the Arctic Circle, in the area of ​​the Zhiganskiy Tungus, they set up a Zhiganskoye winter hut on the left bank of the Lena to collect yasak. And in the spring of 1633, other Cossacks, sent by Beketov, tried, together with industrialists, to pass on a ship along the Vilyui in order to impose yasak on the Evenks on the river. Markhe, its northern large tributary. Thus, the Yenisei people wanted to penetrate into those "Lena land", which the Mangazeans claimed by the right of the first discovery, but this attempt was unsuccessful. At the mouth of the Vilyui, they met with the Mangazei detachment Stepana Korytova, arrived there by the way paved by Martyn Vasiliev. Korytov captured the Yenisei ship, and attracted them to his side, promising a share of the booty. He led a part of his now strengthened detachment up the Lena to the mouth of the Aldan and became the first (1633) of the known explorers who ascended along its western tributary Amga. Between Amga and Lena lived the Yakuts, already partially surrounded by yasak by the people of Beketov from the Yakutsk prison. Korytov demanded that they pay him yasak too. But the Yakuts killed the five Cossacks sent to them and decided not to pay tribute to anyone else.

In different parts of the region, residents began to resist, caused by double extortions. In January 1634, a large detachment (up to 1000 Yakuts) besieged the Yakutsk prison, where at that time about 200 Cossacks, industrial and commercial people, attracted by hopes of rich booty, had already accumulated. The Yakuts, unaccustomed to military operations, soon abandoned the siege. Some of them went to remote areas, the rest continued to resist. In pursuit of some, in a struggle with others, the Russians bypassed the basin of the middle Lena in different directions and got acquainted with it. At the mouth of the Olekma in 1635, Beketov set up a prison and from it went “for yasak collection” along the Olekma and its main tributary the Chara, as well as along the Bolshoi Patom and Vitim, and was the first to visit the northern and western outskirts of the Patom Upland.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

In the summer of 1633, a detachment of the Yenisei Pentecostal Ilya Perfiliev(more than 100 people) with participation Ivan Ivanovich Rebrov(Robrova) He took part in S. Korytov's campaign on the river. Amgu. not only went down the Lena to the mouth, but even went out to sea, where the Cossacks temporarily split up. Rebrov on a kocha went to the west of one of the Lena channels, most likely Olenekskaya, discovered Oleneksky Bay and not earlier than August 1634 discovered the mouth of the Olenka. The detachment went up the river, it is not clear, however, to what point, and for more than three years collected yasak from the Evenks who lived in the valley.

I. Perfiliev, on the Bykovskaya channel, on a koch went to the Buor-Khaya bay and moved straight to the east. Having rounded the cape (Buor-Khaya), he discovered the wide Yansky Bay and not earlier than 1634 discovered the mouth of the Yana. In the fall of 1635, Perfiliev rose to its upper reaches, laying the foundation for the discovery of the Yano-Indigirskaya lowland, and founded the city of Verkhoyansk. In the lower reaches, he met the Yukaghir people, previously unknown to the Russians, The Yukaghirs are a nation of hunters and reindeer breeders who speak the Yukaghir language, one of the Paleo-Asian languages. and in the upper reaches he collected yasak from the Yan Yakuts.

In September 1637 I. Rebrov arrived on Yana and joined Perfiliev's detachment. In the summer of 1638, returning to the Lena, Perfiliev sent Rebrov further east, and by the fall he completed the opening of the Yansky Bay, was the first to cross the Dmitry Laptev Strait and sailed in the East Siberian Sea. Rebrov discovered the mouth of a river (Indigirka); another of his achievements was the discovery of almost 900 km of the coast of Asia between the mouths of the Yana and Indigirka. Rebrov climbed 600 km along the Indigirka and set up a winter hut at the mouth of the Uyandina, crossing the Abyiskaya lowland. He spent more than two years there and returned to Lena in the summer of 1641.

In 1636 the foreman Elisey Yurievich Buza Having collected a large amount of supplies on credit, with a detachment of 10 people set off from Yeniseisk along the Angara to the lower Lena. By freeze-up, he only reached the mouth of the Olekma from Ust-Kut. In Olekminsk, founded in 1635, many industrialists gathered for the winter. In the spring of 1637, when Lena opened up, 40 "eager people" joined Buza. With a detachment of 50 people, he went down the Lena, went out to sea in the western branch of the delta, and a day later entered the mouth of the Olenka. There Buza met nomadic Evenks, climbed the river for more than 500 km and surrounded them with yasak. On Olenka he built a winter hut, and in the spring of 1638 he returned on reindeer to the lower Lena, to the mouth of its left tributary Molodo, whose upper reaches at 121 ° E. etc. are close to Olenka. Information about his further campaigns is contradictory. According to one version (I. Fischer), Buza, having built two kochas on the Lena (about 70 ° N lat.), In the summer of 1638 went to sea again, this time by the eastern branch of the Lena delta and five days with a passing the wind sailed east along the coast in search of the mysterious "River Lama". "Lama" - a distorted Evenk word "lama" - sea, "Lama-river" - sea river This term is often found in the sources of the 17th century to designate rivers flowing into the Cold and Warm seas. In the first half of the 17th century. the Russians assumed that a very large "Lama River" flowing behind Lena, originating in China, flows. He rounded Cape Buor-Khaya, entered the Yansky Bay and reached the mouth of the Yana (Yang). For three weeks Buza and his comrades climbed up the river; at first he met only rare nomadic Evenks, then he got to the Yakuts and explained them. He collected a lot of sables and other "soft junk" and overwintered among the Yakuts.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

The next year, Buza - already on four kochi built during wintering - completed the opening of the Yansky Bay; from the mouth of the Yana, he went to the east, to the "great lake" - a vast bay at 138 ° E. d., fenced from the sea by about. Yarok, into which the river flows. Chondong. Buza met here the Yukaghirs, who later played an important role in the advance of the Russians to northeast Asia, and later, at the end of the 17th century, to Kamchatka. The mediator between the Yukaghirs and the aliens was a local shaman, probably bribed by Buza. The Yukaghirs, without any resistance, agreed to pay yasak and did not interfere with Buza when he began to build a winter hut in their camp. Buza lived there for at least two years and in 1642 returned to Yakutsk.

According to another version (N. Ogloblin), Buza went east from the Lena estuary in the summer of 1637, but did not reach the mouth of the Yana by sea, but only to the mouth of the Omoloy, which flows into the Buor-Khaya Bay, where it was "frozen". Then he and his comrades, “having made the sleds, got up on their own, and what was their own factory, nets and comrade, and then everyone here marked for the necessary sled route,” that is, went light. From the mouth of the Omoloy, they walked for eight weeks "through the Kamen 'to the Yanskie peaks", that is, through the Kular ridge to the upper Yana, where they arrived in September 1637. Anyway, during his five or six-year wanderings, Buza passed almost the entire Lena , except for its upper section, above the mouth of the Kuta, and opened the river. Omoloy and the Kular ridge.

Simultaneously with Elisey Buza, i.e. in the spring of 1637, a detachment of mounted Cossacks of 30 people under the command Posnik Ivanov GubarIn the second edition of "Sketches ..." (p. 255), the honor of the discovery of the upper Yana was mistakenly attributed to Selivan Kharitonov - he served as an ordinary Cossack in Posnik Ivanov's detachment. by dry route from Yakutsk, in four weeks he went to the upper reaches of the Yana, crossing the "Stone" - the Verkhoyansk ridge separating the Lena basin from the Yana. Then, following down the Yana valley, Posnik moved north and, probably, before reaching the Verkhoyansk winter hut, just founded by Ilya Perfiliev, he met the first Yakut settlements. Local Yakuts did not show any resistance to the Cossacks and gave yasak with sables. On Yana, the Russians collected some information about the eastern "land" and "little people", namely: about the "Yukagir land, crowded on the Indir River." Up the river. Oduchey (Adyche), the right tributary of the Yana, Posnik sent a detachment under the command of Ivana Rodionova Erastova (Velkova)... He also visited its large left tributary Burlak (Borulakh), that is, he was the first to penetrate the Yanskoe plateau.

In the summer of 1637 Posnik continued his horse trek. Moving east along the river. Tuostakh (the right tributary of the Yana), the Cossacks captured four Yukaghirs, and they, no later than November 1637, brought them to the "Indigirskaya Rybnaya River". The entire journey from Yana to Indigirka through the "Stone", that is, the Chersky ridge, also took four weeks. The Yukaghirs tried to repulse the Russians. They had never seen horses before and, when attacked, tried to kill them, since, according to the Cossacks, they believed that they were much more dangerous than people. The Russians won and, taking two hostages from the Yukaghirs, set up the first winter quarters on Indigirka, hastily built boats and moved up the river, collecting yasak from the Yukaghirs. Returning to the winter quarters and leaving 16 people behind, Posnik Ivanov set off on the return journey. In Yakutsk, he spoke about the new Yukagir land, rich in sables, about the "Indigir River, into which many rivers fell, and along all those rivers many pedestrians and reindeer people live", and also brought the first information about the river. Kolyma and other rivers. Pogyche, located to the east (the Anadyr river).

In May 1638, Posnik Ivanov moved through the "Stone" for the second time, leading a large detachment of Cossacks. In the Verkhoyansk ridge, he collected the first yasak from a new "folk" - the Lamuts. Now they are called Evens; in origin and culture they are close to the Evenks. On Yan, having got involved in an internecine war between the Yukaghirs and the Yakuts, the Russians imposed tribute on both warring parties. In 1639, Posnik again crossed the ridge to Indigirka and, leaving 17 Cossacks for wintering, with collected sables - royal and Cossack - returned to Lena in the same way, until the end of the 17th century. served as the main land route from the Lena to the middle Indigirka.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

Indigirskie winterers under the command of I. Erastov in the summer of 1640 moved down the river and conquered the Yukaghirs of the middle Indigirka. The next summer Erastov walked to the mouth of the river. From the captive "prince" he visited about the eastern river. Alazeya, where the Yukaghirs also lived, and went by sea to its mouth. This was the second (after Rebrov) undoubtedly proven Russian voyage to the East Siberian Sea. On Alazeya, the Russians, besides the Yukaghirs, met a new people, not yet known to them - the reindeer Chukchi. The self-name of the tundra Chukchee reindeer breeders is chavchu, i.e. deer: their language belongs to the family of Paleoasian languages. Erastov ascended the Alazeya to the border of the forest (at 69 ° N lat.) And spent the winter in the constructed winter quarters. In June 1642, after the ice drift, he sent part of the Cossacks with the collected yasak down the river, and with the rest proceeded to the upper reaches of the Alazeya to collect tribute from the new forest Yukaghirs, who, as he found out, “near Kameni”, i.e. e. near the Alazey plateau. Already in late autumn, on reindeer, Erastov crossed from the upper Alazeya, tracing it almost along its entire length (1,590 km), to the Indigirka basin, where he spent another winter, and in the summer of 1643 delivered the yasak to the Lensky prison by sea. Another geographical result of his campaigns, in addition to those noted, was the discovery of the Kolyma lowland.

In the winter of 1641, from Yakutsk to the east, to the upper reaches of the Indigirka - to Oymyakon, where the Yakuts and Evenks lived, a detachment of a service man was sent on horseback Mikhail Vasilievich Stadukhin; among the 15 Cossacks was Fedor Gavrilov perhaps as his assistant. In a new way - along the right tributary of the Aldan, through the "Stone" (the northern part of the Suntar-Khayata ridge) - with the help of the leaders, the Russians got into the Indigirka basin and crossed the Oymyakon plateau along one of its left tributaries. Having spent more than two months on the road, they reached the upper Indigirka near the future village of Oymyakon2. Here they met a detachment of Cossacks who had risen from the middle reaches, set up a winter hut and began collecting yasak. From the neighboring Yakuts M. Stadukhin and F. Gavrilov learned that in the upper reaches of the Indigirka “... there are no plowed areas, neither oak, nor meadow grass, all sogry [taiga, bad woods, swampy plain with spruce forest] and a swamp, and a stone. And in the river there is no fish, not a beast ... ”They also found out that beyond the southern ridge to the south, to the sea, the Okhota River flows. M. Stadukhin sent a detachment to this (Okhotsk) sea Andrey Gorely, and he himself with F. Gavrilov and the rest of the Cossacks descended on a built nomad to the Arctic Circle and examined the lower reaches of the river. Moma, flowing in a wide intermountain valley, rich in animals and fish and abounding in rapids. Then the detachment descended to the mouth of the Indigirka and in the fall of 1642 reached the river. Alazeyi, where he joined the Cossacks Dmitry Mikhailovich Zyryan who came there a few months earlier.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

At the end of June 1643, the combined detachment again went to sea and, on about July 13, reached the mouth of the large river Kovymi (Kolyma). During a two-week sea voyage, as a result of which 500 km of the coast of North Asia and the Kolyma Bay were discovered, M. Stadukhin, as it seemed to him, saw “on the left hand,” that is, in the north, “snowy mountains and noble depressions and streams all". He thought that in front of him was the southern coast of a huge island stretching from the mouth of the Lena far to the east, beyond the Kolyma: “Coming from the Lena from the Svyatoi Nos and to the Yana River and from Yana to Dogshaya, Indigirka, too, and from Indigirka to the Kovyma River going, and much that island in mind. " M. Stadukhin thus connected the vague information of the explorers about the islands opposite the mouth of the Kolyma with his own observations. It is possible that he actually saw one of the Bear Islands, the closest to the mainland - Krestovsky. In addition, a Yukaghir woman who lived among the Chukchi for several years said that on the way to Kolyma there is an island where the local Chukchi go on deer in one day in winter.

This is how the geographical legend about the great island on the Arctic Ocean, opposite the shores of Eastern Siberia, was formed. This legend was believed more than a hundred years after M. Stadukhin's voyage. Really existing islands located opposite the estuaries not far from the mainland and mirages involuntarily merged in the view of sailors into one giant island. They saw with their own eyes in different places of the Cold Sea, east of the Lena, "mountains", that is, high hills, which seemed to be mountains in comparison with the low-lying mainland coast. This legend was "confirmed" by the misinterpreted accounts of coastal inhabitants who visited some of the islands. The Russians hoped to find on this "great island" both valuable "soft junk" (Arctic foxes), and valuable "overseas bone" - mammoth tusks, and "corgi" (braids) with the richest rookeries of the "walrus beast", which gives no less valuable " freezing tooth ", or" fish tooth "- walrus tusks.

The Russians ascended the Kolyma on koches and after 12 days of sailing, having opened the eastern outskirts of the Kolyma lowland, they landed on the shore. Until the autumn of 1643, in the middle Kolyma, they set up the first Russian winter quarters for collecting yasak. And the next year, in the lower reaches of the Kolyma, where the Yukaghirs lived, opposite the mouth of its tributary, the Bolshoi Anyui, they cut down another winter hut - Nizhnekolymsk. Now this point has already become the starting point for the further advance of the Russians: by sea - even further east, and along the rivers of the Kolyma system - to the south, to the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea. M. Stadukhin returned to Yakutsk at the end of 1645 and reported the first information about the river. Kolyma: “And the Kolyma ... the river is large, there is with the Lena ... it goes to the sea, just like Lena, under the same wind, to the east and to the north. And along ... the Kolyma River, foreigners live ... reindeer and pedestrians; many people are sedentary, and they have their own language. "

Soon the explorers explored and mastered a much shorter route to the Kolyma. It began at the middle Indigirka, opposite the Uyandinsky winter hut, at the mouth of the Paderikha According to B.P. Polevoy (1974) b. Paderikha is named after the explorer Nikita Padera, and r. Ozhogin - in honor of Ivan Ignatovich Ozhogi (Ozhegi), who was killed on it in 1646.(on our maps Baderich, right tributary), went to its upper course, then along its right tributary to the sources and through a very short portage passed to the upper reaches of the river. Ozhoginy, which flows into the Kolyma on the left to the south of the Arctic Circle. In other words, the Russians discovered the long and narrow lowland of the Ozhoginsky Dol and almost all the northern slopes of the Momsky ridge.

So, about 20 years after the Pyanda campaign, the Russians discovered most of the Lena basin, traced almost all of its course from the headwaters to the mouth, discovered pp. Yana, Indigirka and moved east to the Kolyma. With the opening of the waterway along the Aldan, the advanced detachments of explorers were already approaching the watershed ridges separating the Lena basin from the rivers of the Pacific basin. The Russians bypassed almost the entire southern coast of the Laptev Sea, with the exception of a small area between the Khatanga Bay and the mouth of the river. Deer. The first to enter this area in the summer of 1643 was a Cossack foreman Vasily Sychov... From Turukhansk with a detachment, he went to the upper Pyasina, from there to Khetu, along it and Khatanga went down to the bay and, most likely, by dry route went to the middle course of the river. Anabar. He collected yasak "in the new land" and in the upper reaches of the river until the summer of 1648 and went to the mouth of the river, where he met a "change" who came to him Yakova Semenova with a party of archers. Together they returned to the winter quarters and the rest of the year, as well as the winter and spring of 1649, moving on sledges and skis, they spent looking for the Tongue Evenks, ascending the river. Udzhe, the right tributary of the Anabar, and along the river. Uele, and discovered the Olensky ridge (Pronchishchev ridge) and a number of small "third-party rivers", that is, completed the discovery of the North Siberian lowland. The searches were unsuccessful, and in mid-May 1649 the explorers crossed from the river. Anabar on the middle course of the river. Popigay (at 72 ° N). Here they didn’t share something and went their separate ways - Sychov went down to the Popigai mouth, and Semyonov returned to Anabar. By this time - no later than 1648 - from the east to Anabar by sea from the river. The "Yeniseians" also passed the deer.

The Russians penetrated Transbaikalia for the first time from the north, from the r. Lena. In 1638, to "see new land" along the river. Vitim was sent by M. Perfiliev with a party of service and industrial people (36 people). He climbed the river in boats with a string, spent the winter on the way, and the next summer reached the mouth of the river. Tsipa, (at 55 ° 30 "E), originating from Lake Bount, tracing about 1000 km of the Vitim current, that is, for the first time crossed the Stanovoe Upland and reached the Vitim plateau. From the local Evenks, he collected the first information about the Dauras, living on the Shilkar (Shilka) river, where copper and silver ores are mined. From these mines five to six days walk "to the mouth of the river, and this mouth [the Amur River] extends to the sea ..." people. ”The Daurs exchange silver and silk fabrics for sables with an Evenk prince living on the Karga (Karenga) River, which flows into the Vitim 150 km above the Tsipa River, and to the Daurs I go south“ across the Kamen ”for three or four days. Upon his return, M. Perfiliev drew up a map of Vitim, which was used until the middle of the 19th century.

In the early 40s. XVII century Russians who overwintered on the upper Lena, at the mouth of the river. Ilgi (at 55 ° N lat.), Collected from the local Buryats the first information about Lake Baikal (Lama), the water in which is "stagnant and fresh, and the fish ... every animal of the sea", about the sources of the Lena "from the springs" near Baikal and the wealth of the Baikal regions in silver ore. From the words of one prince, they found out that in the summer of 1640 Russian people walked along the Lama in the courts ..., but he did not know where they came from and how long they had been. For the first time a Cossack visited the basin of the middle and upper Kirenga, the right tributary of the Lena Kondraty Larionovich Myasin... On the first snow in October 1640 on deer, he crossed at 56 ° N. NS. "Stone" (Lensko-Angarskoe plateau) and collected yasak from the Evenks who lived in the valleys of the left tributaries of the middle Kirenga. At the beginning of 1641, from the upper reaches of the Lena, he penetrated to the sources of the Kirenga, collected a "sable" tribute and brought the first news about the "Lamsky ridge", Only in the 19th century. here they began to distinguish two ridges - Primorsky and Baikalsky. from which both of these rivers begin.

In the summer of 1643, one of the winterers was a Cossack Pentecostal Kurbat Afanasevich Ivanov- the first to visit the path from the upper Lena to Baikal. In his detachment, numbering 74 people, besides the Cossacks, there were also several industrial and eager "walking" people. From the mouth of the Kulenga in July, he reached the western shore of the lake and at 53 ° N. NS. beyond the Small Sea (Baikal Bay) discovered about. Olkhon. The Buryats who had settled “under siege in Kamen” met the Russians with arrows. The Cossacks responded with "firefight" and killed many, the rest surrendered. K. Ivanov sent a party on the vessels built Skorokhod Seeds(36 people) along the northern shore of the lake. He reached the northern tip of Lake Baikal and discovered the mouth of the Upper Angara, where he set up a winter hut. At the end of 1643 with a half of the detachment, he walked on the ice almost to the river. Barguzin and all his companions were killed in a battle with the Buryats. The result of his trip was the discovery of more than 600 km of the coast of Lake Baikal and the Barguzinsky ridge. The Cossacks who remained on the Upper Angara, after sitting under siege for almost six months, managed to escape and reached the Bratsk prison in the summer of 1644.

Meanwhile, Ivanov, relying on Fr. Olkhon, as a base, explained the Baikal Buryats and by mid-September made "a blueprint for Baikal and Baikal for falling rivers and land." But where he managed to visit is not clear, since his map has been lost. Until the spring of 1645, he collected some more information about the Baikal region and made a new map of the upper Lena and Baikal.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

Around the same time, 100 people went from Yeniseisk to Baikal "for a silver mine" under the command of the chieftain Vasily Kolesnikov... At the end of 1643, he approached the northern shore of the lake and overwintered in a prison located near the source of the Angara. In the summer of 1644, he walked the route of S. Skorokhod to the Upper Angara, at the place of the winter quarters he cut down a prison and made the Evenks pay yasak from the Baikal Evenks. From the prison, probably in the next, 1645, "for the mine and the drive of new lands" in Transbaikalia, he sent Konstantin Ivanovich Moskvitin with three satellites. On the ice of the lake on sledges under sail, they reached the Barguzinsky kultuk (bay), and then went up the Barguzin valley. The leaders led the Cossacks through the "Big Stone" - the Ikatsky ridge - to the east. There was deep, more than 2 m snow in the mountains and the road had to be plowed with axes. Coming to the sources of Vitim, K. Moskvitin turned south and through "thin and swampy places" in the region of the Yeravninsky lakes reached the sources of the Uda, and along it the Selenga. The search for silver ore was unsuccessful. K. Moskvitin was not allowed into Mongolia, but he learned about the “populous river Ona” (Onon), which is six days away; along it in plows you can get to Shilka in six days; this river is great; sedentary people live there, bread and vegetables will be born to them. "And Shilka went to the Cold Sea."

To the aid of V. Kolesnikov, from whom no news came to Yeniseisk, the boyar's son came to Baikal along the Angara at the end of May 1647 Ivan PokhabovIn 1644, he was the first with 30 "hunting" people to visit the lower Seleig and collect yasak, sometimes by far from peaceful means. at the head of a detachment of 100 people. He walked along the western and southern shores of the lake and arrived at the Selenga, and on the way he had numerous collisions with the Buryats. On the lower Selenga and Uda, the Cossacks demanded the payment of yasak, but the inhabitants, naturally, refused to pay again. They began to unite in large detachments and fight the Russians; the struggle dragged on until 1655, and only then the Buryats, devastated by the war, laid down their arms. Returning to Baikal, Pokhabov set up a prison in Kultuk, in the southwestern part of the lake.

Discovery of East Asia by Russians

The next, in 1648, Ivan Galkin's detachment passed along the eastern coast of Lake Baikal to the river. Barguzin and about 50 km from its mouth in the summer was founded by the Barguzinsky prison, which became the main base for the further advance of the Russians in Transbaikalia. In 1649, Galkin collected tribute from the Evenks who lived along the tributaries of the upper Vitim and in the region of the Yeravninskie lakes. He himself, or rather his messengers, visited the Mui Valley, the left tributary of the middle Vitim. Several Cossacks, sent by Galkin to the east of the Yeravninsky lakes, crossed the Yablonovy ridge and reached the river. Shilka, but hunger forced them to return (1650). By this time, the Russians had accumulated inquiry data about the huge river. Shilke-Shilkare (Amur), flowing to the east and flowing into an unknown sea. On Lake Baikal and in Transbaikalia, the Russians finally consolidated themselves somewhat later, with the foundation of Irkutsk. First (in 1652) on the Dyachiy island, near the mouth of the Irkut (left tributary of the Angara), I. Pokhabov built a yasak winter hut. Then (in 1661) on the right bank of the Angara, opposite the mouth of the Irkut, a prison was set up, which was soon transformed into the city of Irkutsk. In the XVIII century. it became the center of Russian rule in Eastern Siberia.

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