Corporate information system (CIS) is a scalable system designed for the integrated automation of all types of economic activities of large and medium-sized enterprises, including corporations consisting of a group of companies requiring unified management.
"Corporate" in terms of CIS means the compliance of the system with the needs of a large company with a complex territorial structure.
The information system of the individual subdivisions that make up the firm (financial, economic, marketing, etc.) cannot claim to be corporative. Only a fully functional system can rightfully be described as a corporate information system.
The main task of the CIS is to support the functioning and development of the enterprise. The raison d'être of any commercial enterprise, as you know, is to make a profit. Despite the fact that the spheres of activity of enterprises (production, services) can be very different, in general, the management tasks are similar. They consist in organizing the management of the resources entering the enterprise in order to obtain the required result at the output.
Thus, we can conclude that the information structure of a firm should be described by characteristic control laws governing control actions on the system.
Enterprise information systems are targeted at large companies and can support geographically dispersed nodes or networks. Basically, they have a hierarchical structure of several levels. Such systems are characterized by a client-server architecture with specialization of servers or a multi-tier architecture. When developing such systems, the same database servers can be used as when developing group information systems. However, in large information systems, the most common servers are Oracle, DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server.
For group and corporate systems, the requirements for the reliability of operation and data safety are significantly increased. These properties are maintained by maintaining data, reference, and transactional integrity in the database servers.
The structure of the CIS should include tools for documentation support of management, information support of subject areas, communication software, tools for organizing teamwork of employees and other auxiliary (technological) products. From this, in particular, it follows that a mandatory requirement for corporate information systems is the integration of a large number of software products.

The main subsystems of the CIS and their purpose
1	2	3	4	5
Marketing subsystem	Production subsystems	Financial and accounting subsystems	Subsystem of personnel (human resources)	Other subsystems (for example, management IS)
Market research and sales forecasting	Scheduling of work volumes and development of time schedules	Portfolio management	Analysis and forecasting of the need for labor resources	Control over the activities of the company
Sales management	Operational control and production management	Credit Policy Management	Maintaining archives of personnel records	Identifying operational problems
Recommendations for the production of new products	Analysis of equipment operation	Financial plan development	Analysis and planning of training	Analysis of management and strategic situations
Analysis and pricing	Participation in the formation of orders to suppliers	Financial analysis and forecasting		Supporting the strategic decision making process
Accounting for orders	Inventory Management	Budget control, accounting and payroll

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS

Oracle E-Business Suite (OEBC), an ERP system developed by Oracle Corporation. It is a full-featured complex of integrated business applications for enterprise management, which includes the following areas of the company: finance, production, human resources, procurement, logistics, marketing, sales, service, relations with suppliers and customers, etc.

Oracle E-Business Suite Modules and Subsystems

Business performance management (CPM)

Materials management

Customer relationship management

Maintenance and repair management

Personnel management system

Production Management

Project management

Financial service

Lifecycle management

Logistics management
Average:

Microsoft Dynamics NAV is an ERP-class Integrated Business Management Solution supplied by Microsoft in a new line of Microsoft Dynamics products for small and medium businesses. The following functionality is implemented in this system:

financial management

business analysis

supply chain management

warehouse management

customer relationship management

electronic commerce

production
Small:

1C: Enterprise

APPENDIX. About various CIS

Just in case, infa may come in handy to prepare an answer.

Business process is a stable information process (sequence of work) related to the production and economic activities of a company. A business process includes a hierarchy of interrelated functional actions that implement one or more of the business goals of a company in its information system (for example, management and analysis of production or resource support for production). By products we mean the final result of the enterprise, whether it be goods, services, solutions or documents.

Rice. 1 Abstract CIS
Corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning System)
All of the above (for the ticket) basically refers to this type!
Modern ERP has emerged as a result of nearly forty years of evolution in management and information technology. They are intended mainly for building a single information space of an enterprise (uniting all departments and functions), effectively managing all the company's resources related to sales, production, and order accounting. An ERP system is built on a modular basis and, as a rule, includes a security module to prevent both internal and external information theft.
Problems arise mainly due to incorrect operation or the initial construction of a system implementation plan. For example, reduced investment in training staff to work in the system significantly reduces efficiency. Therefore, ERP systems are usually not implemented immediately in full, but in separate modules (especially at the initial stage).

CRM (Customer Relationship Management System)
A class of customer relationship management systems has become widespread in recent years. CRM-system helps to automate the work of an enterprise with clients, create a client base and use it for the effectiveness of your business. After all, the success of a company, regardless of its size, depends on the ability to better understand the needs of customers and market trends, as well as to realize the opportunities that arise at various stages of interaction with customers. Such functions as the automation of business processes in the relationship with the client, control of absolutely all transactions (it is important to keep track of the most important and complex transactions), the constant collection of information about customers and analysis of all stages of the implementation of transactions are the main responsibilities of systems of this class.
CRM is no longer a novelty for the Russian market, and its use is becoming an ordinary business project of the company.
Most experts estimate the Russian market for CRM systems at $ 50-70 million and talk about its constant growth. The current domestic market is characterized by the phase of accumulation of experience by companies in the use of CRM in their business.
CRM is most actively used by companies in the financial, telecommunications (including the top three mobile operators in Russia) and the insurance market. Of course, the financial leader is in the lead.
MES (Manufacturing Execution System)
MES class systems are designed for the production environment of the enterprise. Systems of this class monitor and document the entire production process, display the production cycle in real time. Unlike ERP, which does not directly affect the process, with the help of MES it becomes possible to adjust (or completely rebuild) the process as many times as necessary. In other words, systems of this class are designed to optimize production and increase its profitability.
By collecting and analyzing data obtained, for example, from technological lines, they give a more detailed view of the production activity of the enterprise (from the formation of an order to the shipment of finished products), improving the financial performance of the enterprise. All the main indicators that are included in the main course of the industry economy (return on fixed assets, cash flow, cost, profit and productivity) are displayed in detail during production. Experts call MES a bridge between the financial operations of ERP systems and the operational activities of an enterprise at the level of a workshop, site or line.

WMS (Warehouse Management System)
As the name suggests, it is a management system that provides comprehensive automation of warehouse management. A necessary and effective tool for a modern warehouse (for example, "1C: Warehouse").

EAM (Enterprise Asset Management)
An enterprise asset management system that allows you to reduce equipment downtime, maintenance, repair and procurement costs. It is a necessary tool in the work of capital-intensive industries (energy, transport, housing and communal services, mining and aircraft).
Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. In accounting and tax accounting, fixed assets reflected in monetary terms are called fixed assets.
Historically, EAM systems arose from CMMS systems (another class of IS, repair management). Now EAM modules are also included in large packages of ERP systems (such as mySAP Business Suite, IFS Applications, Oracle E-Business Suite, etc.).

HRM (Human Resource Management)
The personnel management system is one of the most important components of modern management. The main purpose of such systems is to attract and retain HR specialists valuable for the enterprise. HRM systems solve two main tasks: streamlining all accounting and settlement processes related to personnel, and reducing the percentage of employees leaving. Thus, HRM-systems in a certain sense can be called “CRM-systems vice versa”, attracting and retaining not customers, but their own employees. Of course, the methods used here are completely different, but the general approaches are similar.
Functions of HRM systems:

Search for personnel;

Selection and selection of personnel;

Personel assessment;

Personnel training and development;

Corporate culture management;

Staff motivation;

Labour Organization.
EDMS (Electronic Document Management Systems)
It is difficult to imagine a company without documents. The organization of document circulation is called upon to deal with the EDMS.

It is impossible to give a general definition of a corporate information system as a set of functional features based on any general requirements and standards. Such a definition of a corporate information system can be given only in relation to a specific company that uses or is going to build a corporate information system. In general terms, only some of the main features of a corporate information system can be given:

• Compliance with the needs of the company, the business of the company, consistency with the organizational and financial structure of the company, the culture of the company.
• Integration.
• Openness and scalability.

1. The first feature contains all the functional features of a particular corporate information system of a particular company, they are strictly individual for each company. For example, for one company, the corporate information system must have a class not lower than ERP, and for another, a system of this class is absolutely not optimal, and will only increase costs. And if you dig deeper, then different companies, based on their needs, can invest in the concept of ERP (and even more so ERPII) different meanings, different functions, different implementations. Only the accounting and payroll functions regulated by external legislation can be common to all companies, all the rest are strictly individual. The second and third signs are general, but very specific.

2. A corporate information system is not a set of programs for automating the company's business processes (production, resource and company management), it is an end-to-end integrated automated system, in which each individual system module (responsible for its own business process) in real time (or close to real) all the necessary information generated by other modules is available (without additional and, even more so, double input of information).

3. The corporate information system should be open for the inclusion of additional modules and system expansion, both in scale and function, and in the areas covered. Based on the foregoing, the corporate information system can only be defined as follows:

Corporate information system is an open integrated real-time automated system for automating business processes of a company at all levels, including business processes for making management decisions. At the same time, the degree of automation of business processes is determined based on ensuring the maximum profit of the company.

For group and corporate systems, the requirements for the reliability of operation and data safety are significantly increased. These properties are maintained by maintaining data, reference, and transactional integrity in the database servers.

The most essential feature of an integrated information system should be the expansion of the automation loop to obtain a closed, self-regulating system capable of flexibly and quickly rebuilding the principles of its functioning.

The structure of the CIS should include tools for documentation support of management, information support of subject areas, communication software, tools for organizing teamwork of employees and other auxiliary (technological) products. From this, in particular, it follows that a mandatory requirement for corporate information systems is the integration of a large number of software products.

CIS should be understood primarily as a system, and then only software. But often this term is used by IT specialists as a unifying name for software systems of the CASE, ERP, CRM, MRP, etc. families.

The main factors influencing the development of CIS

Recently, more and more managers are beginning to clearly understand the importance of building a corporate information system at an enterprise as a necessary tool for successful business management in modern conditions. In order to choose a promising software for building a corporate information system, it is necessary to be aware of all aspects of the development of basic development methodologies and technologies.

There are three most significant factors that significantly affect the development of CIS:

• Development of enterprise management techniques.

The theory of enterprise management is a fairly extensive subject for study and improvement. This is due to a wide range of constant changes in the situation on the world market. The ever-increasing level of competition is forcing CEOs to look for new ways to maintain their market presence and maintain profitability. These methods can be diversification, decentralization, quality management, and more. A modern information system must meet all innovations in the theory and practice of management. Undoubtedly, this is the most important factor, since building a technically advanced system that does not meet the requirements for functionality does not make sense.

• Development of general capabilities and performance of computer systems.

Progress in the field of increasing the capacity and productivity of computer systems, the development of network technologies and data transmission systems, ample opportunities for integrating computer technology with a wide variety of equipment allow constantly increasing the productivity of CIS and their functionality.

• Development of approaches to the technical and software implementation of CIS elements.

In parallel with the development of "hardware", over the past ten years, there is a constant search for new, more convenient and universal methods of software and technological implementation of CIS. First, the general approach to programming is changing: since the beginning of the 90s, object-oriented programming has actually supplanted modular programming, now methods for constructing object models are being continuously improved. Secondly, in connection with the development of network technologies, local accounting systems are giving way to client-server implementations. In addition, in connection with the active development of Internet networks, there are more and more opportunities for working with remote departments, broad prospects for e-commerce, customer service via the Internet, and much more are opening up. It turned out that the use of Internet technologies in enterprise intranets also offers obvious advantages. The use of certain technologies in the construction of information systems is not an end in itself for the developer, and those technologies that best meet existing needs are most developed.

Purpose of corporate information systems

The main goal of the corporate information system is to increase the company's profit through the most efficient use of all the company's resources and improve the quality of management decisions.

The purpose of the design and implementation of CIS:

• complex activity for solving business problems by means of modern information technologies.
• KIS is a corporate integrated information management system of an enterprise that ensures its qualitative growth.

Allows:

• visualize the activities of the enterprise, providing the management with the opportunity to correctly assess the existing shortcomings and find sources of potential and directions for improvement;
• reduce the time for setting up the IMS for the specific features of the enterprise;
• display and fix in a form, ready for subsequent deployment, options for the implementation of the IMS, each of which can be selected during the transition to the next stage of enterprise development.

Total project cost

• The cost of computer technology and communication equipment;
• The cost of licenses for the use of corporate information systems;
• Cost of system software and database server (DBMS);
• Survey and design cost;
• CIS implementation cost;
• The cost of operating the CIS.

Types of corporate information systems

Corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning System)

Modern ERP has emerged as a result of nearly forty years of evolution in management and information technology. They are intended mainly for building a single information space of an enterprise (uniting all departments and functions), effectively managing all the company's resources related to sales, production, and order accounting. An ERP system is built on a modular basis and, as a rule, includes a security module to prevent both internal and external information theft.

Problems arise mainly due to incorrect operation or the initial construction of a system implementation plan. For example, reduced investment in training staff to work in the system significantly reduces efficiency. Therefore, ERP systems are usually not implemented immediately in full, but in separate modules (especially at the initial stage).

CRM (Customer Relationship Management System)

A class of customer relationship management systems has become widespread in recent years. CRM-system helps to automate the work of an enterprise with clients, create a client base and use it for the effectiveness of your business. After all, the success of a company, regardless of its size, depends on the ability to better understand the needs of customers and market trends, as well as to realize the opportunities that arise at various stages of interaction with customers. Such functions as the automation of business processes in the relationship with the client, control of absolutely all transactions (it is important to keep track of the most important and complex transactions), the constant collection of information about customers and analysis of all stages of the implementation of transactions are the main responsibilities of systems of this class.

CRM is no longer a novelty for the Russian market, and its use is becoming an ordinary business project of the company.

Most experts estimate the Russian market for CRM systems at $ 50-70 million and talk about its constant growth. The current domestic market is characterized by the phase of accumulation of experience by companies in the use of CRM in their business.

CRM is most actively used by companies in the financial, telecommunications (including the top three mobile operators in Russia) and the insurance market. Of course, the financial leader is in the lead.

MES (Manufacturing Execution System)

MES class systems are designed for the production environment of the enterprise. Systems of this class monitor and document the entire production process, display the production cycle in real time. Unlike ERP, which does not directly affect the process, with the help of MES it becomes possible to adjust (or completely rebuild) the process as many times as necessary. In other words, systems of this class are designed to optimize production and increase its profitability.

By collecting and analyzing data obtained, for example, from technological lines, they give a more detailed view of the production activity of the enterprise (from the formation of an order to the shipment of finished products), improving the financial performance of the enterprise. All the main indicators that are included in the main course of the industry economy (return on fixed assets, cash flow, cost, profit and productivity) are displayed in detail during production. Experts call MES a bridge between the financial operations of ERP systems and the operational activities of an enterprise at the level of a workshop, site or line.

WMS (Warehouse Management System)

As the name suggests, it is a management system that provides comprehensive automation of warehouse management. A necessary and effective tool for a modern warehouse (for example, "1C: Warehouse").

EAM (Enterprise Asset Management)

An enterprise asset management system that allows you to reduce equipment downtime, maintenance, repair and procurement costs. It is a necessary tool in the work of capital-intensive industries (energy, transport, housing and communal services, mining and aircraft).

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. In accounting and tax accounting, fixed assets reflected in monetary terms are called fixed assets.

Historically, EAM systems arose from CMMS systems (another class of IS, repair management). Now EAM modules are also included in large packages of ERP systems (such as mySAP Business Suite, IFS Applications, Oracle E-Business Suite, etc.).

HRM (Human Resource Management)

The personnel management system is one of the most important components of modern management. The main purpose of such systems is to attract and retain HR specialists valuable for the enterprise. HRM systems solve two main tasks: streamlining all accounting and settlement processes related to personnel, and reducing the percentage of employees leaving. Thus, HRM-systems in a certain sense can be called “CRM-systems vice versa”, attracting and retaining not customers, but their own employees. Of course, the methods used here are completely different, but the general approaches are similar.

Functions of HRM systems:

• Search for personnel;
• Selection and selection of personnel;
• Personel assessment;
• Personnel training and development;
• Corporate culture management;
• Staff motivation;
• Labour Organization.

CIS subsystems

Corporate IS includes the organization's computer infrastructure and interconnected subsystems based on it, which ensure the solution of the organization's problems.

Such subsystems can be:

• information and reference systems, including hypertext and geoinformation systems;
• document management system;
• transaction processing system (actions to change information in databases);
• decision support system.

According to the method of organization, corporate information systems are divided:

• file server systems;
• client-server systems;
• three-link systems;
• systems based on internet / intranet technologies.

A server is any system (a separate computer with corresponding software or a separate software system as part of software) designed to provide some computing resources to other systems (computers or programs) called clients.

Local systems

• Designed mainly for the automation of accounting in one or several areas (accounting, sales, warehouses, personnel records, etc.).
• The cost of local systems ranges from $ 5,000 to $ 50,000.

Financial and management systems

• The systems can be flexibly adjusted to the needs of a particular enterprise, integrate well the activities of the enterprise and are intended, first of all, for accounting and management of resources of non-manufacturing companies.
• The cost of financial and management systems can be roughly defined in the range from $ 50,000 to $ 200,000.

Medium integrated systems

• Designed for the management of a manufacturing enterprise and integrated planning of the production process.
• Medium systems in many respects are much tougher than financial and management systems.
• The manufacturing enterprise should, first of all, operate like a well-oiled clock, where the main control mechanisms are planning and optimal management of the inventory and the production process, and not accounting for the number of invoices for the period.
• The cost of implementing medium-sized systems starts, like that of financial and management systems, in the region of $ 50,000, but, depending on the scope of the project, can reach $ 500,000 or more.

Large integrated systems

• They differ from the average in the set of vertical markets and the depth of support for the management processes of large multifunctional groups of enterprises (holdings or FIGs).
• The systems have the most functionality, including production management, management of complex financial flows, corporate consolidation, global planning and budgeting, etc.
• The project cost is over $ 500,000.

Implementation of CIS

After the stage of choosing a corporate information system (CIS), the stage of implementation begins, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. Indeed, all the benefits and advantages declared by the developers of corporate software, obtained as a result of acquiring a specific corporate information system, will manifest themselves only in the case of its successful implementation.

The main difficulties in the implementation of corporate information systems

• insufficient formalization of management processes at the enterprise;
• lack of complete understanding among managers of the mechanisms for implementing decisions and how performers work;
• the need to reorganize the enterprise into an information system;
• the need to change the technology of the business process;
• the need to attract new specialists for IP management and retraining of own specialists to work in the system;
• the resistance of employees and managers (at present it plays an important role because people are not yet accustomed to integrating computer technologies into an enterprise);
• the need to form a qualified team of implementers, the team includes employees of the enterprise and one of the high-ranking leaders of the enterprise who is interested in implementation (in the absence of interest, the pragmatic aspect of introducing corporate information systems is minimized).

Factors of successful implementation of corporate information systems

• Participation of management in implementation
• Availability and adherence to the implementation plan
• Managers have clear goals and requirements for the project
• Participation in the implementation of the company's specialists - the client
• Quality of CIS and solution provider teams
• Reengineering of business processes before implementation
• The company has a developed strategy

The main difficulties in the implementation of a corporate information system

• Inattention of the company's management to the project
• Lack of clearly articulated project objectives
• Informalization of business processes in the company
• The company's unwillingness to change
• Instability of legislation 6 Corruption in companies
• Low qualification of personnel in the company
• Insufficient funding of projects

CIS implementation results

• increasing the internal manageability of the company, flexibility and resilience to external influences,
• increasing the efficiency of the company, its competitiveness, and, ultimately, profitability,
• sales volumes increase,
• the cost price is reduced,
• warehouse stocks are decreasing,
• lead times are reduced,
• interaction with suppliers is improving.

Benefits of implementing corporate information systems

• obtaining reliable and timely information on the activities of all divisions of the company;
• improving the efficiency of company management;
• reducing the cost of working time to perform work operations;
A source - " "

Annotation: Management accounting and reporting. Automated information systems. Integrated information environment. Evolution of CIS.

7. Corporate information systems. Information technology enterprises

Introduction

Modern corporate information systems (CIS) play a very important role in business today.

Rice. 7.1.

CIS reflects the conceptual and physical architecture of the organization and accompanies its multifunctional activities. The basis of corporate information systems at the present stage is the so-called enterprise resource planning systems (Enterprise Recourse Planning - ERP). World experience shows that a skillfully selected and implemented ERP-system significantly improves the manageability of the enterprise and increases the efficiency of its work.

7.1. Management accounting and reporting

Building a corporate information system should begin with an analysis of the organization's governance structure and the associated data and information flows. Coordination of the work of all divisions of the organization is carried out through management bodies of different levels. Management is understood as the achievement of the set goal, subject to the implementation of the following main functions: organizational, planning, accounting, analysis, control, incentives.

In recent years, the concept of "decision-making" and the systems, methods, and means of support for decision-making related to this concept have been increasingly used in the field of management. Making and executing a business decision is the act of forming and purposefully influencing a control object based on an analysis of the situation, defining a goal, developing a policy and a program (algorithm) to achieve this goal.

The first step on the way to effective management is the creation of a system for collecting, prompt processing and receiving prompt, accurate and reliable information about the activities of the enterprise - a system for the implementation of management accounting.

Management accounting is a problem for a significant part of enterprise managers, mainly due to the lack of an appropriate system for processing and presenting data on the basis of which decisions are made. Sometimes the information obtained by management for control and decision-making is formed from the financial reporting system, personnel records, etc. The problem is that this information serves specific purposes and does not meet the needs of management for decision-making. Therefore, in many enterprises, there are two parallel accounting systems - accounting and management (practical), that is, serving to ensure the implementation of the daily work tasks of employees and managers of the enterprise. As a rule, such records are kept on a bottom-up basis. To perform their work, the employees of the enterprise record the data they need (primary information). When the management of the enterprise needs to get some information about the state of affairs in the enterprise, it makes inquiries [Ї to the managers of a lower level, and those, in turn, to the performers.

The consequence of such a spontaneous approach to the formation of the reporting system is that, as a rule, there is a conflict between the information that the management wants to receive and the data that the performers can provide. The reason for this conflict is obvious - different information is required at different levels of the enterprise hierarchy, and when building a bottom-up reporting system, the main principle of building an information system - focusing on the first person - is violated. Performers either have the wrong kind of data that management needs, or the right data with the wrong degree of granularity or generalization.

Most executives do receive reports on the work of their departments, but this information is either too extensive - for example, filing sales agreements instead of a summary report with figures on total sales for a specified period, or, conversely, is not complete enough. In addition, information arrives late - for example, you can receive information about accounts receivable 20 days after the end of the month, and in the meantime, the sales department has already shipped the goods to the customer with a late last payment. Inaccurate data can lead to poor decisions. Delayed accurate data also loses its value.

In order for the management of the enterprise to be able to receive the data it needs for making management decisions, it is necessary to build a reporting system "from top to bottom", formulating the needs of the upper management level and projecting them onto the lower levels of performance. Only such an approach ensures the receipt and recording at the lowest executive level of such primary data, which in a generalized form will be able to give the management of the enterprise the information it needs.

The most important requirements for the management accounting system are timeliness, uniformity, accuracy and regularity of receiving information by the management of the enterprise. These requirements can be implemented by observing a number of simple principles of building a system for generating management reporting:

• the system should be focused on decision-makers and employees of the analytical department;
• the system should be built "from top to bottom", managers of each level should analyze the composition and frequency of the data they need to perform their work;
• performers should be able to record and transfer "upward" the data established by their management;
• data should be recorded where it is generated;
• information of varying degrees of detail should become available to all interested consumers immediately after it is recorded.

It is obvious that these requirements can be most fully implemented using an automated system. However, the experience of streamlining management reporting systems at various enterprises shows that the introduction of an automated management accounting system should be preceded by a fairly large "paper" work. Its implementation allows you to simulate various features of the management reporting of an enterprise and, thereby, speed up the process of system implementation and avoid many costly mistakes.

7.2. Automated information systems

The term "automated control systems" (ACS) first appeared in Russia in the 1960s. Of the twentieth century in connection with the use of computers and information technology in the management of economic objects and processes, which made it possible to increase production efficiency, better use resources, save managers from performing mandatory routine operations.

For any enterprise, the possibility of increasing production efficiency is primarily determined by the effectiveness of the existing management system. Coordinated interaction between all departments, prompt processing and analysis of the data received, long-term planning and forecasting of the market state - this is not a complete list of tasks that can be solved by the introduction of a modern automated control system (Fig. 7.2).

In this regard, speaking of the increased interest of Russian enterprises in the implementation of automated control systems, it should be noted that currently two main trends in their development and implementation prevail on the domestic market.

The first is that the company is trying to gradually introduce automation systems only in certain areas of its activities, suggesting in the future to combine them into a common system, or content with "piecewise" ("patchwork") automation. Despite the fact that this path, at first glance, seems less costly, the experience of implementing such systems shows that the minimum costs in such projects often turn into their minimum return, or even do not bring the desired result at all. Moreover, the maintenance and development of such systems is extremely difficult and costly.

The second trend is the integrated implementation of automation systems, which allows us to cover all links of the management system from the lower level of production units to the upper management level. In this case, such a system includes:

• automation of many areas of the enterprise (accounting, personnel management, sales, supply, etc.);
• automation of the main technological processes of the enterprise;
• automation of management processes, analysis and strategic planning processes.
• Currently, in world practice, the names are used to denote fully-functional integrated ACS used by firms:
• MRP (Material Requirement Planning),
• MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning),
• ERP-system (Enterprise Resource Planning),
• ERP-II and CSRP (Customer Synchronized Relationship Planning).

There is no unambiguous and generally accepted general classification of IT enterprises. A possible version of the generalized structure of modern information technologies implemented in industrial production of various types is shown in Figure 7.2, in which the following generally accepted abbreviations are made:

• CAD - Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAD / CAM;
• AS CCI - automated systems for technological preparation of production (Computer Aided Engineering - CAE);
• ACS TP - automated control systems for technological processes (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - SCADA);
• ACS P - an integrated automated enterprise management system (Enterprise Resource Planning - ERP); WF - workflows (WorkFlow);
• CRM - customer relationship management;
• B2B - electronic trading platform ("online business");
• DSS - management decision support;
• SPSS - Statistical Data Analysis;
• OLAP - analysis of multidimensional data;
• MIS - management information system (AWP) of the head;
• SCM - supply chain management;
• PLM - product lifecycle management (typical for discrete manufacturing);
• ERP-II - expansion of the ERP system for the production contours (i.e. ERP + CRM + B2B + DSS + SCM + PLM, etc.);
• WAN - global (external) networks and telecommunications (Wide Area Net);
• HR - "Human Resource Management", can be considered as an independent task, and as part of the ERP (which is shown in the figure in the form of two links);
• LAN - Local Area Networks.

From the point of view of the implementation of information technology, all enterprises can be divided into two large classes: enterprises with a discrete type of production (discrete production) and enterprises with continuous production (continuous production). For continuous production, the introduction of CAD / CAM is mainly reduced to the introduction of graphics systems.

At the same time, the role of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry is growing. The tasks of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry are significantly expanding towards technological calculations, modeling of technological processes. Automated systems for technological preparation of production - AS CCI (CAE) begin to play a decisive role in the organization of production (the process in continuous production is almost impossible to organize without technological calculations and modeling).

For continuous production, the introduction of automated process control systems (SCADA) is becoming very relevant, the efficiency of which directly depends on the efficiency of production. Most SCADA solutions are based on several software components (real-time database, input-output devices, history of typical and emergency situations, etc.) and administrators (access, control, messages).

A lot of specificity appears during the implementation of an integrated automated enterprise management system in continuous production - APCS.

7.3. Integrated information environment

Despite the significant expansion of the market of information services and products in recent years, the information support of the enterprise management system is still at an insufficient level. Information and telecommunication systems operate mainly in the interests of the highest levels of management and, as a rule, without the necessary interaction between them. This situation leads to duplication of work, redundancy in the collection of primary information, higher costs of development and operation of systems.

A single information space of an enterprise is a set of databases and data banks, technologies for their maintenance and use, information and telecommunication systems and networks operating on the basis of uniform principles and according to general rules. Such a space provides secure information interaction for all participants, and also satisfies their information needs in accordance with the hierarchy of responsibilities and the level of data access.

Rice. 7.3.

Rice. 7.4.

An integrated information environment is considered as a complex of problem-oriented, interconnected and interacting information subsystems. The conceptual model of the CIS should adequately reflect this environment (Fig. 7.3). Such an environment as the basis of a single information space includes the following main components (Fig. 7.4):

• telecommunication environment (communication software), means of organizing teamwork of employees (Groupware);
• information resources, information systems and mechanisms for providing information on their basis:
  • ERP system;
  • Electronic document management software;
  • Software for information support of subject areas;
  • Software for operational analysis of information and decision support;
  • Project management software; embedded tools and other products (for example, CAD / CAM / CAE / PDM systems;
  • Personnel management software, etc.).
• organizational infrastructure that ensures the functioning and development of the information environment, a system of training and retraining of specialists and users of the information environment.

The creation of an integrated information environment should be carried out taking into account the following requirements:

• vertical and horizontal integration of existing and newly created corporate and problem-oriented information environments;
• the unity of organizational, technical and technological principles of building the information environment;
• the existence of a unified data transmission system based on various physical media (fiber-optic, satellite, radio relay and other communication channels) as the basis for horizontal and vertical integration of information environments and computer networks;
• strict adherence to international and Russian standards in the field of information and computer networks, protocols and communication facilities, information resources and systems;
• providing users with access to open and protected databases for various purposes;
• ensuring information security and multi-level protection of information from unauthorized access, including guarantees of the authenticity of information disseminated in the information environment;
• creation of systems and means of collective access in a computer network;
• development of information resources and problem-oriented systems based on the ideology of information storages and open systems that provide the possibility of joint use of various hardware platforms and operating systems;
• the use of a modular principle in the design of centers and nodes for storing and processing information, subscriber points and user workstations;
• use of certified software and hardware solutions and unified components of functioning systems and networks;
• informatization monitoring, accounting, registration and certification of information resources;
• development of mechanisms and means of providing information services to end users, certification and licensing of information services;
• use of organizational and methodological materials, system requirements, standards and recommendations for the integration of networks, systems, databases and automated cadastres.

Undoubtedly, the analysis of the general state of informatization, trends and prospects for its development should be based on certain prerequisites and methodological requirements, without which it is difficult to talk about its successes or failures.

2.1. Sources of information in CIS

Information that arises during the preparation and in the process of production and economic activity of a business entity and is used to manage this activity is regarded as economic. Economic information is considered in three aspects: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic.

The pragmatic aspect associated with the consideration of the value, the usefulness of the use of economic information for making management decisions.

Semantic aspect means the study of the semantic content of information.

Syntactic aspect allows you to set the parameters of information flows, considers the forms of presentation of information regardless of the content.

The main sources of information supplied to the CIS are:

1. Operational data on the economic, financial, administrative and economic and management activities of a business entity.

2. Regulatory reference, planning, statistical and legal documentation.

3. Data on external relations of a business entity.

4. Initial and intermediate data of all applied programs and applications used in the circuits of the corporate information system.

5. Individuals and legal entities that enter information into the corporate information system throughout its life cycle.

2.2. Management object information models

Model Is a substitute object (some simplified semblance of a real object), which under certain conditions can replace the original object.

The creation of models is carried out with the aim of reflecting and studying the most interesting properties and characteristics of the original object, in the interests of making management decisions.

Models are usually distinguished by types:

material models(a physical model of an airplane, car, human dummy, etc.),

information models(reflect a person's knowledge of the object or process under study).

For information systems, the most characteristic are information models, which, in turn, are subdivided into:

statistical models(describe the state of an object or process at a fixed point in time),

dynamic models(describe the behavior of an object or process over a certain continuous period of time).

Information models provide representation of objects and processes in a figurative, symbolic form, as well as in the form of tables, graphs, block diagrams, etc.

Figurative information models are visual images of objects recorded on a material carrier of information (drawings, photographs, videos, etc.).

Iconic information models are created using different languages ​​(sign systems). The sign information model can be presented in the form of text (for example, a program in a programming language) or a mathematical formula. Sometimes, when constructing sign information models, several different languages ​​are used simultaneously. Examples of such models are drawings, electrical and logical diagrams, geographic maps, block diagrams of algorithms, graphs and diagrams, etc. In all these models, both the language of graphic elements and the symbolic language are used simultaneously.

The tabular form of information models is used to describe objects that have the same sets of properties.

Currently, information models are usually built and researched using modern computer technology.

Models describing information management processes in complex systems are called information models of management processes.

2.3. Information arrays and streams

In the interests of streamlining and simplifying the organization of information processes, documented information can be combined into information arrays, streams and information bases.

Information array Is a collection of data sets (documents) of the same form of presentation or data sets related to one task.

There are the following types of arrays:

Persistent arrays- contain normative and reference information for long-term storage and repeated use.

Variable arrays- contain information reflecting the current state of the control object.

Basic arrays- contain information used to solve specific control problems.

Auxiliary arrays- accumulate the transformed data of the main arrays in order to provide a more rational process for solving the problem,

Intermediate arrays- contain intermediate data of calculations obtained when solving a problem and used as input data when solving subsequent problems,

Input and output arrays- determine the nature of their relationship to the considered information processes of data processing: input and output,

Current (working) arrays- contain information about the state of a controlled object or process at a given point in time.

Information flow Is a dynamically changing set of information arrays related to a certain direction of management activity.

2.4. Information support of CIS

Information support of CIS Is a set of information flows circulating in a corporation, as well as documented information and information contained in a corporate database and knowledge.

Information flows reflect the routes of information movement, its volumes, sources of primary information and directions for using the processed information.

CIS information support is based on a unified classification system, information coding and unified documentation systems.

Classification systems define which level a document belongs to at a national, sectoral or regional level.

When coding information, each type of document is assigned a special group of characters according to certain coding principles. For example, a nationwide classifier contains three blocks of characters: a registration number code, a name code, and a corporation's departmental, territorial, or industry-specific code. Symbolic coding facilitates the search, selection, sorting of information, allows you to determine the place of execution of the document and facilitates the transmission of messages through communication channels.

Unified documentation systems are created with the aim of ensuring the comparability of various spheres of social activity.

Information support is used in the corporate information system for the timely formation and issuance of reliable information necessary for making management decisions within the corporation.

The information support of the CIS is organized according to the principle of ensuring the operation of all software modules of the system in a single information space with the provision of the possibility of local operation of individual subsystems, user groups and workplaces.

In case of technical implementation, the information support of the CIS is organized according to the principle of block-modular construction, which is based on information blocks or information circuits.

In fact, blocks (contours) determine the list and content of information flows of the corporate information system. The main blocks of information support for corporate information systems in the production sector are:

1. Block of strategic and current business planning.

In accordance with the functional purpose, it includes:

Marketing. Product positioning, market segmentation, monitoring of the competitive environment, formation of sales channels, pricing, sales forecasting and analysis, product promotion.

Technical and economic planning... Maintaining production plans of a top-level enterprise, maintaining consolidated rates of consumption of production resources per unit of product, volumetric calculation of the enterprise's needs for material and labor resources, drawing up cost estimates, pricing.

Agreements and settlements... Maintenance, accounting and evaluation of the fulfillment of contracts; control of settlements under contracts, stages of contracts; accounting for advance payments, offsetting and penalties; analysis of receivables and payables; connection of documents for shipment with documents for payment.

Financial management... Development and analysis of the execution of financial budgets; payment calendar and its execution; financial analysis of the stability and solvency of the enterprise, balance sheet liquidity. Formation of a portfolio of orders for the supply of products and services; accounting for the shipment of products and the performance of services; warehouse accounting of products and goods; reservation of goods; retail; communication with cash registers.

2. Block of material production and services.

Provides operational management. Its components:

Technical preparation of production... Design and technological preparation of production (maintaining product specifications, descriptions of technological processes, operational standards); calculation of consolidated rates of consumption of production resources per unit of product.

Project management... Network planning of make-to-order production; calculation of the need for production resources for the project; control of work execution.

Scheduling... Maintaining interdepartmental specifications and technological route for the manufacture of products; maintaining interdepartmental calendar-planning standards; interdepartmental accounting of the movement of products; work scheduling and resource requirements, taking into account work in progress; accounting and assessment of the implementation of calendar plans.

Structural division management... Internal operational scheduling, operational accounting of work performance, accounting for rejects and returnable waste, the formation of technical and economic indicators of the unit's work.

Service and service... Service after-sales service. A generalized list of subsystems that provide a solution to the problems of restoring fixed assets.

Industry solutions... The generalized name of the subsystems that implement the following solutions: settlements with telecommunication clients; settlements for utilities; vehicle management.

3. A block of issues of managing the cost of products and services, consisting of:

Cost management... Maintaining a planned cost estimate; accounting of production costs, commercial expenses and services of ancillary production; accounting for capital investment costs; distribution of costs over arbitrary distribution bases; work in progress accounting; calculation of the actual cost of production; analysis of deviations of the actual cost of production from the planned cost.

4. Block of issues of accounting and analysis of financial and economic activities.

Accounting... Cash accounting; accounting of materials, goods and finished products; settlements with accountable persons; accounting of fixed assets, intangible assets and capital investments; accounting of securities; settlements with counterparties; accounting of production costs; accounting, tax and statistical reporting data.

The financial analysis... Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise (assessment of the structure of balance sheet items: financial stability, balance sheet liquidity, solvency); analysis of the results of activity and business activity of the enterprise.

Sales and trade... Formation of a portfolio of orders for the supply of products and services; accounting for the shipment of products and the performance of services; warehouse accounting of products and goods; reservation of goods; retail; communication with cash registers.

Inventory control... Warehouse accounting of inventory items by storage locations and materially responsible persons; accounting of receipts, internal movement, shipment, inventory and revaluation of inventories.

Procurement scheduling.

Procurement and procurement... Maintaining a bidding company for the purchase of inventory items; organization of purchases; distribution of inventory items; optimization of stocks.

6. Block of questions of management of the labor resources of the enterprise. Its main components:

Staff... Personnel registration (personal cards, military registration, vacation schedule); maintenance of the staffing table (reference book of tariff and qualification grids, calculation of vacancies, planning and reservation of rates, history of changes in the staffing table); time keeping (work schedules and time records).

Salary... Calculation of accruals and deductions of wages; time sheet; salary deposit; piecework brigade and individual outfits; data for the analysis of the use of the payroll; formation of accounting entries for transactions related to wages.

Tax... Personal income tax reporting; reporting on the unified social tax; reporting for the Pension Fund. Preparation of data on magnetic media.

7. The block of information support for management accounting contains:

Business monitoring... Formation of operational information in all areas of the enterprise; analysis of financial and economic activities based on management accounting data; corporate reporting; reporting for internal audit.

8. Block of information resources management (management of the information system; applied tasks of document flow, tools).

Administration... Setting up the organizational and financial structure of a corporation, differentiating access rights to information, setting up user menus; definition of analytical reference books; system installation and version updates; system diagnostics.

Document flow... Preparation of documents and registers; routing and communication of documents; office work; control over the execution of documents.

Tooling tools... Generalized names of software modules that expand the capabilities of accompanying programmers and system administrators. The SQL console is a tool for interactive access to the database server.

To ensure the interaction of all information blocks during their joint work, it is necessary to create a special program - an integrator, which provides an interface at the network and client levels.

2.5. Information resources and their role in economic management

Resources- these are the sources and prerequisites for obtaining the material and spiritual benefits that people need, which can be realized with existing technologies and socio-economic relations.

Resources are classified into three main groups:

Material resources;

Labor resources (including intellectual resources);

Natural (natural) resources.

In the information society, information is an obligatory part of any sphere of human life and society as a whole, therefore it also acts as an essential resource.

Information resource- an organized set of documented information, including databases, other sets of interrelated information in information systems.

Documented information- information recorded on a tangible medium with details that allow it to be identified.

In other words, information resources (IR) are separate documents and separate arrays of documents in information systems: libraries, archives, funds, data banks, and other types of information systems.

Depending on the area of ​​use, the information resource is considered as a political resource, a military resource, a national economic resource, a resource of science and production.

Political information resource... Effective government management is impossible without reliable information about the state of the country's most important subsystems.

Military information resource... The success of a military operation is largely determined by the availability of information about the enemy and identified access to their own information. Therefore, the most important task for making decisions and implementing further actions is the search (intelligence) and protection of information. The information obtained is nothing more than intelligence, and classified information constitutes state and military secrets.

National economic information resource... National information resources - a new economic category. Information becomes the same main resource as materials and energy, and, therefore, in relation to this resource, fundamental questions must be formulated: forms of ownership, consumers and sources, access regulations, the possibility of commercial use.

Information resource of science and industry... About 100 thousand journals in 60 languages, 5 million scientific articles, books, brochures, 250 thousand dissertations and reports are published annually in the world. The World Fund for Descriptions of Inventions contains 500 million pages of text and is annually replenished with 1 million documents containing information on 350 thousand inventions. Every minute about 2 thousand pages of scientific texts are published in the world, every 1.5-2 minutes a new technical solution is proposed, every hour 15-20 inventions or discoveries are registered.

Processes in the economy are not only the movement of material resources and products, but also the movement of flows of information resources, without which reproduction in society is impossible.

On the scale of each enterprise, information resources are formed, which are created as a result of scientific, scientific and technical, industrial, economic, managerial, other creative, social, personal activities of its employees.

The information resource has a number of features:

· The inexhaustibility of the resource (the use of the resource does not lead to a decrease, but to its increase);

· The ability to influence production efficiency and economic growth without increasing the physical volume of traditional resources;

· Close connection and interaction with other types of resources, so, for example, an information resource is able to influence performance, the intellectual level of a person, the nature of his economic and social behavior.

Thus, the information resource plays an important role in economic management, as it is able to influence the workforce and the intellectual level of a person, the nature of his behavior, which ultimately affects production efficiency and economic growth.

The main task of the CIS is to support the functioning and development of the enterprise. The raison d'être of any commercial enterprise, as you know, is to make a profit. Despite the fact that the spheres of activity of enterprises (production, services) can be very different, in general, the management tasks are similar. They consist in organizing the management of the resources entering the enterprise in order to obtain the required result at the output.
Thus, we can conclude that the information structure of a firm should be described by characteristic control laws governing control actions on the system.
It is advisable for a large industrial enterprise to use a CIS that complies with the MRP II management laws. Such corporate information systems are able to provide the manager with the necessary information about the possibility of fulfilling orders for the supply of products. Other CIS are integrated enterprise management systems, the so-called ERP systems.
ERP systems can be used by large enterprises to manage and store data streams and contribute to the development of enterprise e-business.
Planning the implementation of computer information systems, in fact, is a reform of the enterprise management system. Therefore, a well-prepared plan will avoid many problems that arise during the implementation of the system and its subsequent operation. Changes in the management system are primarily associated with the use of the latest methods of working with information. The reform concerns the processes of business process management, planning, budgeting, control.
The use of CIS to a certain extent changes the role of functional financial departments, increasing the role of the responsibility of their leaders. This also happens because the heads of the enterprise get the opportunity to directly control any results of the activities of each division.
Along with the change in the essence of information flows, there is also a decrease in the complexity of performing standard operations. One and the same document passes through various divisions of the enterprise, which make the necessary changes to it. Without the use of a computerized information system, each department would create its own documents from the very beginning.
After the stage of choosing corporate IP (CIS), the stage of implementation begins, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated.
Indeed, all the benefits and advantages declared by the developers of corporate software, obtained as a result of acquiring a specific corporate information system, will manifest themselves only in the case of its successful implementation.
In essence, the process of introducing corporate information systems is quite costly, since these systems are expensive and the implementation process itself takes a lot of time.
In addition, the ongoing integration of corporate information systems leads to a further increase in the demand of enterprises for highly qualified specialists who know several corporate information systems and various types of business at the same time (which inevitably increases the cost of their services).
At the same time, despite the growing popularity of the use of corporate information systems, not everything is so smooth and cloudless in the world market for corporate information systems. This especially applies to customer satisfaction with the progress and results of the implementation of corporate information systems.
According to BCG analysts, corporate information systems are vital for enterprises, but the success of implementation depends on whether they were able to adapt them in accordance with the intended goals as close as possible to the essence of the ongoing production process.
The respondents consider a lower cost corporate information system to be the best. The formulation of strategies and goals is the main factor in the successful implementation of EIS. Projects based on a clear strategic vision and strategic assessments achieved positive results in 53% of cases (22% - in the absence of such a strategic approach). A thorough analysis of the current situation is a key factor for the success of the implementation.
Projects that conducted a detailed analysis of business opportunities (taking into account the actions of a competitor, the best indicators for doing business, as well as existing business practices) achieved positive results in 56% of cases (and only in 8% of cases when such an analysis was not carried out) ... Options and alternatives need to be reviewed frequently.
Projects implemented after a careful assessment of options and alternatives (that is, a simple transition to more modern software, restructuring of production processes and the use of intermediate solutions) achieved positive results in 43% of cases (and only in 9% of cases when these options were taken into account were not accepted).
The following main reasons for the need to implement corporate information systems in an enterprise can be identified:
1. Replacement of existing systems that do not meet the requirements of modern business (do not support multi-currency and multilingualism, do not scale for the tasks of the developing business of the enterprise, fragmented and do not allow to form a complete picture of the enterprise's activities, providing unsatisfactory speed of execution of the main business processes and insufficient efficiency of receiving and processing information necessary for making decisions).

2. The need to expand contacts (and their constant support) with partners and clients.

3. Achievement of the desired level of competitive advantage.

When using a corporate information system, it is more correct to speak, rather, about reducing corporate costs than about making real profits. In addition, the introduction of corporate information systems in an enterprise, as a rule, allows reducing inventories by 15% -35% with a simultaneous increase in overall productivity. But even more importantly, after the deployment of corporate information systems, its indirect benefits begin to manifest: the management of the enterprise has the opportunity to comprehensively analyze and develop strategic decisions, and establish closer relationships with customers and suppliers. All this leads to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

Some statistics can be cited as an example. Although it is collected on the example of Western companies, it can, with some degree of probability, be used at domestic enterprises:

Reducing transport and procurement costs -60%

Reducing the production cycle for customized products -50%

Reducing delays in the shipment of finished products -45%

Reduction of insurance stocks -40%

Decrease in manufacturing defects -35%

Reducing the cost of administrative and managerial staff -30%

Reduction of warehouse space -25%

Increase in the turnover of TMZ - 65%

Increase in the number of deliveries just in time - 80%

In a general sense, when introducing corporate information systems, an enterprise of any size and profile of activity receives the following advantages: it becomes possible to make more informed decisions; the quality of customer service is improving; relationships with suppliers are improving; labor productivity increases; the cost of production is reduced; accounting of financial and inventory holdings is being improved (and, consequently, the number of their thefts or losses is reduced); the turnover of goods improves and, accordingly, the income and profit of the enterprise increase.

Classification and characteristics of CIS

Classification of CIS

Corporate information systems can also be divided into two classes: financial and management and production.

1. Financial and management systems include a subclass of small integrated systems. Such systems are intended for accounting in one or several areas (accounting, sales, warehouse, personnel, etc.) - Almost any enterprise can use the systems of this group.

Systems of this class are usually universal, their implementation cycle is short, sometimes you can use the "boxed" version by purchasing a program and independently installing it on a PC.

Financial and management systems (especially the systems of Russian developers) are much more flexible in adapting to the needs of a particular enterprise. Often, "designers" are offered, with the help of which you can almost completely rebuild the original system, independently or with the help of a vendor, establishing relationships between database tables or individual modules.

2. Manufacturing systems(also called production management systems) include subclasses of medium and large integrated systems. They are primarily intended for the management and planning of the production process. The accounting functions, although they are deeply worked out, play an auxiliary role, and sometimes it is impossible to single out the accounting module, since the information comes to the accounting department automatically from other modules.

These systems are functionally different: in one the production module can be well developed, in the other - the financial one. Comparative analysis of systems of this level and their applicability to a particular case can result in significant work. And to implement the system, you need a whole team of financial, management and technical experts. Production systems are much more complex to install (the implementation cycle can take from 6 to 9 months to one and a half years or more). This is due to the fact that the system covers the needs of the entire enterprise, and this requires significant collaborative efforts between enterprise employees and program providers.

Production systems are often focused on one or more industries and / or types of production: serial assembly (electronics, mechanical engineering), small-scale and experimental (aviation, heavy engineering), discrete (metallurgy, chemistry, packaging), continuous (oil production, gas production).

Specialization is reflected both in the set of functions of the system and in the existence of business models for this type of production. The presence of built-in models for a particular type of production distinguishes production systems from each other. Each of them has deeply developed directions and functions, the development of which is just beginning or not at all.

In many respects, production systems are much more rigid than financial and management systems. The focus is on planning and optimal production management. The effect of the introduction of production systems manifests itself at the upper echelons of enterprise management, when the whole picture of its work becomes visible, including planning, purchasing, production, sales, stocks, financial flows and other aspects.

With an increase in the complexity and breadth of coverage of enterprise functions by the system, the requirements for the technical infrastructure and software and hardware platform increase. All production systems are developed using industrial databases. In most cases, client-server or Internet technologies are used.

For the automation of large enterprises in the world practice, a mixed solution from the classes of large, medium and small integrated systems is often used. The presence of electronic interfaces simplifies the interaction between systems and avoids double data entry.

They also distinguish between the types of CIS, such as customized(unique) and replicated CIS.

Customized CIS

Under custom-made CIS usually they understand systems created for a specific enterprise, which have no analogues and are not subject to further replication.

Such systems are used either to automate the activities of enterprises with unique characteristics or to solve an extremely limited range of special tasks.

Custom systems, as a rule, either do not have prototypes at all, or the use of prototypes requires significant changes of a qualitative nature. The development of a custom corporate information system is characterized by an increased risk in terms of obtaining the required results.

Replicated (adaptable) corporate information systems.

The essence of the problem of adapting replicated corporate information systems, i.e. adaptation to the working conditions at a particular enterprise is that, ultimately, each corporate information system is unique, but at the same time it has general, typical properties. The requirements for adaptation and the complexity of their implementation significantly depend on the problem area, the scale of the system. Even the first programs that solved individual automation tasks were created taking into account the need to configure them by parameters.

The development of corporate information systems at an enterprise can be carried out both "from scratch" and on the basis of a reference model.

A reference model is a description of the appearance of a system, functions, organized structures and processes, typical in a sense (industry, type of production, etc.).

It reflects the typical features inherent in a certain class of enterprises. A number of companies - manufacturers of adaptable (replicated) corporate information systems, together with large consulting firms, have been developing reference models for enterprises in the automotive, aviation and other industries for a number of years.

Adaptations and reference models are included in many class systems

MRP II / ERP, which can significantly reduce the time of their implementation in enterprises.

The reference model at the beginning of work on enterprise automation can be a description of the existing system (as it is) and serves as a starting point from which work begins to improve the corporate information system.

The following classification is also used . CIS are divided into three (sometimes four) large groups:

1) simple ("boxed");

2) middle class;

3) top class

Simple ("boxed") CIS implement a small number of business processes of an organization. A typical example of systems of this type are accounting, warehouse and small trading systems most widely represented on the Russian market. For example, the systems of such companies as 1C, Infin, etc.

A distinctive feature of such products is the relative ease of assimilation, which, combined with a low price, compliance with Russian legislation and the ability to choose a system “to your taste”, brings them wide popularity. Middle class systems are distinguished by greater depth and breadth of coverage of functions. These systems are offered by Russian and foreign companies. As a rule, these are systems that allow you to keep records of enterprise activities in many or several areas:

- finance;

- logistics;

- personnel;

They need customization, which in most cases is carried out by the specialists of the developer company, as well as user training.

These systems are most suitable for medium and some large enterprises due to their functionality and higher cost compared to the first class. Of the Russian systems of this class, one can single out, for example, the products of the companies Galaktika, TB.SOFT

TO upper class include systems that are distinguished by a high level of detail in the economic activities of the enterprise. Modern versions of such systems provide planning and management of all resources of the organization (ERP-systems).

As a rule, during the implementation of such systems, the business processes existing at the enterprise are modeled and the system parameters are adjusted to the business requirements.

However, significant redundancy and a large number of customizable parameters of the system cause a long implementation period, and also the need for a special department or a group of specialists at the enterprise who will reconfigure the system in accordance with changes in business processes.

The Russian market has a large selection of top-class corporate information systems, and their number is growing. Recognized world leaders are, for example, R / 3 from SAP, Oracle Application from Oracle.

CIS characteristics

The most significant characteristics of the CIS are:

1. Information system architecture - the composition of elements and their interaction;

2. Network technologies, their scale and network topology;

3. Functional management structure implemented in the information system (composition of subsystems, task complexes);

4. Organizational form of information storage (centralized or distributed database);

5. System bandwidth - transaction processing speed;

6. The volume of the information data warehouse;

7. Document systems and workflow;

8. Number of CIS users;

9. User interface and its capabilities;

10. Typical information technologies for the collection, transmission, processing, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information.

11. Providing a full management cycle across the corporation: rationing, planning, accounting, analysis, regulation based on feedback in the context of information and functional integration;

12. Territorial distribution and significant scale of the system and object of management;

13. The heterogeneity of the components of the hardware and software of the structural components of the control system;

14. A single information space for the development of management decisions, combining the management of finance, personnel, supply, sales and production management process;

15. Functioning in a heterogeneous computing environment on different computing platforms;

16. Real-time control implementation;

High reliability, security, openness and scalability of information components.