When installing the operating system, a whole package of standard Windows programs is installed by default, about which a simple user simply does not know anything. Part of the standard programs can be found in the menu Start - All programs. Next, open the sections: Service, Standard, and further Service, Special abilities. Some of the programs are intended for specialists and access to these programs can only be done through the command line or through the command " Run».
With the command " Run» You can quickly launch programs, open files and folders, and go to websites when your computer is connected to the Internet.
To run the command " Run", you can use one of the following methods:
It remains to enter the name of the program to run it
Now let's proceed directly to the description of those programs that are of interest from the point of view of their use, not only by specialists, but also by a simple user.
appwiz.cpl- Programs and components. The program can be uninstalled if it is no longer needed or if you need to free up space on your hard drive. To remove programs or change their configuration by adding and removing certain components, you can use the " Programs and Features».
control- Control Panel. Used to change Windows settings. These settings almost completely control the look and feel of Windows and allow you to customize Windows in the way that best suits your needs.
cipher.exe- a utility for maintaining EFS (Encrypting File System (EFS) is a Windows component that allows you to save information on your hard drive in an encrypted format. Encryption is the strongest protection that Windows provides to protect data). Also, using this utility, you can delete a file, folder or data from a disk without the possibility of recovery.
cleanmgr- Disk Cleanup. To reduce the number of unused files on your hard drive to free up disk space and improve computer performance. It deletes temporary files, empties the Recycle Bin, and removes many system files and other unused items. additional information
control folders- Folders settings. With the Folder Options component, you can change how files and folders are handled, and how items are displayed on your computer.
control desktop- Personalization. You can change individual parts of the theme (images, colors and sounds) and then save the modified theme for your own use or to share with other users
comexp.msc- Component Services. With the help of the " Component Services» In the MMC, you can configure and administer COM components, COM+ applications, and DTC. Snap « Component Services"is intended for both system administrators and application developers. For example, administrators can manage components, and developers can configure the desired behavior of the component and application, such as participation in transactions and object pooling.
compmgmt.msc- Computer management. The Microsoft Management Console (MMC) groups administrative tools that are used to administer networks, computers, services, and other system components.
credwiz- Save usernames and passwords. If usernames and passwords become corrupted or destroyed, you can use a backup copy to restore them.
charmap- Symbol table. Used to insert special characters into a document. Special characters are characters that are not on the keyboard. These symbols include complex symbols for mathematical operations, exponential representation of numbers, currency symbols, and letters from other languages.
certmgr.msc- Certificates. Certificates are primarily used to identify users or devices, authenticate services, or encrypt files. Typically, certificates are used invisibly to the user. However, sometimes you get notifications that the certificate is invalid or has expired. In these cases, follow the instructions provided in the message.
taskschd.msc- Task Scheduler. If you use a certain program regularly, you can use the Task Scheduler Wizard to create a task that will automatically run that program according to a set schedule. To perform these steps, you must be logged on as an administrator. Otherwise, you can only change the settings for the current user account.
devmgmt.msc- Device Manager. Using Device Manager, you can install and update hardware device drivers, change the settings for these devices, and troubleshoot their operation. A device driver is software that allows Windows to communicate with a particular device. The device driver is installed to enable Windows to work with new hardware.
diskpart- Console utility for managing partitions in hard disk volumes. The /add option is used to create a new partition, and /delete is used to delete an existing one. The variable device is the name of the device for the new partition (for example, \device\harddisk0). The drive variable is the drive letter assigned to the partition being deleted (for example, D). The partition variable is the name of the partition to be deleted (for example, \device\harddisk0\partition1) according to the partition naming conventions; it can be used instead of the drive variable. The size variable is used to specify the size of the new partition (in megabytes). A complete list of utility commands can be obtained by typing HELP
dxdiag- The DirectX multimedia technology package is used by many Windows OS games. If your computer does not have the required version of DirectX, which is listed on the product packaging, the game may not work properly. If you experience any problems while playing a game or movie, the DirectX Diagnostic Tool will help you find the cause. DirectX is a set of technologies used in many Windows multimedia programs.
diskmgmt.msc- Disk management. The Disk Management tool in this version of Windows is designed to perform disk management tasks such as creating and formatting partitions and volumes and assigning drive letters. Hard disk management is different from managing programs and information stored on the disk. Some management operations change the hard disk, such as formatting or repartitioning. Hard disk information management refers to organizing files and folders for better access to information (or setting their properties). In addition, you can use the DiskPart command along with other command-line programs to perform disk management tasks.
eventvwr.msc- View events. Program " Event Viewer"is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in and is designed to view and manage event logs. It is an indispensable tool for monitoring the health of the system and troubleshooting problems that arise (for example, improper start of programs or updates that are automatically downloaded).
eudcedit- Personal signs editor. The private character editor allows you to create your own characters and insert them into documents using a character table
ftp- FTP protocol. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used to transfer files over the Internet. FTP is typically used to make files available for download by other users, but can also be used when sending web pages to form a website or to place digital photographs on an image-sharing site.
firewall.cpl- Windows Firewall. A firewall is a piece of software or hardware that inspects data entering through the Internet or a network and, depending on the firewall settings, either blocks it or allows it to enter your computer. A firewall will help prevent hackers or malicious software (such as worms) from entering your computer through a network or the Internet. A firewall also helps prevent malware from being sent to other computers.
iexplore- Internet Explorer. Microsoft Browser
intl.cpl- Language and regional standards. You can change the format that Windows uses to display information (such as dates, times, currency, and units of measure) to match the standards of the selected language. For example, when working with documents written in two languages (French and English), you can change the format to French and use the euro as the currency, and display dates in the day/month/year format.
mmc- Management Console (MMC). A place to store and display administrative tools created by Microsoft and other software vendors. These tools are called snap-ins and are used to manage Windows hardware, software, and networking components. Some of the tools located in the Administrative Tools folder in Control Panel, such as Computer Management, are MMC snap-ins.
msconfig- System configuration. System Setup is an optional tool for identifying problems that might prevent Windows from starting normally. When you start Windows, you can disable common services and automatically loaded programs, and then enable them one at a time. If the problem does not occur when the service is disabled, but appears after it is enabled, then that service may be the source of the problem. System Setup is intended for troubleshooting, not boot management.
msinfo32- Information about the system. Component " System Information» (also called msinfo32.exe) displays detailed information about the hardware configuration, components, and software of the computer, including drivers
msra- Remote assistant. Sometimes the best way to troubleshoot a problem is to have someone show you how to do it. Windows Remote Assistance is a convenient way for someone you trust, such as a friend or technical support specialist, to connect to a user's computer and help them find a solution to a problem, even if that professional is not around.
msdt- Microsoft Support Diagnostic Tool. Used to collect information about problems that occur with the operation of the computer, and then send this information over the Internet to Microsoft Product Support Services.
mmsys.cpl- Sound. You can set the computer to play sounds when certain events occur (an event can be either an action performed by the user, such as logging in to the computer, or an action performed by the computer, such as alerting you to a new e-mail message)
odbcad32
OptionalFeatures- Windows Components. Some programs and features included with Windows, such as IIS, must be enabled before use. Some other features are enabled by default but can be disabled when not in use.
osk- Screen keyboard. You can use the on-screen keyboard instead of the regular keyboard for typing and data entry. The on-screen keyboard is displayed on the screen with all the standard keys. You can select keys using a mouse or other pointing device, or use a single key or group of keys to switch between keys on the screen
odbcad32- ODBC data source administrator. ODBC is a technology that is used by programs to access various databases (or data sources). For example, ODBC technology can be used to import data from a MySQL database into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. This requires that the required ODBC driver is installed on the computer and that the data source is specified.
perfmon- Windows System Monitor. Can be used to analyze the impact of programs on computer performance both in real time and by collecting log data for further processing. Windows Performance Monitor uses performance counters, event tracing data, and configuration information that can be grouped into data collector groups
psr- Tool for recording troubleshooting steps. You can use the Troubleshooting Activity Recorder to record the activities that occur on your computer, including a textual description of the locations of mouse clicks and screen images for each click (called screenshots). Recorded actions can be saved to a file that can be used by a help desk technician or other person who helps troubleshoot a problem on a computer
powercfg.cpl- Power supply. A power plan is a set of hardware and system settings that control how a computer uses and saves power. Power plans can save power, maximize system performance, or balance the two
rstrui- System Restore. Allows you to undo changes made to your computer system without affecting personal files such as email, documents, or photos. System Restore is the best choice when installing a program or driver that caused an unexpected change in the configuration of your computer or Windows, and uninstalling the program or driver did not resolve the problem
regedit- Registry editor. A tool designed for advanced users. This tool is designed to view and change settings in the system registry, which contains information about the operation of the computer
recdisc- Create a system recovery disk. System recovery options will help you recover Windows in the event of a serious error. To use System Recovery Options, you must have a Windows installation disc or access to recovery options provided by your computer manufacturer. If you can't get either, you can create a system repair disc to access system recovery options
gpedit.msc- Local Group Policy Editor. The Local Group Policy Editor is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that provides a single interface for managing all of the settings for Local Group Policy Objects.
sdclt- Backup and restore. Windows Backup lets you create a system image, which is an exact image of a disk. The system image also contains Windows and system settings, programs, and files. System Restore allows you to restore the state of your computer's system files to a previous point in time
secpol.msc- Local security policy. Used to view and change Group Policy security settings
sfc- Checking the integrity of all protected system files and replacing incorrect versions with correct ones. Runs on the command line with administrator rights. Run Command Prompt as Administrator
sigverif- Checking the signature of the file. A digital signature is an electronic security label added to files. It allows you to check the publisher of a file and helps you determine if a file has been modified since it was digitally signed.
taskmgr- Windows Task Manager. The Task Manager displays the applications, processes, and services that are currently running on the computer. With it, you can monitor the performance of your computer or shut down applications that are not responding.
TabletPC.cpl- Pen and touch devices. When using a tablet PC or touch screen, you can use the tablet pen or finger to perform motions called gestures for quick navigation and action
verifier- Driver check manager. A driver is a program that enables the computer to communicate with hardware and devices. Without drivers, normal operation of equipment connected to the PC, such as a video adapter or printer, is not possible
lusrmgr.msc- Local users and groups. Use the Local Users and Groups snap-in to create and manage users and groups that are stored locally on the computer
wscui.cpl- Support Center. The Action Center lists important messages about computer security and maintenance settings that require your attention. Marked in red are Important messages that indicate significant problems that need to be resolved as soon as possible.
fxscover- Fax cover page editor. The Windows Fax and Scan feature included with this version of Windows includes four pre-made cover pages. You can also create your own cover pages with this program.
If some standard program does not work or malfunctions, then you can try to reinstall it. Open Windows Components by typing OptionalFeatures in Start - Run. Select the component you want to reinstall, uncheck it (A warning appears when some components are disabled), click YES and after restarting the computer, again check the checkbox for the component that was disabled. You will need to reboot again for the changes to take effect.
More information on the Windows website. Visit the Windows website for more information, downloads, and ideas for getting the most out of your Windows 7 PC
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..2
1. The main programs of the application……………………………………………….3
2. Standard programs of the Windows operating system………………….4
2.1. Notepad…...………………………………………………………………….4
2.2. Calculator…………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
2.3. Text editor WordPad…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.4. Graphic editor Paint……………………………………………..6
3. Description of the composition of the Microsoft Office package……………………………………………… 8
3.1. Large application programs……………………………………….9
3.2. Assistant programs………………………………………………...10
Introduction
Application- a set of interconnected programs for creating and modifying objects (documents), as well as for managing objects of a certain type.
All programs can be conditionally divided into two groups - standard (or built-in) and additional.
Standard programs of the Windows operating system
Standard programs are part of the Windows operating system itself (WordPad text editor, Paint graphics editor, virtual calculator, and much more). They are very diverse and allow you to work with texts, images, music and sounds, scan, print and even play, as well as test your computer and optimize its performance.
Additional programs - these are programs that are bought and installed independently, in addition to the standard Windows package.
To enter the standard programs, run the command Start/Programs/Accessories, and then specify the name of the desired program:
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Program Notebook is a fairly simple text editor for working with small files (up to 40 KB), usually in the format *.txt. Text editor - a program designed to create, edit and view text documents. Text editor Notepad takes up little RAM, and therefore it is convenient to use it for keeping short notes, marking, editing batch files, as well as for exchanging text fragments between separate applications using the clipboard. Notepad provides limited means for document design; for example, this program cannot apply different fonts to individual parts of a text document, but you can change the font type, size, and style of the entire document. Save Notepad document, like a document of any other Windows application, you can use the menu command FILE = Save or FILE = Save as. It is convenient to use the Notepad program for logging records with automatic indication of the date of their creation.
Calculator
The Windows Calculator is used to perform relatively simple calculations and works in much the same way as a regular pocket calculator. The Windows Calculator has memory for storing intermediate results of calculations. Windows has two calculator options: Normal and Engineering. Switching between these modes is carried out using menu commands. VIEW in the program window Calculator .
Engineering the calculator, in addition, allows you to calculate typical mathematical functions and perform quite complex, for example, statistical calculations. Calculator results can be copied to the Clipboard. In addition, numerical data can be pasted from the clipboard into the display line (scoreboard) of the calculator for use in subsequent calculations using the calculator. You can perform calculations using the mouse by clicking on the corresponding buttons on the calculator panel - numbers, operators, etc., or using the keyboard by pressing the keys that match the calculator buttons shown on the screen. Detailed help about all the functions of a conventional and engineering calculators can be obtained using the item "?" in the horizontal menu bar of the calculator window.
Word processor
WordPad program is a modern, relatively simple word processor. The WordPad word processor has many more features than the Notepad editor. WordPad replaced the Write editor that came with earlier versions of Windows. Word processors, in addition to performing the basic functions of text editors for creating and editing text documents, perform one more function - formatting documents. Formatting is the processing of documents using several font sets, using text alignment methods, embedding objects of a different nature into a text document, such as pictures, and also controlling text flow around graphics.
The WordPad program supports the technology of inserting and embedding objects, and when exchanging data between WordPad applications, it can be either server(source) and client(receiver). Although WordPad is noticeably inferior to the more powerful word processor Word, it can be widely used to create documents containing formatted text, clipboard-pasted graphics, spreadsheets, and charts created in Excel. In addition, WordPad allows you to design presentations with multimedia elements, including audio connection, slide shows, and even short videos.
The program allows you to set automatic word wrap, drag selected fragments in the document with the mouse, use context menus, provides a variety of options for formatting text and improving the appearance of the document, for example, the ability to set not only the type and size of the font, but also the color of any character or entire text fragment and others. WordPad allows you to open and save files in three main formats:
1 in text format MS DOS- without formatting;
2 in text format RTF- with separate formatting elements;
3 in format word 6.0- with a wide range of formatting elements. WordPad also allows you to open .wri files, which are documents created with the Windows Write legacy text editor. The WordPad word processor and the Paint program discussed below are single-window applications.
Graphic editor Paint
Program Paint- a relatively simple graphics editor that is included with Windows 95/98 and Windows NT. The Paint program allows you to create and edit arbitrary drawings, diagrams, drawings, diagrams, inscriptions, insert and edit ready-made objects created in other applications. Objects created in Paint can be saved as desktop wallpaper. Paint is an editor raster type: a graphic image in it is built from individual dots - pixels. In addition to raster editors, graphic editors are also used to create graphic objects. vector type. Vector images exist as a set of mathematical formulas (graphic primitives) that describe individual elements of a drawing. Vector graphics can be easily scaled without loss of image quality, whereas when a raster image is enlarged, the outlines can take on a rough stepped character due to the increase in the size of its constituent dots. Vector-type editors include a graphics editor built into Microsoft Office applications (Word, Excel), a program CorelDRAW! and others. Some programs, for example Adobe Photoshop, when processing images, allow you to combine raster and vector methods.
Drawings created with Paint can be:
1 save as files of various formats (see below);
2 print (using the menu command FILE= Print);
3 insert into documents created with other applications, such as Word-Pad, Word, Excel, etc.;
4 use as Windows wallpaper (background for the desktop surface) - using the appropriate menu commands FILE .
Pictures can be saved in one of four formats (*.bmp):
as a black and white image;
as a 16 color pattern. This format has an extremely limited color gamut, but the file takes up little disk space;
in the form of a 256-color pattern. The file takes up twice as much disk space as when saved in 16-color format;
as a 24-bit drawing. This format provides the highest color quality, but the files take up a lot of disk space. For more information about drawing techniques, the purpose and capabilities of individual tools of the graphic editor, you can familiarize yourself with the help subsystem of the Paint program.
The address book
The Address Book is a convenient place to store contact information so you can easily query it from programs such as Outlook, Outlook Express, Internet Explorer, and NetMeeting. Here you can search for people and organizations, create contact groups for mail distribution, and send and receive electronic business cards.
To open the address book, press the button Start and select commands All programs , Standard and The address book .
Using the command line
Using the command line
MS-DOS (stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a command-line operating system used on personal computers. As with other operating systems such as OS/2, MS-DOS translates keyboard input into commands, organizes actions such as writing to and reading from disks, outputting to the screen, keyboard control, and many other internal operations that provide execution. programs and file organization.
MS-DOS commands are entered in a command prompt window. To end an MS-DOS session, type exit in the command line window at the position of the blinking cursor.
MS-DOS mode is a shell that emulates the MS-DOS environment on 32-bit systems such as Windows. MS-DOS programs can run under Windows and also create a Program Description File (PIF) that appears as a shortcut on the desktop.
Synchronization
To sync offline items:
1.Start the Synchronization Manager.
2.Select the checkboxes next to the offline items you want to sync, such as a mapped network drive or a web page that is available offline in Internet Explorer.
3.Click the button Synchronization .
Program Compatibility Wizard
With this wizard, you can configure compatibility settings that can resolve problems with programs that work correctly in previous versions of Windows Warning: It is not recommended to use this wizard for older anti-virus, backup, and system programs.
Description of the contents of the package of programs "entertainment"
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"Volume"
The volume control adjusts the volume, balance, and timbre of the sounds played from your computer or multimedia applications. In addition, the volume control can be used to control the level of system sounds, microphones, CDs, line-in, synthesizer, and wave-out.
"Sound Recorder"
The Sound Recorder program is used to record, overdub, play, and edit sound recordings. In addition, audio recordings can be linked to or inserted into other documents.
Windows Media Player
With Windows Media Player, you can play CDs and DVDs, create your own CDs, listen to Internet radio, play movie clips or watch music videos on the Web, find and organize your digital media files, and copy files to a portable device. With Windows Media Player, you can play various types of audio and video files.
Description of the composition of the communication software package
To select the desired program, run the following command:
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"Network connections"
The Network Connections component connects a local computer to the Internet, a local network, or another computer. This tool allows you to access network resources and functionality whether the user is connected to the network directly or through remote access services. The operations of creating, configuring, saving and monitoring connections are performed in the Network Connections folder.
"New Connection Wizard"
end-of-formbeginning-of-formSpecial new connection wizard helps you create Internet connections using a dial-up modem, ISDN adapter, DSL line, or cable modem. With this wizard, you can create incoming connections, direct connections, and virtual private network (VPN) connections. If a network adapter is installed on the computer, a LAN connection is automatically created.
"Remote Desktop Connection"
Remote Desktop Connection provides the ability to easily connect to a terminal server or other computer running Windows. All you need is network access permission to connect to another computer. If necessary, it is possible to specify the parameters of each connection and save them in a file for later use
Description of the composition of the software package "utilities"
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"character tables"
The character table is used to insert special characters into documents, such as trademark marks, mathematical symbols, or characters from other language character sets.
end of form start of form Using the private character editor
The personal symbol editor is used to create unique letters and emblems for the font library.
Using Windows Media Player
Using the Shared Folders component
The Shared Folders component contains the following three categories.
· Resources: Shared folders of this computer.
· Sessions: User connections to this computer.
· Open Files: Files on this computer currently opened by users.
The Shared Folders component allows you to create, view shared files and folders, and set permissions for accessing them.
To open the Shared Folders component, do the following:
1.Open the Computer Management (Local) node.
2.In the console tree, click the component "Shared Folders"
General information about the control panel
The Control Panel contains customization tools designed to change the appearance and characteristics of various Windows components.
Some of these tools allow you to choose options that make working with your computer more fun. For example, the Mouse component lets you replace the default mouse pointers with animated icons that move around the screen, while the Sounds and Audio Devices component lets you replace the default system sounds with audio recordings of your choice. Other components help you customize Windows to make your computer easier to manage. For example, a left-hander can use the Mouse component to toggle mouse buttons so that the right button can perform basic selection and drag operations.
To open the control panel, click the button Start and select command Control Panel. When classic menu style is selected Start, press the button Start, point to the command Setting and choose Control Panel .
The first time you open the Control Panel, it will display the most frequently used items, grouped by category. For more information about Control Panel items in Category View, hover over the category icon or name and read the tooltip text. To open an item, click its icon or category name. Some of these items open a list of tasks that the user can perform, and also allow you to select individual components of the control panel. For example, if you select the category Design and themes, a list of tasks opens, such as Screen saver selection, along with individual Control Panel components.
If you don't see the component you want when you open the Control Panel, select Switch to Classic View. To open a component, double-click its icon. For more information about Classic View Control Panel items, hover over the icon and read the tooltip text.
For more information about any item in Control Panel, select Help and Support.
Utilities
Using a backup program
The backup utility helps you create a copy of the data on your hard drive. If the original data is accidentally deleted, replaced, or becomes inaccessible due to hard drive failure, you can use a backup to restore it.
Using Disk Defragmenter
Some tasks may require you to log on with an Administrator account or a member of the Administrators group.
The defragmenter combines fragmented files and folders on a computer's hard drive, after which each file or folder on the volume occupies a single contiguous space. As a result, access to files and folders is more efficient. By consolidating separate parts of files and folders, the defragmenter also consolidates free disk space into a single whole, making it less likely to fragment new files.
Disk defragmentation can also be run from the command line using the defrag command.
Overview of scheduled tasks
With the help of the task scheduler, you can schedule the execution of a script, the launch of a program, or the opening of a document at the most convenient time. The Task Scheduler starts every time you start Windows XP and runs in the background.
Task Scheduler allows you to:
assign a task to be executed daily, weekly, monthly or at certain times (for example, at system startup);
change the schedule for a task;
stop the execution of the assigned task;
· set the task launch mode at the appointed time.
end of form start of form Working with the System Information component
The System Information component collects and displays system configuration information. Technical support staff requires certain information about the computer to troubleshoot the system. The System Information component allows you to quickly find the information you need.
Using the Transfer Files and Settings Wizard
The Files and Settings Transfer Wizard helps you move your data files and personal settings from your old computer to your new computer without having to repeat the setup steps on the old computer on the new computer. For example, you can transfer personal display properties, folder and taskbar settings, Internet browser settings, and e-mail settings from an old computer to a new one. This wizard also moves some files or entire folders such as My Documents, My Pictures, and Favorites. When you move program properties using the File Transfer Wizard and settings, passwords are not migrated. This functionality of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard helps you keep your passwords private.
It is recommended that you install an antivirus program on the new computer before moving files from the old computer. This will help protect the new computer from viruses that may be contained in files transferred from the old computer.
Accessibility
Accessibility Wizard
The Accessibility Wizard guides you through the process of customizing your computer for your individual needs. Accessibility modes (such as Sticky Keys, subtitles, and keyboard pointer control) help users with disabilities to fully use the computer. Some of these features, such as keyboard pointer control, may be of interest to a wider range of users. Once the accessibility features have been set up, they are accessed through the control panel and menu Special abilities .
Understanding the On-Screen Keyboard
The on-screen keyboard is an application that displays a virtual keyboard on the screen and allows people with limited mobility to type on the screen using the mouse pointer or joystick. The on-screen keyboard is designed to facilitate the work of people with reduced mobility.
The on-screen keyboard supports three input modes.
· The mode of using mouse buttons, in which you need to click the selected keys with the mouse button.
· A scanning mode that highlights areas on the on-screen keyboard where you can enter characters by pressing a keyboard shortcut or using a keypad.
· Waiting mode, in which during the waiting time the character is selected by the mouse pointer or joystick and after this time is printed automatically.
The on-screen keyboard also provides the following features.
· Display an extended keyboard with a numeric part, or display a standard keyboard without a numeric part.
· Display a normal keyboard layout or a block layout in which the keys are grouped into rectangular blocks. The block layout of the keyboard is convenient in scanning mode.
· Display the standard keyboard (101 keys), universal keyboard (102 keys), or keyboard with optional Japanese characters (106 keys).
・Use mode Sound confirmation to issue an audible confirmation when a key is selected.
・Use mode On top of other windows to keep the on-screen keyboard on screen when switching between programs or windows.
Introduction to Magnifier
Magnifier makes it easier for visually impaired users to view the screen. It displays a separate window that displays an enlarged part of the screen. It's also easy to change the color scheme in the magnifier window to make it easier to see. You can move or resize the magnifier window, or drag it to the edge of the screen and dock it there. A screen magnifier will certainly come in handy for people with low vision.
When using Magnifier, you can do the following:
change the degree of magnification;
change the size of the magnifying glass window;
change the position of the magnifying glass window on the desktop;
· reverse screen colors.
In addition, the magnifier has a number of tracking options that provide the following modes:
following the movements of the mouse pointer on the screen;
following the input focus (cursor position);
following text input.
When the Magnifier window is open, you can right-click it to change Magnifier settings or exit the program.
end of form start of form Understanding Utility Manager
The Utility Manager lets you check the status of accessibility programs and start and stop them. Users with administrator-level access can set programs to run when the Utility Manager starts. Users can also run utility programs before they log on to the computer by pressing the Windows key + UEndFormStartForm on the Welcome screen.
Using the Utility Manager, you can configure Windows to automatically launch accessibility programs every time you log on, pin desktop items, or start the Utility Manager. For example, you can set Magnifier to launch automatically when you log in. This will allow you to skip all the steps to open the Magnifier program each time you log in.
The built-in programs available from the Utility Manager are Magnifier, Narrator, and On-Screen Keyboard. Narrator is a text-to-speech program that starts when you start the Utility Manager. This provides visually or partially visually impaired users with immediate access to the Utility Manager.
Conclusion
Today, almost every computer user needs general-purpose applications, which include: text editors and graphic editors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and applications for creating multimedia presentations. The most common general purpose application package today is Microsoft Office.
It is simply impossible to imagine modern life without modern technology. No company can do without the help of computers. Storing data, writing documents, drawing up graphs, tables, schedules, creating presentations - the computer helps us in all this, and it helps us successfully.
We briefly reviewed the standard Windows application, which consists of a Word text editor, an Excel spreadsheet, a PowerPoint presentation program, and an Access database with which you can achieve all of the above.
Bibliography.
1. Alexander Starshinin Microsoft Office at a glance., St. Petersburg, 2003
2. A. Levin. Self-instruction manual of useful programs. - M .: "Knowledge", 2000. - 496 p., ill.
3. Volkov V.I. "An easy-to-understand tutorial for working with Windows." Publishing house "Piter", St. Petersburg. 2001
4. Ed Bott Microsoft XP., BINOM, Moscow, 2003.
On a “clean” newly installed Windows, for normal operation, it is simply necessary to install many more programs, because without them, as you understand, there is nowhere. Let's try to compile a small list of the most necessary programs for a computer, without which, the full use of a computer is simply impossible. Please note that in the article, in the description of any program there is a link to its working version
So...
The most necessary and important program is your anti-virus protection.Usually it is divided into 4 categories: antivirus, firewall, comprehensive protection and computer scanning programs. I prefer complex protection consisting of antivirus + firewall. At the moment I use one of the free ones - Avast! I would recommend using only the most proven antivirus programs: Kaspersky, Norton, ESET(nod32), DrWeb, Avast, Panda, McAfee and other popular ones. In general, a matter of taste. If you don't want to pick up some Trojan, be sure to install it!
Next, install the archiver. Since most files on the Internet are in archives (.rar .zip .7z), we will definitely need an archiver program. I suggest using two at the same time: WinRar and 7Zip.
Their differences can be described in one line: winrar- a beautiful and advanced archiver, but with 7zip it's free. Well, as a bonus - only the archiver 7zip opens .7z format archives
Next on the list we will have disc burning software(although in recent years I have begun to doubt its necessity more and more ... I use disks once every 3 months). dominates here Nero, the most popular program for burning discs (few people are confused by the fact that it is paid). As a free alternative I can advise ImgBurn or shareware Ashampoo Burning Studio- the functionality is smaller, but for its main task - recording discs, it is more than enough.
Further... we need Office. And most likely - Microsoft office(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.). I think you should not paint - you yourself know perfectly well what it is. For lovers of free software, I can advise open office or even better libreoffice- they are almost as good as the brainchild of Microsoft, and they work with Microsoft formats without problems.
Now we will consider codecs. What is this thing for? And so that when watching your favorite movie, you, dear readers, do not have any problems. Without them, many video and audio formats simply won't play! Most Popular Codec Pack - K-Lite Codec Pack. By the way, a very good video player is installed with it - Media Player Classic.
Video viewer essential for any PC user. Even if you have a brand new home theater, you often have to watch a variety of videos on your computer - from clips to video seminars. This task is excellent KMPlayer and Quick Time Player.
We listen to music- Using the standard Windows Media Player, it’s simply impossible to listen to music, no matter how hard the developers try ... 2 of the most popular players are suitable for this purpose: winamp and AIMP. The second player consumes less resources, and besides, it's free. But even here it is a matter of taste and habit. For example, I use two.
I will also advise universal players which both video and audio files are read without problems: GOM Media Player and VLC media player- they read all formats and by the way they are completely free!
We must not forget that we need .pdf file reader. In this format, many books, articles, and other literature are published. Here I recommend Fox Reader, as a replacement for a cumbersome (and even, as it were, paid) monster adobe reader. You may need Adobe Photoshop and view photo albums ACDsee Pro
Text recognising- here is the best program, of course ABBYY FineReader, however, there are free analogues, for example CuneiForm
Don't forget about utilities to keep your system clean - Uninstall Tool and CCleaner. As a result, we have an extensive list of programs - and at least two dozen of them will definitely come in handy for you...
Windows 7 Standard Programs
With the Windows 7 operating system, you get a set of applications that will come in handy for everyday work. Although their capabilities are weaker than specialized software packages, they will most likely be sufficient for most cases.
At your disposal there is a graphic editor Paint, a text editor WordPad, an editor for working with simple text files Notepad, Calculator, a program for recording sound from a microphone, and some others (see Fig. 2.54).
Rice. 2.54. Program group Standard All of them are located in the Standard folder. To get to it, you need to enter the Main
menu (click on the Start button), click on All Programs, and then find the folder called Accessories among the folders that appear and click on it.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Graphic editor Paint
The Paint graphics editor allows you to create simple color and black and white drawings, as well as perform some image processing operations. Compared to previous versions of Windows, which also included Paint, its appearance has changed a lot. On fig. 2.55 shows the window view of the graphical editor Paint.
Rice. 2.55. View of the Paint window
To launch it, you need to enter the Main Menu, find the Standard folder (see Fig. 2.54) and click on the Paint item in it.
At the top of the window is the Paint icon.
Next to it is a button to save the image in a file.
The moment you click this button, the current state of the picture will be written to a file. If you draw something else, and at that time the computer's power is turned off, all changes since the last write to the file will be lost. For this reason, do not forget to periodically click the save button with the mouse, even if you have not yet completed the drawing. When you first click on this button, Paint does not yet know in which folder and with what name you want to save your drawing. For this reason, the standard file save window will open, shown in Fig. 2.56.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Rice. 2.56. Standard file save window Find the folder where you want to save the picture file, enter in the File name field
file name of your choice (instead of the default Nameless), select the format in which the image will be stored in the File type drop-down list, then click the Save button.
When you later save changes to the image by clicking the button
the standard save file window will not appear, because Paint already knows which file to save the picture to.
Following the save button are two buttons responsible for undoing and redoing actions -
What are we talking about? The fact is that in many programs, several of your last actions can be undone. For example, you drew a beautiful image, and then added a detail that looks completely unnecessary. What to do? Redraw everything again? For such cases, a cancel button is provided.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Click on it with the mouse, and the last change you made will disappear as if it never happened. But what to do if you suddenly decide that you got excited and unnecessarily canceled the last changes? The repeat action button will come to your aid
Click on it with the mouse, and the undone changes will reappear.
Below the window title is the ribbon area. What's this? The ribbon is a strip made in the form of tabs with buttons and other controls on them. Tabs are visible at the top (Home, View), by clicking on which you can switch from one tab to another. Initially, the Home tab is visible. But you can click on the name of another tab, View, and see its elements. And then you can return to the Home tab again by clicking on the word Home.
The status bar is located at the bottom of the window. It displays various supporting information. To the right of the icon
shows the location of the mouse pointer in the picture. It is shown in points, counting from the upper left corner of the image. The horizontal coordinate is shown first, and then the vertical coordinate. To the right of the icon
the total size of the image is displayed.
In the lower right corner of the Paint window is a scale
It is used to change the scale of the image. The current scale value itself is shown to the left of this scale. It is set to 100% by default. To change the scale, you can either drag the slider with the mouse
left (decrease) or right (increase), or click on the round buttons - (decrease) and + (increase). What does "drag" mean? This means that you need to move the mouse pointer over the slider, press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the mouse in the desired direction. When you move the slider to the desired value, release the mouse button.
It should be noted that, By changing the scale, you do not change the size of the image.
niya. It only seems to be approaching you or moving away from you. Usually they change the scale when they want to view or edit some small detail.
We all beat around the bush, but how do you start drawing? The Pencil tool is enabled by default. You can draw with the mouse just as you would draw on paper with a pencil. To draw a line, place the mouse pointer
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
to the right place on the white sheet in the central part of the Paint window, press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the mouse pointer where the line should go.
Of course, the color of the line can be chosen. To do this, a color palette is located on the right side of the Home tab. By clicking the left mouse button on the corresponding colored square, you can select the current color of the line. If the set of colors in the palette does not suit you, you can click on the Change colors button and in the dialog box that opens, add a color from a wider range to the palette.
In addition to the color, we can also change the line thickness. To do this, click on the Size button. A list with example lines opens. Click on the desired sample.
You can set not only the width of the line, but also the way it is drawn. To do this, click on the Brushes button (on the word itself). A list of brush types will open (Fig. 2.57).
Rice. 2.57. Types of brushes The pictures show how each brush works, but it's better to experiment
on one's own.
You can not only draw lines by hand, but also use ready-made figures. To do this, click on the Shapes button. This will display a list of available shapes.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Rice. 2.58. List of Available Shapes Let's look at some shapes.
Line - draws a line segment. To do this, place the mouse pointer in the place where the line should begin, press the left mouse button and move the mouse pointer to the place where the line should end, then release the mouse button.
You can choose the line thickness as we discussed earlier.
Drawing a line while holding down the Shift key creates vertical, horizontal, or 45° inclined lines.
Drawing with the right mouse button paints the line in the background color.
Curve - designed to draw curves with smooth bends. Drawing is done as follows:
A straight line is drawn.
An inflection point is selected on the straight line and dragged to the side. The straight line turns into a curve passing through the inflection point from the start point to the end point.
Another inflection point is selected on the curve and dragged to the side. The curve bends again.
Rectangle - Draws a rectangle. To do this, place the mouse pointer in the place where the upper left corner of the rectangle should be, press the left mouse button and move the mouse pointer to the place where the lower right corner of the rectangle should be, then release the mouse button. The rectangle is filled in according to the selected scheme:
outline only;
contour and background;
background only.
Drawing a shape while holding down the Shift key results in a square.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Polygon - used to draw a sequence of line segments, in which the beginning of the next segment is at the end of the previous one, and the end of the last one falls into the beginning of the first. Such a sequence forms a polygon, which, upon completion of construction, is painted over as a rectangle.
Ellipse - draws an ellipse. For drawing, imagine that the future ellipse will be inscribed in a rectangle. Then proceed as described for the Rectangle tool.
Drawing a shape while holding down the Shift key results in a circle.
Rounded Rectangle - Draws a rectangle with rounded corners. Additional figures can be seen by clicking on the button
In addition to the tools we mentioned, there are others. For example, you can fill a limited area of the picture with the selected color.
Fill - fills the closed area with the line color when working with the left mouse button and the background color when working with the right mouse button. If the area is not closed, then all areas up to the closed border will be painted over. If you see an unexpected painting of another area, undo the action using the button
and find the break in the border. Zooming in (the scale in the lower right corner of the Paint window) can help with this.
If you need to erase part of the lines, you can use the Eraser tool.
Eraser - erases objects in the path of the mouse pointer, painting over the trace with the current background color. The width of the footprint is determined by the selection in the Size drop-down list. When working with the right mouse button, the eraser will replace the background color with the color of only those points for which it coincides with the current line color.
In addition to lines and shapes, the image can be decorated with text. To do this, click on the button
After selecting this tool, click in the place on the sheet where you want to place the text. A rectangular fragment will appear, defining the area where the text will be placed.
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
This will bring up the text attribute panel (Font), in which you can select the font, size and style (change the boldness, slant and underline).
After setting the text attributes, click inside the area you selected and type your text. As long as the text selection frame exists, you can make any changes to the text: choose a different color, position, size, style, and font.
Clicking outside the selection turns the text into part of the drawing.
In addition to choosing a color for drawing from the palette, you can specify the desired color directly on the drawing. To do this, click on the button
and then move the mouse pointer to the element of the picture whose color you want to make current, and click the left mouse button.
You can perform some useful actions on areas of the image. To do this, the fragment must first be selected. To select a rectangular fragment of the image, click the button
In the menu that appears, click Select, and in the submenu that opens, click Rectangular Area. Then set the mouse pointer to the place where the upper left corner of the selection area should be, press the left mouse button and move the mouse pointer to the place where the lower right corner of the selection area should be, then release the mouse button. This creates a dotted frame with squares at the corners and in the middle of each side, allowing you to resize the selection in the same way as resizing a window (by dragging the squares).
The selected fragment can be dragged to another place in the picture. In this case, the former place of the fragment is filled with the background color. If you drag while pressing the Ctrl key on the keyboard, a copy of the fragment is created.
The selected fragment can be placed in the Clipboard using buttons, the list of which appears when you click on the Clipboard button (Fig. 2.59).
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Rice. 2.59. Buttons for working with the Clipboard Cut – moves the selected fragment of the picture to the Clipboard.
Copy - creates a copy of the selected fragment of the picture in the Clipboard. Paste - pastes a fragment from the Clipboard into the picture. Fragment
appears in the figure as if on top of it and must be moved to the right place. The fragment pasted from the Clipboard appears in the upper left corner of the picture and
remains selected, allowing you to drag it to the desired location in the drawing. Clicking outside the selection removes it.
We mentioned Clipboard. What's this? This is such a "pocket" in Windows, where you can temporarily put part of an image or text. This "pocket" is common to all applications. Thus, you can put something on the Clipboard in one application and retrieve it in another. For example, you can put a fragment of an image that you drew in Paint into the Clipboard, and get this fragment from the Clipboard when working with the Microsoft Word word processor (we'll talk about it later) and place it as an illustration for the text.
So, we can select a fragment. What additional actions can we do with it? For example, you can rotate a fragment by a certain angle. To do this, click on the Image button. In the menu that appears, select Rotate. A submenu will open where you can choose how to rotate the selection.
For more accurate and convenient creation of images, you can enable some additional elements of the Paint window. To do this, go to the View tab. There are Rulers and Gridlines checkboxes. When the Rulers check box is enabled, horizontal and vertical rulers appear, along which you can precisely position the mouse pointer.
Turning on grid lines will help you draw small drawings. To do this, it is convenient to enable the Grid lines checkbox and zoom in on the picture using the scale in the lower right corner of the Paint window.
We have dealt with various tools for creating an image. We also know how to save a drawn picture in a file. But how do you open a previously saved image?
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Click on the button to open the image file.
located to the left of the Home tab. This will open the menu. Select Open from this menu. The standard file open window will appear, familiar to you from the section where we discussed setting background images for the Desktop. Find the folder where the file with your drawing is located, click on the file name, and then on the Open button.
If you need to start the drawing again from scratch, click on the button
and select Create from the menu that appears.
and the fact that the next time you click on this button, the save file window will no longer appear, but what if you need to save the image with some changes in a file with a different name? To do this, click on the button
and select Save As from the menu that appears. The standard save file window will be displayed again, where you can specify a different name for the image file.
The commands responsible for setting up the printing of an image are collected in a submenu that appears when you click on the button.
and selecting the Print item (Fig. 2.60).
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
Rice. 2.60. Commands for Printing an Image When you select the Page Setup command, a dialog box appears where you can
adjust print settings such as the size of the paper you are using, its orientation, and margins from the edges of the paper to the pattern. When you select portrait orientation, the sheet is displayed vertically, and when landscape is selected, it is displayed horizontally.
The flags of the Centering group allow you to automatically align the image to the center of the sheet.
When all parameters are set, click the OK button.
Before printing a drawing on a printer, you can see on the screen how it will look on a sheet. To do this, click on the button
and select the Print item, and in the submenu that appears, the Preview command. The main part of the window will display your drawing as it will be printed later. You can zoom in or out of the image by clicking on the buttons
A. N. Lebedev. “Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow"
When you want to exit the preview mode, click the Close Preview Window button.
When you decide to print the image on the printer, click on the button
in the menu that appears, select Print, and in the submenu that opens, select Print. A window similar to the one shown in Fig. 2.61.
Rice. 2.61. Pattern printing window
AT In the Select Printer list, you need to click on the name of the printer on which you want to print your picture.
AT The Page Range group lets you choose which pages to print if your image is too large to fit on one sheet. If you want to print not the entire image, but only part of it, you must first select a fragment and select Selection in the print window.
Click the Print button to start the printing process.
To finish working with the Paint graphic editor, you need to click on the standard button to close the window
Introduction
The Windows XP operating system has a large set of built-in programs that will be useful to a novice computer user. The main advantage of these programs is their presence on almost all computers. Some features are only available in these programs.
With standard programs, you can draw, write texts, e-mails, watch and create films, listen to music.
Click the "Start" button, select the "All Programs" menu.
P 
"Games" folder. Mini games from Microsoft.
Folder "Standard programs".
paint. Program for working with raster graphics. The following tools are available: eraser, brush, fill, pencil, inscription (without effects), line, rectangle and others.
word pad A simple program for editing and formatting texts. Text can be italic or bold in lists.
The address book- database of user's contacts.
Notebook. The simplest text editor. The program has a minimal set of functions, loads quickly, does not require pre-installation.
Calculator. The program has 2 modes of operation - engineering and simple. Calculations are carried out in different (2, 8, 10, 16) number systems. The calculator works with degrees and radians, trigonometric functions, logarithms, powers. The calculator works with numbers up to 32 digits.
Command line (console). A type of text-based interface (CUI) between a person and a computer in which instructions are given to the computer by entering text commands from the keyboard. The command line interface is contrasted with menu-based program control systems, as well as various GUI implementations.
Program Compatibility Wizard. Allows you to check the operation of an application (program) in various modes and with various parameters. For example, if the program was developed for Windows 95, select Windows 95 compatibility mode and try running the program again. You can try running the program with different options. (with 256 colors or a resolution of 640 by 480 pixels).
Remote Desktop Connection. This program allows you to manage a computer running Windows XP Professional from other computers over a network. The remote computer must be running Microsoft Windows XP Professional and have an Internet or network connection. Any Windows after Windows 95 can run on the local computer. Accounts must be created on the remote computer with the appropriate rights.
Conductor. A program that implements user access to files in the Microsoft Windows operating system. Explorer is the basis of the graphical shell of the Windows user. With File Explorer, you can copy, move, and delete files and folders.
Synchronization. Allows you to synchronize data on your computer and on the network.
Folder "Entertainment". Microsoft Windows developers offer us to have fun with the volume program (adjusting the volume of headphones, acoustic system, digital audio outputs) and the sound recording program (recording audio files from a digital input, CD / DVD drive, microphone).
AT 
folder "Communication" are HyperTerminal - a program that can be used to access other computers via a modem, serial port or telnet protocol, wizards for connecting to various network connections and the "Network Connections" folder.
Folder "Utilities".
FROM 
new Internet Explorer, data backup software, system restore (set the minimum value for the system disk and disable for other disks to increase the speed and performance of your computer), disk defragmenter (this program will arrange information on your disk in order, which will increase reading speed and write data from your hard drive, run this program regularly after freeing up to 20% space on each drive).
Copy and cleanup wizards. For automatic cleaning of the recycle bin, temporary folders and files, it is better to use the DustBuster or CCleaner program.
System Information program allows you to view the settings for the operating system, hardware, and Microsoft software products. Here you can find out the version of the operating system, which is important when installing certain programs and updates.
"Symbol table" is a font viewer (the fonts themselves can be found and installed in the Fonts folder in the Control Panel).
Security Center- software that controls the presence on your computer of installed, active and up-to-date antivirus, firewall, operating system updates. If you are using unlicensed windows xp, it is better to disable this service. When updating from the official windows update website, the operating system is blocked after 30 days.
Folder "Accessibility". Programs for people with disabilities.
Studied with standard Windows programs
1. Calculator
There are situations when you need to quickly calculate something. It is unpleasant to have a computer in front of you that can perform millions of operations per second, and find yourself having to do the simplest calculations with a pencil on paper.
This problem is solved by the Calculator program. Turn it on for the first time like this: Start > Programs > Accessories > Calculator. If you use the calculator often, then this launch method may seem inconvenient - create an icon.
The Calculator program neatly reproduces the image of a conventional desktop or pocket calculator on the screen. If you have already dealt with such a device, you will immediately recognize almost all the buttons shown on the screen. The only difference is that you need to press them not with your finger, but with the mouse.
Arithmetic calculations
To 
Buttons with blue markings are used to enter numbers: these are the numbers 0-9, the decimal point (or point) and the key to change the sign of the number. Buttons with red markings are used to perform basic arithmetic operations: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/). The equal sign (=) button is used to calculate the value of an expression.
For example, if you want to calculate the expression 2*3+5, then you need to successively click on the buttons "2", "*", "3", "+", "5", "=". The "indicator" at the top of the "calculator" will show the answer - the number 11. Please note that we did not click on the "=" button after we entered the number "3". The calculator, like most of its desktop counterparts, allows you to perform chains of sequential arithmetic operations. For example: 2+3*5+7/2.
In this mode, the Calculator has "arithmetic" logic, that is, when calculating complex arithmetic expressions, the procedure accepted in mathematics is not observed. The expression is evaluated from left to right as it is written. In our example, we kind of actually calculate ([(2+3)*5]+7)/2=16 instead of 2+(3*5)+(7/2).
If we had to calculate this expression “according to the rules”, then such a successful sequential chain of actions can no longer be found. Here the “memory” of our Calculator comes to the rescue.
Pay attention to the buttons with red symbols on the left side of the panel. They are designed for memory operations.
memory clear- clearing memory.
Memory Recall - calling a number from memory.
memory store- storing a number in memory.
Memory+- addition to the number in the memory of the number on the indicator.
Now it is easy to perform the desired operation. Click on the buttons "2", "MS" (memorized the first number), "3", "*", "5", "=", "M +" (calculated the product 3 * 5 and added it to the number, stored in memory), "7", "/", "2", "=", "M +" (got the final result), "MR" (brought it to the indicator). The result is 20.5.
Also note that when a number is stored in memory, the letter M appears in the window above the buttons designed to work with memory.
The buttons with dark blue markings on the right side of the panel are used to perform some special operations.
SquareRoot- this button allows you to take the square root of the number set on the indicator panel. The % button allows you to calculate percentages. For example, to answer the question "What is 20% of the number 6", click on the buttons "6", "*" (multiplication is required!), "2", "0", "%". The indicator will show the answer - 1.2.
The dark brown buttons directly below the indicator are for editing the entered numbers.
backspace - Cancel the last entered digit. For example, click on the buttons "2", "3", "Back", "4". The indicator will show the number 24.
Clear Entry- deleting the last number entered in its entirety. For example, dial "2", "4", "+", "1", "6", "CE", "2", "4", "=". The indicator will show 48 (24+24).
Clear - completely clears the calculator (except memory) and prepares it for the start of a new calculation.
And finally, the last remark. Try multiplying two large numbers. Type, for example, arbitrary numbers "in full length" of the indicator). Something like 2.68805458746e+24 will appear on the screen. This is the so-called "engineering" way of writing numbers. Number after letter e indicates how many positions the decimal point should be moved to, that is, in fact, this number is 2688054587460000000000000. The zeros at the end of the number are conditional, in fact, neither we nor the Calculator know what numbers are in these positions. If you've never seen this notation, it might be a little tricky, but it's actually handy for working with very large or very small numbers (try clicking the "1/x" button).
Mathematical calculations
You may have had to deal with calculators for complex engineering and scientific calculations. They are able to calculate a wide variety of mathematical functions. The Calculator program also has such features. To access them, from the menu bar select View > Engineering. The appearance of the calculator will change - now I have new buttons on it.
In the engineering mode, the calculator has "algebraic" logic, that is, when calculating complex arithmetic expressions, the accepted order of actions is observed - first of all, multiplication and division are performed, and only then - addition and subtraction. In our example, 2+3*5+7/2 would be calculated as 2+(3*5)+(7/2)=20.5.
The purple buttons to the left of the memory buttons allow you to perform mathematical calculations. Pay attention to the flags "Inv" and "Hyp", located above and slightly to the left. Thanks to them, each of these buttons allows you to perform several functions.
Checkbox "Inv" turns functions into “inverses”, for example, instead of calculating the sine, the arcsine will be calculated, instead of raising the number X to the power of Y, the root of the degree of Y will be extracted from the number X, etc.
Hyp checkbox works only for trigonometric functions - it turns them into hyperbolic ones.
Statistical calculations
FROM 
statistical calculations are somewhat different from the others, since this brings up another small auxiliary window Statistics.
To carry out statistical calculations, use the buttons with blue symbols on the left panel of the Calculator.
They can be used to enter a series of numbers and determine the mean of those numbers and the standard deviation for that series. To work in mode Statistics you need to know a few simple rules:
1. Window Statistics opens with the Sta button - you can enter a series of numbers into it.
2. The number entered on the Calculator panel is sent to the window Statistics button Dat.
3. Three buttons of the Calculator are used to calculate statistical functions for the series of data that is typed in the window Statistics. It:
Ave - calculation of the arithmetic mean of the series;
Sum - calculation of the sum of numbers in a series;
s - calculation of standard deviation.
As an example, let's aggregate a series of numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7:
We type the number "1" in the Calculator;
Open the Statistics window with the button Sta;
We send a number from the Calculator to it with the button Dat;
We type in the Calculator the number "3";
Send it to the Statistics window with the button Dat;
Dial "5";
Send button Dat;
Dial "7";
Send button Dat.
Now the whole series of numbers has been entered and you can start its statistical processing. By clicking on the button Ave, we get the average value of the series - 4. By clicking on the button sum, we get the sum of the numbers in the series - 20.
Logic Computing
The buttons with red labels on the right edge of the calculator are for working with integers in various number systems. The program allows you to work with binary (bin), octal (Oct), decimal (Dec) and hexadecimal (Hex) numbers, convert numbers from one system to another, and perform logical and other integer operations on numbers.
To deal with any button (any panel element) or any function of the Calculator program, right-click on this element. You will see a pop-up hint "What is this?". Click on it with the left button and get a clear and understandable help.
2. Notepad
Notepad is a very handy tool for working with short text files. Such files are common (for example, these are the Readme files that accompany almost all software products). Due to its simplicity, this program can be used for the simplest everyday tasks, and in order to master typing on a computer with its help.
Text documents are usually considered to be files with the .txt extension, but in fact, other files can also have text content, for example, with the .bat, .htm extensions, and many others. Windows 95 itself is capable of automatically recognizing several types of files (although you can customize and reconfigure this feature at will) that contain textual information. She will open such files with Notepad.
Please note that the Notepad program is stored in the Notepad.exe file, and the English name of this program Notepad may still be found somewhere in the Russian version of the system. Do not be afraid and do not be surprised - in this case, we are still talking about the Notepad program.
To start the Notepad program, just double-click on the icon of any text file: the program will be launched, and the marked file will open in it automatically. But the size of the files that Notepad can work with is limited. If the file you are trying to open is too large, then another, more powerful standard WordPad editor program will be launched, which will be discussed below.
To use Notepad to create a new file from scratch, it must be launched through the menu. To do this, open the Main Menu and select the item in it: Programs>Accessories>Notepad. If you have to do this often, create a desktop icon for the program.
However, still keep in mind that the Notepad program is intended not so much for creating documents, but for quickly familiarizing yourself with existing ones. Therefore, its capabilities may seem very modest to you. But its advantages include download speed and ease of operation.
What good can be done with it? First, you can write and print a small document. Secondly, you can work with Notepad as with a regular text editor - type characters from the keyboard and watch them on the screen. Typed text can be saved to a file for later use. Often, using Notepad, messages are prepared in advance for later sending by e-mail.
Notepad as a diary
Even more interesting is the possibility of using Notepad to keep a diary. Create a new text file, preferably directly on your desktop. Open this file in Notepad, and in its first line, starting from the very first position, type the command .LOG (that's right, starting with a dot and capital letters). Save the file.
Now, whenever you want to add some information to this file, open it again with Notepad, for example by double-clicking on the file icon. You will see that the current date and time are automatically inserted at the end of the file. After them, you can type any text, save it and close the file.
The same will be repeated in the future: each time this file is opened, the current date and time will be added to its end.
When working with Notepad, the current date and time can be added to the file at any time by pressing the F5 key.
If it seems to you that the Notepad program is poor in its capabilities, then it is difficult to argue with this. But despite this (and perhaps precisely because of this), it remains one of the most convenient and frequently used tools.
3. Graphic editor Paint
When talking about a graphical editor, two concepts are often confused. There are graphic editors that are designed to create images, and there are editors that are focused on processing ready-made images. Of course, such a division is very conditional, but the processes of creating and processing images are largely independent. In the first case, it is necessary to be able to draw lines, points, various geometric shapes. In the second case, we are talking about combining images, matching colors, introducing various additional visual effects (filters) such as targeted distortions that create an unusual impression.
The graphic editor Paint belongs to the first of these categories and is intended for creating the simplest graphic images. It is suitable for creating simple illustrations, mainly diagrams, charts and graphs that can be embedded in text documents. In addition, Paint may well be used for educational purposes. It is better to start mastering computer graphics with this program, since more powerful graphic editors may require not only months, but even years to fully explore all the possibilities.
There are special graphic editors that reproduce the artist's creative process, that is, they model not only colors, but also materials. For paints, these are oil, watercolor, ink, gouache, pencil, etc. Both types of canvas and tools (thickness and hardness of the brush, etc.) are modeled. Even painting styles are modeled (Impressionism, Cubism, Primitivism, etc.).
H 
To launch the Paint editor, open the Main Menu and select: Programs>Standard>Graphic editor Paint.
When the program loads, you will see that the main part of the window is occupied by the working field, on which the drawing will be created. To the left of the picture is a set of tools, and below it is a color palette.
Graphic editor Paint allows you to draw various objects, and also has some tools for working with color. Let's look at some of these possibilities in order.
How to draw a rectangle
The tool for this is called:Rectangle.
Click on it with the mouse and 
The mouse pointer will change to a crosshair. Rectangles are drawn using the Click+Drag method.
First, stretch the working field of the editor to full screen. Now left-click in the upper left corner and, without releasing the button, drag the mouse to the lower right corner, where you release it. A rectangular frame is formed in the size of the working field of our drawing. Experiment with creating a few more rectangles as shown in our image.
How to draw a straight line
Choose a tool calledLine.
A line, like a rectangle, is drawn using the Click+Drag method. Release the button where the line ends, and if you want to continue drawing, press the button again.
In case of an error, the finishing touches can be removed with the command Edit > Undo,
The line width can be selected from the menu below the toolbox.
How to paint with a brush
Choose a toolbrush, a
in the menu that opens below the toolbox, the widest brush size. Now we will draw a tree trunk. It will be brown, so left click in the color palette on the cell with brown paint. Drawing will be done with the same click and drag.
To 
how to use a sprayer
Tool Spray works like an airbrush.
With it selected in the toolbox, then select the desired spot size and finally the green paint - we will be painting the foliage. If this is an apple tree, then red round spots (apples) can be placed using a round brush, choosing red paint in the palette.
How to draw a circle or ellipse
This is the toolEllipse.
It works the same way, by clicking and dragging the mouse.
With this tool, you can get both ellipses and regular circles. If it is difficult for you to make the correct circle “by eye”, you can press and hold the Shift key while drawing - you will get a circle, not an ellipse.
When drawing geometric shapes, pay attention to two things. First, the line thickness will be what you set when you last drew with the tool Line. If it does not suit you, then you need to turn on the tool Line, select a new thickness and return to the tool Ellipse. Now the line will be as it should be. The second circumstance is the color of the line. If before that you drew apples and your color is red, you are unlikely to be satisfied with clouds in the sky with a red border. Choose a new color of your choice.
Reproduction of objects
Having drawn the sun and clouds, we can practice working with objects. Everything we see on the screen is graphical objects. They can be moved around the screen, creating combinations of different objects from them, thereby replacing ordinary drawing with artistic design (what is called design).
In order for an object to become independent, it must be “selected” - this is done using the toolSelection. Select this tool, outline an object (for example, a cloud) with a dotted box, and now you can move this cloud around the screen until it is in the desired position. Experiment with moving graphical objects and notice the effect of holding down the Shift key as you do so. Feel the difference?
But selected objects can not only be moved. They can, for example, be propagated by copying. When an object is selected, the menu Edit there are several new items, among which are interesting items Copy and Cut out. Click on such an item. In this case, the selected object will be copied to the so-called Windows system clipboard. (The difference between commands Copy and Cut out in the fact that in the first case the original object remains in its place, and in the second case it "dies".)
Having a copy of the object in the system buffer, you can now start replicating the object. When there is something in the buffer, the menu Edit command appears Insert. This command places a copy of an object on the screen. It doesn't matter where it stands - you can always move it to the place you like. Often the copy is placed exactly in the same place where the original was, so that it is not even immediately noticeable that something has appeared on the screen.
You can paste as many copies from the clipboard as you want.
Other object operations
Objects can not only be moved and copied - you can do many more useful and useless things with them. All of them are contained in the menu, which is opened by clicking on the item Picture.
A selected object can be rotated by a given angle, mirrored, stretched, shrunk (both vertically and horizontally), skewed, inverted colors and, most importantly, change attributes. If no object is currently selected, then all these operations apply to the entire drawing as a whole.
Click on the item Picture > attributes. Among the attributes of a picture are such as its size. It can be measured in inches, centimeters and pixels. The size in pixels (screen points) is the most interesting. If you know the graphical resolution of your screen, then you can determine how much of the screen a picture occupies. By changing the value that is set here, you can increase (or decrease) the size of the image.
How to draw a curved line
This is the toolCurve. Drawing curved lines is probably the most difficult operation in the Paint program. They are drawn in three steps. First (in the usual way) a straight line is drawn - draw it across the entire width of the screen. Then you can make this line two bends. Place the cursor somewhere near the line, press the button and move the mouse. You will see how the line bends elastically. When you release the button, the line will become curved. The second bend is made in the same way. Such smooth curves with two bends are calledbezier curves. They are very well suited for depicting the curvature of natural objects, such as the contours of people and animals.
It is possible that an acceptable result will not be obtained immediately. After each unsuccessful attempt, do not forget to remove the "rejection" using the command Edit>Cancel.
In the place where the drawn curve crossed our "house", it can be removed using the toolEraser.
O 
n works very simply. And in the place where the line ruined the "tree", it can be splattered with green paint from a spray bottle.
Fill Tool
This is apparently the simplest and most effective tool of the program. It is used to fill closed contours with the selected color. Select this tool, select the desired paint, and by clicking inside any outline in the drawing, you will color the entire shape in one color.
E 
If the contour is not continuous, if it has at least one small “hole” left, for example, after inaccurate work with an eraser, then the paint will “break out” when filling and flood the entire drawing. Cancel such a marriage with the command Edit>Cancel.
Start a new drawing by creating a general rectangular box. It serves as a natural closed loop and will help avoid trouble when pouring. Whenever possible, try to use the tools for closed shapes (rectangles, ellipses, etc.) first, and only then the tools for straight lines, curves, and polylines. This will also help make filling easier.
Scale tool
Sometimes the gaps in the contour are so small that they cannot be seen by eye. In this case, a tool calledScale, although it looks like an ordinary magnifying glass.
Tool Inscription
Used to create text labels. Click on the button with this tool and select the label mode below. There are two such modes:
An inscription with a given background; inscription with a transparent background.
If a transparent background is selected, as on our "fence", then the background will be the one that is present in this place.
After selecting the drawing mode, the cursor will take the form of a double sight. Use it to create a rectangle in which the inscription will be entered. Click inside this rectangle - an "I" shaped cursor will appear. Now you can enter text. When entering text, you can use all the fonts that you have installed in the Windows 95 system (let's hope that you have fonts with Russian characters). To select one of the installed fonts, click on the menu item
View>Text Attribute Panel. A small panel will appear on the screen, in which you can select the font (by name), its size (in points) and the font style. In the Paint program, only three types of outline are available to you:
bold;
Italic (oblique);
Underlined.
Selecting a background color and a tool color from the palette
To 
When we draw something, we always deal with two colors. The first is the background color and the second is the tool color. Both can change, but at any moment there is both. By the way, if the color of the tool matches the color of the background, then nothing can be seen in the drawing, although the drawing still exists.
The currently selected tool color and background color can be judged by a small window in the lower left corner of the editor. There are two squares. The top one has the current tool color and the bottom one has the current background color.
Changing these colors is very simple - you just need to click on the cell of the palette with paints. If you click with the left button, the color of the tool will be selected, and if you click with the right button, then the background color.
Select background color and tool color from drawing
Sometimes it is necessary to set the color of the tool not just randomly, but exactly the same as it already exists somewhere in the picture. This is the toolChoice of colors (colloquially it is called "pipette"). Click with such an eyedropper anywhere in the working field, and the color that is present there will be selected as the current one. If you left click it will be the color of the tool, and if you right click it will be the background color.
Saving a picture to disk
Whether your drawing is ready or not, you can save it to disk. If it is not yet ready, then later it can be finalized. If ready, then it can be embedded in a document, sent by e-mail, put on the Internet on a server, printed on a printer, and even used as a desktop picture.
To save the file, click on the menu item File and in the menu that opens, select Save or Save as... If you have already saved your drawing (and its name is known to the operating system), then the command is enough Save. If you have never saved a drawing yet, then the system knows nothing about it and you need to give it a name - give the command Save as...
In the menu that opens, select the file type, for example 256 color BMP drawing, select the folder where it will be saved and enter a file name. Paint saves pictures only in bmp format (there are dozens of other graphic formats). The bmp format is neither the best nor the most economical, but it is a "system" format for the Windows system, and this is a guarantee that it will be parsed and understood by all programs running on this system.
How to use your picture as your desktop wallpaper
AT 
All desktop wallpapers are stored in the Windows folder. Open this folder and find the ready-made drawings used in the system in it. Copy your drawing there as well.
If you now enter the Desktop Customization dialog , then yours will be present in the drop-down list of prepared drawings. The result can be, for example, as fun as the one shown in the picture above.
4. Text editor WordPad
Text editor WordPad has much more features than Notepad, and can be used both for viewing documents and for creating them. What are its merits?
First, there are no restrictions on the size of the processed file. WordPad can work with files of any size, regardless of the amount of computer memory and the number of programs open at the same time.
Secondly, the WordPad program can work not only with ordinary text files (txt), but also with documents in the .doc format. These are also text documents, but in addition to the text, they also contain the style of the document (its appearance).
To launch the WordPad editor, double-click on the icon of the document you want to view or edit, or select the item from the Main Menu: Programs>Accessories>WordPad text editor.
If you have more powerful text editors installed on your computer, such as Word 7.0 or Word 97, they may have switched some file types to themselves during installation. In this case, double-clicking the .doc file icon does not launch WordPad, but another editor.
What features does the WordPad editor provide compared to the Notepad program? The most important thing is the ability to format text. When using the Notepad program, all "formatting" comes down to inserting additional spaces, which is inconvenient, inefficient and does not guarantee the desired result, for example, when printing a document.
The WordPad editor provides several text formatting options, and they are focused on the fact that the document will be printed in the future.
In particular, you can specify in centimeters the desired dimensions of the sheet of paper on which printing will be performed.
How to set the font used
H 
To change the font (that is, its size and name), first select the piece of text whose appearance you want to change. Then select from the menu bar Format
> Font. In the dialog box that opens, you can select a new font type from among those installed on your machine, as well as set its other parameters - color, size and style (bold, italic, underline, etc.).
When using TTF (True Type Fonts) format fonts and an appropriate printer (for example, a laser printer), the appearance of the document on the screen and when printed will be exactly the same. However, please note that if you plan to transfer the document to another computer and print it there, it may turn out that that (other) computer does not contain the fonts you used and, as a result, the printed document will not look as you wanted.
You can select the desired font on formatting bar.
Two drop-down lists set the type of font and its size, the buttons "Ж", " H" and " H." set the bold, italic, and underline modes, respectively. All these modes can be selected jointly and independently of each other. The next button allows you to select the color of the text.
All text you enter after changing the font size will use the new settings.
How to change the format of a paragraph
Move the cursor to the paragraph whose format you want to change. From the menu bar, select Format > Paragraph. In the dialog box that opens, set the required indents from the page edges and the alignment mode. All text entered after that will use the newly set parameters.
How to set text alignment
When you read a book or a newspaper, you see that all the lines on the left start from the same place. This is called left-alignment. In the WordPad text editor, you can set one of three possible types of alignment: left, center, or right.
You can do this by changing the paragraph format as described above, or by using the buttons on the format bar. These buttons depict conditional "lines of text" aligned in various ways.
Left alignment is most commonly used, but headings are usually centered, and tables of numbers often make sense to right-align.
How to use intro markers
Sometimes you may want to mark passages of text with special characters to show that they cover different sides of the same issue or that it is a list of some kind.
You can use markers for this. To set the marker setting mode, select Format > Marker or click on the button Markers on the format bar. A black circle will appear on the screen. Each time you type another paragraph of text and press the Enter key. another marker will appear on the screen. After you've finished using markers, select the item again. Format > Marker or click on the button Markers on the format bar. You will return to normal mode.
Menu: File and Edit
The Word Pad text editor has other features that would take up too much space to cover them all. However, further you can read about the commands included in the first two items of the menu bar, namely: File and Edit. The fact is that similar menu items are found in almost all programs for Windows 95 and are used for approximately the same purposes. Therefore, having become acquainted with these features in the WordPad program, you can confidently use them in other programs, and not only in text editors.
Menu: File
Create.
This menu item is used to create 
new document. WordPad has only one window at its disposal and therefore can only work with one document at a time. More powerful programs can work with several documents at the same time and open a separate window for each such document. In this case the command Create
usually creates a new document in a new window.
If you want to work with not one, but two documents at the same time, for example, read one and cook the other, then you can open the WordPad program on the screen two or more times.
Open. This command opens the previously prepared document. A dialog box appears on the screen, in which you can select both the folder from which you want to download the document, and the document itself. The rest is the same as when creating a new document.
Save. Writes the current version of the document to disk under the same name as it was previously stored. If you have created a new document, it does not yet have a name, and therefore a dialog box will appear in which you can enter a name for the file being written.
If you edited (or changed) a pre-existing document and want to save both the changes and the previous version, then use the following command.
Save as... This command allows you to write the current document to disk and give it a new name. When you select this command, you will be prompted with a dialog box where you can select the desired folder.
If a file with the same name already exists, you will be asked for additional confirmation whether you want to replace the contents of this file with the new one. You can confirm writing to the same file or choose a different file name.
Seal. Used to print a document. A dialog box will appear on the screen, allowing you to set additional print options.
List of documents. At the bottom of the menu, there may be additional items (up to four) containing the full path to the documents you have worked with recently. This is convenient because many documents are needed frequently. You can open any of the recently used documents.
Exit. Used to end the program. If the current document is not saved, you will be prompted to save the changes, cancel them, or continue working with the program.
Menu: Edit
This menu defines special editing operations. 
niya, including the ability to exchange information between different documents or programs. Transferring information from one document to another with WordPad may seem impossible due to the fact that WordPad only supports one window, but it really isn't.
Cancel. This command undoes the last action performed. An action is understood as the use of any possible command or a set of a number of characters from the keyboard. This feature is convenient, although it is very easy to "skip" the critical point and lose the ability to restore the state to the error.
Cut out and Copy. Both of these commands are intended to ensure that a fragment of a given document is inserted in a different place or in another document.
Above, when analyzing the Paint graphics editor, we said that if you select an object on the screen, you can perform various actions with it, for example, copy it to the Windows system clipboard. WordPad (as well as most other programs that run on Windows 95) can do this too. True, if in the graphical editor the main objects were drawings, then here the main objects are text fragments (although not only them).
To select a text object, you must first select a piece of text. Place the mouse pointer at the beginning of the selected fragment, press the button and, without releasing it, move the pointer to the end of the selected fragment. You can achieve the same effect by moving the cursor using the keys while holding down the Shift key.
Now the team Cut out or Copy will place the selected fragment in windows clipboard, to which all running programs have equal access. The only difference between these commands is that the command Cut out removes a fragment from the document, and the command Copy leaves it in place.
It's good to know that the Windows clipboard is universal and can contain any type of data. It is used in the same way not only to transfer fragments of text, but also to copy images, fragments of sound recordings, video clips, etc.
Insert. To use information that has been placed on the clipboard, use the command Insert. This command places the data on the clipboard at the location where the mouse pointer is currently located. The clipboard is not cleared, so the same fragment can be inserted into different places in the document several times.
Other menu commands Edit are specific and most likely will not be found in another program. The exception is the commands Find, Find Next and Replace, which are common to all text editors. These commands allow you to search for and replace one combination of characters with another.
Find. If you select this command from the menu, then your attention will be offered a dialog box in which you can type a sequence of characters that will be searched for in the text. When such a sequence is found, the search will stop. You can continue normal editing of the document or issue the command Find next, which can detect the next occurrence of a given sequence of characters.
Replace. This command works similarly, except that you specify two character sequences. When WordPad finds the first of the specified sequences, it pauses and gives you the opportunity to indicate that this sequence should be replaced with the second.
You also have the opportunity to set the global replacement mode. In this case, all occurrences in the text of the document of the first sequence will be automatically replaced by the second sequence. Team Replace all - a thing absolutely necessary when editing texts. So, for example, the words "dialog box" and "dialog box" can be found in books on an equal footing, the same with the words "hard drive" and "hard drive". Authors can use either term, but the editor who prepared the book for release must “clean it all up”, and the teams help him in this. Find and Replace.
Relationship between applications
Precisely for embedding and linking and stands the great power of the Windows operating system. So what is embedding and linking objects?
We have already mentioned above that the operating system has a so-called clipboard. An object selected in a document, be it a picture in a graphics editor or text in a text editor, can be sent to this buffer. And then this object from the buffer can already be inserted into another document. But the clipboard is universal and can contain not only texts and pictures, but also any other information, for example, a sound clip or a video clip. The question may arise: “What happens if we try to insert non-text information into a text document in the WordPad editor, for example, an image or a sound recording?
It turns out that such a possibility is provided in Windows 95. And we can talk not only specifically about the WordPad program, but also about very many other programs. The Windows system allows you to insert any object into a document: an image, a sound recording, an animated video. Static objects (images) will be embedded directly into the document, dynamic objects (sound recordings and videos) can be activated by double-clicking on the image or object icon.
P 
an interesting thing happens. Previously, we believed that a document is what officials in offices work with. These are sheets of paper on which something is printed and which can be read. Everything is changing today. Now the document becomes electronic. It can not only be read, but also watched and listened to. This is what is called "multimedia".
How to insert an external object into a document? There are two ways: you can insert it from RAM, or you can insert it from a file on disk. The first method has actually already been described above. Open the picture in the Paint editor, select an object in it, then use the command Copy
put the object on the clipboard. Then go to the WordPad program and give the command Insert
- about 
the object is inserted into the document.
The second method is more complicated, but also more versatile. In the menu bar, select the item Insert > An object. A dialog box opens. Installing the switch Create from file and specify the full search path and file name. If the exact name and location of the file is unknown, use the button Review.
This is what it is Implementation of objects.
The object, as it were, is built into the body of your document and "lives" inside it and in 
place with him.
Please note that every object has a size (text is smaller, graphics are larger, and video clips are even larger), while when the object is “embedded”, the document, of course, increases, and sometimes very significantly.
What is bonding? It differs from embedding in that in this case the object is not embedded in the document, but only a link to it is embedded. The object itself remains where it was - in another folder on your computer's hard drive or on a neighboring computer, or maybe even in another city.
It can be assumed, that binding something better than implementation. But it is not so. Let's figure it out.
If drawing implemented into text, then it “lives” inside the document, embedded in the document file and transmitted along with it. If drawing associated with text, it is stored somewhere else. Of course, the associated object is not passed along with the document. Only the address where this object can be found is transmitted.
Saving space in the document when linking objects has a downside. You have to keep in touch. If someone moves the original object to another location (to another directory, for example), then the link will cease to work and the document will be left without an object. There is also a threat that someone can change the object, and then in your documents, instead of a diagram of the continuous growth of labor productivity of the enterprise, there may be a graph of a steady increase in wage arrears.
But besides the disadvantages, there are also advantages. For example, thousands of company documents may be associated with an audio file containing the company anthem. And when the president of the company wants to change this anthem, he will replace one file, and the new anthem will “play” in all thousands of documents.
Bonding really comes into play when there is an enterprise LAN in which one central computer is subordinate only to the boss. In everyday life, as a rule, they still use “implementation”, which is done using the clipboard.
Remember the following simple key combinations that work in most programs designed for Windows:
Ctrl+x - cut object from document to clipboard; ctrl + c - copy object from document to clipboard; "Ctrl+v - paste the object from the clipboard into the document.
View clipboard
Since we are talking about the fact that the system clipboard W 
indows plays such a big role, it would be interesting to ask a spicy question: “What is in the buffer?”
The clipboard is located in the RAM of the computer, and you can look into it only with the help of programs. To do this, the operating system has a special program, which is called "View Clipboard". You can find it in the same place as all other standard programs - in the folderStandard. This is done like this:
Start > Programs>Standard>View clipboard.
When you run this program, its window will display what is in the buffer. The program allows you not only to view the contents of the buffer, but also save it to your hard drive: File >Save as... The contents of the buffer are stored in the clp format. Accordingly, you can do the reverse operation - load into the clipboard what was previously saved on the hard drive.
Browsing the contents of the Accessories folder, you may be surprised not to find Clipboard Viewer in it. If you do not have it, then know that this happened because Windows 95 does not install this program during automatic installation. In order for you to have it, you either had to install the system manually, or install this program. You can do this at any convenient time. How this is done will be discussed in the next chapter.
Conclusion
Windows not only keeps your computer running, but it also provides you with some "standard" simple programs that are convenient for everyday work. These programs are not enough for a full-fledged professional activity, but they are quite suitable for the quick implementation of simple operations.
Another advantage of the "standard" programs is that they can be quickly mastered, so they are quite suitable as a first step in learning before mastering more powerful professional packages.
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