Building a network diagram: an example. Manufacturing process model

The principle of creating a local network in any version of Windows (XP, 7, 8, 10) is practically nothing is not different... The exceptions are complex multi-layered corporate networks where multiple subnets, proxies and VPNs are used.

But in this article, we will look at how to create home network without resorting to buying expensive equipment, but using a regular switch or router with Wi-Fi support.

What is needed to create a network

First of all, to create a local network of a certain number of computers, we need equipment:

note: in the event that a direct connection will be used (i.e. we insert a twisted pair into both devices without using a router), then you will need not a standard cable, but cross— over unless modern network cards with MDI-X support are installed. In this case, the standard crimp method can be used.

How to create a local network

Now we proceed directly to the creation. First, we need to prepare:

• Install all the equipment in its place - computers, routers, etc.
• Crimp cable, if necessary.
• We do wiring, i.e. stretching the twisted pair cable to the equipment.
• We connect twisted pair equipment.

Costs note that when the connection is made and all devices are started, the connection connectors on the computers should shine... The same applies to routers with routers, only their bulbs are located on front panel... If any light is off, then the connection is made not properly.

When the connection is made, you need to configure the network in the operating system.

To start check working group, for which we go to the properties " Of my computer". You can not open properties, but use the combination Win+ R and enter in the window sysdm. cpl.

On all devices working group must be is the same otherwise the computers won't see each other.

To change the group, just click on the button change and enter the name of the group. Name must be entered in Latin, and match on all devices.

Then we look for network icon in the notification area and with its help we get to Network and Sharing Center.

Here we are interested in the link changing additional parameters, it is third from the left and will allow you to edit the sharing options. In each profile we select: Enable network discovery, auto-tuning and general access to files and printers.

Scrolling page and below turn off shared access with password protection. All other settings can be left. Push Save change and exit.

This completes the setup. The network should work, but only if your router distributes dynamic addresses.

If a router was used, or the devices were directly connected with a cable, then a few more settings must be made.

Network settings

When direct connection or using a router, we need change ip-addresses of computers. For this necessary:

We will not describe what each setting is responsible for, since this is a fairly voluminous topic. It is enough to enter the addresses described above on all computers.

After making all the above settings, the network should work. However, keep in mind that a firewall or antivirus can completely block the network. Therefore, if nothing worked, check their settings or temporarily disable them altogether.

Local network via WiFi router

Setting up a network through a router is absolutely nothing is not different from what we described above.

If the device is configured to dispense dynamic addresses, the addresses do not need to be changed. Well, if the IPs static, you will have to use the previous section.

Also, there will be no difference between whether the device is connected with a cable or via Wi-Fi, in most routers the setting for the distribution of addresses is configured simultaneously and on wireless and on wired connection.

How to make shared folders

After everything is configured, you need to create shared folders to exchange information.

So, in the previous article, we figured out why an average user actually needs it. Let's recall the basic concepts of this lesson:

• - a local network is a system of computing devices connected by communication lines, designed to transmit information to a finite number of subscribers;
• - there are three main types of local network topology, on the basis of which more complex local communication structures are built;
• - according to the way computers interact, local networks are peer-to-peer (when all PCs connected to the network are equal) and with a dedicated server.

In this article, we will look at how to create a local network with the same access rights for all its users.

The advantages of such a network include the simplicity of design (setting up a home network is quite "tough" for a beginner) and the economic availability of equipment, but the range of functionality of such a network is very limited.

So, to create a local area network between computers, we need:

Several computers (in this case, we will consider the option of a network that unites more than two PCs, but we will tell you separately), which will become the nodes of our local network. It is necessary to check the presence of a network card for each PC (although most modern devices are equipped with a built-in "network card", but "what the hell is not kidding ...").

• - Network hardware. To organize local networks, both managed (customizable) and unmanaged network equipment can be used. To make a small home network, a simple unmanaged 4-6 port switch is fine.
• - Network cable to connect each computer with network equipment. The total cable length directly depends on the final number of PCs, their distance from each other and the architecture of the room (building) in which the local network is created.
• - Connectors(RJ-45 connectors), the number of which also depends on the number of computers connected to the network. So, to crimp the cable for each PC, at least 2 connectors are required;
• - Swage(Crimper) - cable termination tool. (In its absence, many craftsmen get by with improvised means (for example, a screwdriver), but it will be quite difficult for a beginner to perform this trick).

Creating and configuring a home network

1. Select the computer from which the creation of the local network will begin, and connect it to the network equipment. For this from both sides crimp the cable and using RJ-45 connectors we connect it to the ports of the switch and the network card of our computer.

The unmanaged switch does not require any additional settings: we only need to register the correct settings for the local network itself in the operating system of each PC

2. To do this, go to the settings of the computer's network card (read, windows 8 and windows XP) and write there IP-the address this PC. Typically, the following IP addresses are used here 192.168.1., 192.168.0;

3. Repeat steps 1-2 for each computer connected to the network.

Important: the last digit of the IP address of each next PC must be different from the previous one (in the above range): for example, if the first computer was assigned IP 192.168.1.1, the second PC will have 192.168.1.2, the third will have 192.168.1.3, and so on.

When all computers are connected, we check our local network for operability.

This can be done in two ways:

Check for other devices connected to the network in the "Network Neighborhood" tab of the control panel of this computer;

Ping any computer on a given network with an ip-address known to us. Pinging is done as follows:

Go to "Start → Run", in the window that opens, assign the command "cmd" and press "Enter";

In the command line window that appears, write ping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is the IP address of the computer we are looking for.

If, after executing the command, we see a similar picture in the command line window, then the home local network we have created is quite functional, but if the computer displays a message about "exceeding the request interval" or that "the specified node is unavailable"

- it is necessary to search for and eliminate technical malfunctions of this network.

A local network or LAN is two or more computers connected directly or through a router (router) and capable of exchanging data. These networks typically cover a small office or home space and are used to share a shared Internet connection, or for other purposes such as file sharing or playing games over the network. This article will show you how to build a local area network of two computers.

As it becomes clear from the introduction, there are two ways to connect two PCs to a LAN - directly, using a cable, and through a router. Both of these options have their pros and cons. Below we will analyze them in more detail and learn how to configure the system for data exchange and Internet access.

Option 1: Direct connection

With this connection, one of the computers acts as a gateway to the Internet connection. This means that it must have at least two network ports. One for the WAN and one for the local area. However, if the Internet is not required or it "comes" without using wires, for example, via a 3G modem, then you can do with one LAN port.

The connection diagram is simple: the cable is plugged into the corresponding connectors on the motherboard or network card of both machines.

Please note that for our purposes we need a cable (patch cord), which is designed for direct connection of computers. This kind is called "crossover". However, modern equipment is capable of independently determining pairs for receiving and transmitting data, so a regular patch cord will most likely work fine as well. If there are any problems, the cable will have to be altered or found in the store, which can be very difficult.

The advantages of this option include ease of connection and minimal equipment requirements. Actually, we only need a patch cord and a network card, which in most cases is already built into the motherboard. The second plus is the high data transfer rate, but this depends on the capabilities of the card.

The disadvantages can be called such with a big stretch - this is a reset when reinstalling the system, as well as the inability to access the Internet when the PC is turned off, which is a gateway.

Customization

After connecting the cable, you need to configure the network on both PCs. First, you need to assign a unique name to each machine in our LAN. This is so that the software can find computers.

Now you need to configure shared access to resources on the local network, since it is limited by default. These steps also need to be performed on all machines.

1. Right click on the connection icon in the notification area and open "Network and Internet settings".

   

2. Let's move on to setting up sharing options.

   

3. For the private network (see screenshot) enable discovery, enable file and printer sharing, and let Windows manage connections.

   

4. For the guest network, we also enable discovery and sharing.

   

5. For all networks, disable public access, configure encryption with 128-bit keys, and disable password access.

   

6. We save the settings.

   

In Windows 7 and 8, this block of parameters can be found like this:

1. On the first PC (the one that connects to the Internet), after going to the parameters (see above), click on the menu item "Configuring adapter parameters".

   

2. Here we choose "LAN connection", right-click on it and go to properties.

   

3. In the list of components we find the protocol IPv4 and, in turn, turn to its properties.

   

4. We switch to manual input and in the field "IP address" we enter the following numbers:

   In field "Subnet mask" the required values ​​will be automatically substituted. You don't need to change anything here. This completes the setup. Click OK.

   

5. On the second computer, in the properties of the protocol, you must register the following IP address:

   We leave the mask by default, but in the fields for the gateway and DNS server addresses, specify the ip of the first PC and click OK.

   

   In the "seven" and "eight" should go to "Network Control Center" from the notification area, and then click on the link "Change adapter settings"... Further manipulations are performed according to the same scenario.

   

The final procedure is to enable Internet sharing.

Now the second machine will be able to work not only in the local network, but also in the global one. If you need to exchange data between computers, you will need to perform one more configuration, but we will talk about this separately.

Option 2: Connecting via a router

For such a connection, we will need, in fact, the router itself, a set of cables and, of course, the corresponding ports on computers. The type of cables for connecting machines to a router can be called "straight", as opposed to a crossover, that is, the cores in such a wire are connected "as is", directly (see above). These cables with pre-wired connectors can be found in retail stores without any problems.

The router has several connection ports. One for getting the Internet and several for connecting computers. It is easy to distinguish between them: LAN connectors (for cars) are grouped by color and numbered, and the port for the incoming signal stands alone and has a corresponding name, usually written on the case. The connection diagram in this case is also quite simple - the cable from the provider or modem is connected to the connector "Internet" or, in some models, "Link" or "ADSL", and computers to ports signed as "LAN" or "Ethernet".

The advantages of this scheme are the possibility of organizing a wireless network and automatic determination of system parameters.

Service purpose... The online calculator is designed to find network model parameters:

• early date of the event, late date of the event, early start of work, early end of work, late start of work, late end of work;
• time reserve for the event, full time reserve, free time reserve;
• the duration of the critical path;

and also allows you to estimate the probability of completing the entire complex of works in d days.
Instruction. Online solution is carried out analytically and graphically. It is formatted in Word format (see example). Below is a video tutorial.

Number of vertices Numbering of peaks from # 1.

The initial data is usually specified either through a distance matrix or in a tabular way.
Data entry Distance matrix Tabular method Graphical method Number of lines
Analyze the network model: t min and t max are given given t min, t max, m opt
Optimization according to the criterion of the number of performers reserves-costs reduction of terms
",0);">

An example. A description of the project in the form of a list of operations performed with an indication of their relationship is given in the table. Build a network schedule, define a critical path, build a timetable.

Work (i, j)	Number of previous works	Duration t ij	Early terms: beginning t ij R.N.	Early terms: ending t ij R.O.	Late dates: beginning t ij P.N.	Late dates: end of t ij P.O.	Time reserves: full t ij P	Time reserves: free t ij S.V.	Time reserves: events R j
(0,1)	0	8	0	8	0	8	0	0	0
(0,2)	0	3	0	3	1	4	1	0	1
(1,3)	1	1	8	9	8	9	0	0	0
(2,3)	1	5	3	8	4	9	1	1	0
(2,4)	1	2	3	5	13	15	10	10	0
(3,4)	2	6	9	15	9	15	0	0	0

Critical path: (0.1) (1.3) (3.4). Duration of the critical path: 15.

Independent runtime reserve R ij Н - part of the full reserve of time, if all previous work ends at a later date, and all subsequent work begins at an early date.
Using an independent slack does not affect the slack of other jobs. They tend to use independent reserves if the completion of the previous work occurred at a late permissible date, and they want to perform subsequent work at an early date. If R ij Н ≥0, then there is such a possibility. If R ij Н<0 (величина отрицательна), то такая возможность отсутствует, так как предыдущая работа ещё не оканчивается, а последующая уже должна начаться (показывает время, которого не хватит у данной работы для выполнения ее к самому раннему сроку совершения ее (работы) конечного события при условии, что эта работа будет начата в самый поздний срок ее начального события). Фактически независимый резерв имеют лишь те работы, которые не лежат на максимальных путях, проходящих через их начальные и конечные события.

Good day!

Eh, if in the 90s of the last century a computer was a luxury, now many people have not one, but several computers / laptops at home. If you connect computers to a local network (in which there will even be only 2 devices), you can get undeniable advantages:

• the ability to open files located on another PC, work with them, etc. Now you do not need to run back and forth with a flash drive or disk;
• the ability to make a network printer (scanner, CD / DVD drive, etc.), and use it from all PCs in the local network;
• the ability to play network games (this is a separate and most interesting opportunity that can be talked about for a long time).

In this article, I wanted to consider the issue of building a home local network (and setting it up), which will be useful to all novice users. I'll go along the path of step-by-step analysis, start with the issue of connecting one PC to another, then consider setting up Windows, and how, in fact, to share (make available to the local network) folders, printers, etc. So...

When creating a home local network, two options are most often used:

1. connect two computers (PC with laptop, PC with PC, etc.) using a cable (often called twisted pair);
2. acquire specials. a "box" called a Wi-Fi router. A PC is connected to the router using a network cable, and laptops, phones, tablets and other devices get access to the Internet via Wi-Fi (the most popular option today).

Option number 1 - connecting 2 PCs using a twisted pair

Pros: simplicity and cheapness (you need 2 things: a network card and a network cable); ensuring a sufficiently high speed that not every router is capable of delivering a smaller number of radio waves in the room.

Cons: extra wires create confusion, get in the way; after reinstalling Windows OS - network configuration is required again; for Internet access to be on the second PC (2), the first PC (1) must be turned on.

What is needed: that each PC has a network card, a network cable. If you plan to connect more than 2 PCs to a local network (or so that one PC is connected to the Internet, and at the same time is in the local network) - one of the PCs must have 2-3 or more network cards.

In general, if both PCs have network cards, and you have a network cable (also called an Ethernet cable), then connecting them using it is not difficult. I don't think there is much to consider here.

Note: Please note that usually the green (yellow) LED on the network cards starts to light up when you connect the cable to it.

Another important point!

Network cables on sale are different: and not only in color and length. The fact is that there are cables for connecting a computer to a computer, and there are those that are used to connect a PC to a router.

For our task needed crossed network cable (or cable, molded cross way- here who calls what).

In a crossover cable, the yellow and green pairs are swapped at the end connectors; in standard (for connecting a PC to a router) - the colors of the contacts are the same.

In general, if two PCs are turned on, they are working, you connected them with a cable (the LEDs on the network cards blinked), the network icon next to the clock stopped displaying a red cross - it means the PC found the network and is waiting for its configuration. This is what we will do in the second section of this article.

Option number 2 - connecting 2-3 or more PCs using a router

Pros: most devices: phones, tablets, laptops, etc. will have access to a Wi-Fi network; fewer wires "underfoot", after reinstalling Windows - the Internet will work.

Cons: purchasing a router (after all, some models are far from cheap); "complex" device configuration; radio waves of the router., lower ping and freezes (if the router cannot cope with the load).

What you need: a router (usually comes with a network cable to connect one PC to it).

With the connection of the router, as a rule, there are also no big problems: the cable coming from the Internet provider is connected to the special. router connector (it is often called "Internet"), and local PCs are connected to other connectors ("Lan-ports"). Those. the router becomes an intermediary (An approximate diagram is shown in the screenshot below. By the way, in this diagram, there may not be a modem on the right, it all depends on your Internet connection) .

By the way, pay attention to the LEDs on the case of the router: when you connect the Internet cable from the provider, from the local PC, they should light up and blink. In general, setting up a Wi-Fi router is a separate big topic, besides, for each router, the instructions will be slightly different. Therefore, it is hardly possible to give universal recommendations in one separate article ...

By the way, when connecting via a router, the local network is usually configured automatically (i.e. all computers connected via a network cable should already be in the local network, a couple of small touches will remain (about them below)). The main task after that is to set up a Wi-Fi connection and Internet access. But since this article is about a local area network, I'm not focusing on this ...

Setting up a local network (Windows 7, 8, 10)

In this subsection of the article, I will give universal instructions, regardless of how your local network is organized: connected via a network cable, or using a router. Where the settings will relate to a specific option - there will be notes.

Note: all settings are relevant for Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10.

Computer and workgroup name

Allegory: each person has his own name, surname, patronymic, date of birth, city, etc. - no two people are exactly alike. The same is in the network - there should not be computers with the same name ...

The first thing to do when setting up a local network is to check and configure working group name and computer name... Moreover, you need to do this on every computer in the local network!

To find the name of your computer, open the Windows Control Panel at: Control Panel \ System and Security \ System (screen below). Next, make sure the following:

1. PC name and slave. the group must be in Latin;
2. each PC / laptop in the local network must have its own unique name(for example: PC1, PC2, PC3);
3. every PC / laptop must have the same working group (for example: WORKGROUP).

To change the name and workgroup - click the "Change parameters" button.

Change workgroup and PC name

In general, when you bring all the names in accordance with the requirements above, you can proceed to the next stage of configuration.

Enabling Sharing of Printers and Folders

Relevant for connecting through a router, and directly ...

This innovation appeared in Windows 7, supposedly provides more security for the OS (purely in my opinion, it only creates the need for additional configuration of the local network). The bottom line is that by default Windows blocks and does not give access to open and share folders, a printer, etc., until the security policy is "relaxed".

To remove this block and enable sharing, you need to:

Configuring IP addresses, DNS, masks, gateways

For a network organized using a router

In general, for PCs connected to a local network using a router, usually nothing needs to be configured (everything works by default). If something is wrong, just in case, I recommend that you go and check the connection properties.

To do this, you first need to open "network connections" ... This is done simply:

1. first open the window "Run"- combination of buttons Win + R;
2. then enter the command ncpa.cpl and press Enter(works in all versions of Windows 7, 8, 10).

How to open network connections // ncpa.cpl

Local Area Connection Properties

To connect a PC to a PC via a network cable

PC 1

By PC 1, I mean a computer that has two network cards: one of them is connected to the ISP's Internet cable, and the other has a local network cable going to PC 2.

Note: although, the Internet cable from the provider does not have to be. If it is not there, select PC 1 and PC 2 - arbitrarily ...

And so, we open local area network connection properties(how to do this - see a little higher in the article).

1. IP address: 192.168.0.1;
2. subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (see screenshot below);
3. save the settings.

V IP version 4 properties (TCP / IPv4) second PC, you need to set the following parameters:

1. IP address: 192.168.0.2,
2. subnet mask: 255.255.255.0;
3. default gateway: 192.168.0.1;
4. preferred DNS server: 192.168.0.1 (see screenshot below);
5. save the settings.

Actually, the configuration of the local network is complete. Now you can start the fun part - sharing and using the shared resources of the local network. Actually, what we were going to ...

Sharing Internet access on a second PC

Relevant for PCs directly connected with a LAN cable ...

It is necessary to configure PC 1 (i.e. the one to which we have the ISP's Internet cable connected).

First we open network connections : press the combination Win + R, we introduce ncpa.cpl, Further Enter .

How to open network connections //ncpa.cpl

Next open the tab "Access", and put a tick in front of the item "Allow other network users to use this computer's internet connection" ... Save the settings.

Allow other users to access the internet

If everything is done correctly, the Internet will be on both computers.

Note: of course, for the Internet to be on PC 2 - PC 1 must be turned on! This, by the way, is one of the inconveniences of such a local network, when connected via a router - the Internet will be available regardless of which PC is turned on / off.

Sharing folders / files for sharing

3) Set the permission: read or read and write.

Note:

• read allowed: users will only be able to copy your files to themselves (they will not be able to delete or change them!);
• read and write allowed: LAN users will have full control over files in folders: they can delete all files, change any of them, etc. In general, I would not recommend providing such access to important and large folders (for transferring files, it is better to have a separate folder to which you give full access).

5) After a few seconds, Windows will inform you that the folder has been shared. So everything went well.

6) To access the folder:

1. open the explorer;
2. then open the "Network" tab (on the left, at the bottom of the window);
3. we open computer name where the folder was shared. As you can see in the screenshot below, it is shared, you can go into it and start copying (reading) any files.

Sharing a printer (shared network printer)

1) The first thing to do is open the control panel: control panel / hardware and sound / devices and printers.

3) Then open the tab "Access" and check the box "Sharing this Printer" ... Save the settings (see screen below). Actually, now the printer is shared and you can use it with other PCs / laptops / tablets and other devices on the local network.

How to share a printer

4) To connect a network printer, open conductor, select computer name on which the printer is shared. Next, you should see it: click on it right mouse button and select the option in the menu connectivity .

How to connect a network printer

5) Then you can open any document, press Ctrl + P (File / Print), and try to print a friend page.

Note: By default, Windows usually specifies a different printer (not the one you connected over the network). Do not forget to change it when printing.

Regarding a local network printer - I recommend that you read my detailed article on this topic. Some points are described in more detail in it. Link below.

"Create" a network printer -

On this I am finishing the article. Happy and quick setup to everyone.