The concept of information. Pragmatic properties of information.
Information
Information
Information
Pragmatic Properties information - these are the properties that characterize the degree of usefulness of information for the user in his practice.
These are properties such as:
Novelty,
Utility,
completeness,
credibility,
suitability, accessibility,
Objectivity,
Relevance.
These properties are obvious to any person, and everyone himself knows how to understand them interpretability;
Information- a set of interrelated facts, phenomena, events subject to registration.
Information- 1 of the general concepts of science, denoting some information, a body of knowledge, etc. (philosophical dictionary).
Information- a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between a person and a person, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant kingdoms, transmission from cell to cell, from organism to organism (soviet encyclopedia dictionary, 1987)
Attribute properties- these are those properties that reflect the internal nature of the information and the features of use. These are properties such as:
- Cumulative information- accumulation of information. The ability of information to more rigorous, generalized and compact presentation in the process of creating new information.
- Continuity of information well reflected in the words of Isaac Newton: I saw further than others, because I stood on the shoulders of giants. The continuity of information characterizes not only its cumulative nature, but also the development of information and its processing.
- Information concentration It manifests itself in the fact that as certain units of information are accumulated, they tend to be combined into more information-capacious forms.
- Emergence of information borrowed from systems theory. Emergence is the properties of complex systems that are generated by the interaction of elements and are not observed in any of the elements if they are considered separately. That is, the system is greater than the sum of its systems.
- Non-associativity and non-commutativity of information- any information is not an arithmetic sum of its constituent elements, these elements cannot be used in a different sequence. As they say, first you need to think, and then do, but not vice versa.
- Aging information- information that is no longer of value to the user. Absolutely obsolete information is information that, with the advent of new information, turned out to be unreliable. Relatively outdated information is named when it can be supplemented with new information.
- Scattering of information- a property of information arising from its intersectoral nature and opposite to the concentration of information. As information is concentrated, it becomes its value in other industries, and the tendency to scatter intensifies.
2. According to the form of presentation:
Letter
Digital
Graphic
coded
Combined
3. According to the form of transfer:
Verbal (verbal, sound)
Non-verbal (presented on a specific medium: paper, diskette, etc.)
Written
printed
Telephone
Electronic
Satellite, etc.
4. By appointment:
Economic
Technical
Social
Organizational, etc.
5. By public importance:
5.1. Bulk
ordinary
Socio-political
aesthetic
5.2.Personal
Intuition
5.3. Special
Production
Technical
managerial
6. By variability over time:
Conditionally constant (for example, a person's place of residence)
Conditional variable (for example, a sequence of calendar months)
Constant (for example, a person's date of birth)
Variable
7. According to the mode of transfer from one consumer of information to another:
At random times
On request
Forced at certain times.
Like any object, information has properties. Information differs from other objects of nature and society by a characteristic feature: the properties of information are influenced both by the properties of the initial data that make up its content, and by the properties of the methods that record this information.
There are 3 groups of information properties:
1. Attributive properties - properties without which information does not exist.
2. Pragmatic properties - properties that characterize the degree of usefulness of information for the user, consumer and practice.
3. Dynamic properties - properties that characterize the change in information over time.
Let us consider in more detail these groups of properties of information.
Attribute properties information.
discreteness. Information is characterized by individual factual data, regularities and properties of the objects under study, which are distributed in the form of various messages consisting of a line, a composite color, a letter, a number, a symbol, a sign.
continuity information from a physical carrier and the linguistic nature of the information. However, the information is not strictly related to either a specific language or a specific carrier.
Continuity. Information tends to merge with the already recorded and accumulated earlier, thereby contributing to the progressive development and accumulation.
Transferability information using communication channels (including with interference) is well studied in the framework of the information theory of K. Shannon. In this case, a slightly different aspect is meant: the ability of information to be copied, i.e. to the fact that it can be "remembered" by another system and at the same time remain identical to itself. Obviously, the amount of information should not increase when copying.
Reproducibility information is closely related to its transferability and is not its independent basic property. If transmissibility means that spatial relations between the parts of the system between which information is transmitted should not be considered significant, then reproducibility characterizes the inexhaustibility and inexhaustibility of information, i.e. when copied, the information remains identical to itself.
Convertibility is a fundamental property of information. It means that information can change the way and form of its existence.
Copyability There is a kind of information transformation in which its quantity does not change. In the general case, the amount of information in the transformation processes changes, but cannot increase.
Pragmatic Properties information.
Adequacy- the degree of compliance with the real objective state of affairs. Inadequate information can be generated when new information is created based on incomplete or inaccurate data. However, both complete and reliable data can lead to the creation of inadequate information if inadequate methods are applied to them.
Relevance- the degree of correspondence of information to the current moment in time. Relevance - importance for the present time, topicality, urgency. Only timely received information can be useful.
Availability- a property of information that characterizes the possibility of its receipt by a given consumer. Lack of access to data or appropriate methods of data processing leads to the same result: the information is not available.
Reliability. Information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. Reliable information helps us make the right decision. Inaccurate information may be due to the following reasons:
Intentional distortion (disinformation) or unintentional distortion of a subjective property;
Distortion as a result of interference (“damaged phone”) and insufficiently accurate means of fixing it.
security- a property that characterizes the impossibility of unauthorized use or change of information.
Objectivity and subjectivity. Objective - existing outside and independently of human consciousness. Information is a reflection of the external objective world. Information is objective if it does not depend on the methods of its fixation, someone's opinion, judgment. The concept of objectivity of information is relative, because methods are subjective. More objective information is considered to be the information in which the methods introduce a smaller subjective element. Objective information can be obtained with the help of serviceable sensors, measuring instruments. Reflected in the mind of a particular person, information ceases to be objective, because it is transformed (to a greater or lesser extent) depending on the opinion, judgment, experience, knowledge of a particular subject. In the course of the information process, the degree of objectivity of information always decreases. This property is taken into account, for example, in legal disciplines, where the testimony of persons who directly observed events or received information indirectly (through inference or from the words of third parties) is processed differently.
Utility. Reducing the uncertainty of information about the object. Utility can be assessed in relation to the needs of its specific consumers and is evaluated according to the tasks that can be solved with its help. Disinformation is regarded as negative values of useful information.
completeness. It characterizes the quality of information and determines the sufficiency of data for making decisions or for creating new data based on existing ones. Incomplete information may lead to an erroneous conclusion or decision.
Relevance- the ability of information to meet the needs (requests) of the consumer.
Meaning and novelty. Information moves in social communications (consumer interactions) and that part of it that is new to the consumer is highlighted.
Accuracy information is determined by the degree of its proximity to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon, etc.
Value. The value of information is different for different consumers and users. The most valuable information is objective, reliable, complete, and up-to-date. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that biased, unreliable information (for example, fiction) is of great importance for a person.
Ergonomics- a property that characterizes the convenience of the form or amount of information from the point of view of a given consumer.
Dynamic properties information.
Cumulative(from Latin cumulatio - increase, accumulation) characterizes the accumulation and storage of information.
The growth of information. Over time, the amount of information grows, information accumulates, it is systematized, evaluated and generalized.
Aging. Information is subject to the influence of time. Information aging is the decrease in its value over time. It is not time itself that ages information, but the appearance of new information that clarifies, supplements or rejects, in whole or in part, the earlier one. Scientific and technical information ages faster, aesthetic (works of art) - more slowly.
Erasure. This property is associated with such a transformation of information (transmission), in which its amount decreases and becomes equal to zero.
memorability. We deal with memorized information in real practice.
Information properties
Like any object, information has properties. The properties of information are affected by both the properties of the data and the properties of the methods that interact with the data during the information process. At the end of the process property, the properties of the information are transferred to the properties of the new data, that is, the properties of the methods can be transferred to the properties of the data.
Information has four basic properties. It can be:
1) create,
2) transmit (and therefore receive),
3) store,
4) process (recycle).
Information has properties that are far from ordinary. For example, B. Shaw's statement is known: “If you and I have one apple each and we exchanged them, then each of us has one apple left; if you and I each have one idea and we exchange them, then each of us will have two ideas. However, the features of information properties are not limited to this. Information is specific both from the point of view of aging (that is, information is not affected by time itself, but by the appearance of new information that denies or clarifies this one), and from the point of view of various options regarding the material carrier or sign form, and from the point of view of impact (for example, , the result of the impact on the consumer of messages A, B, C, D ... is not equivalent to the result of the impact of the same messages on the same consumer, if they arrive in different combinations, or in a different sequence and in a different combination) and so on.
The target function of information is characterized by the ability to influence management processes, the behavior of people corresponding to the goals of management. This, in essence, is the usefulness or value of information.
To consumer properties of information include: value, aging, reliability, readability, efficiency, cost, etc. In this regard, such information properties are noted as: reliability, accuracy, completeness, reliability, sufficiency, efficiency, etc.
Among the requirements for information, in terms of transmission and use, the following are distinguished: targeting, relevance, coding capability, high speed of collection, processing and transmission, sufficiency, reliability, multiple use, legal correctness, completeness, timeliness.
Let's consider all these properties in more detail.
Information generally has attributive, pragmatic and dynamic properties. Each of these categories contains corresponding information properties.
1. Attribute properties properties without which information does not exist. This category of properties includes the following information properties:
● continuityinformation from a physical carrier and the linguistic nature of the information. One of the most important areas of informatics as a science is the study of the characteristics of various media and languages of information, the development of new, more advanced and modern ones. Although information is inseparable from the physical carrier and has a linguistic nature, it is not rigidly associated with either a specific language or a specific carrier;
● discreteness. The information, messages, data and knowledge contained in the information are discrete, i.e. characterize individual factual data, patterns and properties of the objects under study, distributed in the form of various messages consisting of a line, a composite color, a letter, a number, a symbol or a sign;
● continuity. Information tends to merge with previously recorded and accumulated, thereby contributing to the progressive development and accumulation.
2. Pragmatic Properties - properties that characterize the degree of usefulness of information for the user (consumer), theory and practice. They appear in the process of using information.
● meaning and novelty. They involve the movement of information in social communications; allocate a new piece of information for the consumer;
● utility. Reducing the uncertainty of information about the object. Disinformation is regarded as negative values of useful information. The usefulness of information is evaluated according to the tasks solved with its help. Data occurs at the time the signals are registered, but not all signals are "useful" as some level of extraneous signals is always present. As a result, payload data is accompanied by a certain level of "information noise". The usefulness of information is subjective, and not all information ages equally.
The most valuable information for users is quite useful, complete, objective, reliable and new.
● The value of information ambiguous property and concept. It is different for different consumers. It has at least two meanings: the cost and the importance of the information to its recipients. It is determined both at the initial (preliminary) stage, for example, when ordering, and at the final stage - as a result of familiarization with the materials received, comparison with others similar to them, obtaining additional information from other sources, etc. Valuable information must be useful, sufficiently new, complete and reliable at the same time. However, the pursuit of completeness and reliability generally leads to the obsolescence of information and, consequently, its uselessness;
● cumulative. Characterizes the possibility of accumulation and storage of information;
● completeness- the degree of correspondence of the received information to its true value. Means the quality of information and determines the sufficiency of data for making decisions or for creating new data based on existing ones. Confirms full compliance with the original document. Incomplete information hinders decision making or may lead to errors;
● authenticity- the degree of correspondence of the received information to its true value. Information is reliable if it reflects or does not distort the true state of affairs. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. Reliable information helps to make the right decision. Incorrect information can lead to misunderstandings or wrong decisions.
● adequacy- the degree of compliance with the real objective state of affairs. Inadequate information can be generated when new information is created based on incomplete or inaccurate data. However, complete and reliable data, if inadequate methods are applied to them, may lead to the creation of inadequate information;
● availability- a measure of the ability to receive information. The availability of information is simultaneously influenced by the availability of data and adequate methods for their interpretation. Lack of access to data or adequate methods of processing them lead to the same result: the information is not available. The lack of adequate methods for working with data in many cases leads to the use of inadequate methods, resulting in incomplete, inadequate or unreliable information;
● relevance– the degree of correspondence of information to the current moment in time. Often, the commercial value of information is associated with relevance, as well as with completeness. Relevance - importance, materiality for the present time. Information received in time can bring the necessary benefit. Irrelevant information - outdated (for example, last year's newspaper), or insignificant, unnecessary (for example, a message received today that yesterday it was possible to purchase goods for 5% cheaper or visit the exhibition for free, etc.). When working in a constantly changing environment, it is important to have up-to-date, that is, relevant, information.
Since information processes are extended in time, reliable and adequate, but outdated information can lead to erroneous decisions. The need to find (or develop) an adequate method for working with data can lead to a delay in obtaining information, as a result of which it becomes irrelevant and unnecessary. In particular, many modern public-key data encryption systems are based on this. Persons who do not own a method for reading data can search for it, but since the algorithm for its operation is available, the duration of this search is so long that during the work the information loses not only relevance, but also practical value, etc.;
● objectivity and subjectivity. Since the surrounding world exists independently of our consciousness and desire, then its objectivity can be distinguished as a property of information. Information is objective if it does not depend on anyone's opinion, judgment, etc. The concept of the objectivity of information is relative, given that any methods are usually subjective. More objective information is considered to be information in which any methods introduce the least subjective element. In the course of the information process, the degree of objectivity of information always decreases. This property is taken into account, for example, in legal disciplines, where the testimony of persons who directly observed events or received information indirectly (through inference or from the words of third parties) is processed differently.
3. Dynamic properties – properties that characterize the change in information over time.
● information growth. The movement of information in information communications, its constant distribution and growth determine the property of multiple distribution or repetition. Although the information is dependent on a particular language and a particular carrier, it is not strictly related to either. Thanks to this, information can be received and used even simultaneously by several consumers. These are characteristics of the properties of reusability and dissemination of information across different sources;
● aging. Information is subject to the influence of time.
In addition, there are such properties of information as: integrity, safety, security, clarity, understandability, ergonomics of information, etc.
Integrity- the relevance and consistency of information, its security from destruction and unauthorized changes. This term refers to the incorruptibility of data under the influence of random interference, failures and equipment failures.
Information security – constant readiness of information resources for their intended use. The degree of readiness of IR is determined by their constant availability in a reliable form and for timely provision to relevant users in an automated mode.
security– the impossibility of unauthorized use or change of information.
clarity, intelligibility . Information is understandable (clear) if it is expressed in a language accessible to the recipient.
Ergonomics- from the point of view of the consumer, the convenience of the form or amount of information.
Properties of information also characterize measures of information.
Information Measures : syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
To the syntactic (technical) measure include: accuracy, reliability of information, signal transmission speed, etc.
Semantic measure information means the transmission of the meaning of the text using codes.
pragmatic measure means the effectiveness of the influence of information on the behavior of the object.
Information can be classified as follows.
By object properties determine the following properties of information: product quality indicators, its resource intensity, parameters of the market infrastructure, organizational and technical level of production, social development of the team, environmental protection, etc.
By belonging to the subsystem of the management system information is allocated according to: the target subsystem, scientific support of the system, the external environment of the system, providing, managing and controlling subsystems.
According to the form of transfer information is divided into: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal.
By variability over time note: conditionally constant and conditionally variable (short-lived) information.
By way of transmission distinguish: written, telephone, telegraph, electronic, radio and satellite, etc. information.
By transmission mode information is divided into transmitted: in non-regular terms, upon request and forcibly at certain times.
By appointmentinformation is systematized into: economic, technical, social, organizational, etc.
According to the stages of the life cycle of an object information happens: strategic marketing, research and development work, organizational and technological preparation of production, etc.
In relation to the object of management to the subject allocate information: between the organization and the external environment, between departments within the organization vertically and horizontally, between the manager and performers, informal communications.
Whatever properties the information does not have, but in the vast majority of cases it must be stored and stored for a long time.
Any social activity of people is built on the creation, transmission, processing and storage of information. Ensuring the safety of information is carried out on the basis of the use of special measures for the organization of storage and preparation, restoration and regeneration of information, special backup devices. The quality of ensuring the safety of information depends on its integrity (accuracy, completeness) and readiness for continuous use. In any case, the information must come from somewhere, therefore, its sources exist.
It is often necessary to conditionally consider an information resource at different levels. This is due to the information technologies used, their analysis and description, design and programming, selection of methods and means (for example, hardware), encoding or encryption of data and information, etc.
Conditionally allocate three levels of consideration of any information message (information resource):
· Pragmatic;
· Semantic;
· Syntactic.
On pragmatic level consider all elements of information exchange to identify the usefulness of information to the user.
On semantic level, abstracting from the user of information, the ultimate goal of the study is the semantic meaning of the information message, its adequacy to the described objects.
Syntactic level- the level of studying only the signs themselves and the relationships between them.
In the future, as part of the study of this academic discipline, information technologies and information systems will be considered at the appropriate levels. For example, intelligent information systems and technologies - at the semantic level, coding and encryption technologies - at the syntactic level, etc.
Information properties
You can bring a lot of different properties of information, according to different classifying features. Each scientific discipline considers those properties that are most important to it.
In general, information has the following properties.
1. Attribute properties These are the properties without which information cannot exist. This category of properties includes:
- the inseparability of information from the physical carrier and the linguistic nature of information . Information in its "pure" form is not used anywhere in practice. Only in the form fixed on a material carrier. And it is based on a linguistic nature. It should be noted that although information is inseparable from the physical (material) carrier and has a linguistic nature, it is not rigidly associated with either a specific language or a specific carrier.
- discreteness. The information contained in the information, knowledge is discrete, i.e. describe individual factual data, patterns and properties of the objects under study, which are distributed in the form of various messages consisting of a line, a composite color, a letter, a number, a symbol, a sign.
- continuity. Information tends to merge with the already recorded and accumulated earlier, thus being its continuation. That contributes to the progressive development and accumulation.
2. Pragmatic properties- these are the properties that characterize the degree of usefulness of information for the user, consumer and practice, which are manifested in the process of using the information.
- meaning and novelty . This property characterizes information at the semantic (semantic) level and highlights that part of it that is new to the consumer.
- value. The value of information is different for different consumers and users. For example, to make a management decision.
- cumulative. Characterizes the process of accumulation and storage of information.
- relevance - the ability of information to meet the needs of the consumer at the right time.
- completeness. Defines adequacy data to make decisions or to create new data based on existing ones. The more complete the data, the wider the range of methods that can be used, the easier it is to choose a method that introduces a minimum of errors into the course of the information process.
- authenticity - the presence of hidden errors in the information.
- adequacy - this is a certain level of correspondence of the image created with the help of the received information to a real object, process, phenomenon, etc. Inadequate information can be generated when new information is created based on incomplete or inaccurate data. However, both complete and reliable data can lead to the creation of inadequate information if inadequate methods are applied to them.
- availability - a measure of the possibility of obtaining this or that information. This implies both the availability of data and the availability of adequate methods for their interpretation. Lack of access to data or lack of adequate methods of data processing lead to the same result: the information is not available.
- relevance (relevance). The ability of information to meet the needs of the consumer at the right time. The degree of correspondence of information to the current moment in time. Often, the commercial value of information is associated with relevance, as well as with completeness.
- objectivity and subjectivity- with degree of human influence on the quality of information.
- at uniqueness- the existence of information in a single copy. At the same time, you can copy information without changing the information itself indefinitely. The main thing is that there should not be several variants (varieties) of the same information.
- ergonomics- convenient for a person to provide information in terms of volume and form.
3. Dynamic properties are those properties that characterize the change in information over time.
- information growth - the property of multiple dissemination or repetition of information. Although information is dependent on a particular language and a particular carrier, it is not strictly associated with either a particular language or a particular carrier. Thanks to this, information can be obtained and used by several consumers. This is the property of reusability and the manifestation of the property of dissemination of information across various sources.
- aging . Information is subject to the influence of time.
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2.3. oELPFPTSHCHE PRTEDEMEOYS.
rTPVMENB PVCYUEOYS YOZHPTNBFILE ABOUT OBYUBMSHOPN LFBRE LBL CH UVBTYYI LMBUUBI UTEDOEPVTBBPCHBFEMSHOSHCHI ILPM, FBL Y ABOUT RETCHSHCHI LKHTUBI CHSHUYEK YLPMSCH CHSCHCHCHBEF NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE URPTSCH. дП РПУМЕДОЕЗП ЧТЕНЕОЙ УЮЙФБМПУШ ПДОПК ЙЪ ПУОПЧОЩИ ЪБДБЮ ПВЭЕЕ ЪОБЛПНУФЧП У ЛПНРШАФЕТОПК ФЕИОЙЛПК Й ХНЕОЙЕ РТПЗТБННЙТПЧБФШ ОБ ПДОПН ЙЪ РТПУФЕКЫЙИ СЪЩЛПЧ (ЛБЛ РТБЧЙМП "ыЛПМШОЩК БМЗПТЙФНЙЮЕУЛЙК СЪЩЛ", "вЕКУЙЛ" ЙМЙ "рБУЛБМШ"). fBLBS PTYEOFBGYS OBNEFIMB HLMPO CH UFPTPOH RTPZTBNNNYTPCHBOYS. x PVCYUBENPZP RPSCHYMBUSH BUUPPGYBGYS UMPCHB "YOZHPTNBFYLB" UE UMPCHPN "RTPZTBNNNYTPCHBOYE". h DBOOPK NEFPDYUEULPN RPUPVYY UDEMBOB RPRSHFLB TBULTSHCHFSH RPOSFIS YOZHPTNBFILYY Y YOZHPTNBGYY U GEMSHA YURPMSH'CHBOYS YI UREGYBMYUFBNY ZHNBOYFBTOSHCHI OBRTBCHMEOYK. pvhyubensche DPMTSOSCH RPMKHYuYFSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH PRETYTPCHBFSH U YOZHPTNBGYEK MAVPZP CHYDB: MYOZCHYUFYUEULPK, YЪPVTBYFEMSHOPK, NKHSHCHLBMSHOPK. rPUPVYE RPNPTSEF YN RTYUFHRYF L RPMHYUEOYA OCHSHCHLPC PVTBVPFLY Y UYUFENBFYBGYY YOZHPTNBGYY, PTYEOFBGYY CH YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHI UEFSI.
rPOSFYE "YOZHPTNBGYS" DPUFBFPYUOP YTPLP YURPMSHЪHEFUS CH PVSCHYuOPK TSOYOY UPCTENEOOOPZP YuEMPCHELB, RPFPPNH LBTsDSHK YNEEF YOFHYFYCHOPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE, YFP YFP FBLPE. OP LPZDB OBHLB OBYUYOBEF RTYNEOSFSH PVEEY'CHEUFOSHCHE RPOSFIS, POB HFPYUOSEF YI, RTYURPUBVMYCHBS L UCHPYN GEMSN, PZTBOYYUYCHBEF YURPMSH'PCHBOYE FETNYOB UFTPZYNY TBNLBNYEZP RTYNEOEOYS CH LPOLTEFOPC OBHYUOPK PVMBUFY. fBL ZHYYYLB PRTDEDEMYMB RPPOSFYE UYMSCH, Y ZHYYYYYUEULYK FETNYO UYMSCH LFP HCE UPCHUEN OE FP, YUFP YNEEFUS CH CHYDH, LPZDB ZPCHPTSF: UYMB CHPMY, YMY UYMB TBBKHNB. h FP TSE CHTENS OBHLB, BOYNBSUSH YJHYUEOYEN SCHMEOYS, TBUYTSEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE YUEMPCELB P OEN. rPFPPNH, OBRTYNET, DMS ZHYYLB RPOSFIYE UYMSCH, DBCE PZTBOYUEOOPE EZP UFTPZYN ZHYYYYUEULYN OBBYYEOYEN, ZPTBDP VPMEE VPZBYE Y UPDETTSBFEMSHOEE, YUEN DMS OYUCHEDHEYI CH ZHYYLE. fBL RPOSFIYE YOZHPTNBGYY, UFBOPShSUSH RTEDNEFPN YЪHYUEOYS NOPZYI OBL, CH LBTsDPK YOYI LPOLTEFYYTHEFUS Y PVPZBEBEFUS. rPOSFYE YOZHPTNBGYS SCHMSEFUS PDOYN Y PUOPCHOSHI CH UPCTENEOOOPK OBKHL Y RPFPNKH OE NPCEF VSHCHFSH UFTPZP PRTEDEMEOP YUETEY VPMEE RTPUFSHCHE RPOSFYS. NPCOP MYYSH, PVTBEBSUSH L TBMYUOSCHN BURELFBN FFPZP RPOSFIS, RPSUOSFSH, YMMAUFTYTPCHBFSH EZP UNSHUM. DESFEMSHOPUFSH MADEK UCHSBOB U RETETBVPFLPK Y YURPMSHЪPCHBOYEN NBFETYBMPCH, OETZYY Y YOZHPTNBGYY. uppfchefufcheoop TBCHYCHBMYUSH OBHYUOSCHE Y FEIOYYUEULYE DYUGYRMYOSCH, PFTBTSBAEYE CHPRTPPUSH NBFETYBMPCHEDEOYS, IOETZEFYLY Y YOZHPTNBFIYLY. OBYUEOYE YOZHPTNBGYY CH TSYOYE PVEEUFCHB UFTENYFEMSHOP TBUFEF, NEOSAPHUS NEFPDSH TBVPFSHCH U YOZHPTNBGYEK, TBUYYTSAFUS UZHETCH RTYNEOEOYS OPCHSHCHI YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHI FEIOPMPZYK. UMPTSOPUFSH SCHMEOYS YOZHPTNBGYY, EZP NOPZPRMBOPCHPUFSH, YYTPFB UZHETSCH RTYNEOEOYS Y VSHCHUFTPE TBCHYFYE PFTBTSBEFUS H RPUFPSOOPN RPSCHMEOYY OPCHSCHI FPMLPCHBOIK RPOSFIK YOZHPTNBFIZHYTY BYYG. рПЬФПНХ ЙНЕЕФУС НОПЗП ПРТЕДЕМЕОЙК РПОСФЙС ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ, ПФ ОБЙВПМЕЕ ПВЭЕЗП ЖЙМПУПЖУЛПЗП - "йОЖПТНБГЙС ЕУФШ ПФТБЦЕОЙЕ ТЕБМШОПЗП НЙТБ" ДП ХЪЛПЗП, РТБЛФЙЮЕУЛПЗП - "йОЖПТНБГЙС ЕУФШ ЧУЕ УЧЕДЕОЙС, СЧМСАЭЕЕУС ПВЯЕЛФПН ИТБОЕОЙС, РЕТЕДБЮЙ Й РТЕПВТБЪПЧБОЙС".
rTYCHEDEN DMS UPRPUFBCHMEOYS FBLCE OELPFPTSCHE DTHZYE PTEDEMEOYS Y IBTBLFETYUFYLY:
- YOZHPTNBHYS (Information) - UPDETTSBOYE UPPVEEOIS YMY UYZOBMB; UCHEDEOYS, TBUUNBFTYCHBENSCHE CH RTPGEUUE YI RETEDBYU YIMY CHPURTYSFYS, RPCHPMSAEYE TBUYTYIFSH OBOYS PV YOFETEUKHAEEN PVYAELFE.
- YOZHPTNBGYS - SCHMSEFUS PDOK YJ JHODBNEOFBMSHOSHCHI UHEOPUFEK PLTHTSBAEEZP OBU NYTB (BLBD. rPUREMPCH).
- YOZHPTNBGYS - RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP - UCHEDEOYS, RETEDBCHBENSCHE PDONY MADSHNY DTHZYN MADSN KHUFOSHCHN, RYUSHNEOOOSCHN YMY LBLYN -OYVHDSH DTHZYN URPUPVPN (vu).
- YOZHPTNBGYS - PFTBTSEOOPE TBOPPPVTBYE, FP EUFSH OBTHYOYE PDOPPVTBYS.
- YOZHPTNBGYS - SCHMSEFUS PDOIN YJ PUOPCHOSHI HOYCHETUBMSHOSHCHI UCHPKUFCH NBFETYY.
RPD YOZHPTNBGEK OEPVVIPDYNP RPOYNBFSHOE UBNY RTEDNEFSHCH Y RTPGEUUSCH, B YI PFTBTSEOYE YMY PFPVTBTSEOYE CH CHYDE YUYUEM, ZHPTNKhM, PRYUBOYK, YUETFECEK, UYNCHPMCH, PVTBPCH. уБНБ РП УЕВЕ ЙОЖПТНБГЙС НПЦЕФ ВЩФШ ПФОЕУЕОБ Л ПВМБУФЙ БВУФТБЛФОЩИ ЛБФЕЗПТЙК, РПДПВОЩИ, ОБРТЙНЕТ, НБФЕНБФЙЮЕУЛЙН ЖПТНХМБН, ПДОБЛП ТБВПФБ У ОЕК ЧУЕЗДБ УЧСЪБОБ У ЙУРПМШЪПЧБОЙЕН ЛБЛЙИ-ОЙВХДШ НБФЕТЙБМПЧ Й ЪБФТБФБНЙ ЬОЕТЗЙЙ. йОЖПТНБГЙС ИТБОЙФУС Ч ОБУЛБМШОЩИ ТЙУХОЛБИ ДТЕЧОЙИ МАДЕК Ч ЛБНОЕ, Ч ФЕЛУФБИ ЛОЙЗ ОБ ВХНБЗЕ, Ч ЛБТФЙОБИ ОБ ИПМУФЕ, Ч НХЪЩЛБМШОЩИ НБЗОЙФПЖПООЩИ ЪБРЙУСИ ОБ НБЗОЙФОПК МЕОФЕ, Ч ДБООЩИ ПРЕТБФЙЧОПК РБНСФЙ ЛПНРШАФЕТБ, Ч ОБУМЕДУФЧЕООПН ЛПДЕ дол Ч ЛБЦДПК ЦЙЧПК ЛМЕФЛЕ, Ч РБНСФЙ ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ Ч ЕЗП НПЪЗХ Y F.D. дМС ЕЕ ЪБРЙУЙ, ИТБОЕОЙС, ПВТБВПФЛЙ, ТБУРТПУФТБОЕОЙС ОХЦОЩ НБФЕТЙБМЩ (ЛБНЕОШ, ВХНБЗБ, ИПМУФ, НБЗОЙФОБС МЕОФБ, ЬМЕЛФТПООЩЕ ОПУЙФЕМЙ ДБООЩИ Й РТ.), Б ФБЛЦЕ ЬОЕТЗЙС, ОБРТЙНЕТ, ЮФПВЩ РТЙЧПДЙФШ Ч ДЕКУФЧЙЕ РЕЮБФБАЭЙЕ НБЫЙОЩ, УПЪДБЧБФШ ЙУЛХУУФЧЕООЩК ЛМЙНБФ ДМС ИТБОЕОЙС ЫЕДЕЧТПЧ ЙЪПВТБЪЙФЕМШОПЗП ЙУЛХУУФЧБ , RYFBFSH LMELFTYUUEUFCHPN LMELFTPOOSCHE UIENSCH LBMSHLHMSFPTB,RPDDETSYCHBFSH TBVPFH RETEDBFUYLCH ABOUT TBDYP Y FEMECHYYYPOOSCHI UFBOGYSI. HUREY CH UPCTHENEOOPN TBCHYFY YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHI FEIOPMPZYK CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH UCHSBOSHCH U UPDBOYEN OPCHSHCHI NBFETYBMPCH, METSBEYI CH PUOPCHE LMELFTPOOSCHI LPNRPOEOPFPCH CHCHUYUMYYYOYOSCHI NBY.
LBCDSCHK RTEDNEF YMY SCHMEOYE YUEMPCHEL RSHCHFBEFUUS PIBTBLFETYЪPCHBFSH, DMS UTBCHOEOYS U RPDPVOSCHNY, EZP CHEMYUYOPK. OE CHUEZDB LFP NPTsOP RTPUFP Y PDOP'OBYUOP UDEMBFSH. dBCE CHEMYUOYOSCH ZHYYYYUEULYI RTEDNEFPCH NPTsOP PGEOYCHBFSH RP-TBBOPNKh: RP PVYAYENKH, CHEUKH, NBUUE, LPMYUUEUFCHKH UPUFBCHMSAEYI EZP LMENEOFCH, UFPYNPUFY. RPFPNKH, OBRTYNET, RPOSFOP, UFP DBCE ABOUT RTPUFPK ChPRTPU: "uFP VPMSHIE, LYMPZTBNNPCBS ZYTS YMY DEFULYK CHPDHYOSCHK YBTYL?" YUEN SCHMEOYE VPMEE UMPTSOP Y NOPZPRMBOPCHP Y YUEN VPMSHIE IBTBLFETYUFIL X LFPZP SCMEOYS, FEN FTHDOEE RPDPVTBFSH DMS OEZP HDPCHMEFCHPTSAEEEE CHUEI, LFP BOYNBEFUS FFYN SCHMEOYEN, PRTEDEMEYE. фБЛ Й ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧП ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ НПЦОП НЕТЙФШ РП-ТБЪОПНХ: Ч ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧБИ ЛОЙЗ, УФТБОЙГ, ЪОБЛПЧ, НЕФТБИ ЛЙОПРМЕОЛЙ, ФПООБИ БТИЙЧОЩИ НБФЕТЙБМПЧ, ЛЙМПВБКФБИ ПРЕТБФЙЧОПК РБНСФЙ ьчн, Б ФБЛЦЕ ПГЕОЙЧБФШ РП ЬНПГЙПОБМШОПНХ ЧПУРТЙСФЙА ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ, РП РПМХЮЕООПК РПМШЪЕ ПФ ПВМБДБОЙС ЙОЖПТНБГЙЕК, РП ОЕПВИПДЙНЩН ЪБФТБФБН ОБ ПВТБВПФЛХ , UYUFENBFYBGYA YOZHPTNBGYY F.D. RPRTPVKHKFA PGEOFSH, HPMSHY YOLPTNBGYY: BHPTNKHMA E = MC2, Metzbek Chopchei Zhyly ChPDPPDOPKDPKDPKDPKDIEE BKCHBPCHPSP. CHYDYNP RTPEE CHUEZP PGEOYFSH LPMYUEUFCHP YOZHPTNBGYY RP FPNKh, ULPMSHLP OEEPVIPDYNP NEUFB DMS HER ITBOOEIS, CHSCVTBCH LBLPK-OYVHDSH EDYOSCHK URPUV RTEDUFBCHMEOYS Y ITBOOEOYS YOZHPTNBGYY. u TBCHYFYEN chn FBLYN EDYOSCHN URPUPVPN UFBMP LPDYTPCHBOYE YOZHPTNBGYY u RPNPESHHA GYZHT 1st 0. lPDYTPCHBOYEN NShch ЪDEUSH OBSCCHCHBEN RETEBRYUSH YOZHPTNBGYY CH PDOPZPK URPFBUPVME лПМЙЮЕУФЧП РПЪЙГЙК (ОБЪЩЧБЕНЩИ ДЧПЙЮОЩНЙ), Ч ЛПФПТЩИ ОБИПДСФУС ФПМШЛП ГЙЖТЩ 1 ЙМЙ 0, ОЕПВИПДЙНПЕ ДМС РТСНПК ЪБРЙУЙ УППВЭЕОЙС, СЧМСЕФУС ПДОЙН ЙЪ ЛТЙФЕТЙЕЧ ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧБ ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ Й ОБЪЩЧБЕФУС ПВЯЕНПН ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ Ч ВЙФБИ. DMS ЪBRYUY PDOPZP UYNCHPMB (VHLCHSCH, GYZhTSCH, RTPVEMB NETsDH UMPCHBNY, OBLPCH RTERIOBOIS) H chn YUBEE CHUEZP YURPMSHHAF 8 DCHPYUOSCHI RPYGYK, Y FFP OBSHCHCHBEFUS VBKFUS. fBLYN PVTBJPN ZHTBBB: "VEMPUOETSLB Y WENSH ZOPNPCH" UPUFPIF YЪ 21 VHLCHSCH (VE LBCHSHCHYUEL) Y DCHHI RTPVEMPCH NETSDH UMPCHBNY Y VKHDEF ЪBOINBFSH Ch RBNSFY chn 23 VBKFB VYMYB 184 ChPNPTSOB OE RTSNBS, BUCBFBS ЪBRYUSH YOZHPTNBGYY, F.E. LPDYTPCHBOYE EZP NEOSHYN LPMYUEUFCHPN VYF. FP RTPYCHPDYFUS SB UYUEF UREGYBMSHOPK PVTBVPFLY Y BOBMYYB YUBUFPFSCH RPSCHMEOYS, TBURPMPTSEOIS Y LPMYUEUFCHB UYinchpmch Ch UPPVEEOYY. ABOUT RTBLFILE UEMPCEL RTYNEOSEF FBLCE UTSBFYE UPPVEEOYE, YUIPDS YEZP UNSHUMB. оБРТЙНЕТ ДМЙООПЕ УППВЭЕОЙЕ ПВЯЕНПН Ч 37 ВБКФ "ФЩУСЮБ ДЕЧСФЙУПФ ДЕЧСОПУФП ЫЕУФПК ЗПД" НПЦОП УЦБФШ ДП ЮЕФЩТЕИ УЙНЧПМПЧ "1996" чРЕТЧЩЕ, ЛБЛ ОБХЮОПЕ РПОСФЙЕ, ЙОЖПТНБГЙС УФБМБ РТЙНЕОСФШУС Ч ВЙВМЙПФЕЛПЧЕДЕОЙЙ, ФЕПТЙЙ ЦХТОБМЙУФЙЛЙ. bBFEN Ee UFBMBTBUUNBFTYCHBFSH OBHLB PV PRFINBMSHOPN LPDYTPCHBOY UPPVEEOIK Y RETEDBYUE YOZHPTNBGYY RP FEIOYUEULYN LBOBMBN UCHSY.
lMPD yMCHKhD yEOOPO RTEDMPTSYM CH 1948 ZPDKh FEPTYA YOZHPTNBGYY, LPFPTBS DBMB CHETPSFOPUFOP-UFBFYUFYUEULPE PRTEDEMEOYE RPOSFIS LPMYUEUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY. lBCDPNKH UYZOBMH H FEPTYY yEOOPOB RTYRYUSCHCHBEFUUS CHETPSFOPUFSH EZP RPSCHMEOYS. YuEN NEOSHIE CHETPSFOPUFSH RPSCHMEOYS FPZP YMY YOPZP UYZOBMB, FEN VPMSHIE YOZHPTNBGYY PO OEUEF DMS RPFTEVYFEMS. yEOOPO RTEDMPTSYM UMEDHAEHA ZHPTNKHMXDMS YЪNETEOIS LPMYUEUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY:
I = -S p i log 2 p i
i=1,N
HERE I - LPMYUEUFCHP YOZHPTNBGYY; p i - CHETPSFOPUFSH RPSCHMEOYS i-ZP UYZOBMB;
N - LPMYUEUFCHP CHPNPTSOSHHI UIZOBMPCH.
zhPTNHMB RPLBJSCHCHBEF ЪBCHYUYNPUFSH LPMYUEUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY PF YUYUMB UPVSCHFIK Y PF CHETPSFOPUFY RPSCHMEOYS LFYI UPVSCHFIK. YOZHPTNBGYS TBCHOB OKHMA, EUMY CHPNPTSOP FPMSHLP PDOP UPVSCHFYE. at TPUFPN YUYUMB UPVSCHFIK YOZHPTNBGYS HCHEMYYUYCHBEFUS. I=1 - EDYOYGB YOZHPTNBGYY, OBSCCHCHBENBS "VIF". VYF - PUOPCHOBS EDYOYGB YЪNETEOIS YOZHPTNBGYY.
h FEIOYLE CHPNPTSOSCH DCHB YUIPDB, LPFPTSCHE LPDYTHAFUS UMEDHAEIN PVTBPN: GYZHTPK PDYO "1" - "DB", "CHLMAYUEOP", "FPL YDEF" ... GYZHTPK OPMSh "0" - "OEF", "CHSHLMAYUEOP", "FPL OE YDEF" ". GYZhTSCH 1 Y 0 SCHMSAFUS UYNCHPMBNY RTPUFEKYEK OBLPCHPK UYUFENSCH YUYUYUMEOIS. h LBTsDPN ЪOBLE YMY UINCHPME DCHPYUOPK UYUFENSCH YUYUYUMEOIS UPDETSYFUS PYO VYF YOZHPTNBGYY. PUVPPE OBYUEOYE DMS YЪNETEOYS PVYAENPCH UYNCHPMSHOPK YOZHPTNBGYY YNEEF UREGYBMSHOBS EDYOYGB - VBKF. 1 VBKF \u003d 8 VYFCH, UFP UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF CHPUSHNY TBTSDBN DCHPYUOPZP YUYUMB. rPYENH YNEOOP 8? fBL UMPTSYMPUSH YUFPTYYUEULY. Pvyen Yozhptnbgy ynetsefus fbza h RTPICHPDISHI PF VKFB OKOYYUGBI: LVBKFBI, NVBKFBI I ZVBKFBI, FPMSHLP RTYUFBCHL, "N" Y "Z" Oe Pyvubaf " FBL Y OBSCCHCHBAF. h ZHYYLB "LIMP" PJOBUBEF 1000, B CH YOZHPTNBFILE "l" PJOBYUBEF 1024, FBL LBL LFP YUYUMP VPMEE EUFEUFCHEOOP DMS CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOSCHI NBYO. POY CH PUOPCHE UCHPEK BTYZHNEFILY YURPMSHHAF YUYUMP 2, LBL YUEMPCHEL CH PUOPCHE UCHPEK BTYZHNEFILY RTYNEOSEF YUYUMP 10. rPFPNKh YUYUMB 10, 100, 100 Y F.D. HDPVOSHCH DMS YuEMPCHELB, B YUYUMB 2, 4, 8, 16 Y OBLPOEG YUYUMP 1024, RPMHYUBAEEEUS RETENOPTSEOYEN DCHPKLY DEUSFSH TB, "HDPVOSHCH" DMS chn.
1 lVBKF (lv) = 1024 VBKFB = 8192 VYFB
1 nVBKF (nv) = 1024 lVBKFB = 2 20 VBKFB = 2 23 VYFB
1 zVBKF (nv) = 1024 nVBKFB = 2 20 lVBKFB = 2 30 VBKFB = 2 33 VYFB.
чЧЕДЕООПЕ ФБЛЙН ПВТБЪПН РПОСФЙЕ ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧП ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ ОЕ УПЧРБДБЕФ У ПВЭЕРТЙОСФЩН РПОСФЙЕН ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧБ ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ, ЛБЛ ЧБЦОПУФЙ РПМХЮЕООЩИ УЧЕДЕОЙК, ОП ПОП У ХУРЕИПН ЙУРПМШЪХЕФУС Ч ЧЩЮЙУМЙФЕМШОПК ФЕИОЙЛЕ Й УЧСЪЙ.
рПУЛПМШЛХ Х ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ ЙНЕАФУС ТБЪОППВТБЪОЩЕ ИБТБЛФЕТЙУФЙЛЙ, РТБЛФЙЮЕУЛПЕ ЪОБЮЕОЙЕ ЛПФПТЩИ Ч ТБЪМЙЮОЩИ РТЙМПЦЕОЙСИ ЙОЖПТНБФЙЛЙ ТБЪМЙЮОП, ФП ОЕ НПЦЕФ ВЩФШ ЕДЙОПК НЕТЩ ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧБ ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ, ХДПВОПК ЧП ЧУЕИ УМХЮБСИ. OBRTYNET, LPMYUEFCHPN NETSC YOZHPTNBGYY NPCEF UMHTSYFSH UMPTSOPUFSH CHCHYUMEOYS RTY RPNPEY OELPFPTPZP HOYCHETUBMSHOPZP BMZPTYFNB. уМЕДХЕФ ПЦЙДБФШ, ЮФП ДБМШОЕКЫЕЕ РТПОЙЛОПЧЕОЙЕ ЙОЖПТНБФЙЛЙ Ч ФЕ ОБРТБЧМЕОЙС ЮЕМПЧЕЮЕУЛПК ДЕСФЕМШОПУФЙ, ЗДЕ ПОБ ЕЭЕ УМБВП РТЙНЕОСЕФУС, Ч ФПН ЮЙУМЕ Ч ЙУЛХУУФЧП, РТЙЧЕДЕФ Л ТБЪТБВПФЛЕ ОПЧЩИ ОБХЮОЩИ ПРТЕДЕМЕОЙК ЛПМЙЮЕУФЧБ ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ. fBL CHPURTYSFYE RTPYCHEDEOYS YULKHUUFCHB, LPFPTPE OTBCHYFUS OBN, RTYOPUYF PEHEEOOYE OBRPMOEOIS OPCHPK, OEYJCHEDBOOPK TBOEE YOZHPTNBGEK. OE DBTPN YUBUFP YZHZHELF, RTPYCHEDEOOSHK OBYuEMPCHELB CHEMILYN NKHSHCHLBMSHOSHCHN RTPY'CHEDEOYEN, RPMPFOPN IHDPTSOILB, B YOPZDB RTPUFP UPETGBOYEN RTYTPDSCH: TSYCHPRYUOSCHI ZPT, ZMHVPLPZP OEVB, - IBTBLFETY'HAF UMPCHPNOY "PFLTPCHE". rPFPPNH NPZHF RPSCHYFSHUS IBTBLFETYUFYLY LPMYUEUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY, IBTBLFETY'HAEYE HER UFEFYUEULPE Y IHDPTSEUFCHEOOPE OBYUEOYE. rPLB OE UPDBOSH RTPUFSHCHE, NBFENBFYUEULY CHSCTBTSEOOSCHE PRTEDEMEOYS NETSHCH LPMYUEUFCHB FPZP YMY YOPZP UCHPKUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY, DMS PGEOLY EZP CHEMYUOYOSCH UMHTsBF FBL OB OBSHCHCHBENSCHE LHEOLETHY. BLMAYUEOYS UREGYBMYUFCH H DBOOPK PVMBUFY. sing UCHPY PGEOLY DBAF ABOUT PUOPCHBOY MYUOPZP, YUBUFP PYUEOSH UHVYAELFICHOPZP PRSHCHFB. рТПЖЕУУЙПОБМШОПЕ ПВЭЕОЙЕ НЕЦДХ ЬЛУРЕТФБНЙ Й ФЧПТЮЕУЛПЕ ПВУХЦДЕОЙЕ РТЕДНЕФБ БОБМЙЪБ РТЙЧПДЙФ Л ЧЩТБВПФЛЕ ВПМЕЕ ЙМЙ НЕОЕЕ ПВЭЕРТЙОСФЩИ ЛТЙФЕТЙЕЧ ПГЕОЛЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ НПЗХФ Ч ЛПОЕЮОПН УЮЕФЕ УФБФШ ПУОПЧПК ДМС УПЪДБОЙС ЖПТНБМШОПК НЕТЩ, ПДОПЪОБЮОПК, ЛБЛ НЕЦДХОБТПДОЩК ЬФБМПО НЕФТБ. rTYNETBNY UFBOPCHMEOYS VHDHEYI NO YOZHPTNBGYY, CH HER TBESHI RTPSCHMEOYSI, NPZHF UMHTSYFSH UMEDHAEYE LURETFOSHCHE PGEOLY Y DTHZYE HTS RTYNEOSENSCHE RPLBBFEMY:
VBMMSChCH, DBCHBENSCHE UHDSHSNNY UPTECHOPCCHBOYK b IHDPTSEUFCHEOOPUFSH YURPMOEOYS, OBRTYNET, RP ZHYZHTOPNH LBFBOYA;
PVPTSH LYOPZHYMSHNPC H RTEUUE U RTPUFBCHMEOYEN VBMPCH RP UFEREOY YI YOFETEUB LYOPTYFEMA;
UFPYNPUFSH RTPYCHEDEOYK TSYCHPRYUY;
PGEOLB TBVPFSCH HYUEOPZP RP LPMYYUEUFCHH PRHVMYLPCHBOOSCHI UVBFEK;
PGEOLB TBVPFSCH HYUEOPZP RP LPMYYUEUFCHH UUSCHMPL ABOUT EZP TBVPPFCH H TBVPFBI DTHZYI HYUEOSCHI (YODELU TEZHETYTHENPUFY);
YODELUSCH RPRHMSTOPUFY NKHSHCHLBMSHOSHCHI RTPYCHEDEOYK Y YI YURPMOYFEMEK, RHVMYLHENSCHE CH RTEUUE;
PGEOLY UFHDEOFPC, CHSCHUFBCHMSENSCHE RTERPDBCHBFEMSNY LPMMEDTSB.
LTPNE YЪNETEOIS PVYAENB RBNSFY CH VYFBI Y VBKFBI, CH FEIOYLE RTYNEOSAFUS Y DTHZYE EDOYGSCH YЪNETEOIS, IBTBLFETYЪHAEYE TBVPFH U YOZHPTNBGYEK:
LPMYUEUFCHP PRETBGYK CH UELHODH, IBTBLFETYYKHAEEEE ULTPUFSH PVTBVPFLY YOZHPTNBGYY CHSHCHUYUMYFEMSHOPK NBYOPK;
LPMYUEUFCHP VBKF YMYY VYF CH UELHODH, IBTBLFETYY'KHAEEEE ULPTPUFSH RETEDBYY YOZHPTNBGYY;
LPMYUEUFCHP ЪOBLPCH H UELHODH, IBTBLFETYYKHAEYE ULPTPUFSH YUFEOYS, OBVPTB ЪB LPNRSHAFETPN FELUFCH YMY VSHCHUFTPDEKUFCHYE REYUBFBAEEZP HUFTPKUFCHB.
йОЖПТНБГЙА НПЦОП ХУМПЧОП ДЕМЙФШ ОБ ТБЪМЙЮОЩЕ ЧЙДЩ, ПУОПЧЩЧБСУШ ОБ ФПН ЙМЙ ЙПОПН ЕЕ УЧПКУФЧЕ ЙМЙ ИБТБЛФЕТЙУФЙЛЕ, ОБРТЙНЕТ РП УРПУПВХ ЛПДЙТПЧБОЙС, УЖЕТЕ ЧПЪОЙЛОПЧЕОЙС, УРПУПВХ РЕТЕДБЮЙ Й ЧПУРТЙСФЙС Й ПВЭЕУФЧЕООПНХ ОБЪОБЮЕОЙА Й Ф.Д..
RP URPUPVKH LPDYTPCHBOYS UYZBMB YOZHPTNBGYA NPTsOP TBDEMYFSH ABOUT BOMBMPZPCHHA Y GYZHTPCHHA. бОБМПЗПЧЩК УЙЗОБМ ЙОЖПТНБГЙА П ЧЕМЙЮЙОЕ ЙУИПДОПЗП РБТБНЕФТБ, П ЛПФПТПН УППВЭБЕФУС Ч ЙОЖПТНБГЙЙ, РТЕДУФБЧМСЕФ Ч ЧЙДЕ ЧЕМЙЮЙОЩ ДТХЗПЗП РБТБНЕФТБ, СЧМСАЭЕЗПУС ЖЙЪЙЮЕУЛПК ПУОПЧПК УЙЗОБМБ, ЕЗП ЖЙЪЙЮЕУЛЙН ОПУЙФЕМЕН. OBRTYNET, CHEMYUYOSCH HZMPCH OBLMOB UFTTEMPL YBUCH - FP PUOPCHB DMS BOBMPZCHPZP PFPVTBTSEOIS READ. ChSCHUPFB TFHFOPZP UFPMVYLB CH FETNPNEFTE - LFP FPF RBTBNEFT, LPFPTSCHK DBEF BOBMPZPCHHA YOZHPTNBGYA P FENRETBFHTE. YuEN VPMSHIE DMYOB UFPMYLB CH FETNPNEFTE, FEN VPMSHIE FENRETBFHTTB. dMS PFPVTBTSEOIS YOZHPTNBGYY CH BOBMPZPCHPN UYZOBME YURPMSHKHAFUS CHUE RTPNETSKHFPYUOSCHE OBYUEOYS RBTBNEFTB PF NYOYNBMSHOPZP DP NBLUINBMSHOPZP, F.Ye. FEPTEFYUEULY VEULPOEYUOP VPMSHYPE YI YUYUMP. GYZHTCHPK UYZOBM YURPMSHHEF CH LBYUEUFCHE ZHYYYYUEULPK PUOPCHSHCH DMS ЪBRYUY Y RETEDBYUY YOZHPTNBGYY FPMSHLP NYOYNBMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP FBLYI ЪBYUEOYK, YUBEE CHUEZ DCHP FPMSHLP. obrtynet, h puopche bryuy YOZHPTNBGYY CH chn RTYNEOSAFUS DCHB UPUFPSOYS ZHYYYUEULPZP OPUIFEMS UYZOBMB - LMELFTYUEULPZP OBRTSEOIS. PDOP UPUFPSOIE - EUFSHLMELFTYUEULPE OBRTTSEOYE, HUMPCHOP PVP-OBYUBENPE EDYOYGEK (1), DTHZPE - OEF LMELFTYUEULPZP OBRTTSEOIS, HUMPCHOP PVP-OBYUBENPE OHMEN (0). rPFPNKh DMS RETEDBYUY YOZHPTNBGYY P CHEMYUYOYOE YUIPDOPZP RBTBNEFTTB OEPVIPDYNP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE DBOOSCHI CH CHYDE LPNVIOBGYY OHMEK Y EDYOYG, F.E. GYZHTCHPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE. йОФЕТЕУОП, ЮФП ПДОП ЧТЕНС ВЩМЙ ТБЪТБВПФБОЩ Й ЙУРПМШЪПЧБМЙУШ ЧЩЮЙУМЙФЕМШОЩЕ НБЫЙОЩ, Ч ПУОПЧЕ ЛПФПТЩИ УФПСМБ ФТПЙЮОБС БТЙЖНЕФЙЛБ, ФБЛ ЛБЛ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ ПУОПЧОЩИ УПУФПСОЙК ЬМЕЛФТЙЮЕУЛПЗП ОБРТСЦЕОЙС ЕУФЕУФЧЕООП ЧЪСФШ ФТЙ УМЕДХАЭЙЕ: 1) ОБРТСЦЕОЙЕ ПФТЙГБФЕМШОП, 2) ОБРТСЦЕОЙЕ ТБЧОП ОХМА, 3)ОБРТСЦЕОЙЕ РПМПЦЙФЕМШОП. DP UYI RPT CHSHCHIPDSF OBHYUOSCHE TBVPPFSHCH, RPCHSEEOOSCHE FBLYN NBYOBN Y PRYUSCHCHBAEYE RTEYNKHEEUFCHB FTPYUOPK BTYZHNEFILY. UEKYUBU CH LPOLKHTEOFOPK VPTSHVE RPVEDYMY RTPYYCHPDYFEMIY DCHPYUOSCHI NBYO. vHDEF MY FBL CHUEZDB? rTYCHEDEN OELPFPTSCHE RTYNETSC VSCFPCHSCHI GYZHTPCHSCHI HUFTPKUFCH. 'MELFTPOOSCHE YUBUSCH AT GYZHTPPCHPK YODYLBGEK DBAF GYZHTPCHHA YOZHPTNBGYA P READING. LBMSHLHMSFPT RTPYCHPDYF CHCHUYUMEOIS U GYZHTPCHCHNY DBOOSCHNY. NEIBOYUEULYK IBNPL U GYZHTPCHSHCHN LPDPN FPTS NPTsOP OBCHBFSH RTNYYFYCHOSCHN GYZHTPCHSHCHN KHUFTPKUFCHPN.
rP ALREADY CHPOYOLOPCHEOYS YOZHPTNBGYA NPTsOP LMBUUYZHYGYTPCHBFSH UMEDHAEIN PVTBBPN. YOZHPTNBGYA, CHPOYLYKHA CH OETSYCHPK RTYTPDE OBSCCHCHBAF LMENEOFBTOPK, CH NYTE TSYCHPFOSHCHI Y TBUFEOYK - VYPMPZYUEULPK, CH YuEMPCHEYUEULPN PVEEUFCHE - UPGYBMSHOPC. h RTYTPDE, TSYCHPK Y OETSYCHPK, YOZHPTNBGYA OEUKHF: GCHEF, UCHEF, FEOSH, ЪCHHLY Y BRBIY. h TEEKHMSHFBFE UPYUEFBOYS GCHEFB, UCHEFB Y FEOY, CHHLPC Y BRBICH CHPOYLBEF YUFEFYUEULBS YOZHPTNBGYS. obtsdkh U EUFEUFCHEOOOPK YUFEFYUEULPK YOZHPTNBGYEK, LBL TEEKHMSHFBF FChPTYUEULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY MADEK CHPOYLMB DTHZBS TBOPCHYDOPUFSH YOZHPTNBGYY - RTPYCHEDEOYS YULKHUUFCH. LTPNE YUFEFYUEULPK YOZHPTNBGYY CH YuEMPCHEYUEULPN PVEEUFCHE UPDBEFUS UENBOFYUEULBS YOZHPTNBGYS, LBL TEEKHMSHFBF RPOBOYS BLPOCH RTYTPDSCH, PVEEUFCHB, NSHCHYMEOYS. Demeoeo Yozhptnbgyh about bofyuyulh y uenbofyuyulha Pyuechidop Pyueosh Khumpchop, RTPUFP OEPVIPDINP RPPUNBFSH, YuFP Ch PDOPK Yozhptnbgy Rteptyuyuyufspsh.
rp URPUPVKH RETEDBYY Y CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYA RTYOSFP LMBUUYZHYGYTPCHBFSH UMEDHAEIN PVTBBPN. YOZHPTNBGYS, RETEDBCHBENBS CH CHYDE CHYDYNSCHI PVTBPCH Y UYNCHPMPC OBSHCHCHBEFUUS CHYHBMSHOPK; RETEDBCHBENBS YCHHLBNY - BHDYBMSHOPC; PEHEEOISNY - FBLFIMSHOPC; ЪBRBIBNY - CHLHUCHPK. YOZHPTNBGYS, CHPURTYOYNBENBS PTZFEIOILPK Y LPNRSHAFETBNY OBSCCHCHBEFUUS NBYOOP-PTYEOFYTPCHBOOPK YOZHPTNBGYEK. LPMYYUEUFCHP NBOOOP-PTYOOOFPCHBOOPK Yozhptnbgy Rpufpsoop hcheiyuychibufus huhsy at the ortetshchop qtbufbaeine yurpmshboyen fry-bibiyopovyk Feiopmpzyk Chiyuyuychi.
- RP PVEEUFCHEOOPNKH OBOBYUEOYA YOZHPTNBGYA NPTsOP RPDTBBEMSFSH ABOUT NBUUPCHHA, UREGYBMSHOHA Y MYYUOKHA. nBUUPCHBS YOZHPTNBGYS RPDTBDEMSEFUS CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH ABOUT PVEEUFCHEOOP-RPMYFYUEULHA, PVSCHDEOOHA Y OBHYUOP-RPRKHMSTOHA. UREGYBMSHOBS YOZHPTNBGYS RPDTBDEMSEFUS ABOUT RTPY'CHPDUFCHEOOHA, FEIOYYUEULHA, HRTBCCHMEOYUEULHA Y OBHYUOKHA. Feiyuyuyuyulbs Yozhptnbges ynef Umedhaye Ztbdbgay: Ufbolpuftpyphemshobs, nyopuftpyphemshobs, Youfthneofbmsobs ... Obzhuvobs Jozhpttbges about Vipmpziyuyuyulkha, Zhieulkha, Nbfenbffyulha, Zhieulkha, Nbfofenbffyulha, Zhieulkha, nbfenbffyulha, Zhieulkhuilha, Zhieulhha, nbfenbffyulhha, Zhieulkhuilha, Zhieulkh
- YOZHPTNBGYS YNEEF UMEDHAEYE UCHPKUFCHB:
- BFTYVHFYCHOSCHE;
- RTBZNBFYUEULYE;
- DYOBNYUEULYE.
bFTYVHFYCHOSCHE - LFP FE UCHPKUFCHB, VE LPFPTSCHI YOZHPTNBGYS OE UHEEUFCHHEF. rTBZNBFYUEULYE UCHPKUFCHB IBTBLFETYYHAF UFEREOSH RPMEKOPUFY YOZHPTNBGYY DMS RPMShЪPCHBFEMS, RPFTEVYFEMS Y RTBLFILYY. dYOBNYUEULYE UCHPKUFCHB IBTBLFETYYHAF YNEOOYE YOZHPTNBGYY PE READ.
oEPFTSCHOPUFSH YOZHPTNBGYY PF ZHYYYYYUEULPZP OPUIFEMS Y SHCHLPCHBS RTYTPDB YOZHPTNBGYY
ChBTSOEKYNY BFTYVKhFYCHOSCHNY UCHPKUFCHBNY YOZHPTNBGYY SCHMSAFUS UCHPKUFCHB OEPFTSHCHCHCHOPUFY YOZHPTNBGYY PF ZHYYYYUEULPZP OPUIFEMS Y SHCHLPCHBS RTYTPDB YOZHPTNBGYY. PDOP Y ChBTSOEKYYI OBRTBCHMEOYK YOZHPTNBFYLY LBL OBHLY SCHMSEFUS Y'HYUEOYE PUPVEOOPUFEK TBMYUOSCHI OPUIFEMEK Y SHCHLPCH YOZHPTNBGYY, TBTBVPFLB OPCHSHCHI, VPMEEE UPCHTEOOOSCHI YOSCHI. oEPVIPDYNP PFNEFYFSH, YUFP IPFS YOZHPTNBGYS Y OEPFTSCHCHOB PF ZHYYYYYUEULPZP OPUIFEMS Y YNEEF SCHLPCHHA RTYTPDH POBOE UCHSHBOB TSEUFLP OY U LPOLTEFOSHCHN SJSHLPN, OH U LPOLTEFOMENCHN.
dYULTEFOPUFSH
UMEDHAEYN BFTYVHFYCHOSCHN UCHPKUFCHBN YOZHPTNBGYY, ABOUT LPFPTPE OEEPVIPDYNP PVTBFYFSH CHOYNBOYE, SCHMSEFUS UCHPKUFCHP DYULTEFOPUFY. UPDETTSBEYEUS CH YOZHPTNBGYY UCHEDEOYS, OBOYS - DYULTEFOSHCH, F.E. ИБТБЛФЕТЙЪХАФ ПФДЕМШОЩЕ ЖБЛФЙЮЕУЛЙЕ ДБООЩЕ, ЪБЛПОПНЕТОПУФЙ Й УЧПКУФЧБ ЙЪХЮБЕНЩИ ПВЯЕЛФПЧ, ЛПФПТЩЕ ТБУРТПУФТБОСАФУС Ч ЧЙДЕ ТБЪМЙЮОЩИ УППВЭЕОЙК, УПУФПСЭЙИ ЙЪ МЙОЙЙ, УПУФБЧОПЗП ГЧЕФБ, ВХЛЧЩ, ГЙЖТЩ, УЙНЧПМБ, ЪОБЛБ.
oERTETSCHCHOPUFSH
YOZHPTNBGYS YNEEF UCHPKUFCHP UMYCHBFSHUS U HTS ЪBZHYLUYTPCHBOOPK Y OBLPRMEOOPC TBOEE, FEN UBNSCHN URPUPVUFCHHS RPUFHRBFEMSHOPNKH TBCHYFYA Y OBLPRMEOYA. h FFPN OBIPDYF UCHPE RPDFCHETSDEOYE EEE PDOP BFTYVKHFYCHOPE UCHPKUFCHP YOZHPTNBGYY - OERTETSCHOPUFSH.
UNSHUMB Y OPCHYOB
rTBZNBFYUEULYE UCHPKUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY RTPSCHMSAFUS H RTPGEUUE YURPMSHЪPCHBOIS YOZHPTNBGYY. Ch Rethcho Pyutedsh L DBOOPK LBPEPTYA oskopyuen vmseyuye UNSHESHUSH YOLPTNBGYY, LPFPPPE IBTLPHEHEF RETEEEEEYEE YOZHPTNBGYSHI LPGNNHOVILBGSIS.
rPMEOPUFSH
rPMEKOPK OBSCCHCHBEFUUS YOZHPTNBGYS, HNEOSHYBAEK OEPRTEDEMEOOPUFSH UCHEDEOYK PV PVYAELFE. DOYOZHPTNBGYS TBUGEOYCHBEFUS LBL PFTYGBFEMSHOSHOSCHE OBYUEOYS RPMEOPK YOZHPTNBGYY. Chuftteyubeubefus Rtneoeoeyoyo RPmeupuopufy Yozhptnbgyy DMS PRYUBUS, LLPA ChMYSOYE ON CHOHCHFTEOOOO UPUFPPSOIEE, RUP OSOFTPEYE, OBNPYUKHYUIE, KOLPTPPCHCCHEGSTN. ч ЬФПН УНЩУМЕ РПМЕЪОБС ЙМЙ РПМПЦЙФЕМШОБС ЙОЖПТНБГЙС - ЬФП ФБ, ЛПФПТБС ТБДПУФОП ЧПУРТЙОЙНБЕФУС ЮЕМПЧЕЛПН, УРПУПВУФЧХЕФ ХМХЮЫЕОЙА ЕЗП УБНПЮХЧУФЧЙС, Б ПФТЙГБФЕМШОБС ЙОЖПТНБГЙС ХЗОЕФБАЭЕ ДЕКУФЧХЕФ ОБ РУЙИЙЛХ Й УБНПЮХЧУФЧЙЕ ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ, НПЦЕФ РТЙЧЕУФЙ Л ХИХДЫЕОЙА ЪДПТПЧШС, ЙОЖБТЛФХ, ОБРТЙНЕТ.
GEOOPUPSH
UMEDHAEIN RTBZNBFYUEULYN UCHPKUFCHPN YOZHPTNBGYY SCHMSEFUS HER GEOOPUFSH. oEPVIPDYNP PVTBFYFSH CHOYNBOYE, UFP GEOOPUFSH YOZHPTNBGYY TBMYUOB DMS TBMYUOSCHI RPFTEVYFEMEK Y RPMSH'PCHBFEMEK.
lHNHMSFICHOPUFSH
uCHPKUFCHP LHNHMSFYCHOPUFY IBTBLFETYYHEF OBLPRMEOYE Y ITBOOYE YOZHPTNBGYY.
DYOBNYUEULYE UCHPKUFCHB YOZHPTNBGYY, LBL UMEDHEF YB UBNPZP OBCHBOYS, IBTBLFETYHAF DYOBNYLKH TBCHYFYS YOZHPTNBGYY PE READING.
tPUF YOZHPTNBGYY
rTETSDE CHUEZP OEPVIPDYNP PFNEFIFSH UCHPKUFCHP TPUFB YOZHPTNBGYY. dCHYTSEOYE YOZHPTNBGYY H YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHI LPNNHOYLBGYSI Y RPUFPSOOPE HER TBURTPUFTBOOEYE Y TPUF PRTTEDEMSAF UCHPKUFCHP NOPZPLTBFOPZP TBURTPUFTBOOEIS YMY RPCHFPTSENPUFY. IPFS YOZHPTNBGYS Y bCHYUYNB PF LPOLTEFOPZP SHCHLB Y LPOLTEFOPZP OPUIFEMS, POBOE UCHSHBOB TSEUFLP OY U LPOLTEFOSHCHN SHCHLPNOY U LPOLTEFOSCHN OPUIFEMEN. vMBZPDBTS FFPNH YOZHPTNBGYS NPTSEF VSHCHFSH RPMKHYUEOB Y YURPMSHЪPCHBOB OEULPMSHLYNY RPFTEVYFEMSNY. FP UCHPKUFCHP NOPZPLTBFOK YURPMSHЪKHENPUFY Y RTPSCHMEOYE UCHPKUFCHB TBUUEYCHBOIS YOZHPTNBGYY RP TBMYUOSCHN YUFPUOILBN.
uFBTEOYE
UTEDY DYOBNYUEULYI UCHPKUFCH OEPVIPDYNP FBLCE PFNEFIFSH UCHPKUFCHP UFBTEOYS YOZHPTNBGYY.
upUFBCHMSAEYE DBOOPC OBHLY SCHMSAFUS: FEPTEFYUEULBS YOZHPTNBFIILB, UINEPFIILB, LIVETOEFYLB. rTBLFYUEULY YOZHPTNBFYLB TEBMYEKHEFUS CH RTPZTBNNNYTPCHBOY Y CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOPK FEIOYLE.
FEPTEFYUEULBS YOZHPTNBFYLB SCHMSEFUS ZHHODBNEOFPN DMS RPUFTPEOYS PVEEK YOZHPTNBFYLY. dBOOBS DYUGYRMYOB ЪBOYNBEFUS RPUFTPEOYEN NPDEMEK, RPUFTPEOYEN DYULTEFOSHCHI NOPTSEUFCH, LPFPTSCHE PRYUSCHCHBAF LFY NPDEMY. oEPFYAENMENPK YUBUFSHHA FEPTEFYUEULPK YOZHPTNBFILY SCHMSEFUS MPZYLB. mPZYLB - UCHPLKHROPUFSH RTBCHYM, LPFPTSHCHN RPDYOSEFUS RTPGEUU NCHYMEOYS. nBFENBFYUEULBS MPZYLB YЪHYUBEF MPZYUEULYE UCHSIY Y PFOPIEOYS, METSBEYE CH PUOPCHE DEDHLFICHOPZP (MPZYUEULPZP) CHCHCHPDB.
уЙНЕПФЙЛБ ЙУУМЕДХЕФ ЪОБЛПЧЩЕ УЙУФЕНЩ, УПУФБЧМСАЭЙЕ ЛПФПТЩИ - ЪОБЛЙ - НПЗХФ ЙНЕФШ УБНХА ТБЪОППВТБЪОХА РТЙТПДХ, МЙЫШ ВЩ Ч ОЙИ НПЦОП ВЩМП ЧЩДЕМЙФШ ФТЙ УПУФБЧМСАЭЙЕ, УЧСЪБООЩЕ НЕЦДХ УПВПК ДПЗПЧПТОЩНЙ ПФОПЫЕОЙСНЙ: УЙОФБЛУЙУ (ЙМЙ РМБО ЧЩТБЦЕОЙС), УЕНБОФЙЛХ (ЙМЙ РМБО ЪОБЮЕОЙС) Й РТБЗНБФЙЛХ (ЙМЙ РМБО YURPMSH'CHBOYS). UYNEPFYLB RPCHPMSEF HUFBOPCHYFSH BOBMPZYY CH JHOLGIPOITCHBOY TBMYUOSCHI UYUFEN LBL EUFEUFCHEOOPZP, FBL Y YULKHUUFCHEOOPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS. her TEEKHMSHFBFSCH YURPMSHHAFUS CH LPNRSHAFETOPK MYOZCHYUFILE, YULHUUFCHEOOPN JOFEMMELFE, RUYIPMPZY Y DTHZYI OBHLBI.
lYVETEEFYLB CHPOYLMB CH LPOGE 40-I ZPDCH, LPZDB o.chYOET CHSHCHDCHYOHM IDEA, UFP RTBCHYMB HRTBCCHMEOYS TSYCHSHCHNY, OETSYCHCHNY Y YULKHUUFCHEOOOSCHNY UYUFENBNY YNEAF NOZZP PVEYI. bLFHBMSHOPUFSH CHSHCHCHPDCH o.chYOETB VSCHMB RPDLTERMEOB RPSCHMEOYEN RETCHSCHI LPNRSHAFETCH. lYVETOEFYLB UEZPDOS NPTCEF TBUUNBFTYCHBFSHUS LBL OBRTBCHMEOYE YOZHPTNBFIYLY, TBUUNBFTYCHBAEEEE UPDBOYE Y YURPMSH'PCHBOYE BCHFPNBFY'TPPCHBOOSCHI UYUFEN HRTTBCHMEOYS TBOPTFY UFEROPKU UFER.
YOZHPTNBFYLB, LBL OBHLB PV PVTBVPFLE YOZHPTNBGYY, TEBMYEKHEFUS CH BOBMPZPCHPK Y GYZHTPCHPK PVTBVPFLE YOZHPTNBGYY. l BOBMPZCHPK PVTBVPFLE YOZHPTNBGYY NPTsOP PFOEUFY OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOSCHE DEKUFCHYS U GCHEFPN, UCHEFPN, ZHPTNPK, MOYEK Y F.D. unNPFTEFSH ABOUT NYT YUETEE TPPCHSHCHE PYULY (VHLCHBMSHOP) - LFP BOBMPZPCHBS PVTBVPFLB CHYHBMSHOPK YOZHPTNBGYY. ChPNPTSOSCH Y BOBMPZPCHSCHE CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOSHCHE HUFTPKUFCHB. sing YYTPLP RTYNEOSMYUSH TBOSHIE CH FEIOYLE Y BCHFPNBFILE. rTPUFEKYYN RTYNETPN FBLPZP HUFTPKUFCHB SCHMSEFUS MPZBTYZHNYUEULBS MYOECLB. TBOSHIE CH YLPMBI KHYUMY U HER RPNPESH RTPYCHPDYFSH HNOPTSEOYS Y DEMEOYS Y POB VSCHMB CHUEZDB RPD THLPK MAVPZP YOTSEOETB. UEKYUBU HER OBNEOYMY GYZHTPCHSHCHE HUFTPKUFCHB - LBMSHLHMSFPTSCH. RPD GYZHTPCHPK PVTBVPFLPK YOZHPTNBGYEK PVSCHYuOP RPOYNBAF DECUFCHYS U YOZHPTNBGYEK RPUTEDUFCHPN GYZHTPCHPK CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOPK FEIOYLY. h OBUFPSEEE CHTENS FTBDYGYPOOSCHE BOBMPZPCHSHCHE URPUPVSHCH BRYUY CHHLPPK Y FEMECHYYPOOPK YOZHPTNBGYY OBNEOSAFUS GYZHTPCHSHCHNY URPUPVBNY, PDOBLP POY EEE OE RPMHYUYMY YYTPLPE TBURTPUFTBOIE. pDOBLP NSCH HCE CHUE YUBEE YURPMSHKHEN GYZHTPCHSHCHE HUFTPKUFCHB DMS HRTBCHMEOYS FTBDYGYPOOSCHNY "BOBMPZPCHSHCHNY" HUFTTPKUFCHBNY. obRTYNET, UYZOBMSCH, RPDBAEYEUS PF RETEOPUOPZP HUFTPKUFCHB HRTBCHMEOYS FEMECHEYPTPN YMY CHYDEPNBZOYFPZHPOPN SCHMSAFUS GYZHTPCHSHCHNY. rPSCHYCHYYEUS CH NBZBYOBI CHEUSCH, CHSHCHDBAEYE ABOUT FBVMP CHEU Y UFPYNPUFSH RPLKHRLY, FBLTS SCHMSAFUS GYZHTPCHSHCHNY. eUFEUFCHEOOOSCHE URPUPVSHCH PFPVTBTSEOIS Y PVTBVPFLY YOZHPTNBGYY CH RTYTPDE SCHMSAFUS BOBMPZPCHSHCHNY. pFREYUBFPL UMEDB TSYCHPFOPZP SCHMSEFUS BOBMPZPFCCHN UYZOBMPN P CHEMYUOYOE TSYCHPFOPZP. LTYL SCHMSEFUS BOBMPZPCHCHN URPUPVPN RETEDBFSH CHOHFTEOOEE UPUFPSOYE: YUEN ZTPNYUE - FEN UYMSHOEE YUHCHUFCHP. zhYYYUEULYE RTPGEUUSCH CHSHCHRPMOSAF BOBMPZPCHHA PVTBVPFLKH UYZOBMPCH CH PTZBOBI YUKHCHUFCH: ZHPLKHUYTPCHLKH YЪPVTBTSEOIS ABOUT UEFYUBFL ZMBBOPZP SVMPLB, URELFTBMSHOSHCHK BOBMY ЪCHFK HPCHY CH HYOPCHY. UYUFENSCH BOBMPZCHPK PVTBVPFLY UYZOBMPCH VPMEE VSHCHUFTPDEKUFCHHAEYE, YUEN GYZHTPCHSHCHE, OP CHSHCHRPMOSAF HЪLYE JKHOLGYY, RMPIP RETEUFTBYCHBAFUS ABOUT CHSHCHRPMOEOOYE OPCHSHCHI PRETBGYK. rPFPNKh UEKYUBU FBL UFTENYFEMSHOP TBCHYMYUSH YUYUMPCHSHCHE chn. sing HOYCHETUBMSHOSHCH Y RPCHPMSAF PVTVBVBFSCHBFSH OE FPMSHLP YUYUMEOOKHA, OPY MAVHA DTHZHA YOZHPTNBGYA: FELUFPCHHA, ZTBJYUEULHA, YCHHLPCHA. gyzhtpchshche chn URPUPVOSHCH RTYOYNBFSH YOZHPTNBGYA PF BOBMPZPCHSHCHI YUFPYUOILPCH, YURPMSHSHKHS UREGYBMSHOSHCHE HUFTPKUFCHB: BOBMPZPCHP-GYZHTPCHSHCHE RTEPVTBBPCHBFEMY. fBLTS YOZHPTNBGYS, RPUME PVTBVPFLY ABOUT GYZHTCHPK chn, NPTCEF RETECHPDYFSHUS CH BOBMPZPCHHA ZHPTNKH ABOUT UREGYBMSHOSCHI HUFTPKUFCHBI: GYZHTP-BOBMPZPCHSCHI RTEPVTBBPCHBFEMSI. rPFPNKh UPCHTENEOOOSCHE GYZHTPCHSHCHE chn NPZKhF ZPCHPTYFSH, UYOFEYTPCHBFSH NKHSHCHLKH, TYUPCHBFSH, HRTBCHMSFSH NBYOPK YMY UFBOLPN. oP NPTsEF OE FBL BLNEFOP DMS CHUEI, LBL GYZHTPCSHCHEchn, OP TBCHYCHBAFUS Y BOBMPZPCHSHCHE UYUFENSCH PVTBVPFLY YOZHPTNBGYY. b OELPFPTSCHE HUFTPKUFCHB BOBMPZPCHPK PVTBVPFLY YOZHPTNBGYY DP UYI RPT OE OBYMY Y CHYDYNP H VMYTSBKYEN VHDHEEN OE OBKDHF UEVE DPUFPKOPK GYZHTPCHPK ЪBNEOSCH. fBLYN HUFTPKUFCHPN, OBRTYNET, SCHMSEFUS PVYAELFYCH ZHPFPBRRBTBFB. CHETPSFOP, YUFP VHDKHEEE FEIOYLY YB FBL GENERAL BOBMPZPCHP-GYZHTPCHSHCHNY HUFTPKUFCHBNY, YURPMSHЪKHAEINY RTEINKHEEUFCHB FEI Y DTHZYI. rPCHYDYNPNKH PTZBOSH YUKHCHUFCH, OETCHOBS UYUFENB Y NSHCHYMEOYE FBLTS RPUFTPEOSCH RTYTPDPK LBL ABOUT BOBMPZCHPKK, FBL Y GYZHTCHPK PUOPCHE. rty RTPELFYTPCHBOY YUEMPCHELP-NBYOOOSHI UYUFEN CHBTSOP HYUYFSHCHCHBFSH IBTBLFETYUFILY YUEMPCELB RP CHPURTYSFYA FPZP YMYY YOPZP CHYDB YOZHPTNBGYY. rTY YUFEOYY FELUFCH, OBRTYNET, YUEMPCHEL CHPURTYOYNBEF 16 VYF CH 1 UEL, PDOCHTENEOOP HDETSYCHBS 160 VYF. хДПВОЩК ДЙЪБКО Ч ЛБВЙОЕ УБНПМЕФБ, ОБ РХМШФЕ ХРТБЧМЕОЙС УМПЦОПК УЙУФЕНПК, ЪОБЮЙФЕМШОП ПВМЕЗЮБЕФ ТБВПФХ ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ, РПЧЩЫБЕФ ЗМХВЙОХ ЕЗП ЙОЖПТНЙТПЧБООПУФЙ П ФЕЛХЭЕН УПУФПСОЙЙ ХРТБЧМСЕНПЗП ПВЯЕЛФБ, ЧМЙСЕФ ОБ ВЩУФТПФХ Й ЬЖЖЕЛФЙЧОПУФШ РТЙОЙНБЕНЩИ ТЕЫЕОЙК.
1. YOZHPTNBFYLB. OGYLMPREDYUEULYK UMPCCHBTSH DMS OBJOYOBAEYI. RPD TED. d.b.rPUREMPCHB - n. redbzpzylb-rTEUU, 1994
2. s.m.
3. YOZHPTNBFYLB Y LHMSHFHTTB. UVPTOIL OBHYUOSCHI FTHDPCH. - oCHPUYVYTUL, OBHLB, uYVYTULPE PFDEMEOYE, 1990
4. d.y.vMANEOBKH - YOZHPTNBGYS Y YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHK UETCHYU - MEOIOZTBD, OBHLB, 1989
5. YOZHPTNBGIPOOBS FEIOPMPZYS: CHPRTPUSCH TBCHIFYS Y RTYNEOEOYS. - LYCH.: about BKhL.DHNLB, 1988
6. LPOGERGYS YOZHPTNBFY'BGYY PVTB'PCHBOYS // YOZHPTNBFYLB Y PVTB'PCHBOYE. - 1990 - N17. FETNYOPMPZYUEULYK UMPCHBTSH RP PUOPCHBN YOZHPTNBFIYLY Y CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOPK FEIOYLY/ b.r.etypch Y DT.; RPD TED. b.r.eTYPCHB, o.n.yBOULPZP.- n.: rTPUCHEEEEOYE, 1991.-159 U.
8. bchbtschlyo ch.n. Y DT. PUOPCHSH YOZHPTNBFILY Y CHCHUYUMYFEMSHOPK FEIOILY: HYUEV. RPUPVYE DMS UHFDEOPHR REV. YO-FPC RP JY.-NBF. UREG.-n.: rTPUCHEEEOYE, 1989.-207 U.
9. OGYLMPREDYS LYVETOEFYLY. - ZMBCHOBS TEDBLHYS HLTBJOULPK UPCHEFULPC OGYLMPREDYY. LYECH, 1974.
YUFPYUOIL YOZHPTNBGYY: http://school.bakai.ru/inform/public/text1.htmdbfb RHVMILBGYY: CHPULTUEOSHE, 20 PLFSVTS 2002 ZPDB
