The structure of the information system is determined by three principles. The first principle states that the system must store all operational information reflecting the activities of the party in all PSBs. According to this principle, information is accumulated and processed in the information system, reflecting the composition of the party, its actions, resource flows, interactions with other organizations, movements, groups of individuals. Based on the experience of creating corporate activity management systems, we can say that such systems most often begin with the creation of accounting and accounting subsystems, which contributes to the automation of control over the activities of the corporation.
The general structure of the organization of such information is similar to the scheme shown in fig. 13.2.1, where each rectangle can be considered as a center of information production, and arrows correspond to the streams through which data is transmitted. Of course, these flows cannot be considered symmetrical: if information about the number of people goes from the primary organizations to the central body, this does not mean that similar information comes from the center to each primary organization. But there is an exchange of information between the center and other organizations, which is shown by the corresponding arrow.
General information related to this part of the information system includes the following data:
Personnel - standard data on party members;
The organizational structure of the party with reference to the members of the party who are in the respective places;
Actions performed by individual organizations and party members - who decided what, did what, suggested what, what are the expected and actual results;
Party resources, their sources, volumes, use;
Characteristics of the external environment - social, economic, political, scientific and technical data on the environment;
party competitors.
By accumulating this data over significant periods of time, one can not only evaluate the trends of individual characteristics, but, if necessary, make a sample for a specific employee or head of the party apparatus, look at his work in the party over a long period of time, and evaluate opportunities and abilities. This data can be invaluable because it contains real, unvarnished information that has not been cleaned up or corrected by statisticians. The use of real information not only makes it possible to correctly assess developing events, but also to predict the future. Over time, such information becomes unique, because with its help it is possible to build processes that determine the patterns, the origin of this information.
Expanding the possibilities of analysis with the use of modern computers allows the analysis process to be carried out continuously, constantly updating previously built correspondences between various data. There is a possibility of applying the most advanced mathematical - analytical and statistical - methods. In this way, the data is turned into information that can be used in batch management. This is one of the possible reserves that the party receives from the outside to conduct its activities. This reserve was absent in the last century due to the impossibility of using the available data.
The second principle is to extract and use information related to the development of strategies and strategic plans. This includes storing, first, a description of the current situation, including:
Plans, goals - basic and intermediate, tasks, programs;
Splitting the electorate into groups, layers, formations;
Party resources in a given situation, their dynamics;
Assessment of the party's image;
The activity of the party organization regarding the existing division of the electorate;
The current potential of the party.
Secondly, the forecast and predictions of the possibilities for the development of situations that were formed during the development of strategic plans, the analysis of their implementation or non-fulfillment, possible assumptions
and the assumptions made in the forecast. The complexity of storing and subsequent access to this information lies in the fact that it is not formalized, and it is not always clear in what form, except for natural language text, it can be presented in a computer. Here, additional research on relevant information technologies is needed.
Thirdly, analysis of changes in the current situation as a result of:
Changes in social, economic, political, scientific and technical conditions that determine the environment;
Changes in intra-party relations, balances of power, views;
Influence and actions of competitors to change the situation;
The emergence of new and termination of previously existing sources of party resources;
Changes in the views, interests, attitudes of the electorate.
Fourthly, the preservation of the adopted strategies and ways of their implementation in the form of strategic plans. The transformation of strategies into plans and through them into concrete actions is the intellectual resource of the party. This is the most difficult part of strategic management. The information system saves the developed options, which can be further used in the subsequent development and adjustment of strategic plans. This part of the information system reflects the accumulation of strategic information of the party.
Fifth, as a separate part of the information system, the evaluations of the leaders of the party, which the leaders give when developing certain plans, forecasts, and actions, can be stored. This is inside information, but it must be known to the leadership, which is jointly and severally responsible to the party for its actions and decisions. It is known that the greatest value in the organization are leaders or employees who most often make either right or wrong decisions. But in order to be convinced of this, it is necessary to fix these decisions somewhere.
Note that for the information identified in cases four and five, access to the part of the system in which it is stored must be restricted due not only to the confidential nature of the information, but also because of its special importance for the party.
The third principle states that the information system collects information about all the methods and techniques used for the analytical processing of information in the system.
Methods and means of solving problems in an information system constitute the intellectual potential of the system itself, they hide the capabilities of the system. At present, the main limitation on information processing is the availability of appropriate analytical methods, and not the technical performance of computers, as it was 15 years ago.
The information accumulated in the information system in accordance with all principles is divided into three parts according to its sources:
a) information collected from internal sources, it is supplied by party organizations at all levels;
b) information obtained from the external environment, from the media, from statistical surveys and special reports on the analysis of the external environment, from the works of specialists, from foreign sources, including international organizations;
c) information provided to the party by experts and specialists who perform directed, specialized work for the party on the analysis and structuring of the information received.
The main task provided by the information available in the system is the organization of good party management. The very concept of "good governance" has undergone several dramatic changes. Previously, "good governance" meant following instructions "from above", the absence of emergencies and violations of statutory requirements by party members.
Then "good management" began to be defined in terms of realized opportunities, in the effectiveness of the planning system with a predominance of long-term plans, in the revitalization of party activity among the population. The inability to change one's activities in the transition to new management assessments was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Communist Party in the former Soviet Union. On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party has more or less successfully implemented this transition.
In the perspective of the development of parties in the 21st century, “good governance” will be associated, on the one hand, with the development and improvement of the strategic management of the party, and, on the other hand, with the gradual individualization of work with party members using modern computer networks and systems. It is on this path that the party can reach the peak of its development and the maximum effect of its activities.
Thus, much depends on the general development of the country in which the party exists, on the level of its economy and social relations.
ions in society, the analysis of which allows us to give an approximate assessment of the form, management and possible activities of the party in the country. Note that by spending a lot of money, you can desalinate the water of the ocean and plant trees in the desert, as is done in a number of oil-producing countries. But the level of party development depends on the development of society. It is impossible to jump over the natural stages of development. In a civilized society, one generation succeeds another before that level of spirituality is developed, which then manifests itself in all expressions of social life.
The party can use the most advanced methods, techniques and technologies in its activities, while it will gain an advantage over other parties that do not. But the maximum level of efficiency of its activities will be achieved only when the whole society reaches a high degree of development. Even a brilliant conductor cannot force a bad orchestra to perform music at a high level, but a good orchestra in the hands of an excellent conductor can reach the heights of performing art. The best football coach cannot turn a team of mediocre players into world football champions.
But a brilliant conductor, an outstanding coach, a talented party leader can achieve high results using modern technologies, systems and methods. To do this, you need to know that they exist. The task was to present these methods. Party leaders decide how to use them. But, as the Latin proverb says: "Volentem ducunt fata, nolentem trahunt".
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The term information system (IS) is used both in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense Information system there is a set of technical, software and organizational support, as well as personnel, designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner.
In a narrow sense information system name only a subset of IS components in a broad sense, including databases, DBMS and specialized applications. IS in the narrow sense is considered as a software and hardware system designed to automate the purposeful activities of end users, providing, in accordance with the processing logic embedded in it, the possibility of obtaining, modifying and storing information.
2. What are the main elements of IP?
An information system is an environment whose constituent elements are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various kinds of technical and software communications, etc.
The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the produced information is intended and without which it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account.
Under the organization we will understand a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial means for the production of material and information products and services. Two words will be used in the text on an equal footing: “organization” and “OE”.
It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical base and tool for information systems.
An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.
3. What is the main purpose of IP?
The main purpose of an information system is organization of storage and transmission of information. An information system is a human-computer information processing system.
The implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented towards it. Information technology can exist outside the information system.
4. What are the main stages in the development of IP?
6. How did the purposes of using IP change at different stages of their development?
7. How did the types of IP change at different stages of their development?
| Period of time | Concepts for using information | Type of information systems | Purpose of use |
| 1950-1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increase the speed of processing documents Simplify the procedure for processing invoices and payroll |
| 1960-1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management information systems for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970-1980 | Management control of implementation (sales) | Decision support systems Top management systems | Development of the most rational solution |
| 1980-2000 | Information is a strategic resource providing a competitive advantage | Strategic information systems Automated offices | OE Survival and Prosperity |
5. How did the concept of using information change at different stages of IS development?
The first information systems appeared in the 1950s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting calculating machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for the preparation of paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To do this, organizations needed general-purpose computing equipment capable of performing many functions, not just processing invoices and calculating payroll, as was the case in the past.
In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information in time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, secure worthy partners, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.
As part of corporate information systems, two relatively independent components can be distinguished:
computer infrastructure organization, which is a set of network, telecommunications, software, information and organizational infrastructures (this component is usually called corporate network);
interconnected functional subsystems, ensuring the solution of the tasks of the organization and the achievement of its goals.
The first component reflects the system-technical, structural side of any information system. In fact, this is the basis for the integration of functional subsystems, which completely determines the properties of the information system, its successful operation. The requirements for the computer infrastructure are unified and standardized, and the methods of its construction are well known and repeatedly tested in practice.
The second component of the corporate information system is entirely related to the application area and largely depends on the specific tasks and goals of the enterprise. This component is completely based on the computer infrastructure of the enterprise and determines the application functionality of the information system. The requirements for functional subsystems are complex and often contradictory, as they are put forward by specialists from various applied fields. However, in the end, it is this component that is more important for the functioning of the organization, since for it, in fact, the computer infrastructure is being built.
End of work -
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Factors influencing the development of corporate information systems
Recently, more and more managers are beginning to clearly realize the importance of building a corporate information system at an enterprise as a necessary tool for successful management.
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The theory of enterprise management is a rather extensive subject for study and improvement. This is due to the constant change and diversity of situations in the world market. All vr
Development of approaches to technical and software implementation of elements of information systems
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File server architecture
In the file server architecture, there is no network separation of the PS and PL dialog components, and the computer is used for display functions, which facilitates the construction of a graphical interface. File
Client-server architecture
The client-server architecture is designed to solve the problems of file-server applications by separating application components and placing them where they will function most efficiently.
Layered architecture
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Accounting
Accounting is a classic and most frequently implemented area of application of information technology today. This situation is quite understandable. First, an accountant's error can
Warehouse management, assortment, purchases
Further, it is possible to automate the process of analyzing the movement of goods, thereby tracking and fixing those twenty percent of the assortment that bring eighty percent of the profit. This will also allow
Process control
Optimal control of the production process is a very time-consuming task. The main mechanism here is planning. Automated solution of a similar problem yes
Providing information about the company
The active development of the Internet has led to the need to create corporate servers to provide various kinds of information about the enterprise. Almost every self-respecting enterprise now
Flexibility
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Reliability
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Efficiency
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Safety
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Life cycle of information systems
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Project Concept
A project is a time-limited purposeful change of a separate system with initially clearly defined goals, the achievement of which means the completion of the project.
Main phases of information system design
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Concept phase
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Preparation of a technical proposal
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Commissioning the system
During the system commissioning phase, tests are being carried out, trial operation of the system is underway in real conditions, and negotiations are underway on the results of the project and on possible new contracts.
Processes occurring throughout the life cycle of an information system
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Development
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Exploitation
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Escort
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Supporting lifecycle processes
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Organizational processes
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Information system life cycle structure
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initial stage
At the initial stage, the scope of the system is established and the boundary conditions are determined. To do this, it is necessary to identify all external objects with which the developer must interact.
Refinement stage
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Information system life cycle models
The model of the life cycle of an information system will be called a certain structure that determines the sequence of implementation of processes, actions and tasks performed over a period of time.
Cascade model of the information system life cycle
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Disadvantages of the waterfall model
The list of disadvantages of the waterfall model when it is used for the development of information systems is quite extensive. First, just list them, and then consider the main ones in more detail:
Iterations
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Benefits of the Spiral Model
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Disadvantages of the Spiral Model
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Methodology and technology for the development of information systems
The methodology for creating information systems is to organize the process of building an information system and to manage this process in order to guarantee the implementation
RAD Methodology
At the initial stage of the existence of computer information systems, their development was carried out in traditional programming languages. However, as the complexity of the systems being developed increases and requests
Key features of the RAD methodology
The methodology for creating information systems, based on the use of rapid application development tools, has recently become widespread and has acquired the name of the methodology
Object Oriented Approach
RAD tools made it possible to implement a completely different technology for creating applications compared to the traditional one: information objects are formed as some kind of operating models (prototypes), whose functions
visual programming
The application of the principles of object-oriented programming made it possible to create fundamentally new application design tools, called visual programming tools.
Event programming
The logic of an application built with RAD tools is event-driven. This means that every object that is part of the application can emit events and respond to events.
Requirements analysis and planning phase
At the phase of requirements analysis and planning, the following are determined: the functions that the developed information system should perform; highest priority functions that require permission
Design phase
In the design phase, CASE tools are a necessary tool, used to quickly get working application prototypes. Prototypes created using CASE tools, and
Build phase
The build phase is where the actual rapid development of the application takes place. At this phase, developers iteratively build a real system based on previously obtained models, as well as t
Implementation phase
The implementation phase basically boils down to training users of the developed information system. Since the build phase is quite short, planning and preparation for implementation
Limitations of the RAD methodology
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Profiles of open information systems
The creation, maintenance and development of modern complex information systems is based on the methodology of building such systems as open ones. Open Information Systems with
The concept of an information system profile
When creating and developing complex, distributed, replicated information systems, flexible formation and application of harmonized sets of basic standards and regulatory documents is required.
Principles of information system profile formation
Profiles of information systems are designed to solve the following tasks: reducing the complexity of projects; improving the quality of information system components; ensuring ra
Information systems profile structure
The development and application of profiles are an integral part of the design, development and maintenance of information systems. Profiles characterize each specific information system
Application software profile
Application software is always problem-oriented and defines the main functions of the information system. The functional profiles of the system should include consistent
Information system environment profile
The information system environment profile should define its architecture in accordance with the chosen data processing model. Application environment interface (API) standards should be defined
Information security profile
The information security profile should ensure the implementation of the information security policy developed in accordance with the required security category and security criteria specified
Tool Profile
The profile of the tools built into the information system should reflect decisions on the choice of methodology and technology for creating, maintaining and developing the information system. In this p
Standards and Methods in Information Systems
One of the important conditions for the effective use of information technology is the introduction of corporate standards. Corporate standards are an agreement on uniform rules for organizing
Types of standards
The standards that exist today can be conditionally divided into several groups: On the subject of standardization. This group includes functional standards (standards
Oracle CDM
One of the already established activities of Oracle has become the development of methodological foundations and the production of tools for automating the development of complex applications.
General structure
The life cycle is formed from certain stages (phases) of the project and processes, each of which is carried out over several stages. The CDM methodology defines the following life phases
Features of the CDM technique
Let us note the main features of the CDM technique, which determine the scope of its application and its inherent limitations. The degree of adaptability of CDM is limited to three life cycle models:
General structure
The ISO 12207 standard does not provide for any stages (phases or stages) of the life cycle of an information system. This standard defines only a number of processes, and compared to CDM, the standard
Main and auxiliary life cycle processes
The ISO 12207 standard describes five basic software life cycle processes. The acquisition process defines the activities of the acquiring enterprise that acquires
Features of ISO 12207
All of the above allows us to formulate some features of the ISO 12207 standard. The ISO 12207 standard is dynamic in nature, due to the way the sequence of
The concept and components of the information system (IS). IP life cycle models. Classes of problems solved by IS
An information system (in the context of management) is a communication system for collecting, transferring, processing information to implement the management function
An information system (IS) usually includes the following components:
- 1. functional components;
- 2. components of the data and knowledge processing system;
- 3. organizational components.
Functional components are understood as a system of management functions - a complete set of management activities interrelated in time and space that are necessary to achieve management goals.
Data and knowledge processing systems are designed for information maintenance of the management system. The components of this system are: information support, software, technical support, legal support, linguistic support.
The allocation of the organizational component is due to the special significance of the human factor. The organizational components of IS are understood as a set of methods and means that allow improving the organizational structure of the management system and management functions.
The life cycle of IS is defined as a period of time that begins from the moment a decision is made on the need to create an IS and ends at the time of its withdrawal from operation.
Under life cycle model is understood as a structure that determines the sequence of execution and the relationship of processes, actions and tasks performed throughout the life cycle. The life cycle model depends on the specifics of the IS and the specifics of the conditions in which the latter is created and operates.
To date, the following main life cycle models have become most widespread: the task model, the cascade model, and the spiral model.
When developing a bottom-up system from individual tasks to the whole system (task model), a single approach to development is inevitably lost, problems arise in the informational docking of individual components. As a rule, as the number of tasks increases, the difficulties increase, it is necessary to constantly change existing programs and data structures. The rate of development of the system slows down, which slows down the development of the organization itself. However, in some cases, this technology may be appropriate:
- - Extreme urgency (it is necessary that at least somehow the tasks are solved; then you have to do everything again);
- - Experiment and adaptation of the customer (algorithms are not clear, solutions are groped by trial and error).
The general conclusion is that it is impossible to create a sufficiently large effective IC in this way.
Consider the cascade and spiral models:
It is customary to single out the following stages of the IP life cycle: analysis, design, implementation, implementation, maintenance.
Stages of development of information systems
With the development and improvement of computer technology, programming languages and software, automated data processing systems have undergone several stages of development. In the early stages, computers performed cumbersome calculations instead of humans when solving numerical problems. In this case, large amounts of memory were not required, and the programming languages used were focused on working with numerical data and performing engineering calculations.
Table 1. Changing the approach to the use of information systems
|
Period of time |
The concept of using information |
Type of information systems |
Purpose of use |
|
1950 - 1960 |
Paper flow of settlement documents |
Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines |
Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplify invoice processing and payroll processing |
|
1960 - 1970 |
Basic assistance in preparing reports |
Management information systems for production information |
Speeding up the reporting process |
|
1970 - 1980 |
Management control of implementation (sales) |
Decision support systems. Top management systems |
Selection of the most rational solution |
|
1980 - 2000 |
Information is a strategic resource providing a competitive advantage |
Strategic information systems. Automated offices |
Firm survival and prosperity |
The first information systems appeared in the 1950s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting calculating machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for the preparation of paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To do this, organizations needed general-purpose computing equipment capable of performing many functions, not just processing invoices and calculating payroll, as was the case in the past.
In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information in time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, secure worthy partners, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.
Comparison of information systems with traditional software products
Although information systems are a common software product, they have a number of significant differences from standard application programs and systems.
Depending on the subject area, information systems can vary greatly in their functions, architecture, and implementation. However, there are a number of properties that are common:
Information systems are designed to collect, store and process information. Therefore, at the heart of any of them is the environment for storing and accessing data;
· information systems are oriented to the end user who is not highly qualified in the field of computer technology. Therefore, client applications of the information system should have a simple, convenient, easy-to-learn interface that provides the end user with all the functions necessary for work, but at the same time does not allow him to perform any unnecessary actions.
Thus, when developing an information system, two main tasks have to be solved:
the task of developing a database designed to store information;
The task of developing a graphical user interface for client applications.
The main components of corporate information systems
As part of corporate information systems, two relatively independent components can be distinguished:
· computer infrastructure of the organization, which is a set of network, telecommunications, software, information and organizational infrastructures. This component is usually called the corporate network.
Interrelated functional subsystems that ensure the solution of the problems of the organization and the achievement of its goals.
The first component reflects the system-technical, structural side of any information system. In fact, this is the basis for the integration of functional subsystems, which completely determines the properties of the information system that determine its successful operation. The requirements for the computer infrastructure are unified and standardized, and the methods of its construction are well known and repeatedly tested in practice.
The second component of the corporate information system is entirely related to the application area and is highly dependent on the specific tasks and goals of the enterprise. This component is completely based on the computer infrastructure of the enterprise and determines the application functionality of the information system. The requirements for functional subsystems are complex and often contradictory, as they are put forward by specialists from various application areas. However, in the end, it is this component that is more important for the functioning of the organization, since for it, in fact, the computer infrastructure is being built.
The relationship between the components of the information system
The relationship between these two components of the information system is quite complex. On the one hand, these two components are in a certain sense independent. For example, the organization of the network and the protocols used to exchange data between computers are absolutely independent of what methods and programs are planned to be used in the enterprise to organize accounting.
On the other hand, these components in a certain sense still depend on each other. Functional subsystems, in principle, cannot exist without a computer infrastructure. At the same time, the computer and infrastructure itself is quite limited, since it does not have the necessary functionality. It is impossible to operate a distributed information system in the absence of a network infrastructure. Although, with a developed infrastructure, it is possible to provide employees of the organization with a number of useful system-wide services (for example, e-mail access to the Internet) that simplify work and make it more efficient (in particular, through the use of more developed means of communication).
Thus, it is advisable to start the development of an information system with the construction of a computer infrastructure (corporate network) as the most important component, based on proven industrial technologies and guaranteed to be implemented within a reasonable time and due to a high degree of certainty both in the formulation of the problem and in the proposed solutions.
It makes no sense to build a corporate network as a kind of self-sufficient system without taking into account the application functionality. If in the process of creating a system-technical infrastructure, analysis and automation of management tasks are not carried out, then the funds invested in the development of a corporate network will not subsequently give a real return.
The corporate network is created for many years to come, the capital costs for its development and implementation are so high that it practically excludes the possibility of a complete or partial alteration of the existing network. Functional subsystems, in contrast to the corporate network, are changeable in nature, since more or less significant changes are constantly taking place in the subject area of the organization's activities. The functionality of information systems strongly depends on the organizational and managerial structure of the organization, its functionality, the distribution of functions, the financial technologies and schemes adopted in the organization, the existing document management technology, and many other factors.
The development and implementation of functional subsystems can be done gradually. For example, first, in the most important and critical areas, carry out developments that provide the application functionality of the system (implement financial accounting systems, personnel management, etc.), and then distribute application software systems to other, initially less significant areas of enterprise management.
