List of the most correct information resources. Society information resources

Informational resources(IR) - available stocks of information recorded on any medium and suitable for its preservation and use.

Currently, a narrow and broad understanding of RR is used: in the narrow sense, they mean only network RR accessible through computer means of communication, and in a broad sense, any information recorded on traditional or electronic media that is suitable for preservation and dissemination. For information workers, a broad understanding is important professionally.

Information resources are individual documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, databases and other information systems).

Under information arrays understand the usually ordered set of elements (documents and / or data) to which individual access is possible. At present, purely quantitatively, information arrays constitute the overwhelming majority of information resources. The most prominent representatives of these arrays are ordinary databases, library or archival funds.

There are many features to describe, i.e. multidimensional classification of information arrays, each of which seems to be significant from a certain point of view. The basic set of features we can consider the following:

IR source: for example, official information published, statistical reporting, results of measurements, tests, etc .;

IR affiliation to a specific organizational or information system: for example, archival, library resources, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergencies, NTI, etc.;

type of ownership: state (federal, subject of the federation), municipal; property of public organizations; joint-stock, private, as well as an indication of the owner;

the nature of the use of IR (purpose): for example, IR are massive, interdepartmental, regional, intrafirm, personal, etc.;

volume of information array(expressed in comparable units);

openness of information: open, secret, confidential;

presentation of information: text, graphic, multimedia, etc .;

IR carrier: electronic, paper, etc.

way of disseminating information: networks (global, local), editions, etc .;

natural language where information is presented.

In addition, the most important characteristics of IR are such parameters that are difficult to formalize as completeness, reliability, relevance and significance of the information they contain.

IR composition can be characterized as:

full-text databases;

bibliographic products;

factual databases;

reference and bibliographic (reference and retrieval) apparatus of libraries, information centers and archives, including catalogs and bibliographic card files (databases);

survey and analytical products (analytical reviews, forecasts, ratings, etc.);

services offered in the information market;

computer communication networks;

software for the creation of information systems and the development of telecommunication networks;

institutions (editorial offices, publishing houses, libraries, information centers, bookselling institutions, etc.) that ensure the creation of information products, the accumulation and use of R&D.

State information resources- these are resources that, as an element of property, are owned by the state.

State resources are divided into the following groups:

federal resources;

information resources under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

information resources of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

State information resources ensure the fulfillment of the tasks of state administration; ensuring the rights and safety of citizens; support for the socio-economic development of the country, the development of culture, science, education, etc.

State information resources can be divided into two groups:

1) information resources intended for solving the tasks of a specific governing body of a certain level;

2) information resources focused on an external user.

The resources of the second group are formed by information and analytical structures. If they have a common methodological guidance, similar tasks, solved on the basis of uniform regulatory documents, then they can be called state information systems.

Such systems, which have an interdepartmental, universal character, can be classified as:

library network of the Russian Federation;

archive fund of the Russian Federation;

state system of statistics;

state system of scientific and technical information.

The library network of the Russian Federation numbers over 150 thousand libraries.

The archive fund of the Russian Federation is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Archival Service. Permanent storage of archival documents is carried out by state and municipal archives, state museums and libraries, institutions of the RAS system. Temporary storage of the archival fund of documents is carried out by ministries, departments, institutions, organizations and enterprises, referred by the established procedure to the sources of acquisition of state and municipal archives.

At the federal level, the integration of information resources of the entire system of state statistics bodies is carried out. The head organization for the collection, accumulation, storage, processing and transmission of statistical information is the Main Interregional Center for the Processing and Dissemination of Statistical Information of Goskomstat, the most important task of which is to prepare publications in the field of statistics and inform the general public.

At present, the state system of scientific and technical information is a set of scientific and technical libraries and organizations - legal entities, regardless of their form of ownership and departmental affiliation, specializing in the collection and processing of scientific and technical information and interacting with each other, taking into account the obligations assumed.

Concept information(from lat.informatio - explanation, presentation) is interpreted as intelligence transmitted by people orally, in writing or in another way (using conventional signals, technical means, etc.).

A person receives information, or information about the world around him, in the processes of direct interaction with this world and the study of various phenomena, as well as from other people orally, with the help of books, letters, telephone, radio, film and television, modern information systems (individual computers, local and global networks, such as the Internet), etc. The operation of various technical devices (machines) also includes information exchange data() between themselves and their separate parts.

Given the breadth of interpretation and practical use of this concept in the modern world of information transformations and achievements, information is quite often understood in different interpretations, different facts and data, events and phenomena, as well as processes occurring in nature, technology or society. For example, in some textbooks and manuals, the essence of information is presented as a process:

• exchange information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton (a general scientific concept);
• exchange signals in the animal and plant world;
• transmission of signs from cell to cell, from organism to organism (genetic information).

Thus, at present, due to the many different approaches and views of researchers and practitioners on the role, meaning and essence of information in nature and in various areas of human activity, a single, clear and unambiguous definition of information has not yet been developed.

From the standpoint of the scientific and applied interpretation of the problem, information is the content itself, that is, the meaning of a message (signal) or information about something, considered in the process of their transmission and at the moment of perception.

Under message means presented or transmitted information in various forms (text, speech, image, digital or analog signals, etc.). Moreover, an elementary message means any of the transmitted signs or signals. It is customary to consider messages in time as continuous or discrete.

Continuous message- presented and transmitted information in the form of a continuous function of time of various processes and fluctuations of physical quantities.

The message is discrete- presented and transmitted information in the form of a sequence of discrete signals or characters.

The essence of information is that it is concentrated in knowledge() that a person receives by comprehending the message that comes to him. If the latter does not give a person new knowledge for him, then there is no information in the message. On the other hand, the knowledge that is necessary, new for a person, but the same in meaning, can be contained in different messages that are different in nature. For example, reports of scientists on signs of possible biological life on Mars were made at conferences and meetings, published in scientific publications, publications on this topic were on radio, in newspapers, magazines, as well as in electronic publications.

Thus, the forms and volumes of messages containing the same knowledge (the same information) can be completely different. In this case, one thought or knowledge of a certain nature, i.e. one information can be presented using various formal and informal languages, with varying degrees of detail, with possible repetitions, etc. Any message has its own characteristics of its description, including quantitative. For example, data is sent in digital form with a volume of 1 MB or a text message in Russian with a volume of 2 KB is received. The presence of the information itself in these messages can only be determined by the recipient of this message, extracting new knowledge from it.

It should be noted that the information that has come to the recipient and is already known to him does not give new knowledge, and therefore, the information in this case for the recipient is equal to Zero. Such information turns out to be useless for him, and messages are meaningless and costly.

Note one more important circumstance: mistakes made during the formation of a message, or possible distortions of the latter in the process of transmission or reception, will lead to a mandatory change in the form and, most often, the volume of the message, but the information may not change at all, but may be probabilistically partially or be completely destroyed.

For example, in a telegram sent to the addressee with the following content: "Meet on July 11 at 14 o'clock at the Yaroslavl station, train 23, car 7" - the loss of the prepositions "in", "on" and all commas does not imply a decrease in information, i.e. the message in this case decreases in volume, and its meaning (the amount of knowledge or the amount of information) is completely preserved. The loss of a part of this message, for example "14 o'clock" or "car 7", reduces its volume, and also reduces the amount of information - in this case, knowledge that needs to be additionally obtained in order to make the right decision in the current situation partially disappeared. Missing the date (July 11) in the telegram leads to a complete loss of information - the rest of the message becomes meaningless for some kind of decision. Misrepresenting any number in the above text causes the recipient to make a completely wrong decision.

In another classic example of the following message: "Execution cannot be pardoned", a mistake in the place of inserting a comma can lead to a complete loss of information and decision-making with tragic consequences. The possible disappearance of a comma leads to a contradictory, meaningless and absurd message, which in its essence contains no information. Summarizing the above, let us clarify that message and information are concepts that differ in essence. A message is only a shell, an information carrier; the information itself may or may not be contained in the message. The quantity and quality of information can only be determined by the recipient. Hence, information is subjective and random. Information is always some new knowledge or information embedded in the message. The converse statement: information is information - it is not always true, because information may not bring new knowledge to the recipient.

Let us emphasize the essence of information, contained in knowledge, which is a direct consequence of a person's needs to effectively act in the world around him. In this case, it is necessary to have an idea or reliable knowledge about what a person is dealing with, about objects, phenomena, processes - in general, objects with which you will have to interact, i.e. it is necessary to have constant information about what is happening in living and inanimate nature. The more information, the more knowledge, the better the presentation, the more successful the action associated with these objects will be.

It is advisable to subdivide knowledge into strategic that may be useful in the future, and tactical, reflecting the specifics of the current situation and necessary for the formation of momentary behavior.

Consideration of the concept of "information" from the point of view of the semantic content of messages and the acquisition of new knowledge by a person is inherent in semantic approach(or semantics), which examines the relationship of messages to the information or knowledge that they express. In this case, sign systems are considered as means of expressing a certain meaning, dependencies (if any) are established between the structure of symbol combinations and their expressive abilities to form meaningful texts.

A syntactically correct phrase of a message may turn out to be semantically incorrect. For example, the message "The length of the road is 1000 tons" is grammatically correct, but it does not make any sense.

Distinguish logical semantics as a section of logic devoted to the study of the meanings of concepts and judgments, as well as their formal analogs - expressions of various calculi (formal systems) and structural semantics as a section of structural linguistics dedicated to the description of the meaning of linguistic expressions and operations on them.

Currently, semantic analysis is widely used, covering a set of operations that serve to represent the meaning of a text in a natural language in the form of a record in some formalized semantic (semantic) language. At the same time, the process of human understanding of the text is modeled. The adequacy of modeling (completeness and accuracy of translation from a natural language into a semantic one) depends on the capabilities of the semantic language, the development of translation rules, and the accuracy of correlating natural language units with semantic units.

Semantic analysis is one of the stages of automatic translation, during which the semantic language acts as an intermediary language. A kind of semantic analysis is indexing in information retrieval systems, i.e. presentation of the content of documents and queries in terms of information languages.

In contrast to semantics syntactic approach(or syntactics) is aimed at studying sign systems from the point of view of their syntax, regardless of any interpretations and problems associated with the perception of sign systems as means of communication and communication. The subject of analysis in this case is: the frequency of the appearance of symbols, that is, the characters of the code, the relationship between them, the sequence, their structural organization, the rules for constructing and transforming expressions with the help of which messages can be formed. In syntactics, messages are viewed as symbols abstracted from content, meaning, and their practical value for the recipient. Syntax in natural language corresponds to syntax.

The third aspect of the concept of "information" is considered pragmatic approach(or pragmatics) and is associated with the study of the relationship of the received information directly to the recipient. This takes into account such characteristics of information as importance, usefulness, value, relevance. For example, the two following information: "The patient has a recorded temperature of 39.9 degrees C" and "The patient has a recorded temperature of 36.6 degrees C" are absolutely equal in volume. Syntactically and semantically, they are completely the same. However, the first information in a pragmatic aspect is more important and relevant than the second, since it carries information that necessitates the adoption of urgent measures of a therapeutic nature.

The above analytical approaches are the subject of research in the theory of signs (semiotics), in which sign systems are studied at three main levels: syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. The informativeness of messages can be assessed at each of the three main levels of semiotics. At present, the problem of syntactic evaluation of information has been developed in the most detailed way. The problem of analyzing information at the level of the semantic approach is rather complicated and is at the stage of methodological development. At the same time, it should be said that sufficiently universal and effective mathematical measures for evaluating semantic information have not yet been obtained. The study of the pragmatic aspect of information due to the absence of a rigorous general scientific theory of importance, utility or value is at an early stage.

Based on the foregoing, let us define the concept of information. According to the Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ, information is defined as follows ():

Law >

Considering that the wording in the Law is static in nature of the presence or storage of information or knowledge, it is advisable to present the concept of information more broadly, taking into account its dynamic properties, considered at the time of transmission of information and its perception. Hence this concept is presented as follows:

Definition >

The science that studies quantitative and other patterns associated with the receipt, transmission, storage and processing of information is called information theory (sometimes the theory of messages). According to the accepted definition, information theory is a section of cybernetics, in which mathematical methods are used to study methods of measuring the amount of information contained in any messages, as well as methods of transferring, storing, retrieving and classifying information.

2. Purpose of obtaining information

In order to better understand what knowledge is needed and how to obtain it, it is necessary to determine the main goals of obtaining knowledge (or information) and their application. In general, the following five main goals of obtaining information can be formulated:

1. cognitive;
2. socio-behavioral;
3. artistic and aesthetic;
4. gaming;
5. managerial.

Cognitive the purpose of obtaining information is aimed at acquiring knowledge by a person about the structure of the surrounding world, about the laws of nature, the place and role of man, his relationship in the social environment, the achievements of scientific and technological progress and their use in practical activities, as well as knowledge in technical, humanitarian and other fields of science.

This goal is achieved through family and (or) collective education and upbringing, self-education, as well as the creation of a multi-stage education system at the state or commercial level (from preschool to postgraduate and special). As a result of upbringing and education, a person receives a certain stock (or baggage) of strategic knowledge. The more and more diverse this knowledge, the more universally a person can use it, the more efficiently he will be able to build his behavior, the wider will be the practical or theoretical specialization of such an employee prepared for professional activity. The presence of strategic knowledge and the ability to replenish it characterize the level of human intellectual development, which, however, is the main goal of building a modern civilized society.

Cognitive goals can also be narrow, subject-oriented, aimed at replenishing and deepening existing professional knowledge. Thus, in order to maintain their professional level, programmers in the modern world must constantly engage in education (including self-education) and the study of new software tools, in a large variety of information technology products that replenish the market.

It should be noted that the accumulation of knowledge goes for the future without certain guarantees that it will be needed in the future. This duality of strategic knowledge - the need to use it in critical situations that occur in a probabilistic manner, and the obvious redundancy in the absence of such - the inevitable price to pay for their universality.

Socio-behavioral the purposes of obtaining information are not explicitly stated. They are manifested in the daily activities of a person in everyday life, in his communication with people, with the surrounding nature, in behavior in society, etc., that is, in those situations where operational or tactical knowledge that is developing at the moment is most often required ... The ability to perceive and process information in such situations depends mainly on genetically inherited properties, on inherent moral principles of behavior and, of course, on the amount of knowledge acquired as a result of upbringing and education.

Goals artistic and aesthetic order associated with the constant striving of a person for spiritual enrichment, obtaining with the help of culture and art (literature, theater of painting, etc.) knowledge of the intellectual kind, causing his emotional experiences. Back in the 18th century. A. Baumgarten proposed a new concept - "the science of sensory knowledge" as a lower theory knowledge(), complementing logic, for which he introduced the term aesthetics (from the Greek aisthetikos - feeling, sensual) - a philosophical science that studies the sphere of the aesthetic as a specific manifestation of the value relationship between man and the world and the field of artistic activity of people. The main problem of philosophical and aesthetic thought of antiquity, the Middle Ages and, to a large extent, modern times is the problem of beauty. In this case, what is contained in works of art and culture, when communicating with them, is comprehended by a person individually, as a result of which knowledge is extracted about the spiritual values ​​of a person and the world around him, and this happens similarly to the processes of obtaining and extracting information in other areas - technology, economics, etc.

Game goals obtaining information is aimed at making optimal decisions by the participants in the game, who pursue opposite interests during the game, which is a conflict situation. Since the parties involved in most conflicts are interested in hiding their intentions from the opponent, decision-making takes place in conditions of uncertainty, and obtaining any information about the plans (strategies) of the players and about the resource opportunities available to them reduces the uncertainty on the side of the recipient this information and gives him a better chance of winning.

Thus, information allows you to maximize the likelihood of achieving a favorable outcome of the game due to a reasonable resolution of the conflict based on the available or received knowledge about the likely actions of the enemy.

The class of games includes not only well-known traditional games - salon, board or home games (for example, chess, cards, dominoes), but also conflict situations arising in the economy (auctions, arbitration disputes, competition of industries, goods, etc. ), in sports, in military affairs, in politics (for example, elections to government bodies in the presence of several candidates for one seat), etc.

Conflict situations are characterized by the presence of many unknown factors and plans of the opposing sides and the lack of information about this, which creates difficulties for the direct analysis of such situations, the need for which is determined by the very purpose of the game. With this in mind, game theory was created as a branch of mathematics that studies methods and models for making optimal decisions in a conflict, that is, in a phenomenon in which various parties participate, endowed with various opportunities to choose the actions available to them in accordance with their interests.

The game is essentially a process of unproductive human activity, the meaning of which lies not only in the result, but also in the process itself. This property of the game is currently widely used in the so-called business games. They allow you to play out various situations according to the rules set or developed by the participants of the game themselves.

Thus, the information received by the participants in the process of a business game brings them new knowledge and skills of behavior in the conditions necessary for their professional activity, in situations that imitate real ones. Therefore, such information is also cognitive in nature.

Play as a method of non-trivial information acquisition is of great importance in the upbringing, training and development of both children and adolescents and individual contingents of specialists, as well as in their acquisition of knowledge that provides psychological and intellectual preparation for future life situations.

Management goals obtaining information, unlike others listed above, are, as a rule, well formalized, since they are associated with tasks management(), which, in turn, consist in achieving certain, predetermined goals regarding the state or behavior of the selected control object.

With the concept "control" the general scientific definition of a control system as a set of a controlled object and a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing or transforming, storing and transmitting information, as well as generating control decisions, signals or commands) is directly related, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of the object. Let's consider in more detail the essence of management.

In fig. 1.1 shows the generalized structure of the control system, which includes input actions on the object X, the characteristic of its state at the output - Y and control action - U generated by the control device based on the incoming information about the state of the object at the input - Ix and exit - Iy, about the management goals - Iz, as well as about the environment of the object's residence - the external environment - Is(the latter is not always taken into account).

Rice. 1.1. Generalized structure of the control system

Thus, effective management in the general case is possible only if there is sufficient, reliable and timely (operational) knowledge from the above four sources of information (Ix, Iy, Is, Iz). Hence the conclusion - any management is based on information... Modern science is devoted to these problems. cybernetics ().

Management objects are, by their nature, subdivided into the following groups:

• technical (technical devices, systems, machines, etc.);
• organizational and economic (firms, individual workshops or sections of an enterprise, institutions, corporations, branches of the economy, the country's economic economy, the state, territorial, state and interstate political and economic formations, markets, etc.);
• energy (generators of electrical, magnetic and other types of energy, its converters, consumers, etc.);
• social (individuals and groups characterized by nationality or statehood, place of residence, type of activity, age or other differences and related to the sphere of their daily life, the organization of their life, with other groups, etc.);
• biological (certain species of flora and fauna, strains, etc.);
• informational (data, databases, documents, etc.).

The objects of management can be a variety of processes and technologies:

• production processes (technological, energy, transport, etc.);
• design processes (for example, design of complex assemblies, ships, industrial structures, industrial complexes, etc.);
• research processes;
• medical research;
• processes of technical or other diagnostics;
• information technology (accounting and processing of statistical reporting data, programming, etc.);
• and etc.

3. Information carriers

Based on the definition of information as information from which a person extracts knowledge for management (target function), this information can have either a permanent form (static), for example, in the form of a textbook set out on paper, or a variable form (dynamic), for example, in the form of a sound a message transmitted to a person by a person or a radio.

Thus, information as a source of information can be laid down in nature, recorded by a person or an automaton on some medium, stored or transmitted from a source to a recipient (in this case, it is customary to speak of a message) and processed in order to extract information from them.

4. Data

In a constant form, information is presented in the form of some kind of signs, numbers, numbers, text, graphs, drawings, photographs and films, etc. as data that are fixed on a material object (for example, on paper, magnetic or photographic film, etc.).

Data have independent characteristics regardless of the information they contain. For example, text data is characterized by language and alphabet, size of letters, their arrangement (number in a line, etc.), style of presentation, etc. Numeric data have their own characteristics: number system (Arabic, Roman, date), relation to the fractional part (fixed point or floating point), representation precision, etc. The same information can be expressed, for example, in numerical form (in the form of a table, a sequence of numbers, etc.) or in graphical form (in the form of a graph, histogram, etc.). Thus, a description of the form of presentation is necessary, i.e., a description of the data itself, regardless of what information they carry.

It should be said that data is only a part of many different facts, events, phenomena associated with a certain object of research or control, which are perceived and recorded by a person to solve individual problems while achieving the set goals.

So, for the driver of a car, the data from the technical passport for this vehicle are important, which characterize the main parameters of the engine, body and other constituent elements that affect its operation. In this case, the detailed facts of the manufacture or assembly of these elements are not important, for example, the physicochemical properties of the raw materials (metal, rubber, plastic, etc.) used in the production. In another case, the designers of the car are necessarily interested in all the latest data noted, since they affect the characteristics of reliability, production conditions and other properties of the product being developed.

Another example: at any organizational and economic object - an enterprise or firm, in an industry, national economy or market, a huge amount of data circulates that characterizes various aspects of the activity of this object. In this case, the head of the enterprise needs generalized data on the performance indicators of the entire enterprise for a certain period of time - revenue, profit, costs incurred, production costs, etc. The head of a division of a given organization is primarily concerned with the performance indicators of his particular section, i.e. primary data, from which, in the process of subsequent processing, only certain indicators that are significant for the upper level of enterprise management are distinguished, and are transferred to the management to obtain integral indicators of the entire enterprise.

Thus, the data serve as the basis for extracting certain information (if the latter is contained in them, which, however, is not necessary), on the basis of which conclusions, conclusions and management decisions are made.

Data processing is the procedure for bringing them to a form that is most convenient for obtaining information from them. As a result of data processing, the task is posed - from the minimum amount of data to extract the maximum possible information for making a management decision.

If the data is selected or collected incorrectly (the set of the parameters themselves is not precisely defined or the data contains errors), then such data will not be able to reflect the essential properties of the state or behavior of the control object, which are needed for an objective and reliable judgment about it and making reasonable decisions on its control. If there is not enough data for analysis, then the volume of necessary information extracted from them may also not be quite sufficient for making a decision, and the conclusions drawn on this basis will be incomplete, which will affect the effectiveness of management (it should be noted that modern methods have been developed in the theory of information and management. , allowing to optimize control processes in conditions of incomplete information about the object).

In the case of an excess of data, special processing methods are used (filtering, compression, etc.), allowing to extract from them only the necessary information to solve the problem, without affecting the area of ​​redundancy of the presented material, or the general data set. information theory.

Based on this, a variety of methods for obtaining data (selection, collection, measurement, transmission) have been developed, which are used in various cases when solving information problems in various subject areas of science and practical human activity. Depending on the tasks set, various methods of data processing are used, which are devoted to individual theories. In particular, methods of digital data processing using computer technology are now widely used. It should be borne in mind that large volumes of data themselves and high processing speeds do not always guarantee that a person will receive accurate and reliable knowledge about the subject of research, i.e. do not always lead to a complete extraction of the necessary information from the submitted and processed data.

5. Documents

Scientists and specialists in scientific, industrial, educational and other spheres of activity operate with scientific, technical and other information obtained mainly from documented IR, which are most often broadcast through documentary, and recently more and more through electronic channels. It is these two channels that are the main sources of receiving IR. The main object that is used to transmit information through these channels is a document.

The concept of "data" is directly related to the concept of "document". Under document(from Lat.documentum - certificate) means a material data carrier (paper, film, photo, magnetic tape; in the old days, papyrus, clay, etc.) with information recorded on it, intended for its transmission in time and space ... May contain texts, images, sounds, etc. In a narrow sense, a document is a business paper that legally confirms a fact or right to something.

In the new edition of the Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ (which was previously called "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" dated February 20, 1995, No. 24-FZ), there is no definition of the concept of a document. Instead, a generalized definition of documented information is given:

Law >

Let's give a broader interpretation of a document or documented information, taking into account the tasks of storing, processing and transmitting information:

Definition >

In accordance with the definition, a document is a permanent or static form of presentation of information, and in a broad sense of understanding, a document may not have details. For example, ancient undeciphered manuscripts or unsolved drawings are essentially historical documents, which contain certain information about events that are not known to modern mankind. The details of its owner or storage location are attributed to such a document.

In jurisprudence, a document requires more stringent requirements for its execution (seal, personal signature, recently - a digital signature, etc.).

1) Data- any information provided symbols(in numbers, letters or special signs) or their sequences;
- facts or ideas, expressed in a formalized form, providing the possibility of their storage, processing or transmission.
Symbol- an element from a given set of n elements, which can be represented by a sign or implemented technically in the form of combinations or sequences of impulses, geometric shapes, etc.
Sign- a material object actually distinguishable by the recipient: a letter, a number, a graph, an object, a symbol, etc.
- a set of signs or signs by which something is recognized, recognized. In a narrow sense, sign and symbol are synonyms.

2) Knowledge- the result of knowledge of reality, proven by practice, its correct reflection in human thinking;
- the ideal expression in symbolic form of the objective properties and connections of the world, natural and human;
- a set of models about the world around us (as formulated by L.A. Rastrigin).

3) In the future, in the given format: [Law> definition], an excerpt from the Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ will be cited.

4)Cognition- the process of reflection and reproduction of reality in thinking, conditioned by the development of social and historical practice;
- interaction of a subject and an object, the result of which is new knowledge about the world.

5)Control- an element or function of organized systems of various nature (technical, organizational-economic, social, biological), ensuring the preservation of their specific structure, maintenance of the mode of activity, implementation of their programs;
- the process of planning, organizing, motivating and controlling necessary in order to formulate and achieve the objectives of the organization.

6)Cybernetics(from the Greek. kybernetike - the art of management) - the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, processing or transforming and transmitting information. Includes information theory, theory of algorithms, theory of automata, theory of operations research, theory of optimal control, theory of pattern recognition.

A source: Blumin, A.M. World information resources: Textbook / А.М. Blumin, N.A. Feoktistov.- M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2011.-296 p. (P. 10-28)

6. Definition of information resources

Any subject (the world community, a specific state, region, city or district, organization, enterprise or economy, an individual or a group of persons) has certain volumes and types for its activities.

The latter are subdivided into separate types of resources with respect to certain subject areas of human life and activity. For instance:

• material (a set of objects of labor used in the production of a social product - raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, etc.),
• natural (natural resources - objects, processes, conditions of nature used to meet the material and spiritual needs of people),
• energy (energy carriers - oil, gas, etc.),
• labor (people with general educational and professional knowledge),
• financial, commodity, intangible (spiritual or intellectual), etc.

The listed resources are of paramount importance for material production, especially in the era of industrial society.

Unlike most of the resources listed above, information resources (IR) are the product of the intellectual activity of the most qualified and creative part of the population, constitute a significant part of the national wealth and are among the renewable goods, since they have the ability to replicate depending on social needs.

For the most part, these resources are materialized in the form of books, articles, documents, databases, knowledge bases, algorithms, computer programs, works of art, literature, etc. In fact, this knowledge accumulated by people throughout their history of existence and development, often alienated from their creators, are considered as common strategic resources belonging to all of humanity.

Information resources combine primary information that reflects human knowledge about the experience of his activities and information about the environment, as well as all secondary information resulting from the processing and processing of all information received.

On the one hand, a certain amount of R&D is the knowledge of people, specialists (expert knowledge). The volume of this knowledge is steadily increasing as a result of more perfect and purposeful scientific research leading to discoveries and scientific and technological advances, a deeper and wider education of the population, the development and ubiquitous modern means of computing, communications, communications and other factors.

On the other hand, the main and most of the resources are accumulated information that was recorded on various media throughout the entire historical path of human development and continues to accumulate and record at the present time at a very rapid pace (through the use of modern computer and communication means).

It should be noted that the exchange of information as a result of communication and communication is inherent in all living nature (according to some teachings of a non-materialistic nature and inanimate), however, only a person possesses the property of deep knowledge of the surrounding world, extracting various information from it, analyzing it and, on this basis, generating and accumulating new knowledge. It is this - the formation and use of IR - that distinguishes a person from all living things and allows him not only to consciously navigate in the environment, but also to create social wealth around him, build social relations and ensure his life with the help of scientific and technological achievements.

It is extremely important that the information collected in a certain way and purposefully processed generates new knowledge. Thus, information has a unique property to reproduce (reproduce) knowledge and enhance the effect of their accumulation (summation), which leads to a constant growth of IR.

It should be noted that almost until the last quarter of the twentieth century. IR were not considered from the standpoint of a socially significant economic or other category that affects the state and development of the country. Basically, attention was paid to the cultural heritage of a particular nationality or state. At present, in the era of post-industrial development of society, in terms of its efficiency of use, importance, usefulness and degree of significance, R&D play an increasing role and are considered as priority strategic resources, comparable to material and energy resources.

In the modern version of the Law "On information, information technology and information protection" in comparison with the old concept information resource is not given, however, in view of the importance of this concept, we give its definition according to the old law:

Considering that this formulation is of a static nature of the presence or storage of information and does not affect a large and extremely important part of the knowledge possessed by individuals, educated and informed in certain areas of science and technology, medicine and biology, literature and art, etc. ( teachers, doctors, scientists, engineers, etc., in a word, experts), it is advisable to present the concept of IR more broadly, taking into account the dynamic properties considered at the time of transmission of information and its perception. Hence, this concept can be represented as follows:

Individual people, groups of people, organizations, territorial and national entities, cities, regions, countries and the whole world possess information resources. If R&D is collected and used within a region or within one country, then we speak of regional or national, state R&D.

State information resources in Russia include:

• federal information resources;
• information resources under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (information resources of joint jurisdiction);
• information resources of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In the event that information crosses state borders and is used at the interstate or international level, then they talk about world information resources.

Considering the development of modern information technologies, first of all, the widespread expansion of the global Internet network in the world, state borders for information are losing their significance, and it becomes available to all mankind. Therefore, the entire set of information resources accumulated by various individuals, organizations, regions, states and used at the interstate level is called world information resources.

7. Informational description of the object and the formation of information resources

All the objects listed in the previous paragraph, which are different in nature, can be represented in the form of one universal model that uses the informational description of the object. So, all information about an object can be represented as a set of versatile or, which characterize its state and behavior in time, which is shown in Fig. 2.

Moreover, it should be said that the concept of "parameter" is used most often in relation to technical objects, and the concept of "indicator" is used to other objects. For example, the parameters of a car - overall dimensions, weight, load, maximum speed, etc., and the performance indicators of an enterprise - profit, profitability, etc. Sometimes the concept of "parameter" is used to characterize the static states of an object (for example, parameters of the level and amount of raw materials in capacity), and the concept of "indicator" - with dynamic (for example, indicators of growth in labor productivity in production). In the considered model, we will use one general concept - "parameters".

In this case, the vector Y = (Yl "Y2" ..., Yn) represents the output, or controlled, parameters. It is these parameters that inform about the state of the object and how it meets the set management objectives.

The vector x = (xl "X2" ..., xr) defines the input, or setting (controlled), parameters that are the cause of the change in the state of the object.

The vector U = (U1, u2, .. "um) denotes the parameters of the disturbing control actions on the object in accordance with the adopted control goal and its algorithm.

The vector f (fl “f2, .. and wear of nodes and mechanisms, the behavior of individuals in a social environment when performing a specific task, etc.). These parameters reflect control noise. If a parameter of this kind can be controlled, then this parameter is transferred to the group of input parameters, i.e. it is included in the vector x.

In the general case, the vector y is a nonlinear vector function of the master, control and external influences:

Y = y (x, u, f)

The coordinates of the vectors u and y are called the control and controlled coordinates, respectively. If the control object is characterized by one control and one controlled variable, i.e. vectors u and y have one coordinate, then the object is called simple, one-dimensional or simply connected. If the vectors u and y have several coordinates, then the object is called multidimensional. If there are several interconnected coordinates of the vectors u and y, the object is called multiply connected.

Information about the control objectives is embedded in the control algorithm, which can be represented as a functional dependence

U (t) = F (y, x, f),
where F is some generally nonlinear vector function of the controlled parameters y, the setting parameters x, and the disturbing influences f.

Any processes are associated with the receipt, processing or transformation, storage and transfer of only three main groups of objects: material, material, energy and information.

The information of material objects carries knowledge about the physical and physicochemical properties of substances and their composition. The information of energy objects reflects the energy characteristics of the processes. Information objects can be described by a set of indicators, for example, the amount of information in a document, the quality of this information, characteristics of the information carrier, etc. This is shown in Fig. 3.

The figure shows that each control object has its own informational description using a set of parameters, attributes or indicators, with the help of which new knowledge about its state and behavior can be obtained. If an informational description is fixed on a material medium or in the human brain, then this information becomes an information resource.

Thus, information acts as a single and universal means of describing everything that happens in the human environment and the formation, thereby, of information resources for storing and then extracting from them the knowledge necessary for mankind.

8. The emergence and development of information resources

Since the beginning of human activity on earth, his relationship with each other and with the environment has brought enormous experience and accumulating knowledge, which is expressed in the form of subjective and objective information. In this case, the direct experience of a person forms primary information, or information of the first order. The knowledge obtained by a person as a result of processing primary information or as a result of some information about the experience of other people is secondary information, or information of the second order. Thus, the acquired knowledge of the first or second order by a person is recorded, stored, processed and transmitted to other people, which serves as the basis for the emergence of information activities and information technologies.

The history of the emergence and development of IR shows the dynamics of the development of man as a rational being, capable not only of effectively using his mental and spiritual abilities to communicate with each other and actively interacting with nature, but also to create methods and means of fixing, storing, processing and transmitting information, and thus develop information technologies and form an information environment for its existence. In the process of its development, mankind has created and is creating new, more and more perfect, mechanisms and technologies for the production, storage, processing and transmission of information to satisfy its information needs and thereby ensures the formation of a multitude of IRs.

The following phases can be conventionally noted in the history and development of IR.

First phase associated with the emergence of speech and the development of information exchange between people at the speech and signal levels, which made it possible to evaluate the diverse experience of human activity in the categories of information and to transmit the latter from generation to generation. Oral information was the impetus for the development of speech, which made it possible to distinguish humans from animals and launch information technology mechanisms.

Second phase The development of IR refers to the era of the emergence of writing (approximately the end of the 4th - the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia), when communication between people and the exchange of knowledge moved to a higher level - to the level of documentary communication. At the same time, a technology arose for storing information in single copies on primitive media (papyrus, clay, etc.), which could be moved in space and time. The possibilities of access (albeit small and limited) to information of the current moment and of a historical nature appeared. In those days, the first repositories of documents were created with information reflecting the state and behavior of individuals and social life.

Third phase characterized by the appearance of printing (in the middle of the 11th century in China, in the middle of the 15th century in Europe, in the middle of the 16th century in Moscow). This invention made it possible to replicate documents in the form of books or newspapers, distribute them in space, as well as form libraries, archives and repositories, i.e. accumulate knowledge sources concentrated in one place, which created the basis for a system of general and sectoral vocational education and the dissemination of this knowledge around the world. The IRs formed in this way began to approach the level of human information needs, which, in turn, grew proportionally.

Fourth phase The development of IR refers to the period of discovery and application of electrical signals and electromagnetic waves in technology (mid-19th century). The advent of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television made it possible to ensure the prompt exchange of information in any volume practically all over the world. At this stage, the growth in the volume of R&D projects has become extremely intense (exponentially). So, for example, if the total amount of knowledge changed very slowly at first, but since 1900 it has doubled every 50 years, by 1950 it doubled every 10 years, by 1970 already every 5 years, since 1990 - every year!

This is due to the rapid growth in the number of documents, reports, dissertations, reports, etc., in which the results of scientific research and experimental design work are presented, the constantly increasing number of periodicals in different areas of human activity, the emergence of various data (meteorological, geophysical, medical , economic, etc.).

If at the beginning of the XX century. around the world there were about 10 thousand titles of journals in all areas of knowledge, now about 100 thousand journals are published annually in more than 60 languages, over 5 million scientific articles, books, brochures, more than 250 thousand dissertations and reports. the number of documents (reports on research projects, design and production documentation, etc.) remain unpublished, their number is 3-5 times higher than those published.

At the same time, technologies for receiving and transmitting information at the signal level developed at a rapid pace, and its storage took place at the old level - the traditional level of processing and storage of documents.This led mankind to a crisis state, characterized, on the one hand, by a sharply increasing volume of information, including at the expense of actively developing civilized economic and social structures and means of promptly obtaining information about various aspects of their activities, and, on the other hand, by the limited possibilities for archiving and storing documents (mostly paper ones). At the same time, the problem arose of finding the necessary information among many others, as well as the need to develop and create modern means of automating information activities. It became more and more difficult to navigate in such a flow of information. Sometimes it was more profitable to create a new product than to search for an analogue made earlier. For example, in the mid-80s. XX century approximately $ 300 million was spent annually to find the necessary documents in US libraries, and the growth rate of paperwork was three times higher than the growth rate of the US gross product.

This situation caused a new round of rapid development of science and technology based on information technology, which is associated with the invention of the transistor (1947), the microprocessor (1971) and, as a result, with the advent of personal computers and computer data transmission networks. The fifth phase of the development of IR has come - the era of new information technologies, characterized by the following characteristic features of the revolutionary transition to the modern information world:

• replacement of mechanical and electrical information processing facilities with electronic ones;
• miniaturization of all units, devices, devices and machines, which led to a sharp reduction in their energy consumption
• creation of non-volatile elements of computing devices;
• development of software-controlled devices and processors.

The development of modern means of computing and communication, the creation of computer networks, in particular the Internet, led to the expansion of the sphere of science and education, the sphere of influence of electronic media, and, consequently, to a new explosive process of a sharp increase in the volume of newly generated information resources. XX - early XXI centuries. This increase in comparison with the previous period (in the first three quarters of the XX century, the information flow increased by about 30 times) took a spasmodic character and was called the "information explosion", or "information revolution".

Thus, there were some contradictions between a person's capabilities for the perception and processing of information, on the one hand, and the existing powerful streams of avalanche-like information flowing onto him and colossal arrays of stored IR, on the other. In this case, information "noise" appears, i.e. there is a large amount of redundant information that makes it difficult to perceive the useful and necessary for the consumer RR, and their volumes, distributed in the global information space, do not allow him to quickly and efficiently extract the required information.

At present, for the first time in the history of mankind, the growth rates of IR have overlapped the growth rates of human information needs, which are approaching their limit. At the same time, the volume of IR in the world continues to grow just as rapidly, and information needs have stopped due to the limited capabilities of the person himself to assimilate or "digest "these resources. Thus, the era of information saturation has begun, or the era of information crisis, the resolution of which is possible only through scientific and technological progress in the field of information technology.

In recent years, the widespread use of computers and microprocessors, data transmission networks, satellite and terrestrial communication channels has made it possible to unite the world into a single gigantic system, practically without borders and providing storage of a huge variety of RRs, replenishment and ample opportunities for their development. New methods are being developed that optimize information processing (for example, parallelization of processes), its storage (for example, compression) and distribution.

There is a transition to a "paperless" technology and a "paperless" society, in which RRs are presented mainly in digital or electronic form, and information exchange between people is carried out using electronic means (the Internet, e-mail, videophone, videoconferencing, facsimile communication, etc.). P.). At the same time, the storage and processing of any information is carried out in digital form on personal computers (united by a developed telecommunication network), which in essence is a transition to a new - the sixth phase of development and consumption of R&D.

Modern information technologies for the formation and use of information resources have led to the creation of an information industry, which in terms of its scale and economic indicators has outstripped the energy production, industrial and agricultural industries. It is connected both directly with the search and provision of information, and with the development of software and hardware and its sale to an increasing number of users. At the same time, the problem of economic assessment of both the RRs themselves and the processes of their storage and transfer arose. There appeared multiple services and organizations for the management and distribution of RR, as well as software and hardware for their storage, processing and delivery.

As a result, the development of world R&D and the evolution of information technologies have made it possible to:

• to form new R&D on the basis of more effective methods and means of automation and informatization;
• to transform the activity of providing information services into a global human activity;
• to form the world and domestic market of information services;
• create all kinds of databases on the resources of regions and states;
• more efficiently use the existing R&D to improve the validity and efficiency of management decisions both in technical and organizational-economic systems (for example, in firms, banks, stock exchanges, in industry, trade, etc.), as well as in social and other spheres.

9. Classification of information resources

To classify IRs and divide them into certain types or categories, you can use a variety of signs. The most generalized feature that does not require analysis of either semantic, syntactic or pragmatic components in IR is sign of the form of presentation or fixation of information... In accordance with this feature, the classification of IRs is shown in Fig. 4.

Based on the above classification, it is advisable to divide all IRs into two classes: undocumented, which includes the individual and collective knowledge of specialists, and documented.

Documented IR on the basis of information consolidation is subdivided into text (written), graphic (drawings, diagrams, graphs, maps, diagrams, pictures), photo, audio (gramophone records, audio cassettes, etc.), video (films, transparencies , slides, etc.) and electronic documents.

On the basis of fixing information documented IR can also be divided into two classes: recorded and stored on various types of material carriers (various materials: paper, canvas, clay, paraffin, photographic film, film, magnetic film, etc.) and converted and recorded in electronic form (memory computer, floppy disk, CD, etc.).

Based on authenticity documented IR are subdivided into documents- and copied, or, documents (microfiche, microfilm, photocopies, photocopies, etc.).

By thematic affiliation IR can be subdivided into many thematic areas and sub-areas of knowledge, for example:

• scientific resources;
• social resources;
• ecological resources;
• legislative resources
• regulatory resources;
• statistical resources;
• learning resources, etc.

It is rather difficult to use this indicator of the classification of IRs, since one and the same resource can contain information on a number of different topics. In this case, IR is included in the types corresponding to the topics, and, thus, it can be found many times in different lists.

Based on access restriction IRs are divided into a number of classes, which are determined by the legislation of the country or the internal regulations of the organizations that own the information. So, in the Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" it is said that "access to information is the possibility of obtaining information and its use" (Art. 2, p. 6); "confidentiality of information is a mandatory requirement for a person who has access to certain information not to transfer such information to third parties without the consent of its owner" (Art. 2, clause 7); "restriction of access to information is established by federal laws in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, to ensure the country's defense and state security" (Article 9, paragraph 1).

The Law also states: "Information, depending on the category of access to it, is subdivided into publicly available information, as well as information, access to which is limited by federal laws (information of limited access)" (Art. 5, item 2) and "Information depending on the order of its provision or distribution is subdivided into:

• to information freely distributed;
• information provided by agreement of the persons participating in the relevant relationship;
• information that, in accordance with federal laws, is subject to provision or distribution;
• information, the dissemination of which in the Russian Federation is restricted or prohibited "(Art. 5, p. 3).

Thus, information, depending on the category of access, is divided into two classes: public information and information of limited access, and, depending on the order of its provision or dissemination, into 4 classes.

It should be noted that the Law states: "Federal laws establish the conditions for classifying information as information constituting a commercial secret, official secret and other secrets, the obligation to maintain the confidentiality of such information, as well as responsibility for its disclosure" (Article 9, Clause 4).

Based on commercialization IR can be divided:

• to non-commercial resources (open state and sectoral public libraries, funds, depositories, museums, broadcasts on public channels of terrestrial or cable television and radio, free education, etc.);
• commercial resources (a specific information product that has a certain value and is sold at a market price, or paid access to libraries, funds, depositories, museums, to the pay TV system, to information systems, including the Internet, etc.).

IR from the sender (communicator) to the consumer (recipient) are distributed using oral, documentary and electronic channels of information transmission. In this case, four options for the commercialization of the process are possible:

• providing a resource for free, receiving free of charge;
• the provision of the resource is free, the receipt is paid;
• the provision of the resource is paid, the receipt is free;
• the provision of the resource is paid, the receipt is paid.

In the advertising business, it is customary to provide IR on a paid basis, and receive advertising information free of charge (on television and radio, by mailing newspapers, advertising brochures, installing billboards and posters, etc.).

Information culture is a product of a variety of human creative abilities and should be manifested in the following aspects:

• in understanding the clear goals and objectives of obtaining and using information;
• the ability to classify IRs and distinguish their characteristic features;
• the ability to extract information from various sources, including undocumented, documented print and electronic;
• the ability to efficiently store, process (including using analytical methods) and present information in the form necessary for consumption;
• the ability to assess the effectiveness of the use of RR;
• specific skills in the use of technical devices (from telephone and telefax to personal computer and computer networks);
• the ability to use in their activities computer information technology, the basic component of which are numerous software products;
• knowledge of the information environment or information space, including a variety of information flows, various information systems and IR;
• understanding their place in the information environment and their ability to manage information flows in their field of activity.

Information culture is based on the provisions of a number of areas of knowledge: mathematics (including probability theory), systems theory, cybernetics, information theory, computer science, etc. and in extraordinary situations requiring unconventional creativity.

1. Resources(from the French. ressource auxiliary means) - cash, values, reserves, opportunities, sources of funds, income.
2. Parameter(from the Greek parametron - measuring) - a value that characterizes any property of a device, machine, substance, system, process or phenomenon, organizational and economic object or document.
3. Indicator -
   • a number-expressed characteristic of any property of an object, phenomenon, process or solution;
   • numerical characteristics of individual parties to the activity;
   • data that can be used to judge the development, progress, state of something (for example, growth rates, average indicators).
4. Original(from Latin originalis - initial) -
   • genuine work (as opposed to a copy);
   • in publishing - a text or graphic work that has undergone editorial and publishing processing and prepared for the production of a printing plate
5. Reproduction(from re ... and lat. produco - I produce) -
   • reproduction;
   • reproduction by printing or other means of works of fine art (painting, drawing, photograph, etc.).
6. ISP- an organization-provider of telecommunications services, providing subscribers with personal access to the Internet.
7. Informatization- organizational socio-economic and scientific and technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, government bodies, local authorities, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
8. Product- a tangible or intangible result of human labor in the processes of processing, processing or research (subject, scientific discovery, idea).
9. Information culture- the ability to purposefully work with IR and possession of modern methods and means (computer technology and communication) of receiving, storing, processing and transmitting information to achieve a certain result.

In our computerized age, the concept of information occupies a special place in the life of society. The parameters used at the present stage of human development for the classification of information resources are very diverse. That is why you can find several types of division of information data into classes and groups. However, in general terms, the classification for any method of separating them is practically the same. The difference can only be in some conditional criteria, when some types of information resources (IR) can be attributed to a group on subjective grounds.

The concept of information resources and their classification (main types)

• personal;
• corporate;
• business resources;
• political;
• educational;
• cultural;
• resources of organizations and institutions;
• services and services;
• entertainment;
• sport;
• relaxation;
• message boards;
• software and media storage, etc.

Now let's see what parameters are used to classify information resources by presentation method.

As a rule, this includes the concepts of hard copies (books, newspapers, magazines, printed documents), magnetic and electronic (digital) media (audio and video recordings, photographic and film films, CDs, removable memory devices, computer hard drives) and media communications (radio, TV, networks).

Among the forms of ownership, there are private (personal, corporate), state and municipal, federal, joint (collective), national treasures.

In terms of organization and storage, the classification of information resources is partially related to the types of media (printed publications and digital media), and also provides for the concepts of libraries, collections, archives, databases, arrays of documents and automated forms.

It seems that everything is clear with regard to national and territorial affiliation, but in terms of the degree of competence, the division is made on the basis of focusing on a mass or professional user.

Types of subjects in the concept of IR

As for the subjects of IR, there are three main types:

• citizens of states or stateless persons;
• organizations;
• government authorities at any level.

Content classification

Let us consider the largest section of the distribution of information resources - by content - as an example of the classification of information resources according to a given criterion. In general, it includes the following large groups:

• thematic and scientific publications;
• reference Information;
• advertising;
• news;
• bibliographic publications.

If you look at these aspects a little more broadly, another division can be cited as an example:

• business information (economics, finance, commerce, business, statistics);
• socio-political and legal information;
• scientific and technical information;
• consumer and other mass information;
• electronic transactions;
• computers and communications.

Naturally, any classification of information resources proposed today for the distribution of information resources according to individual characteristics may differ from another similar one. However, at the moment we are more interested in electronic information.

Main types of electronic information

The classification of information resources (informatics directly indicates this) in the most general case implies two main types of IR according to the criterion of the mode of use:

• online - direct access to documents on servers through the network;
• offline - the use of documents, databases or their fragments in the form of copies of primary information from the server, stored on an electronic medium.

In a sense, the classification of electronic information is somewhat similar to the division by content, but in addition there is a section of the software market here:

• commercial software;
• free software (freeware), including open source products (GNU GPL license);
• shareware.

As another addition, some sources indicate the information services and services sector.

The concept of an electronic document

In most cases, a document of this type is understood as documented information presented in electronic form, for the perception of which electronic computing systems are used, and for transmission - communication and network tools.

Information of this type can be presented in the form of separate files, databases and arrays, or automated systems. In addition, the legal aspect of the legitimate use of certain documents, certification and attestation of systems, as well as the protection of information of any access level and type are of particular importance.

in the Internet

The classification of electronic information resources would be absolutely incomplete if the Internet issues were not touched upon, since today most of the electronic documents are available there.

Here are some basic criteria:

• presentation form (web pages, information and file servers, databases, teleconferences);
• linguistic and territorial characteristic;
• content, etc.

Types of Internet resources

The types and classification of educational information resources in the educational process are considered in sufficient detail. However, it is possible to cite some additions, including in the distribution of IR for additional types of Internet resources.

As a rule, the following are distinguished among the criteria:

• completeness and functional content;
• the principle of interaction with the user (informative, interactive);
• degree of accessibility.

In the content part, sites are divided into business cards (concise pages with basic information), blogs (personal pages), promotion sites (advertising goods and services), electronic stores and services, information sites with a specific topic, web portals (large resources or the Internet -communities), corporate offices (systems for automating the activities of companies), enterprise management systems integrated into the Internet and intranet (external and internal networks).

When interacting with the user, it is possible to distinguish such types of IR as information (online publications, media, television, radio), applied (online libraries and databases, software repositories with the ability to download, search engines), direct communication (social networks, Internet -communities), entertainment (games, music, videos, anecdotes, etc.), commercial (sites with paid services and online stores), presentation IR of an advertising nature.

If we talk about the degree of accessibility, this criterion allows us to divide IRs into public (open to all users without exception), intranet (only employees of an organization within the intranet have access), extra-network (hosted on the Internet, but only a limited number of users have access. ).

Information Services

Finally, it is worth mentioning information services separately. First of all, in this category, there are services for the search and processing of information, the issuance of documents of any type upon request, and the storage of information.

The second most important section is the provision of services for the use of the Internet, databases and AIS, for access to the Internet or networks and the transfer of information, as well as for the use of e-mail and the provision of hosting (formation of personal pages).

IR protection

And, of course, any IR must be protected at the highest level, and absolutely no matter what type they belong to, and regardless of the medium on which they are stored.

In addition, protection can be understood as a legal aspect (copyright, legislation, licensing, certification), and software in the form of antiviruses or (firewalls - software or "hardware"), cryptographic technologies for encrypting data or connections, etc.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the above, there are a lot of classifications of information resources, especially if you take into account a huge number of various criteria that can be applied in each specific case. It goes without saying that some conditional divisions of IR into corresponding classes in different versions may not coincide. However, in general terms, they are all very similar and have a lot in common. Finally, for the most part, all classes of IR are closely interrelated, and here only a small part of everything that can be considered if we concretize a certain type of IR was given here.

Information resources - individual documents and separate arrays of documents, as well as documents and arrays of documents in information systems.

Information resource is information created and (or) discovered, registered, evaluated, with certain (given) laws of degradation and renewal.

This is also a document, but with clearly defined qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The most important problem in the practical use of IRs is the problem of their classification. When considering IR as an object of civil rights, the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" determines that the attribute of IR classification is the attribute of ownership. This is followed by another sign of classification: federal IR, joint use, etc. However, it should be noted that the application of the Law violates one of the basic principles of classification - the principle of unity of classification features. It seems expedient to create an all-Russian classifier of information resources, approved by the State Standard of Russia.

Information resources are divided into the following groups.

I. According to the specifics of occurrence: 1)

natural, industrial, socio-economic information resources; 2)

created as a result of intellectual activity.

II. By areas of use: 1)

scientific and technical; 2)

socio-economic; 3)

legal; 4)

cultural; 5)

educational; 6)

entertainment, etc.

III. By belonging to certain subjects: 1)

individuals; 2)

legal entities; 3)

state authorities and administration; 4)

officials; 5)

local government bodies; 6)

public associations; 7)

to the state as a whole.

The legal regime of information resources is established by the following criteria.

I. Information resources - always in the form of documented information.

A document is a highlighted information on a defining goal, recorded in any symbolic form with established details that allow it to be identified, and presented on any medium.

II. The requirement to establish ownership and exclusive rights to objects of information resources. Information resources, being an element of various rights, can be a commodity (an object of market relations), possess attributes of a thing and, at the same time, intellectual properties. But the issues of legal regulation of information resources are not covered by civil law. Administrative law, regulating information resources, includes the following points: 1)

obligatory copy of the document; 2)

the duty of state bodies to collect information on a target basis; 3)

the obligation of the organizations responsible for collecting information to provide it; 4)

compulsory licensing of activities for the special storage of information.

III. Mandatory determination of the degree of openness of information in relation to each object of information resources.

IV. Protection of information resources - ensuring information security. National information resources, including registers, cadastres, registers,

classifiers are created in order to provide prompt access to complete, relevant, reliable and consistent information about the main objects, forms, methods and results of public administration and its joint use at the interdepartmental level by public authorities.

The creation of national information resources allows eliminating duplication, streamlining and regulating the procedures for collecting, storing and updating relevant information, as well as controlling access to them and their use.

It is necessary to centrally form nationwide information resources and provide, in the prescribed manner, access to these resources for federal bodies of state power, local self-government bodies, citizens and organizations.

At the same time, the prerequisites must be created for:

Maintenance and technical support of interdepartmental state information systems and resources; -

control over the use of interdepartmental nationwide resources in order to prevent possible unauthorized actions on the part of civil servants and other persons; -

placement, reservation and technological support in case of economic feasibility of information systems and resources of federal government bodies in agreement with them.

Rights, obligations and responsibilities of the owner of information resources

The owner of information resources, unless otherwise provided by federal laws, has the right to: 1) permit or restrict access to information, determine the procedure and conditions for such access; 2) use the information, including disseminate it, at its own discretion; 3) transfer information to other persons under an agreement or on another basis established by law; 4) protect their rights in the manner established by law in the event of illegal receipt of information or its illegal use by other persons; 5) carry out other actions with information or authorize the implementation of such actions.

The owner of information resources, when exercising his rights, is obliged to: 1) observe the rights and legitimate interests of other persons; 2) take measures to protect information; 3) restrict access to information, if such a duty is established by federal laws.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for general requirements for the processing of personal data of an employee (Art.

86 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation): -

the processing of the employee's personal data may be carried out solely for the purpose of ensuring compliance with laws and other regulatory legal acts, assisting employees in employment, training and promotion, ensuring the personal safety of employees, monitoring the quantity and quality of work performed and ensuring the safety of property; -

the employer has no right to receive and process personal data of the employee about his political, religious and other beliefs and private life. In cases directly related to issues of labor relations, in accordance with Art. 24 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the employer has the right to receive and process data on the private life of the employee only with his written consent;

The employer does not have the right to receive and process the personal data of the employee about his membership in public associations or his trade union activities, except as otherwise provided by law.

The specific procedure for processing personal data of an employee is determined by the documents of the organization.

According to Part 1 of Art. 17 of the Law on Information, the owner of information resources is legally responsible for violation of this Law, for example, the rules for working with information. The rules for working with information include provisions on the procedure for collecting, storing, using and disseminating information; data protection regulations; on the requirements for activities related to the implementation of the listed actions with information. These provisions are established by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

For violation of the rules for working with information, legislation provides for criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary liability. Thus, criminal liability is provided for the illegal receipt and disclosure of information constituting commercial, tax or banking secrets (Article 183 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); illegal access to computer information (Article 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Administrative responsibility is established for violation of the procedure established by law for the collection, storage, use or dissemination of information about citizens (personal data) (Article 13.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation), violation of information protection rules (Article 13.12 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation), for illegal activities in the field of information protection ( Article 13.13 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), for disclosing information with limited access (Article 13.14 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation).

Civil liability occurs if, by virtue of violation of the rules for working with information, the property or personal non-property rights of the person to whom this information is related are violated. Forms of civil liability are provided for in Art. 12

Disciplinary responsibility applies to a person whose job responsibilities were to comply or enforce the rules for working with information. The types of disciplinary sanctions are provided for in Art. 192 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

More on topic 1. Concept and types of information resources:

1. 2. The procedure for the formation of information resources and the provision of information services
2. Topic 7. Concept, signs and types of information legal relations
3. 5.5. Protection of information resources and increasing information security
4. 1. The role and objectives of information management in the management of information resources of the organization
5. Chapter 3. CONCEPT AND TYPES OF SUBJECTS OF INFORMATION LAW
6. 1.1. Basic terminology. Concepts: information system, information technology, information management

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Topic 1. Information and information resources

Information. Basic definitions

Since ancient times, people have used information. Almost from the moment of its appearance, humanity has been collecting, comprehending, processing, storing and transmitting a variety of information. The first news reports were rock paintings. Back in the 6th century BC. in Persia, slaves stood on high towers and, with voices and shouts, passed messages from one to another.

In ancient Greece, the term "information" meant "shape" or "outline." In this case, "to shape" (to depict) is not understood as how to transfer information or fix it on an appropriate medium: stone (stone slabs), clay (clay tablets), parchment, papyrus and birch bark, hereinafter: paper, plastic, photographic material, magnetic and other materials, but how to "describe" - "simulate", "describe" the information. For example, classify information resources (IR).

Humanity (society) constantly deals with information, but there is no strict scientific definition of this concept. There is an opinion that more than 300 interpretations of this term are used in various subject areas. Moreover, a person (individual) and his genetic code are carriers and at the same time keepers of information.

Term "information" comes from the Latin " informatio », Which means clarification, informing, as well as the content of the message, information, taking into account their transmission in space and time.

The most common meaning of this term is any information and data about the surrounding world (animate and inanimate nature, objects, facts, events, phenomena, processes and others), regardless of the form of presentation and their carriers. At the same time, all living things feed on information, creating, accumulating and actively using it, and under forms are understood as various input and output forms, reports, queries and tables.

The importance of information in the life of society is growing rapidly, the methods of working with information and the scope of its application are changing. And in various sciences the concept of "information" is perceived on the basis of the tasks set by them. So, under the term "information" understand independent and eternally existing categories - matter and energy; the measure of the organization of the system, mathematically equal to the entropy * with the opposite sign; the content of the message or signal; the result (probability) of a choice from a set of possible alternatives and others, including information, is proposed to be perceived as an abstract concept which is not in nature.

UNESCO defines information is a universal substance that permeates all spheres of human activity, serving as a conductor of knowledge and opinions, an instrument of communication, mutual understanding and cooperation, asserting stereotypes of thinking and behavior.

Depending on the field of knowledge, this definition reflects the specifics of both the field and the objectives of the study.

In the natural sciences, the concept of information is identified with signals in technical and biological systems that can be measured, as well as processed and stored.

In computer systems, information is understood as any data in the memory of a computer system; any message sent on the network; any file stored on any electronic data carrier.

In the new edition of the Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" (2003), the term "information" means information, messages or data, regardless of how they are searched, stored, processed, provided or distributed.

Since information is understood as any information, message, data and knowledge, consider these concepts.

Data - these are usually expressed in a formalized form of facts or ideas that provide the possibility of their storage, processing and transmission.

Experts note that “all types of energy exchange are accompanied by the appearance of signals. When signals interact with physical bodies, certain changes in properties occur in the latter - this phenomenon is called signal registration. Such changes can be observed, measured or recorded in other ways - in this case, new signals arise and are recorded, i.e. data is generated "*.

Data (numbers, symbols, or letters used to describe persons, objects, situations or other concepts) are used for transmission and processing by automatic means for the purpose of subsequent analysis, discussion or appropriate decisions.

Message we understand it as a form of presentation of information in the form of text, digital data, images, sound, graphs, tables, etc.

Intelligence are practically synonymous with the concept of "message". They are usually of an everyday nature.

Knowledge (a type of information that reflects the experience and perception of a person, for example, a specialist in a certain subject area) can be represented as the ability of an individual to extract the data he needs, to comprehend and transform them into information. They are its special form, a set of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and other relations and provisions of the subject area, allowing, in particular, to solve various applied problems.

The same data can represent different information depending on the needs. It should be borne in mind that information does not always turn into knowledge.

Obviously, information doesn't come out of nowhere. There are various (living and nonliving) sources of its origin (appearance). They often arise in the course of human activity, most often when abstract data is being processed. For example, a person, interpreting the knowledge gained (data, information, messages), evaluates them, as a result of which he creates his own knowledge and information.

Sources of information represent a system (some entity) consisting of messages, their storage locations and information carriers.

In the simplest form, sources of information are people and wildlife. In the general case, we can say that the source of information is its supplier (living being, sensor, document on any physical medium). Collectively, it can be an "information generator". This concept reflects both the information itself and the process of obtaining it.

Sources of information are divided into: social, political, economic, military, technical, etc. It should be noted that the Internet is a global worldwide source of information.

Information can be structured (databases and applied information systems) and unstructured - simple documentation. \

Document - this is information reflected (recorded) on a specific medium (paper and other traditional or machine-readable).

A document is understood as social, semantic, operational materialized information in the form of a message and included with the help of a system of requisites in a specific information system. Although a document as a separate type of information is characterized by unstructuredness, at the same time it is an organized form of information presentation.

A collection of documents represents a certain array of them (a set or a subset), which can be traditional and computer encyclopedias, reference books and similar documents. For example, in science, articles and abstracts correspond to them to a greater extent.

Perceptually, there is at least four components of information:

1)information itself;

2)subject transmitting information (supplier, transmitter);

3)the subject who perceives it (consumer, receiver);

4)the process of cognition of the object about which information is transmitted *.

5)This approach is used in the theory of information transfer and is not covered in this course. Creation, storage and other processes related to information, in most cases, are focused on providing users with the opportunity to receive it in the right amount and at the right time. This function is realized as a result of searching for information in various sources and storages. Information retrieval systems (ISS) and linguistic support belong to the means of ensuring the availability of information.

Information Users

Receiver of information (its recipient, consumer, user) can be a living creature, flora or technical device, including one that has a physical information carrier.

1. Creators of information and intermediaries focused on its organization and delivery to various categories of users: IT professionals, serving users, information and library workers.

2. Users or consumers of information.

At the same time, it is difficult to draw a clear border between them, since in various situations the first can become the second, and vice versa.

Information resource owners provide users with information taking into account the legislation, statutes of the indicated bodies and organizations, provisions, as well as contracts. Information obtained legally from state information resources by citizens and organizations can be used by them to create derivative information for the purpose of its commercial distribution with a mandatory link to the source of information. The source of profit in this case should be the result of the invested labor and funds in the creation of derivative information, but not the initial information obtained from public resources. The provided information service does not give its user the right of authorship to the resulting documented information.

Types and properties of information

There are various divisions and classifications of information. Here are the most famous and used ones.

By area of ​​origin information is classified as: elementary - reflecting the processes and phenomena of inanimate nature; biological - the processes of living nature and social-human society.

Types of information by way of perception. A person lives in the world of information and is its carrier. He has five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. With their help, a person receives information about the outside world. Senses with types of information correlate in the following way:

1) vision - visual.

2) hearing - auditory.

3) sense of smell - olfactory.

4) taste - gustatory.

5) touch is tactile.

According to various estimates, from 75 to 90% of the information a person receives from the eyes. Experts who claim that 90% of information a person receives through the organs of sight, about 9% refer to information obtained with the help of the hearing organs, and 1% - with the help of the rest of the senses (smell, taste, touch). The main classes of information in terms of structure and form are presented in table. 1.1, and the classification of information by content (subject area) - in table. 1.2.

Types of information in the form of presentation:

1)text;

2) graphic;

3)numeric (digital);

4)sound;

5)video (static and dynamic);

6)multimedia (combined), as well as optical and electromagnetic.

Types of information of public importance:

1)personal (knowledge, abilities, skills, intuition);

2)mass (public, everyday, aesthetic);

3)special (scientific, industrial, technical, management).

P o the appointment, the information is systematized in terms of economic forge , scientific, technical, social, organizational, textbook nuyu personal, etc.

For a modern individual, especially a young person receiving secondary or higher education, the ability to both give and update a personal information environment (personal information space) becomes significant. “Scientific information” will be of some interest.

Scientific information. Science is a systematic posture knowledge reality, implying observation, the study of facts, on the basis of which the patterns of the investigated things and phenomena are established.

Distinguish between empirical and theoretical methods of science. The former involves observation, measurement and experiment. The latter allow you to establish facts, test the truth of hypotheses and theo Ry, comparing them with the results of observations and experiments.

Experts position science as an information system mu. Scientists and researchers have specific information needs. The effectiveness of modern scientific research directly depends on the quality of their information support.

Term "Scientific information" (English - " Scientific information ", 1 SI ) means logically organized information obtained in the process of scientific knowledge and reflecting the phenomena and laws of nature, society and thinking.

In general, scientific information is understood as the totality of any scientific texts. It can be presented in the form of works of scientists (dissertations, abstracts, monographs, articles, abstracts, abstracts, etc.). It is contained in specialized scientific periodicals and serials, as well as in general publications in the form of popular science materials. Another type of it is considered to be related information, that is, information about conferences, grants and scholarships, personal data of scientists, etc.

Scientific, like any other, information is characterized by properties. Among them, for example, "aging" means the loss of information practical usefulness for the consumer due to its cumulative ™ or changes in the described object itself. The degree of aging of documentary information is not the same for different types of documents and can change over time.

Under "Cumulativeness" the ability of scientific information to be more rigorous, generalized and compact in the process of creating new scientific information is understood.

A separate area of ​​scientific information is scientific and technical information - NTI , representing documented information arising from scientific and technical development, as well as information necessary for managers, scientific, engineering and technical workers in the course of their activities.

Allocate open and closed scientific information.

Closed Information means documents for official use or representing personal, commercial and state secrets.

Open scientific and technical information includes information available to a wide range of the public, reflecting scientific, technical, economic and social knowledge obtained in the process of scientific research, experimental design, and other similar activities.

Information properties

Like any object, information has properties that are influenced by the properties of data and methods that interact with data during the information process. At the end of the process, its information properties are transferred to the properties of the new data, that is, the properties of the methods can be transferred to the properties of the data. Information has four main properties. You can:

1)create (generate),

2)transmit and distribute (and therefore receive),

3)store (and, as a rule, store for a long time),

4)process (recycle).

The essential components of information are its consumer properties, that is, those of them that are most important for its consumers. The main consumer properties of information are presented in Fig. 1.1.

Note that there are no unambiguous classifications. It is easy to see that some properties of information are simultaneously included in several classifications, for example, completeness, reliability, etc.

Among the requirements for information from the point of view of transmission and use, the following are distinguished: targeting, relevance, the possibility of coding, high speed of collection, processing and transmission, sufficiency, reliability, reusability, legal correctness, completeness, timeliness. At the same time, the quality of information security depends on its integrity (accuracy, completeness) and readiness for constant use.

Information can be classified as follows.

By object properties determine such properties of information as: indicators of product quality, its resource intensity, parameters of the market infrastructure, organizational and technical level of production, social development of the team, environmental protection, etc.

By belonging to a subsystem of the control system information is allocated by: target subsystem, scientific support the system, the external environment of the system, providing, controlled and managing subsystems.

By the form of transfer information is divided into verbal (verbal) and non-verbal.

By variability over time note: conditionally constant and conditionally variable (short-lived) information.

By transmission method allocate: written, telephone, telegraph, facsimile, electronic, radio, satellite and the like information.

By transmission mode information is divided into transmitted: in an ad hoc time frame, upon request and forcibly within a certain time frame.

In relation to the object of management to the subject allocate information: between the organization and the external environment, between departments within the organization vertically and horizontally, between the leader and performers, as well as informal communications.

Whatever properties the information possesses, in the overwhelming majority of cases it must be stored and preserved for a long time. Any social activity of people is based on the creation, transmission, processing and storage of information. Ensuring the safety of information is carried out on the basis of the use of appropriate media, special measures for organizing storage and preparation, recovery and regeneration of information and specialized backup devices.

Informational resources

Information resources (IR) are individual documents or arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks and others). These include handwritten, printed and electronic publications containing normative, administrative, factual, reference, analytical and other information on various areas of public activity (legislation, politics, demography, social sphere, science, technology, technology, etc.).

Term "informational resources" means a set of data obtained and accumulated in the development of science and practical activities of people for multipurpose use in social production and management, culture, education, personal life, etc.

Informational resources - this is all the accumulated information about the reality around us, recorded on material carriers and in any other form that ensures the transfer of information in time and space between various consumers, including for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other tasks.

Information resources reflect natural processes and phenomena recorded as a result of research work or other types of purposeful activity in various kinds of documents, concepts and judgments.

There are IRs: national, territorial-administrative entities, information services, libraries, other organizations and their subdivisions, as well as personalities.

Information resources considered on a national scale are called "National information resources". This term appeared at the turn of the 1980s and represents a set of sources of social, technical, economic, political, military and other information significant for the state, based on the use of means of transmission and processing of information. Practically its synonym can be considered the concept of "information resources of society", positioned as knowledge accumulated in society, prepared for appropriate social use.

In the total volume of R&D in Russia, the largest part was scientific and technical information. However, the development of market relations leads to the massive creation and dissemination of various types of information, including ba

IR can be a commodity. In modern society, IR, along with material resources, are considered the most important, strategic type of resources that determines the economic, political and (or) military power of their owner. Modern information resources, as a rule, are electronic or have electronic counterparts.

Information resource - a capacious concept. It can be a text or other (graphic, audiovisual, etc.) document in any form, fixed on any medium. IR represents a physical object (for example, a book on a shelf in a library), a biological system or structure, including a person (for example, an author). In this sense, information resources are separate documents or data arrays in information systems (primary and secondary, published unpublished, full-text, factual and others).

Man simultaneously acts as a carrier, creator, consumer and interpreter of IR. The information recorded in the memory of a specialist is his unique information resource, is realized only by him and is irretrievably lost at the same time by the termination of his activity in a particular area. The higher the qualifications, professional experience and skills of a specialist, the younger it is likely that he can be replaced by another specialist. 1 even by a group of specialists). Obviously, information is assigned a certain life cycle. For information lifecycle management ( Information LifeCycle Management , ILM ) use, in particular, data storage technologies. Their essence lies in the fact that the data, depending on the information contained in them, has a different value. As information becomes obsolete, its value may decrease, so there must be a mechanism to ensure that data is moved in such a way that the most valuable of them are on reliable and high-speed media.

The efficiency and consistency of the use of information resources largely depends on the ability to manage them. To implement these functions, R&D control systems, comprising four main components that carry out management:

1)telecommunications;

2)information infrastructure (servers and applications);

3)user workplaces;

4) operation (resources and services) and interaction with users.

Information coding

Information coding means the process of forming a certain representation of information.

It is believed that coding first appeared in the 5th century BC. to Greece. The most prominent representative of such coding is the alphabet. In any case, the recipient of information should know the rules for its formation and display. Such rules are commonly referred to as “code”.

Code (eng. - " code ") Is a set of conventions for recording or conveying predefined concepts. This is the rule by which different alphabets and words are matched.

The correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called character encoding. Such a code is based on an alphabet consisting of letters, numbers and other symbols. When coding, each image is represented by a separate sign.

Sign is an element of a finite set of distinct elements.

The encoding process is sometimes referred to as the "encryption" process, although the term has at least two meanings. The first is the transfer of information from one presentation system to another, and the other is the encryption of any system in order to limit the ability to use it.

The number of characters used for encoding is called "Code length". The code can be of constant and non-constant (variable) length. The variable length code is ternary Morse code.

In everyday life, they use the decimal number system, which uses a set of numbers from "0" to "9". Any number in this system consists of units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. For example, 53 can be represented as 1 hundred, 5 tens and 3 units, or 10 2 + 5 * 10 + 3 * 10 °. Therefore, the base of this division system is the number 10.

The number of characters in an encoding element and the length of the code are completely different things. For example, in the Russian alphabet there are 33 characters, words can be one, two or more characters long. In a narrower sense, under the term "coding" often understand the transition from one form of information presentation to another, more convenient for storage, transmission or processing. In computer technology (BT), a computer can process a formation presented only in numerical form, therefore, in a computer environment, any information (sound, image, climbing devices, etc.) is encoded in a special way. When om all the necessary transformations are performed by computer yograms. In particular, in order to process information in electronic computers (computers), other (letters, numbers, special characters) entered into it are encoded. In computing systems, it is advisable to use a simple number system that is understandable for electronic computing devices. In order to unify the techniques and methods of work, it uses a binary number system. This system consists of two digits "0" and "1", which is very convenient for any electronic device. Naturally, the base of which system will be the number 2 - binary encoding with the alphabet (0, 1). Zero and one are perceived by the system as the presence (“On” command) or absence (“Off” command) of a signal, as a logically false or true statement, and so on, then they can be easily converted into electrical signals for their further processing.

Any number represented in binary form consists of sums numbers having values ​​2 to the power "n 2". So, 2 ° = 1, 2 1 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 4 = 16, 2 5 = 32, 2 6 = 64, 2 7 = 128, 2 8 = 256, etc. ... As an example, let us present the above number-153 decimal number system in the form of a binary number: 1 · 2 7 + 1 · 2 4 + 1 · 2 3 + 1 · 2 °. If we perform the corresponding calculations, we get 128 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 153.

A binary code representing a collection of binary digits that remove the value of zero or one is called "bit". Term "bit" comes from the English phrase " binaru digit ", Which means binary digit or binary digit. Sometimes in computing they say that a bit (in fact, the numbers - "1" or "0") is the minimum unit of information, I practically it is just the presence or absence of a signal, one from binary characters. One can agree with such a proposal only on the condition that the number of possible combinations of characters in such a system will be equal to two (zero and one) - a one-bit sequence. A two-bit sequence contains four values ​​01, 10,11), a three-bit sequence contains eight, (000, 001, ... 110,111), etc. That is, adding one digit doubles the number of combinations of ones and zeros. In computing, 256 characters were initially selected for encoding the letters, numbers and signs required by the meaning, which led to the use of an eight-digit sequence of numbers "1" and "0". In this case, the encoding of one character, number, sign, etc. requires eight consecutive bits, making up one byte, which is the unit of data representation or e dinitsy information (letter, number, sign) in electronic computing devices and systems. Thus, 1 byte = 8 bits, that is, it represents a sequence of eight ones and zeros and is the basis of the following derivatives units of measure information:

1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes,

1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB,

1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB,

1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB,

1 petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB.

The volume of 1 PB was first reached in 2003 in NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA). Note that information in one petabyte is equivalent to 500 billion countries prostrate A4 format or 500 million floppy disks, which is 100 times the information volume of the Library of Congress.

Petabyte (eng. - " Petabyte ") Is 2 50 bytes - not the largest unit of information.

So, yotabyte (English - " Yottabyte ") Is 2 80 bytes, which is approximately 10 24 (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.

The coding tool is table of correspondence, establishing a one-to-one correspondence between characters or groups of characters of two different sign systems (bytes and symbols).

There are several types of code tables. A special eight-bit character encoding table was developed in the USA ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - American Standard Code for Information Interchange), which is used all over the world (Fig. 1.2). Each character, digit or sign in it is assigned a decimal code from 0 to 255 (2 8). This means that all codebooks contain 256 characters, with one byte representing the value of one of the 255 possible characters.

First 32 characters and character code 127 in tables ASCII are service. Characters with codes from 32 to 127 are defined as standard for all IBM -compatible computers include Latin alphabet and approved ISO (international organization for standardization in various fields of human activity). Characters from 128 to 255 are used to implement national alphabets - an extended part of the code table.

Usually in Russia they use an alternative Cyrillic encoding containing the characters of the Russian alphabet. There are at least four of them. Among domestic encodings, one can single out the binary information exchange code (DKOI) and KOI-8 (Fig. 1.3).

It is easy to see that in the alternative Russian encoding KOI -8 (8-bit information exchange code) some letters of the Russian alphabet have the following decimal encoding: capital "A" corresponds to code 128, lowercase "a" -160, lowercase "m" -172, uppercase "M" - 140, and considered the above conversion with the decimal number 153, represented in this table by the code of the same name, corresponds to the Russian capital letter "Щ".

Corporation Microsoft suggests using Cyrillic encoding in its software products Windows (CP-1251) -Fig. 1.4.

When text data is entered into a computer, each letter is encoded with a specific number in accordance with the code table. Such encoding occurs as follows - when a key is pressed on a computer keyboard with an image of a symbol, the corresponding alphabet sign, number or other sign, for example, pseudo-graphics, is entered into the computer. Thus, it is encoded, that is, the sign is converted into computer (machine) code. For output to external devices (screen or print), images of letters are built using these numbers, that is, when a character is displayed on a monitor screen or printer, the opposite process occurs - decoding. In this case, the character is converted from the computer code into a graphic image.

Coding is widely used in programming and in carrying out measures to protect information. Computer technology uses a unit of information called “word” - 16 bits (2 bytes) of data. A 16-bit word can represent positive numbers from 0 to 65535.

Informational space

The set of databases and data banks, technologies for their maintenance and use, information and telecommunication systems and networks operating on the basis of uniform principles and according to general rules, ensuring information interaction of organizations and citizens, as well as the effective satisfaction of their information needs forms common information space, consisting of:

• information resources (data, information and knowledge recorded on the relevant technical media);
• organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of a single information space (collection, processing, storage, distribution, search and transmission of information);
• means of information interaction between organizations and citizens, providing them with access to information resources on the basis of appropriate information technologies, including software and hardware tools and organizational and regulatory documents;
• marketing in the subject area of ​​informatization in order to promptly take into account changes in market needs for information services.

Experts note that the period of rapid growth of information technologies will take 30-40 years. By 2017, the start of the serial production of biocomputers embedded in living organisms, the transition of communication systems to digital standards, the development of microcellular personal telephony ( PSC ), which will provide the ubiquitous possibility of receiving and transmitting information of any format and volume. In the field of information services, it is expected that teleconferencing systems will be widely used by means of voice and video communication, using real-time transmission of audio-video information between several subscribers.

Bill Gates notes that all computers will gradually be connected to each other in order to communicate with us and for us. Globally interconnected, they form a grandiose network - the so-called information highway ( information highway ).

Information barrier duality - these are objective and subjective factors that impede the receipt of the necessary information and complicate the use of documents as sources of information. To a large extent, the information barrier is due to the regularities in the development of R&D flows: an exponential increase in the number of publications (approximately doubling their number every 2-5 years), the scattering of publications in non-core and related publications, the aging of publications and, conversely, their actualization, i.e. transition from the archival part of the IR array to the actively used one. The information barrier creates a functional stratification of information, i.e. its appearance in various languages, in documents of various functional purpose (reports, articles, monographs, practical manuals, etc.), qualitative changes in the nature of information needs caused by the processes of differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge, informatization of society.

Distinguish:

Spatial, associated with the unknown location of the document and the need to search for it in large amounts of data;

• quantitative, reflecting the impossibility for the consumer to physically master all sources of information that meet his needs;
• geographical (territorial), related to the distance between the document and the consumer;
• language information barriers - the consumer's ignorance of the language in which the document is written.

Also stand out intralingual information barriers, due to the terminology used within certain branches of knowledge, which makes it difficult to apply information at the cross-sectoral level, and supralanguage information barriers, complicating communications between researchers of fundamental problems and developers of applied problems.

Subjective information barriers include:

• psychological, based on underestimation of the role of information in technical, industrial, entrepreneurial, management activities, fear of difficulties in finding and assimilating information, especially in a computerized environment;
• strategic search, arising from the inability to choose the right strategy for information retrieval;
• lack of necessary skills in work with information systems;

Economic, associated with the consumer's lack of funds to purchase information sources and pay for the corresponding services.

A special kind of information barriers are ideological and political, hindering the exchange of information both within the country and between countries.

The emergence and deepening of the information barrier is facilitated by other related phenomena, for example, information noise, psychological barrier, etc.

As the level of informatization of society develops, the quantity and variety of information itself inevitably grows. When a certain threshold value is reached, the effect arises when people cease to keep track of the information provided to them.

In this case, there arises information overload users of information, including the growth of information sources and software applications they use in their daily activities. A type of information overload is information noise.

Information noise characterizes the presence of extraneous signals in the total volume of useful signals received, i.e. significant amounts of irrelevant information obtained, for example, as a result of an information search on Int ernet. Moreover, if the level of the useful signal is high, then it is not affected by extraneous signals (noise) and we can say that reliable information has been received.

In an array of information retrieval systems or documents (links), information noise characterizes the presence of irrelevant information obtained as a result of a search at the user's request. It is calculated using information noise figure - a quantitative characteristic determined by the ratio of the number of irrelevant documents issued as a result of the search to the total number of issued documents (relevant and irrelevant). Sources of information noise when organizing Internet searches include irrelevant and partially relevant search results, as well as advertising.

So-called psychological barrier usually arises as a defensive reaction of the individual to any attempts to change the sequence of actions, procedures, etc., established over a long period of his life and work. The problem is ambiguous and multifaceted, usually it is caused by overloads associated with: the search for the necessary data, the need to select relevant and pertinent data in a large array of received information, and then the study of the selected materials, which sometimes make up several dozen documents.

Another side of the negative consequences of the informatization of society is the unauthorized and ineffective use of informatization means associated with the safety and protection of people, premises, software and hardware and information.

The ineffectiveness of the use of computer systems, first of all, lies in the loss of time of employees to perform work that is not related to their direct duties or have nothing to do with them at all (games, installation of screensavers and wallpapers, chats, etc.).

This phenomenon is called « Futz Factor » - use of IT assets for any purpose other than performing direct business tasks, or any time wasted. Studies show that, on average, “ futzing »An employee spends more than five hours a week, which leads to huge losses of organizations in man-hours and losses in monetary terms *.

There are other factors, for example, associated with a long time spent at the computer in general and on the Internet in particular. In addition to significant losses of time and negative impact on people's health, they also affect their moral and psychological state. So, the negative consequences of using the Internet include sites with dubious or other services that violate the constitutional rights of the individual, do not comply with ethical and moral standards, cause confusion, etc.

Control questions

1. Formulate the concept of information.

2. Tell us about the relationship between the concepts of "information", "data", "information" and "messages".

3.What is scientific and scientific and technical information?

4.Describe the sources of information known to you.

5.Describe the users of the information.

6.What components, types and properties of information do you know?

7.What are information resources? Describe them.

8.What is information coding? Give a characterization.

9.What is an information space?

10.Name and describe the negative consequences of the introduction of informatization.

11.What are subjective, linguistic and other information barriers? What are the solutions?

12.Expand the concepts of "information barrier", "information
noise ”and“ psychological barrier ”.

13.What is Futz Factor? Give a characterization.