Stages of formation of the information society
At the dawn of civilization (tens of thousands of years ago BC), people learned to make simple tools for labor and hunting. In primitive communal, slave-owning and feudal societies, activity was aimed at mastering the substance. There was enough elementary knowledge and primitive skills, but gradually the amount of information increased and people felt a lack of individual knowledge. It was necessary to learn how to generalize knowledge and experience that contributed to the correct processing of information and making the necessary decisions.
Since about the 17th century, machine production has developed and the problem of mastering energy has come to the fore (windmills and water wheels, a steam engine, an internal combustion engine, electrical energy, atomic energy). During this period, there were also significant changes in the methods of storing and transmitting information.
There are four stages in the development of human society, called information revolutions, which have made changes in its development.
What can you say about the information revolution?
Information revolution.
In the history of the development of civilization, several information revolutions - transformations of public relations due to cardinal changes in the field of information processing. The consequence of such transformations was the acquisition of a new quality by human society.
First revolution associated with the invention of writing, which led to a giant leap in quality and quantity. There was an opportunity to transfer knowledge from generation to generation.
The second(mid-16th century) was caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed industrial society, culture, and the organization of activities.
The third(late 19th century) was caused by the invention of electricity, thanks to which the telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, allowing the prompt transmission and accumulation of information in any volume.
Fourth(70s of XX century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the emergence of a personal computer. Computers, computer networks, data transmission systems (information communications) are created on microprocessors and integrated circuits. This period is characterized by three fundamental innovations:
ü transition from mechanical and electrical means of converting information to electronic;
ü miniaturization of all units, devices, devices, machines;
ü creation of software-controlled devices and processes.
The latest information revolution brings a new industry to the fore - information industry, associated with the production of technical means, methods, technologies for the production of new knowledge. The most important component of the information industry is information technology.
Exercise
· In the outline, write down the main inventions associated with the four information revolutions.
The history of the development of computers.
The first attempt at automated information processing was the creation of a mechanical digital Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage in the middle of the 19th century. However, it was only in the middle of the 20th century, since the advent of electronic devices for processing and storing information, that the transition from an industrial society to an information society began.
Report on the history of the development of computers
| Characteristic | Generations | |||
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | |
| Years of application | 1946-1960 | 1950-1964 | 1964-1970 | 1970-1990-e |
| Main element | Electric lamp | Transistor | Integrated circuit | Large integrated circuit |
| Number of computers in the world, pcs | Hundreds | Thousands | Hundreds of thousands | Tens of millions |
| Dimensions (edit) | Very large (ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC) | Significantly smaller | Minicomputers | Microcomputers |
| Performance | 1 (conditional) | 1 000 | 100 000 | |
| Information carrier | Perforated tape | Magnetic disc, m. Tape | Disk | Floppy disk |
How can you characterize modern society?
Concept " Information society"appeared in the mid-60s of the XX century in Japan and the USA. Its meaning was that most of the population of developed countries will be engaged in information activities, and information will become the main product of production and the main commodity.
What are the main features of the information society?
· Awareness by society of the priority of information over another product of human activity.
· The fundamental principle of all areas of human activity (economic, industrial, political, educational, scientific, creative, cultural, etc.) is information.
· Information is the product of the activity of a modern person.
· Information in its pure form (in itself) is the subject of purchase and sale.
· Equal opportunities in access to information for all segments of the population.
· Security of the information society, information.
· Protection of intellectual property.
· Interaction of all structures of the state and states among themselves on the basis of ICT.
· Management of the information society by the state, public organizations.
· By what main parameters will we judge the degree of development of the information society and why?
In the information society, every person, no matter where he is in the world, will have a real opportunity to easily contact another person or organization, transmit and receive any necessary information - business and household.
· Can the Russian society be called an information society?
The concept of "information society" is the successor of the concept of "post-industrial society", its detailing. Synonyms: "intellectual society", "knowledge society", "educated society". The information society as an information (knowledge) stage of development of the material and spiritual culture of post-industrial civilization is a civilizational formation.
The first mention of the concept of the information society dates back to the 60s. 20th century (USA, Japan). At that time, it was believed that the main distinguishing feature of the new society would be the information economy, the main product and resource of which would be information and its highest form - knowledge, and the main function - saving time with the help of information technologies. At the same time, fears were expressed that information could become a powerful power resource, the concentration of which could potentially lead to the emergence of an information version of a totalitarian state.
Over time, it became clear that the information society could not do with the information economy alone. So that the mentioned danger to democracy does not arise in it, so that society develops harmoniously and in the interests of all citizens, it must be multifaceted, taking into account all aspects of life. In other words, the necessary signs of an information society should not be limited to the material and economic interests of citizens, but also take into account their spiritual needs.
Currently, the following set of such signs has developed:
- * cult of knowledge;
- * information economy;
- * information culture;
- * informational labor market;
- * information infrastructure;
- * informatization of social technologies;
- * information legislation.
It is possible that the listed necessary features are, strictly speaking, insufficient. Be that as it may, the material and spiritual life of society as a whole should move from the old consumer values of an industrial society to new "information values", the unconditional adherence to which makes society informational in the full sense of this concept.
The cult of knowledge is not the same as the economic category of knowledge production. The cult of knowledge means that in public morality the craving for spiritual self-improvement steadily prevails over the incentive of material well-being. The cult of knowledge is a socio-psychological attitude that influences all other similar attitudes of citizens of the information society.
The information economy should be focused on high technologies (Hi-Tech) - micro, nano electronics, global communications, accumulation and dissemination of data and knowledge, saving time, energy and other public resources, development and implementation of intelligent products. The country's information economy must fit into the global information and economic process.
Information culture is a part of the general culture of society, organizing social life through the information sphere. External information culture is a culture of communication and management (data and commands). The external information culture of society and the individual is inextricably linked with their internal information culture, which is understood as the culture of cognition (knowledge).
The informational labor market should cover more than half of the working-age population. This means that more than 50% of society's workforce should work in the information sphere (computer technology; telecommunications; information services, including libraries and the arts; media and advertising; unmanned production facilities under the control of automated control systems and robots; microprocessor and nanotechnical systems and devices ; science and education, etc.).
Information infrastructure includes hardware and software to support the information sphere of society.
Information legislation is a set of laws, regulations and other forms of legal regulation in the field of circulation and production of information and the use of information technologies.
All signs of the information society should not be proclaimed, but effective, all should "work" together. Isolation of at least one feature as not working leads to the elimination (self-liquidation) of the information society. So, for example, many states are known with a developed information infrastructure, but the absence of an information culture, a cult of knowledge, effective information legislation, etc. In such states there is no information society, just as there is no one in those countries that did not fit into the globalization processes of a planetary scale. profess isolationism, closeness, violation of democratic norms and human rights. Local information societies are not sustainable. The priority for humanity is the global (planetary) information society, but is it achievable in the modern multipolar mosaic world, full of contradictions and mutual misunderstanding ?! Compromises are indispensable!
The informatization of society makes fundamental changes in professional activity, the predominant form of which is mental activity. In this case, the brain is subjected to previously unknown neuro-psychological stress, proportional to the ever-increasing flow of information (knowledge). A person voluntarily moves from his native natural world to the artificial world of information technology, which is fraught with a threat to human nature itself. Young people are involved in informatization processes more often and more intensively than older generations. In these conditions, children, boys and girls, whose anatomical and physiological formation of the body and the formation of personality are completed, are exposed to latent danger emanating from unfavorable factors with their cumulative (accumulative) mechanism of influence. Daily, non-time-limited communication with the virtual world of synthesized texts, images and sounds, with information technology controls, with virtual life, virtual games and personalities creates serious problems for the education of the personality, the work of feeling. Of course, a person is tenacious and adapts flexibly to any environment. But this ability cannot be exploited indefinitely.
This problem is not interesting for the IT business for obvious reasons, but for the information society it is not indifferent. It will have to be solved within the framework of interdisciplinary research at the intersection of natural, humanitarian and technical scientific disciplines.
One should not neglect the problem of controllability that a person has taken upon himself along with the transition from information and communication technology for collective use to personal computers and personal (mobile) telephones. Now every "user", every telephone subscriber cannot feel safe being in the network information and communication space, because every step in it by someone and somewhere can be recorded within and outside the framework of the law. This creates an additional psychological burden of "lack of freedom" for people in the information society, which, according to the plan of its organizers, should have liberated a person.
Ticket number 81. Problems of creating an information society in Russia: new opportunities, new threats.
Several stages can be distinguished in the activities of the authorities in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of information society development in Russia. At the first stage (1991-1994), the foundations were formed in the field of informatization. The second stage (1994-1998) was characterized by a change in priorities from informatization to the development of an information policy. The third stage, which continues to this day, is the stage of forming and implementing a policy in the field of building an information society. In 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia 2002-2010", which in 2010 was replaced by the State Program "Information Society", adopted by the order of the Government of Russia No. 1815-r dated October 20, 2010. The program is designed to create a holistic and effective system for the use of information technology, in which citizens receive maximum benefits.
The state program covers the following areas:
creation of e-government
bridging the digital divide
development of new communication technologies.
The main principle of the program: the results should bring real, tangible benefits to people. Improving the quality of life should be expressed in simple and affordable services that citizens use almost daily: making an appointment with a doctor via the Internet, paying fines from a mobile phone, and inexpensive broadband access. The program consists of four subprograms: the development of information and telecommunications infrastructure, the information environment, security in the information society and the information state.
At the same time, among the main problems of creating an information society in Russia, the following can be distinguished:
digital divide, uneven informational development of Russian regions;
the education system in Russia is weakly focused on preparing a specialist for life and professional activity in an information society, is not focused on the formation of a new information culture
economic growth in Russia is largely due to market conditions, which ensure high prices for raw materials, and the growth of small and medium-sized businesses. However, the share of modern high-tech production in national income is extremely low, while developed countries receive 70 to 85 percent of GDP growth due to new or improved technologies, products and equipment containing new knowledge or solutions.
The main reason may be that the importance of building an information society in Russia has not yet been realized at the level of mass consciousness and therefore is not perceived as a priority task of the scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country.
There are several main sources of threats to the security of the information society, which can affect the interests of a person, society and the state.
Sources of threats to human interests
The interests of a person, which must be protected in the information society, are, first of all, in the real provision of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and citizen to access open information, to use information in the interests of carrying out activities not prohibited by law, as well as to protect information that provides personal safety, spiritual and intellectual development.
The most dangerous source of threats to these interests is a significant expansion of the ability to manipulate a person's consciousness through the formation of an individual virtual information space around him, as well as the possibility of using technologies to influence his mental activity.
The complexity of the procedures implemented in modern technologies for accessing the required information resources critically increases the dependence of a person on other people developing information technologies, determining the algorithms for finding the required information, its preliminary processing, bringing it to a form that is convenient for perception, and bringing it to the consumer. In fact, these people largely form the informational background of his life for a person, determine the subjective assessment of the conditions in which he lives and acts, and solves his life problems. That is why it seems extremely important to ensure the security of human interaction with the information infrastructure.
Another dangerous source of threats to a person's interests is the use of personal data accumulated by public authorities to the detriment of his interests, as well as the expansion of the possibility of secret collection of information constituting his personal and family secrets, information about his private life.
Sources of threats to the public interest
The interests of society in the information sphere are to protect the vital interests of the individual in this area, to ensure the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
One of the sources of threats to the interests of society in the information sphere is the continuous complication of information systems and communication networks of critical infrastructures for ensuring the life of society.
These threats can manifest themselves in the form of both deliberate and unintentional errors, failures and failures of hardware and software, harmful effects on these infrastructures from criminal structures and criminals. The objects of implementation of such threats can be information systems of energy, transport, pipeline and some other infrastructures.
A dangerous source of threats is the possibility of concentrating the media in the hands of a small group of owners. These threats can manifest themselves in the form of manipulation of public opinion in relation to certain socially significant events.
It seems that one of the sources of threats will be the aggravation of competition in the domestic and foreign markets for products of intellectual activity. This threat can manifest itself in the form of an expansion of the scale of unfair competition, violation of intellectual property rights.
Finally, the growing scale of domestic and international computer crime is a dangerous source of threats.
Threats can manifest themselves in the form of attempts to carry out fraudulent transactions using global or domestic information and telecommunication systems, laundering illegal funds, gaining illegal access to financial, banking and other information that can be used for personal gain.
Sources of threats to the interests of the state
The interests of the state in the information sphere are to create conditions for the harmonious development of the Russian information infrastructure, the implementation of constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms in the interests of strengthening the constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, establishing political and social stability, economic prosperity, unconditional execution of laws and maintaining law and order, development of international cooperation based on partnership.
The most dangerous source of threats to the interests of the state in the information sphere is the uncontrolled proliferation of information weapons and the deployment of an arms race in this area, attempts to implement the concepts of waging information wars.
These threats can also manifest themselves in the form of obtaining unlawful access to information constituting a state secret, other confidential information, the disclosure of which may harm the interests of the state.
Russian Institute of Management
Course work
in the discipline "Theory of State and Law" on the topic:
"Information Society: Concept and Trends"
Is done by a student
_________________
reg. room _________________
Specialty: "Jurisprudence"
Moscow
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS
2.1. Concept and essence of information
2.2. Development of ideas about information
2.3. The concept and essence of the information society
2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions
2.5. The emergence and main stages of development of the information society
2.6. Informatization of society at the present time
2.7. Information Society and Power
2.8. Computerization of modern society
2.9.
3. CONCLUSION
4. BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST
1. INTRODUCTION
The information society is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, which developed countries entered with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological foundation of society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies (ITT).
An information society is a society in which: Information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on top in terms of development rates, in terms of the number of people employed, in terms of capital investment, in terms of GDP. ITT are becoming the main means of increasing production efficiency, strengthening competitiveness both in the domestic and world markets. There is a well-developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of sufficient information resources. This is primarily the education system and science.
There is a redistribution of resources in favor of science and education. In the United States, the so-called accumulated human capital is three times the assets of all American corporations.
Intellectual property is becoming the main form of ownership. In the competition for world championship, a new factor appears - the level of development of the information infrastructure and industry.
Information is becoming a subject of mass consumption. The information society provides any individual with access to any source of information. This is guaranteed by law (military and state secrets are also determined by law) and technical capabilities.
New criteria for assessing the level of development of society are emerging - the number of computers, the number of Internet connections, the number of mobile and fixed telephones, etc.
The legal foundations of the information society are being developed. A single integrated information system is being formed on the basis of technological convergence (merger of telecommunications, computer-electronic, audiovisual technology).
Unified national information systems are being created (in the USA - in the 80s, in Western Europe - in the 90s).
The information society is being formed as a global one and includes: the world "information economy"; a single world information space; global information infrastructure; the emerging world legislative and legal system.
In the information society, business activity flows into the information and communication environment. A virtual economy, a virtual financial system and the like are being formed, which raises the most important questions about the mechanisms of their regulation and connection with the real, "physical" economy.
2. The main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS
2.1. Concept and essence of information
Often the concept of "information" is used without thinking about the depth of its content, identifying the concepts of knowledge, data, information.
Obviously, the "everyday" use of the term "information" is completely inappropriate when it comes to the theory or theories of information. Often in these theoretical constructions the term "information" is filled with different meanings, and, therefore, theories themselves highlight only part of the facets of a certain system of knowledge, which can be called general information theory or "informology" - the science of the processes and tasks of transmission, distribution, processing and transformation of information.
The emergence of informology as a science can be attributed to the end of the 50s of our century, when the American engineer R. Hartley made an attempt to introduce a quantitative measure of information transmitted through communication channels.
The scientific definition of information is given quite simply if we assume that information is a dynamic object that does not exist in nature by itself, but is formed in the course of the interaction of data and methods. It exists only as long as this interaction lasts, and the rest of the time it is in the form of data.
The Soviet encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definition of information. Information (from Lat. Informatio - "explanation", "presentation"), initially - information transmitted by people orally, in writing or in another way (by means of conventional signals, technical means, and so on); since the middle of the 20th century, it has been a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton.
Information is one of the basic concepts of cybernetics in the section of information theory. In information theory, mathematical methods are used to study ways of measuring the amount of information contained in any messages, and transferring information.
Information is the product of the interaction of data and methods, viewed in the context of that interaction.
Information appears in the process of communication with a specific object. Obtaining information is almost impossible without communication with the object.
For example, in order to fetch the necessary information from the newspaper, it is necessary to read the newspaper itself and draw conclusions, that is, to collect and process the information. If we just touch the newspaper, we will not receive the necessary information.
Communication - transmission of a message from one side to the other (who is with whom, by means of what, what is the content, the effects of communication).
Communication can occur at several levels - between individuals, between social groups, within one society, between different societies.
Various signs in communication are endowed with different meanings and presented in the form of codes.
Much of modern communication is organized in the form of institutions that appeal to a mass audience.
Communication is what is transmitted, it is the forms of ownership, internal structure, the value of the organization, the reaction of the audience.
In our definition, it is important to clarify "... viewed in the context of this interaction." Here are some examples of why this is really important. Books are known to be data stores. They are designed to receive information by reading. But if you try different books by touch or taste, you can also get information.
Such methods will make it possible to distinguish between books made in leather, cardboard and paper bindings. Of course, these are not the methods that were suggested by the authors of the books, but they also provide information, although not complete.
Analyzing the information value of newspapers, magazines, TV shows, we can come to the conclusion that it depends both on the data and on the methods by which they are consumed. It's one thing to watch a TV movie carefully, listening to every word, and quite another to watch it while talking on the phone.
2.2. Development of ideas about information
Despite the fact that the concept of information is very widely used in science and in everyday life, its strict scientific definition did not exist until recently. To this day, different scientific disciplines introduce this concept in different ways. There are three possible approaches here: anthropocentric, technocentric and indeterminate .
The essence anthropocentric approach is that information is identified with information and facts, which theoretically can be obtained and assimilated, that is, converted into knowledge... This approach is currently the most widely used. We can observe its examples, in particular, in Russian legislation.
"Information is understood as information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation"
(Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" dated 25.01.95, "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" No. 39 dated 22.02.95)
The essence technocentric approach is that information is identified with data. This approach is very widespread in technical disciplines. For example, we often come across references to the fact that "information is transmitted over computer networks", "information is processed by computers", "information is stored in databases." In all these cases, there is a substitution of concepts.
The fact is that only data is transmitted over computer networks, computers process only data, and databases also store only data. Whether this data will become information, and if so, which one, depends not only on the data, but also on numerous hardware, software and natural methods.
We do not find clear signs of a technocentric approach in Russian legislation, but they are found in the legislation of other states, for example, Germany. In particular, concepts such as information, access to information, modification of information, all cases when it comes to the operation of technical systems are presented as data, data access, data modification .
Non-deterministic approach to the concept of information is also encountered quite widely. It consists in rejecting the definition of information on the grounds that it is fundamental, such as matter and energy. In particular, we will not find a definition of information in the "Law on State Secrets" and in the "Law on Mass Media", although this concept is used in both legal acts.
The lack of a definition of the concept used is not at all an oversight of the legislator. In many cases, the refusal to define information can be considered traditional. So, for example, we will not find a definition of information in such a respected reference publication as the Encyclopedia Britannica. The definition can be obtained only indirectly through the article "Information Processing and Information Systems", which says that "... this term is used in relation to facts and judgments received in everyday life from other living beings, from the media, from electronic databases, and also by observing environmental phenomena. "
Both anthropocentric and technocentric approaches are mixed here, after which the definition is reduced to the everyday level. At the same time, an extensive list of literature published over the past 50 years is given, the analysis of which did not give a direct definition.
2.3. The essence and concept of the information society
First, you need to understand exactly what a "post-industrial society" is.
The society in which we live at the beginning of the XXI century is called the information society.
The term "information society" appeared in the United States in the theory of the same name in the 70s of the XX century. So they began to call a society that has outgrown industrial.
In modern literature, many definitions are given to post-industrial society, but in my course work I chose, in my opinion, the most complete and accurate definition.
So, between the postindustrial society and the informational one, one can put an equal sign, since modern post-industrial society in its daily activities does not do without information technology.
Information society - the concept of a post-industrial society; a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which information and knowledge are the main products of production.
Postindustrial society, in turn, is a society in which the service sector has priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production.
In the social structure of post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.
The hallmarks of the information society are:
1.) increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
2.) an increase in the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product;
3.) creation of a global information space that provides:
a) effective communication of people;
b) their access to world information resources;
c) meeting their needs for information products and services.
The service sector implies mass service of the population. It is thanks to the emergence of such a sphere as the service sector that the emergence of a global information infrastructure took place, the users of which are the entire information society.
New information technologies are used in almost all areas of activity and have a huge impact on social reality, greatly changing it.
Philosophers associate the main change with the emergence of a new social structure - information infrastructure.
First of all, let's give a definition to the concept of "information infrastructure".
Information infrastructure is a set of tools for the processing and use of information, united in computer and information networks. Toffler believes that the information infrastructure will become the basis for the social and economic activity of the future, and will also allow any person at any time and in any place to receive all the information he is interested in.
Global information infrastructure (GII) is an information education that began to form in 1995 by a group of developed countries.
The global information infrastructure is being developed as a global information network for the mass service of the planet's population based on the integration of global and regional information and telecommunication systems, as well as digital television and radio broadcasting systems, satellite systems and mobile communications.
So, the information revolution has launched the process of building an information society. Some theorists (for example, J. Masuda) predict its establishment in developed countries in the middle of the XXI century.
2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions
Until the 16th century, the activities of society were aimed at mastering the substance, that is, the knowledge of the properties of the substance and the manufacture of primitive, and then more complex tools of labor.
Then, in the process of the formation of an industrial society, the problem of mastering energy - first thermal, then electrical, and finally, in the 20th century - atomic energy came to the fore. The mastery of energy made it possible to master the mass production of consumer values and, as a consequence, to raise the standard of living of people and change the nature of their work.
At the same time, people have always had a need to express and remember information about the world around them.
In the history of the development of civilizations, there have been several information revolutions.
First revolution associated with the invention of writing. It became possible to spread knowledge and preserve it for passing on to future generations.
Second revolution(mid-16th century) caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed social culture.
Third revolution(late 19th century) due to the invention of electricity. The telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, allowing the prompt transmission of information.
Fourth revolution(70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of the personal computer (PC).
The creation of personal computers was predetermined by the growing volume of information, which is difficult to cope with using traditional technologies: paper and pens. This contradiction began to negatively affect the growth rates of scientific and technological progress (STP). They began to talk about the "information explosion", calling it the rapid growth of flows and volumes of information.
As a result, scientific and technological progress offered the society a personal computer as a means for storing, processing and transmitting information.
2.5. The emergence and main stages of development of the information society
In the 80s and 90s, philosophers and sociologists developed the theory of the information society. This work united the efforts of such well-known philosophers in the West as Yoshita Masuda, Zbigniew Brzezinski (some time ago, a former adviser to the President of the United States), J. Nasbitt.
But the best known is the theory of the information society of the American philosopher Alvin Toffler (b. 1928), since his sensational books "Futureshock" (Shock from a collision with the future, 1971), "Ecospasm" (1975), translated.
Toffler, like many other Western philosophers, criticized the shortcomings of industrial society, noted its crisis and signs of transition to a new form of existence, an information society.
Toffler associates the transformation of society into an informational one with the information revolution, which began in the second half of the 20th century.
The information revolution, as Alvin Toffler notes, consists of two revolutions:
1) computer;
2) telecommunication.
The telecommunications revolution begins in the mid-70s and merges with the computer revolution. The computer revolution begins much earlier and proceeds in several stages.
The first big stage covers the years 1930-1970, which is called the "zero cycle". It begins with the creation of the first computers by the American physicist J. Atanasov and the German engineer K. Zuse.
At this stage, in 1951, the first commercial computer UNIVAC-1 was created (it weighed 30 tons, contained 18 thousand lamps and performed 5 thousand operations per second). Second significant stage the computer revolution begins with the creation of the first personal computers and their mass production.
The telecommunications revolution is associated with the creation
a) fiber optic technologies;
b) satellite technology.
The merger of computer and telecommunication technologies has spawned many new products and services on the market. The information and telecommunications industries have become today a key sector of the economy of developed countries.
Developed countries prefer to import consumer goods, but export products of the information industry, and earn national wealth on their sale.
Information technologies are expensive, much more expensive than consumer goods, which provides developed countries with a high standard of living, which is significantly higher than the standard of living in developing countries.
In addition, leadership in information technology enables them to continue to claim political leadership in the world.
For example, the United States is one of the recognized leaders in world politics, controlling over 40% of the information technology trade market.
The United States has mothballed its fossil resources and imports more goods than it exports, but it exports more services (especially in the field of information technology) than it imports.
Leadership in the field of informatization of the United States is understandable: there are 41% of all computers in the world; 40% of families there own personal computers, and 20% own modems, that is, they are Internet users.
Thanks to the merger of the computer and telecommunications revolutions, it became possible to create information networks of a huge scale, up to global ones. Through these networks, it is possible to transfer, find and process the necessary information much faster.
2.6. Informatization of society at the present time
Until recently, no one imagined that humanity would be on the threshold of a new era in the development of civilization - informational.
Currently, there is an active process of informatization of society.
Informatization is understood as the active introduction of computer technology and new information technologies in various areas of production, public and personal life of people.
The information society is a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.
Recently, a new category of culture has appeared - informational. This is due to the fact that in order to live and work in an information society, a person must be prepared for the rapid perception and processing of large amounts of information; he needs to master modern means, methods and technology of work.
In addition, in the new life conditions, the degree of awareness of one person directly depends on the information acquired by other people. Therefore, it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but it is necessary to learn this technology of working with information, when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. Thus, a person must have a certain level of culture to work with information.
Information culture- the ability to purposefully work with information and use computer information technology, modern means and methods to receive, process and transmit it.
As the most important component of culture as a whole, information culture is a product of a variety of human creative abilities.
Information culture is manifested in the following:
In specific skills in using various technical devices - from a telephone to a personal computer and computer networks;
The ability to use computer information technology in their work;
In the ability to extract information from various sources - from periodicals to electronic communications;
The ability to present information in an understandable form and use it effectively;
Knowledge of analytical methods of information processing;
In the ability to work with various types of information.
Information culture borrows and uses the achievements of many sciences: cybernetics, computer science, information theory, mathematics, database design theory and a number of other disciplines. An integral part of information culture is knowledge of information technology and the ability to apply it in practice.
Relatively recently, another new information technology has appeared - virtual reality.
Virtual reality (VR) is a highly developed form of computer simulation that allows the user to immerse themselves in the artificial world and directly act in it using special sensory devices that associate their movements with audiovisual effects.
In this case, the user's visual, auditory, tactile and motor sensations are replaced by their imitation, generated by the computer.
The characteristic features of virtual reality are:
- simulation in real time;
- imitation of the environment with a high degree of realism;
- the ability to influence the environment and have feedback at the same time.
A kind of virtual reality can be called a computer game.
Computer game - a game built using the multimedia capabilities of a computer.
A computer game is determined by an algorithm that describes the process of passing it. Computer games are subdivided into business, educational, educational and entertainment.
In the book "The Third Wave" (under the name of which the informational, or postindustrial society stands here), Toffler, considering the emerging new characteristics of everyday life, notes that the information society is revising the basic principles of organizing the life of society (or, as he says, "the revision of the code of civilization ").
The civilization of an industrial society was based on six principles:
1) synchronization;
2) specialization;
3) standardization;
4) concentration;
5) maximization;
6) centralization.
All of them collapse in the information society and are replaced by others that make up the characteristics of the information society:
1) Synchronization. Synchronized with the rhythms of production, the mechanized rhythm of life is replaced by social rhythms - the rhythms of activity that are not associated with the production of things. Social activity itself is becoming more diverse, and its rhythms are also diversified.
The main types of social activities are those that are associated with the production of information, in particular, the role of science and education, which feed the development of new technologies, is greatly increasing.
2) Specialization. Information production is emerging as a new way of creating social wealth. This method is based not on physical strength, but on the mental abilities of a person, and they develop in the process of education.
New requirements are imposed on education in the information society, due to the fact that in production now the change of technologies occurs very quickly, new types of labor appear, and the old ones disappear completely. In this regard, it becomes necessary to transfer labor resources from one industry to another.
Who can switch from one job to another faster? - Someone who is not a narrow specialist, but has a good fundamental education. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the labor market in the information society is its despecialization and high educational level.
Toffler makes very interesting remarks about the new social role of knowledge. In an industrial society, wealth was expressed in the form of capital (money), in an information society, wealth takes on a new, immaterial form - the form of symbolic capital, or information (knowledge). If the industrial society was a society of mass production of durables, then the information society, according to Toffler, will be a society of mass production of knowledge.
Knowledge how capital is radically different from money capital: they:
a) inexhaustible;
b) available to an infinite number of users.
Even money, which was a unit of exchange in an industrial society, in an information society takes on the form of information, becomes electronic money - credit cards, the use of which occurs with the help of a computer.
Electronic money is becoming more widespread. In 1990, there were more than 187 million credit card holders in the world; today, thanks to the inclusion of Russia in the global banking electronic network, their number has increased significantly.
Electronic money - this is, first of all, security in settlements, as well as convenience, ensuring the speed of concluding a major transaction.
Over the past three decades, the term "electronic money" has become widespread, both in foreign and domestic economic practice. There are many scientific works devoted to various aspects of the development of electronic money.
Electronic money is understood as both non-cash money and cash. Initially, electronic money in domestic science was understood as new means of payment based on the use of computers.
One of the first to use the term “electronic money” was V.M. Usoskin. In Western circles, the so-called technological approach to the definition of electronic money prevails.
By the definition of the well-known Bank for International Settlements, electronic money is a stored value or prepaid products, where a record of the funds at the disposal of the consumer or the value is stored on a technical device in the possession of the consumer.
Electronic money (Electronic money - E-money) - in a broad sense - a form of organization of money circulation in the association of information networks.
In a narrow sense, digital money.
Digital money(Digitalcash) is an electronic analogue of cash. Digital money can be bought, it is stored electronically in special devices and is at the disposal of the buyer.
Smart cards or special computer systems are used as storage devices.
Smart card (Smart-card; Chipcard; Integratedcircuitcard (IC) - a credit card with a built-in microprocessor, which has a high level of security and the ability to carry out multicurrency payments.
Cash cards are used to exchange electronic money for cash.
Cash card(Cash card) - a bank card used to receive cash from cash machines.
Cashless payment for goods, works, services is carried out by means of a payment card.
Payment card (Charge card) - a plastic card that provides the person using it with the possibility of basic cash payment for goods or services.
There are also discount cards.
Discount card(Discount card) - a special card issued by a commercial organization that provides a discount on the price of goods.
By means of discount cards:
- purchases are encouraged; or
- events are stimulated: marriage, anniversaries, etc.
There are other cards, but the most common ones I have named.
3) Standardization. In the information society, there is a tendency towards individualization in everything.
4) Concentration. The principle of concentration of production, which entailed the concentration of the population in large cities, will be replaced in the information society by the principle of the optimal combination of large and small, because the main production - the production of knowledge - is not tied to the sources of fossil resources.
Computers can be delivered anywhere in the world, from anywhere you can enter the information network and become a participant in the production of knowledge (write a book, calculate a project, draw up a report, and so on).
5) Maximization. The principle of maximization, which led to the construction of giant factories and factories, huge research institutes, will be replaced (and has already begun to change) by the principle of creating temporary teams to solve special problems. These teams will be able to set up a convenient working regime for themselves.
6) Centralization. The principle of centralization will be replaced by the principle of decentralization and deurbanization (from the Latin urbs - city) - a decrease in the role of cities in public life, since the need for the existence of huge cities (megacities) disappears.
Toffler also notes that in the socio-political sphere and the field of international economics, information technology opens up completely unprecedented prospects.
Currently, there are all prerequisites for:
1) building a global economy (the first step in this direction was the United Europe);
2) solutions to social problems.
Openness of information makes a person stronger, and state power more dependent on citizens. Telecommunication networks create opportunities for the direct participation of all citizens in government, which avoids the adoption of important government decisions that ignore the interests of citizens or even their minorities.
Of course, all the optimistic forecasts that sound in the theory of the information society have as their prerequisite a revision on the scale of all mankind of attitudes towards the goals and objectives of production.
Production should be placed at the service of vital interests, not war. It should develop taking into account the current global problems; all people of the information society should have a high level of environmental awareness.
The main question, the solution of which will determine the development of production, should not be the question "how?", But the question "why?"
It is believed that Western countries have already entered the information society, Russia, like all developing countries, is on its doorstep.
In his other book, "Futurshok", Toffler notes the already manifested features of the new society: too rapid change in life, the associated feeling of instability of everything that happens, and notes the new problems caused by this, which he calls the word "futurshok". “Transience, novelty and variety are the characteristics of the future that shock us,” wrote Toffler. "Futurshok" - literally, "shock from a collision with the future." According to Toffler, it manifests itself in the violation of decision-making processes.
People can no longer use the recipes for life created by past generations, they have to create their own.
The ongoing changes concern not only the production activities of people, but also their personal life, human relations. Permanent relationships (friendships, family) become a luxury.
For example, the family has always been a shock absorber, an island of stability. But she is also changing, and, moreover, no one can say what will happen to her tomorrow.
The family is destroyed:
1) new technologies of birth - they change the attitude towards motherhood and fatherhood: the mother and father may no longer be the only ones or unknown, or in general - only the mother (multi-mouse, cloning);
2) mobility in pursuit of work;
3) increase in life expectancy: love passes due to unequal development.
Next, we will consider the interaction of the information society with another socially important political institution - power.
2.7. Information Society and Power
The management of the information society is carried out on the basis of powers of authority by a system of state bodies.
Power is information not speaking at all. It is those people who know how to listen effectively and are able to extract valuable information from what they hear, and who have the power.
The famous English statesman and politician F. Chesterfield said in this regard: "By listening to a person, we educate him in self-respect."
One of the most meaningful classifications of power is its division according to resources:
- economic,
- social,
- spiritual and informational,
- compulsory (political in the narrow sense).
Economic power- This is control over economic resources, ownership of values.
Social power assumes the distribution of statuses, benefits, privileges.
Spiritual and informational power- This is power over people, exercised with the help of scientific knowledge and information (preparation of decisions, impact on consciousness, including manipulation).
Coercive power relies on power resources and means control over people through the threat or use of violence (a sign of political power).
As we can see from the definition of spiritual and informational power, information is also a tool for managing the modern information society.
In the United States, back in 1966, a freedom of information law was passed. The essence of the law is given below.
The Freedom of Information Act 1966 (FOIA) - in the United States - a law that requires all U.S. federal agencies to provide citizens with free access to all information available, except for national defense, law enforcement, financial and personal documents.
Subsequently, new technologies appeared in the information sphere directly related to information, economics and other important spheres of life.
Information sphere(Information sphere) according to the legislation of the Russian Federation is the sphere of activity of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information.
The information sphere requires an information environment.
Information environment(formationenvironment, iformationsocietiesenvironment) - a set of hardware and software for storing, processing and transmitting information, as well as socio-economic and cultural conditions for the implementation of informatization processes.
Even e-government, e-taxes, Internet voting and much more have appeared in the information sphere.
Let's take a closer look at each of these technologies.
Electronic government (Electronicgovernment - e-Government) - a system of public administration based on electronic means of processing, transmitting and disseminating information.
Electronic taxes(Electronics taxes - e-Taxes) is a technology for online processing and transmission of tax statements.
Internet voting(Internet vote) - voting using the Internet environment. In Internet voting, a voter receives an electronic ballot on a specific website and votes. The authenticity of the newsletter is guaranteed by means of a digital signature.
In this regard, the authorities made it easier for their fellow citizens to carry out certain actions prescribed by law, such as voting or paying taxes.
The emergence of handling electronic money has led to the emergence of information crime.
Information crime- illegal actions in the information sphere that violate the statutory rights of an individual, organization or state and cause moral harm or material damage to them.
But how to protect information from misuse, protection of information from information crime?
For this, special information legislation was developed.
Information legislation(Information legislation) - a set of laws, regulations and other forms of legal regulation in the field of circulation and production of information and the use of information technologies.
Such legislation exists in the Russian Federation as well. An example is the Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" dated 25.01.95.
As in the Russian legislation, the freedom of the individual is spelled out, so in the information legislation there is its own, informational freedom of the individual.
Personal information freedom- human right:
- to receive information necessary for his life, professional activity and development;
- express your point of view regarding certain natural or social phenomena;
- transfer information to other people.
Information here means any information other than that which is a state secret of the country.
In order to educate cultural professional users in their country, it is necessary to instill in them computer literacy.
Computer literacy(Computer literacy) implies possession of a sufficient set of knowledge and skills of working with a computer.
To achieve these goals, at present in educational institutions, including secondary educational institutions, subjects of information technology have been introduced, where future potential information users are taught various computer programs, shells, and the like.
2.8. Computerization of modern society
The development process of the information society begins with its computerization.
Computerization(Computerization) is the process of introducing computers that provide automation of information processes and technologies in various spheres of human activity.
The goal of computerization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
Along with computerization, there is a more specific concept of home computerization.
Home computerization(Home computerization) - the process of equipping households with computer devices. In the Russian Federation, home computerization is an element of the state policy of informatization, focused on meeting the needs of the population for information and knowledge directly at home.
It can satisfy the needs thanks to special search engines.
Information retrieval system (Information retrieval system) - a system that performs the functions:
Storage of large amounts of information;
- quick search for the required information;
- adding, deleting and changing the stored information;
- information output in a human-friendly form.
Distinguish:
- automated (coputerised);
- bibliographic (reference);
- interactive (online);
- documentary and factual information retrieval systems.
Search system (Search engine) - on the Internet - a special website where a user, upon a given request, can get links to websites that match this request.
The search engine has three components:
-1- search robot;
-2- system index;
-3- programs that:
a) processes the user's request,
b) finds documents in the index that meet the query criteria,
c) displays a list of found documents in descending order of relevance.
As a society can be divided according to interests into different groups (subcultures), so in an information society there is a division into different subcultures.
Subculture(Subculture, from Latin Sub - under + Cultura - upbringing) - a system of values, behavior models, life style of any social group, which is an independent holistic education within the dominant culture.
Subculture arises as a positive or negative reaction to the prevailing culture and social structure in society among various social strata and age groups.
Along with the division of society, the reverse process is also taking place - merging. In the information society, information groups merge into one community with the help of a network, i.e. society becomes networked.
Network society(Network society) - a society in which a significant part of information interactions is carried out using information networks. Moreover, the composition of this society is constantly replenished with new users.
The main factor that increases the number of users is, of course, the information needs of the population of the entire planet.
Information need(Information need) - a need that arises when the goal facing the user in the course of his professional activity or in his social and everyday practice cannot be achieved without the involvement of additional information.
Additional information in this context means the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web (WorldWideWeb - WWW, Web) - the main service on the Internet, allowing you to access information on any servers connected to the network. The World Wide Web is organized on the principles of a hypermedia.
Under hyper-environment(Hypermedia) is understood as the technology of presenting information in the form of relatively small blocks associated with each other.
Of course, the World Wide Web allows you to access any information on any servers connected to the network. But in order to obtain information using the web, you need a device with Internet access.
Internet (Internet) is a global information network, parts of which are logically interconnected with each other through a single address space based on the TCP / IP protocol.
The Internet is made up of many interconnected computer networks and provides remote access to computers, email, message boards, databases, and discussion groups.
A device is a computer.
Computer (Electronic computer - computer, Computer) in the broadest sense of the word, a programmable electronic device capable of processing data and performing calculations, as well as performing other symbol manipulation tasks.
There are two main classes of computers:
- digital computers (computers) that process data in the form of numerical binary codes;
- analog computers that process continuously changing physical quantities, which are analogs of calculated quantities.
In a narrower (personal) sense Personal Computer (PC, Personalcomputer - PC) - a universal computer designed for individual use.
Typically, personal computers are designed on the basis of the principle of open architecture and are built on the basis of microprocessors.
Home computer(Home computer) - a home personal computer designed for use in homes and aimed at non-professional users.
A computer is a thing that has a certain value. Therefore, in order to join the information society, it is necessary to purchase a computer.
Any computer consists of two components:
one). Hardware;
2). Software.
Hardware (Hardware)- a complex of electronic, electrical and mechanical devices that are part of a system or network.
Hardware includes:
- computers and logical devices;
- external devices and diagnostic equipment;
- power equipment, batteries and accumulators.
Software(Software) - a set of programs: - providing data processing or transmission;
- designed for multiple use and application by different users.
According to the types of functions performed, software is subdivided into system, application and instrumental.
Software - according to GOST 19781-90 - a set of programs for the information processing system and program documents required for their operation.
Both hardware and software are interconnected. One does not work without the other. Each "circuit element" is necessary and fulfills its function.
The process of acquiring computers by the population is directly related to the social inequality of modern society.
2.9. Information inequality of modern society
Social inequality (Social inequality) is a form of social differentiation in which individual individuals, social groups, strata, classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to satisfy needs.
Consider three main social classes:
one). The rich (i.e. the elite);
2). Middle class;
3). Poor.
All these three social classes constitute the concept of society in the broadest sense of the word.
Society(Society) - a collection of people:
- united by the historically established forms of their interconnection and interaction in order to satisfy their needs;
- characterized by:
1) stability;
2) integrity;
3) self-development;
4) the presence of special social values and norms that determine their behavior.
Society is a human community, the specificity of which is the relationship of people to each other. Society is a product of human interaction.
Society is an integral system of social institutions that perform the functions of regulating economic, political, legal, moral and other relations.
According to many scientists, philosophers, political scientists and politicians, the middle class was unanimously recognized as the basis of society, the middle class was unanimously recognized as the middle class _______________________________________________.
It is the middle class that subtly senses any changes in the state and is subject to it to change the situation, if necessary.
Middle class(Middle class) - a class that occupies an intermediate position between the main classes in the system of social stratification.
The middle class is characterized by a heterogeneous position, conflicting interests, consciousness and political behavior.
Distinguish between the old middle class and the new middle class.
Old middle class- medium and small owners: small entrepreneurs, traders, artisans, representatives of the liberal professions, small and medium farms, owners of small manufacturing firms.
New middle class- employees who do not own the means of production and live off the sale of their labor, managers, engineers, professional mental workers, etc.
Next, let us compare the ratio of the rich, middle class and poor of the Russian Federation and the United States. Since this ratio is constantly changing, we will study the general appearance of the picture.
Since purchasing a computer and learning how to work on it as a professional requires constant study and retraining. As scientific progress does not stand still, it follows that it is only the rich and the middle class that can join the information society.
In connection with the above, let us analyze the situation.
It is customary to depict the structure of US society in the form of a quadrangle.
Table 1 shows that the middle class constitutes the basis of American society and makes up about 40% of the entire society, while the poor and the rich each make up 30% of the entire US society.
Based on these data, we can conclude that the middle class (40%) and the rich (30%) can actually become an information society.
In total, 70% of US citizens come out. It should be noted that the indicator is very high.
It is customary to depict the structure of society in the Russian Federation in the form of a pyramid.
Table 2 shows the ratio of the classes of modern society in our country. It can be seen with the naked eye that the basis of society in Russia is made up of such classes as the middle class and the class of the poor. So, the poor - 45%, the middle class - 45%, the remaining 10% are the elite.
From this it follows that no more than 55% of the total population of the Russian Federation (45% of the middle class + 10% of the rich) can consider themselves an information society.
Let's compare the indicators obtained during the analysis.
The information society in the United States makes up 70% of the citizens, while in Russia this society can be characterized with 55% of the citizens of the Russian Federation.
Next, we will calculate the number of information society in the United States and the Russian Federation in specific figures, since the population in the countries we are comparing is unequal.
According to Tables No. 3 about Let us determine what part of the total population can be considered informational in these countries. For each of the countries we compare, we will take the population as a basis (according to data for 2006) - 100%.
We get that the number of information society in the Russian Federation is about 80 million people (145>< 0,55 = 79,75).
In the United States, however, the number of information society is much higher and amounts to approximately 190 million people (271>< 0,7 = 189,7).
So, the information society and potentially ready to become one in the United States is more than twice (2.38) more than in Russia.
The negative result obtained was influenced, first of all, by two factors (problems):
1. Decrease in population (in 2006, the resident population of Russia decreased by 561.2 thousand people, or 0.39%.);
2. Half of the country's population living below the poverty line.
On the first problem, the Government of the Russian Federation in recent years has been actively trying to avoid the crisis in the country caused by these two problems. Various social programs are being created, including material incentives (maternity capital) for mothers for the birth of a second child.
It is not yet possible to track the change in the population and their social quality component, the above social programs were introduced recently.
Unfortunately, on the second social problem, the question remains open, despite the fact that our country currently occupies a leading position in terms of prices, ahead of New York, Tokyo and London.
3. CONCLUSION
It is obvious that we are currently entering the information era, where the main commodity will be information in its various forms.
While receiving indisputable benefits, such as the availability of information, its rapid dissemination, free exchange of data between people, etc., one cannot but take into account the increased and changed requirements for a person as a member of society.
In the period of transition to the information society, in addition to solving the problems described above, it is necessary to prepare a person for the rapid perception and processing of large volumes of information, for mastering modern means, methods and technology of work. In addition, new working conditions create dependence of one person's awareness on the information acquired by other people.
Now it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but it is necessary to learn this technology of working with information, when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. This suggests that a person must have a certain level of culture in handling information.
It should be noted that the problem of informatization of society is being discussed today by scientists more and more widely. Since obtaining information about what is happening in the country and in the world no longer requires direct communication between people, a person will increasingly isolate himself from society, subject to the illusion of independence from it.
It is necessary to foster a sense of responsibility of each person for what is happening in the world, achieving a clear understanding of the interdependence of all people. This task applies primarily to the education system and the media.
The nature of changes in the social structure predicted by scientists under the influence of informatization in the above directions is as follows:
The number of social groups will grow, which will naturally lead to a decrease in their average size. Modern information technologies provide a real opportunity for a more accurate, prompt consideration of people's interests.
The qualitative parameters of social groups will improve in terms of such parameters as the level of education, intelligence, etc.
The new percentages between social groups distinguished in society according to various criteria will probably look like this:
1) the proportion of people engaged in intellectual work - intellectuals - will increase.
The emergence of a special class of "intellectuals" is predicted. For those who do not want or will not be able to work intellectually, work is assumed in the field of information services, which, as noted earlier, should make up more than 50% in the information society in the structure of employment, or in the sphere of material production.
2) the number of able-bodied people will increase. Older people will be able to continue working even after retirement, as the bar for working age will rise (the body ages before the brain).
The pyramidal socio-economic structure will more and more give way to a network-like (mosaic) structure. The structure of the network more closely matches the new information technology.
American researchers note that "the convergence of changing social and personal values with new technology and energy-economic needs makes the formation of a mosaic society inherently inevitable."
One of the highest places in the hierarchy of values (along with innovation) is the autonomy of the individual, which is not typical of a traditional society.
Personality is realized only through belonging to a certain corporation, being an element in a strictly defined system of corporate ties. If a person is not included in any corporation, he is not a person.
In a technogenic civilization, a special type of personality autonomy arises: a person can change his corporate ties, since he is not rigidly attached to them, he can and is able to very flexibly build his relations with people, immerse himself in different social communities, in different cultural traditions.
Modern science and technical creativity are drawing fundamentally new types of objects into the field of human activity, the development of which requires new strategies. We are talking about objects that are self-developing systems characterized by synergistic effects. Their development is always accompanied by the passage of the system through special states of instability, when small random influences can lead to the emergence of new structures, new levels of organization of the system, which affect the already established levels and transform them.
For a free orientation in the information flow, a person must have an information culture as one of the components of the general culture. The growing power of the flow of information exchange between people has given rise to a new type of culture in which everything is subordinated to the need for classification, unification in order to maximize compression and increase efficiency in transmission from person to person, whether in person or through the media.
There is a problem of human life and activity in a new society, the form of its existence. Will he live in the "Electronic Cottage" as predicted by some futurists, or the form of life will not change dramatically.
Philosopher Alwyn Toffler, for example, predicts the birth of a "prosumer" - a consumer and a producer rolled into one.
During the first wave, most people consumed what they produced themselves. You can call them “consumers”. The Industrial Revolution separated the functions of production and consumption, thus giving birth to the producer and the consumer.
Currently, the border separating the producer from the consumer is becoming less and less clear. The importance of the "prosumer" is growing ... In a word, there is, as it were, a return to society of the "prosumer", who was the dominant figure in the society of the "first wave". Of course, it will be a prosumer equipped with modern technology, working in an electronic cottage and leading a modern lifestyle. "
Everyone will have to rethink their position in life as an individual, it is absolutely clear that a redistribution of life values will take place.
Our future largely depends on the direction along which modern society directs the development of scientific and technological progress.
4. REFERENCE LIST:
1. Lecture notes of the RIU teacher on the discipline "Theory of State and Law"
2. Lecture notes of the RIU teacher on the discipline "Philosophy"
3. Komarov SA, Malko AV, Theory of State and Law: Study Guide. - M .: NORMA, 2003
4. “Introduction to philosophy. Part I ", under total. ed. I. T. Frolova, Moscow: Politizdat, 19895. Toffler O. The third wave. In magazine: USA - economics, politics, ideology. No. 7-11 for 1982.
6. Contemporary Western philosophy. Dictionary. M .: Publishing house polit. literature, 2001
7. Romanina V.V., Klimenko A.V. Theory of State and Law: Methodological Guide. - M .: INFRA-M, 2002
8. Morozova L.A. Theory of State and Law: A Refresher Course in Questions and Answers. - M .: NORMA, 2003
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10. Protasov V.N. Theory of State and Law: A Manual for Examinations, 2nd ed. - M., 2004
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12. Chervonyuk V.I. Theory of State and Law: Textbook. - M .: INFRA - M, 2006
For the first time the concept of information society was used by Mashlun in 1962. Later (in 1972 gyu) Yonji Masuda defines inf society - it is a society where the main condition for the well-being of every person and state is knowledge gained through unhindered access to information and the ability to work with it, and the process of inf. exchange has no temporal, spatial, or political boundaries.
Signs: the presence of internal inf. market, its integration with the world inf. the market; availability inf. strategy development infrastructure inf. societies, mandatory examination of projects and laws, annual development report inf. society.
Features: bulky corporations are being replaced by small ones. forms (work at a remote distance), the leading role is assigned to ED, replacing traditional email printing. books and magazines.
2. Typology of societies (written, pre-written; traditional, industrial, post-industrial). The influence of information technology on the change in public relations.
Written societies - knowledge is transmitted orally.
Complex - have an organizational management structure.
Typology of Morgan, Marx, Engels: primitive, slave, feudal, capitalist.
Traditional society A society that is governed by tradition. The social order in it is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy and the existence of stable social communities.
Daniel Bell, Tofler: pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial (the primacy of scientific knowledge and information, automation and informatization of production, the emergence of "deserted production", the leading role of science, education)
3. Trends in the development of the modern information society.
Russia has a development strategy inf. Society (approved on February 7, 2008 by the President). Includes: improving the quality of education, honey. services based on inf. technologies, increasing the efficiency of management, efficiency of service provision, training of qualified personnel in the field of IT, counteraction to computer crimes. Transboundary space and society (we are talking about a community of people from different countries and continents who enter into various connections and relationships with each other about the information circulated in the information sphere, therefore we can talk about the formation of a community of persons without certain national borders, as well as territory in the usual sense.
Tendencies: 1) the formation of a new form of ownership for inf. products, namely intellectual; 2) change in labor motivations (the employee gradually becomes the owner); 3) the formation of classless social services. Structures, individualization of public relations (more staying at home).
4. The role of information and law in the information society. Information revolution.
The modern period is the transition from the post-industrial to the information society.
4 inf. Revolutions: the first occurs as a result of the appearance of writing and the fixation of writing (10 thousand years ago), the second is associated with the appearance of typography (mid-16th century), the third is the appearance of electricity (19th century), the fourth is the appearance of a computer and a computer network. 5 inf revolution - the Internet enters outer space.
