"Informatics is one of the fastest growing branches of science and technology, many of its terms and concepts are undergoing constant changes." Informatics. Dictionary

Informatics new information industry and a scientific discipline, one of which, respectively, deals with, and the other studies methods, methods and means of automating the following processes: creation, collection, storage, processing and transmission of information. Term Informatics originated in the early 60s in French to denote the automated processing of information in society. This term is a kind of hybrid of two words - information and automation . Computer science can be divided into three component parts: theoretical computer science; means of informatization; information systems and technologies... Each of the named parts is structured into several separate ones, moreover, some of them are considered as independent academic disciplines. Theoretical informatics includes sections:

Theory of algorithms and automata.

Information theory.

Coding theory.

Mathematical logic.

The theory of formal languages ​​and grammars.

Operations research, etc.

Informatization tools (technical and software) - a section in the court considers the general principles of building computing devices and data processing systems and issues of developing software systems. Here you can separately highlight the section - programming associated with the development of software systems. Information systems and technologies - a section that studies the issues of analyzing information flows, the possibility of their optimization, structuring; principles for the implementation of information processes. Currently, one more section is distinguished - Artificial Intelligence- the field of informatics, which solves the most complex problems at the intersection with psychology, physiology, linguistics and other sciences. The main areas of development related to this area are reasoning modeling, computational linguistics, machine translation, the creation of expert systems, pattern recognition, and others. As a complex scientific discipline informatics is related to other scientific disciplines:

philosophy and psychology - through the teaching of information and the theory of knowledge;

mathematics - through the theory of mathematical modeling, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic and the theory of algorithms;

linguistics - through the teaching of formal languages ​​and sign systems;

cybernetics - through information theory and control theory;

physics and chemistry, electronics and radio engineering - through the "material" part of the computer and information systems.

Information concept

Information is currently one of the most expensive types of resources. The creation of new means of information processing - computers became the impetus for the intensive development of the information industry. An increasing number of economic entities are involved in the process of information processing. Using the term information we, as a rule, do not think about what it is information ... It should be noted that this question is rather complicated. Until now, science has not developed a strict definition of the concept information ... For example, for axiological approach, they seek to proceed from the value, practical significance of information, i.e. of the qualitative characteristics that are significant in social system... At semantic approach, information is considered in terms of both form and content. In this case, the information is associated with thesaurus, those. completeness of a systematized set of data on the subject of information. The concept of information cannot be considered only a technical, interdisciplinary, or even a supra-disciplinary term. Information is a fundamental philosophical category. There are three points of view on the phenomenon information ... The first identifies the concept of "information" with knowledge. Although this approach is widely criticized in Russian literature, it is used in many scientific works. The second point of view limits subject area the concept of "information" by social and biological processes, rejecting the existence of information processes in inorganic nature. The third point of view, which is widely used at the present time, is associated with the attributive concept of information. For the first time the attributive concept of information was formulated by N. Wiener, who believed that all phenomena in nature are covered by three basic concepts: matter, energy, information. Many modern authors, in contrast to N. Wiener, who did not consider the interrelation of these components, closely link them and consider them as a single system.

The textbook consists of two sections: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the textbook sets out the basics modern informatics as a complex scientific and technical discipline, including the study of the structure and general properties information and information processes, general principles the construction of computing devices, the issues of the organization and functioning of information and computer networks are considered, computer security presented key concepts algorithms and programming, databases and DBMS. To control the obtained theoretical knowledge, questions for self-examination and tests are offered. The practical part covers the algorithms for basic actions when working with text Microsoft processor Word tabular Microsoft editor Excel, Microsoft Power Point presentation software, archiving programs and antivirus software... As a consolidation of the passed practical course at the end of each section, it is suggested to do independent work.

Book:

The tasks of accumulating (storing), processing and transmitting information faced humanity at all stages of its development. Each stage corresponded to a certain level of development of information labor tools, the development progress of which each time gave human society new quality. Previously, the main stages of handling information were identified, and they are common to all sciences when processing information using a computer. The scientific basis for their solution has become such a science as informatics.

Informatics is a complex scientific and technical discipline dealing with the study of the structure and general properties of information, information processes, development on this basis information technology and technology, as well as the solution of scientific and engineering problems of creation, implementation and effective use computer technology and technology in all spheres of social practice.

The origins of informatics can be found in the mists of time. Many centuries ago, the need to express and remember information led to the emergence of speech, writing, and counting. People tried to invent and then improve the ways of storing, processing and distributing information. Until now, evidence of attempts by our distant ancestors to preserve information has survived - primitive rock paintings, records on birch bark and clay tablets, then handwritten books.

The appearance in the 16th century of the printing press made it possible to significantly increase a person's ability to process and store the necessary information. It appeared an important milestone development of mankind. Information in printed form was the main mode of storage and exchange and continued to remain so until the middle of the twentieth century. Only with the advent of computers did fundamentally new, much more effective ways collection, storage, processing and transmission of information (Fig. 1.1).

Figure 1.1. Development of ways of storing information

Methods of transferring information developed. Primitive way the transmission of messages from person to person was replaced by a more progressive postal communication. Postal communication gave enough reliable way exchange of information. However, it should not be forgotten that only messages written on paper could be transmitted in this way. And most importantly, the speed of message transmission was comparable only to the speed of a person's movement. The invention of the telegraph and telephone gave fundamentally new possibilities for processing and transmitting information.

The advent of electronic computers made it possible to process and subsequently transmit information at a speed several million times higher than the speed of processing (Fig. 1.2) and transmission of information by a person (Fig. 1.3).

Figure 1.2. Development of information processing methods

Figure 1.3. Development of ways of transmitting information

The basis of modern informatics is formed by three components, each of which can be considered as a relatively independent scientific discipline (Fig. 1.4).

Theoretical informatics is a part of informatics that deals with the study of the structure and general properties of information and information processes, the development of general principles for the construction of information technology and technology. It is based on the use mathematical methods and includes such basic mathematical sections as the theory of algorithms and automata, information theory and coding theory, the theory of formal languages ​​and grammars, operations research, etc.).

Informatization means (technical and software) - a section dealing with the study of the general principles of constructing computing devices and systems for processing and transmitting data, as well as issues related to the development of software systems.

Information systems and technologies - a branch of informatics, associated with the solution of issues of analysis of information flows, their optimization, structuring in various complex systems, with the development of principles for the implementation of information processes in these systems.

Informatics is widely used in different areas modern life: in production, science, education and other areas of human activity.

Development modern science involves complex and expensive experiments, such as, for example, in the development of thermonuclear reactors. Computer science makes it possible to replace real experiments with machine experiments. This saves enormous resources, makes it possible to process the results obtained in the most modern methods... In addition, such experiments take much less time than real ones. And in some areas of science, for example, in astrophysics, carrying out real experiment just impossible. Here, basically all research is carried out through computational and model experiments.

Figure 1.4. The structure of computer science as a scientific discipline

The further development of informatics, like any other science, entails new achievements, discoveries, and, consequently, new fields of application, which, perhaps, are difficult to imagine today.

Informatics is a very wide area of ​​scientific knowledge that has arisen at the junction of several fundamental and applied disciplines.

As a complex scientific discipline, computer science is related (Fig. 1.5):

With philosophy and psychology - through the teaching of information and the theory of knowledge;

With mathematics - through theory mathematical modeling, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic and theory of algorithms;

With linguistics - through the teaching of formal languages ​​and sign systems;

With cybernetics - through information theory and control theory;

Physics and chemistry, electronics and radio engineering - through the "material" part of the computer and information systems.

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Lecture 1. Subject and basic concepts of computer science

Signals- the result of energy exchange between physical bodies or fields. When signals interact with physical bodies, certain changes in properties occur in the latter - this phenomenon is called signal registration. Such changes can be observed, measured or recorded - in this case, new signals arise and are recorded, that is, data is formed.

Data are registered signals, which are part of information. The physical method of registration can be any: mechanical movement of bodies. changing their shape or surface quality parameters, changing electrical, magnetic, optical characteristics, chemical composition and (or) nature of chemical bonds, change of state electronic system and much more. According to the registration method, data can be stored and transported on different types of media.

Data carriers- The most common storage medium, although not the most economical, is paper. On paper, data is recorded by changing the optical characteristics of its surface. Changes in optical properties (change in surface reflection coefficient in a certain wavelength range) are also used in devices that record laser beam on reflective plastic media. Magnetic tapes and disks can be cited as media that use the change in magnetic properties. Data registration by changing the chemical composition of the surface substances of the carrier is widely used in photography. At the molecular level, data is accumulated and transmitted in living nature.

Any carrier can be characterized by the parameter resolution(the amount of data recorded in the unit of measurement accepted for the media) and dynamic range(the logarithmic ratio of the intensity of the amplitudes of the maximum and minimum recorded signals). Such properties of information as completeness, availability and reliability often depend on these properties of the medium.

Information

Information is a collection of data (registered signals), which is perceived from the environment, is issued to environment or is stored inside a particular system... Information exists in the form of documents, drawings, drawings, texts, sound and light signals, electrical and nerve impulses, etc.

The most important properties of information:

• Oobjectivity and subjectivity of information- the concept of objectivity of information is relative. This is understandable, given that the methods of processing or collecting information themselves are subjective. The information in which the methods introduce a smaller subjective element will be more objective. As an example, consider a photograph and a human drawing of the same natural object. It is clear that the camera is impartial and will take an objective picture, in contrast to a person who can embellish or, on the contrary, worsen the appearance of an object, having his own subjective attitude towards it;
• completeness of information- largely characterizes the quality of information and determines the sufficiency of the data for making decisions or for creating new data based on the existing ones. The more complete the data, the wider the range of methods that can be used, the easier it is to choose a method that introduces a minimum of errors in the course of the information process;
• reliability of information- data appears at the moment of registration of signals, but not all registered signals are necessary. There is always some level of extraneous signals, as a result of which "information noise" "is formed. The lower the “noise” level, the more reliable the information received;
• adequacy of information- this is the degree of compliance with the real state of affairs. Inadequate information can be generated when creating new information based on incomplete or inaccurate data. However, both complete and reliable data can lead to the creation of inadequate information if applied to them inadequate processing methods;
• availability of information- a measure of the ability to obtain this or that information. The degree of accessibility of information is influenced simultaneously by both the availability of data and the availability of adequate methods for their interpretation. Lack of access to data or lack of adequate data processing methods leads to inaccessibility of information. The lack of adequate methods for working with data in many cases leads to the use of inadequate methods, as a result of which incomplete, inadequate or inaccurate information is generated;
• relevance of information- This is the degree of correspondence of information to the current moment in time. Since information processes are stretched over time, then reliable and adequate, but outdated information can lead to erroneous decisions. The need to find an adequate method for working with data can lead to such a delay in obtaining information that it becomes irrelevant and unnecessary.

Informatics, Documentary and Cybernetics.

Informatics is a complex, technical science that systematizes the methods of creating, storing, reproducing, processing and transmitting data by means of computing technology, as well as the principles of operation of these tools and methods of managing them.

The emergence of informatics is due to the emergence and spread of new technology collection, processing and transmission of information related to the fixation of data on media of various types.

Two sciences are usually named as the primary sources of informatics - documentary science and cybernetics.

The term "informatics" comes from the French word Informatique, formed by combining the terms Informacion (information) and Automatique (automation). In English-speaking countries, the term is used - Computer Science (the science of computer technology). Now these terms are synonymous and are used to refer to the science of information transformation, which is based on the use of computing technology.

Documentary- science, the main subject of which is the study of rational means and methods of increasing the efficiency of document flow.

Cybernetics(from the Greek. kybernetike - the art of management, from kybernao - I rule the wheel, I manage), the science of management, communication and information processing. The subject of cybernetics is the principles of construction and functioning of automatic control systems, and the main tasks are methods of modeling the decision-making process by technical means, the connection between human psychology and mathematical logic, the connection between the information process of an individual and information processes in society, the development of principles and methods of artificial intelligence.

Subject and main question of computer science

Computer science is very close to technology, so its subject is often called information technology.

The subject of informatics as a science is:

• computer hardware;
• computer software;
• means of interaction between hardware and software;
• means of human interaction with hardware and software.

As you can see from this list, in computer science Special attention paid to interaction issues. Interaction in computer science is denoted by the term interface. The methods and means of human interaction with hardware and software are called - user interface... Accordingly, there are hardware, software, and hardware / software interfaces.

The main task of informatics- This is the systematization of techniques and methods of working with hardware and software of computer technology.

The purpose of systematization is to highlight, implement and develop advanced, more efficient technologies automation of the stages of working with data, as well as methodically provide new technological research.

Informatics - practical science... Its achievements should be tested in practice and accepted if they meet the criterion for improving efficiency. As part of the main task today, one can single out the following main areas of informatics for practical application:

• architecture computing systems(techniques and methods of building systems designed for automatic processing data);
• computer system interfaces (techniques and methods for managing hardware and software);
• programming (techniques, methods and tools for the development of complex problems);
• data transformation (techniques and methods for transforming data structures);
• information protection (generalization of techniques, development of methods and means of data protection);
• automation (functioning of software and hardware without human intervention);
• standardization (ensuring compatibility between hardware and software, between data presentation formats related to different types computing systems).

At all stages technical support information processes for informatics, the key issue is efficiency.

• Hardware efficiency is the ratio of hardware performance to cost.

• The effectiveness of the software is the productivity of the users working with the corresponding software.

• Programming efficiency is volume program code created by the programmer per unit of time.

In computer science, everything is rigidly focused on efficiency. The question of how to carry out this or that operation is important for informatics, but not the main one. The main question in computer science is how to make this operation efficiently.

Information process, informationsystem and information technology

Within the framework of informatics, as a technical science, it is possible to formulate the concepts of information, information system and information technology.

An information process is some action where data is converted into information. Data processing includes many different operations, the main ones of which are:

• data collection - accumulation of information in order to ensure sufficient completeness for making a decision;
• data formalization - converting data that comes from different sources to a single form;

• data filtering - elimination of unnecessary data that is not needed for decision making;
• data sorting - putting data in order according to a given attribute for the purpose of ease of use;

• data archiving - saving data in a convenient and accessible form;
• data protection - a set of measures aimed at preventing loss, reproduction and modification of data;

• data transportation - reception and transmission of data between remote users of the information process. The data source is usually called the server, and the consumer is called the client;
• data conversion - converting data from one form to another, or from one structure to another, or changing the type of media.

Information system

In computer science, the concept of "system" is often used in relation to a set of hardware and software. The hardware part of a computer is also called a system. Supplementing the concept of "system" with the word "informational" reflects the purpose of its creation and functioning.

Informationsystem is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to solve a specific problem.

The modern understanding of the information system provides for the use of a computer as the main technical means information processing. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical base and instrument of the information system.

In the work of the information system, the following stages can be distinguished:

1. The origin of data- formation of primary messages that record the results of certain operations, properties of objects and subjects of management, parameters of processes, the content of regulatory and legal acts, etc. -
2. Accumulation and systematization of data- the organization of their placement, which would provide a quick search and selection of the necessary information, methodical updating of data, protection of them from distortion, loss, deformation, etc.;
3. Data processing- processes due to which, on the basis of previously accumulated data, new types of data are formed: generalizing, analytical, recommendatory, predictive. Derived data can also be processed to provide more generalized information;
4. Displaying data- their presentation in a form suitable for human perception. First of all, this is printing, that is, the creation of documents on the so-called hard (paper) carriers. The construction of graphic illustrative materials (graphs, diagrams) and the formation of sound signals are widely used.

The overwhelming majority of information systems operate in a dialogue mode with the user. Typical software components information systems include:

• dialogue subsystem of input-output;
• subsystem of applied logic of data processing;
• data management logic subsystem.

Substantial part functionality information systems are embedded in the system software: operating systems, system libraries and structures tools development.

In addition to the software component of information systems important role plays an informational building block, which defines the structure, attributes and types of data, and is also closely related to the logic of data management.

For networked information systems important element is a communication service that ensures the interaction of network nodes when general decision tasks.

Information Technology

Technology is a way of mastering the material world by a person with the help of socially organized activity, which includes three components:

• informational (scientific principles and rationale);
• material (tool of work);
• social (specialists with professional skills).

This triad constitutes the essence modern understanding- technologies.

Concept information technology appeared with the emergence: information society, in which the basis of social dynamics is not traditional material, but information resources: knowledge, science, organizational factors, intellectual abilities, initiative, creativity, etc. The most successful definition of the concept of information technology was given by Academician V.M. Glushkov, who interpreted it as man-machine technology of collection, processing and transmission information thatis basedon the use of computer technology... These technologies are developing rapidly, encompassing all types of social activities.

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Presentation on the topic: Fundamentals of Informatics

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Plan. Introduction. Information and knowledge groups. Language is a way of expressing information. Information processes.Amount of information. Number system. Computer architecture. PC device. Text files and editors. Texts in computer memory.Computer graphics. Computer network device. Email.

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Introduction. Informatics is a science that studies all aspects of obtaining, storing, transforming, transferring and using information. Informatics is a set of disciplines united by a common subject of study - information. Information theory; Cybernetics; Programming; Theory of algorithms.

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Information and knowledge groups. Information for a person is the knowledge that he receives from various sources... All knowledge is divided into 3 groups: 1 group begins with the words "I know that ...". This knowledge is called declarative (from the word "declaration" - knowledge, message) .2 the group begins with the words "I know how ..". This knowledge is called procedural. They determine the achievement of a goal. 3 group is called uninformative knowledge. These messages do not add to the knowledge of the person.

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Language - as a way of expressing information. Language is a sign way of representing information. Communication in languages ​​is the process of transmitting information in a sign form. Languages ​​are: Natural and formal. Image information - This is the preservation in memory of a person's sensations from contact with a source.

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Information processes. They are divided into 3 groups: The process of storing information, the process of transferring information, the process of processing information. A person stores information in own memory and on external media... The process of transferring information is carried out from the source to the receiver by information channels communication. The process of processing information is associated with obtaining a new or changing the form or structure of this information; search for information on external media.

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The amount of information. Bit- Information weight a symbol of a binary alphabet taken as a unit of information. Alphabet- This is the entire set of symbols used in a certain language to represent information. The power of the alphabet is the number of characters in it. Byte- Information weight of a character from the alphabet with a capacity of 256 characters. 1 byte = 8 bits.

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Number system. Number system - This is a way of depicting numbers and the corresponding rules of action over numbers. Number systems are positional and non-positional. An example is not positional system is the Roman number system. The smallest possible base of the positional number system is 2. Such a system is called binary.

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Computer architecture. Computer architecture - This is a description of the device and principles of the computer, sufficient for the user and the programmer. Program - This is an indication of the sequence of actions that the computer must perform. The computer includes: processor, memory, input device, output device. The computer has internal and external memory. Internal- RAM... External - long-term memory.

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PC device. Part system unit includes: microprocessor, internal memory, floppy drives, power supply, external device controllers. The entire PC device is connected to each other via a multi-wire line, which is called the information backbone. The main technical characteristics Pc are: volume internal memory, clock purity of the microprocessor, bit capacity of the microprocessor. Each external device has its own address. The information transmitted to it - via the data bus is accompanied by the device address - via the address bus.

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Text files and editors. Text file The simplest way organizing data in a computer. It only consists of character encoding table codes.Text editor is application program allowing you to create text documents, edit them, view the contents of the document on the screen, print the document, change the format of the document. Standard components TR environments are: working field, text cursor, status bar, command menu. The text file is split into lines. The separator is special control codes. At the end of the file, the code "End of file" is put.

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Texts in computer memory. Hypertext is a way of organizing text, which can be viewed in a sequence of semantic links between its individual fragments. Encodings - Table in which all the characters of the computer alphabet are assigned serial numbers. International standard is the ASCII code - American standard code information exchange... Each character in the text is encoded in an eight-bit binary code. To represent texts in a computer, an alphabet with a capacity of 256 characters is used.

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Facilities computer graphics... The system for displaying an image on the screen includes a display and a video adapter. The image on the display is obtained from a set of many luminous points - video pixels. The pixels on the screen form a grid of horizontal lines and vertical columns called a "raster". The graphics grid size M * N determines the screen resolution, which determines the image quality. The electron gun beam periodically scans the raster lines at a high frequency, reproducing the image. On black and white displays, a pixel can only have two colors. The electron gun emits one beam. The video adapter consists of video memory and display processor. The video memory stores binary code the image displayed on the screen. Scanners are used to enter an image into a computer. digital cameras, digital video cameras.

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Tables and models. A model is some simplified semblance of a real object. Models are material and informational. An information model is a description of a modeled object. Before building an information model, a systematic analysis of the modeling object is performed. The task of system analysis is to highlight the essential parts, properties, connections of the modeled system, to determine its structure. A visual way of presenting information models are graphic images: maps, drawings, diagrams, graphs.

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Graphics editor. A graphics editor is an application program for obtaining drawn images. Drawing created by means graphic editor, is generated on the screen, and then can be saved to a file. The environment of any GR contains a working field, a menu of tools, colors, a menu of commands for working with files, printing a picture and other operations. GR allows you to include texts in a drawing using letters different sizes and fonts.

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Computer network device. Computer network- System computers, linked by channels transmission of information. Computer networks are local and global. In peer-to-peer local area networks, all computers are equal. A local area network with a dedicated computer includes a server and many workstations. The server is used as a repository for shared information resources, and also contains some technical devices general access... The global network is a system of interconnected local area networks and computers of individual users. Personal computers users connect to nodes global network... There are regional and industry networks. Currently, most of them are united in world system–Internet.

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Email. Electronic mail - exchange letters in computer networks. Mailbox - This section external memory mail server separated for the subscriber. An email is text file containing an envelope with the recipient's address and the text of the letter. Teleconference is a system for exchanging information on a specific topic between network subscribers.

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"The World Wide Web". Hypermedia is a system of hyperlinks between multimedia documents. Cyberspace is a collection of world telecommunication systems and information circulating in them. Web page- separate document W W W.Web server-computer on the Internet storing web pages and related software. Internet World Wide Web

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Fundamentals of Informatics - Textbook for universities - Savelyev A.Ya. - 2001

The basic concepts of informatics, methods of measurement and presentation of information, methods of presentation numerical information in information systems, methods and algorithms for performing arithmetic and logical operations v different systems reckoning. Attention is paid to methods for monitoring the correct functioning of digital machines as the main element of information systems, as well as ways of protecting information in computing and information systems... Methods of logical description and design based on the use of the apparatus of the theory of Boolean functions, the theory of automata and automata languages ​​are considered.

For students of higher technical educational institutions.

Savelyev A. Ya. Fundamentals of Informatics: Textbook. for universities. - M .: Publishing house of MSTU im. N.E.Bauman, 2001. - 328 p., Ill. (Ser. Informatics at the Technical University).

ISBN 5-7038-1515-0
UDC 002 (075.8)
BBK 73
C12

Free download e-book v convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Fundamentals of Informatics - Textbook for High Schools - Savelyev A.Ya. - 2001 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

Foreword

1. Basic concepts of computer science
1.1. General information about information
1.2. Structural measure information
1.3. Statistical measure of information
1.4. Semantic measure information
1.5. Information transformation
1.6. Forms of information presentation
1.7. Transfer of information
Self-control task

2. Automaton as the main element of information systems
2.1. Computer as an automaton
2.2. Abstract automata and algorithm concept
2.3. Basic concepts of logic algebra
2.4. Properties elementary functions logic algebras
2.5. Analytical view Boolean functions
2.6. Perfect normal forms
2.7. Systems of functions of the algebra of logic
Self-control task

3. Representation of numerical information in information systems
3.1. Choosing a number system to represent numerical information
3.2. Translation of numerical information from one positional system to another
3.3. Varieties binary systems reckoning
3.4. Numeral systems with negative radix
3.5. Forms of presentation of numerical information
3.6. Representing negative numbers
3.7. Errors in the representation of numerical information
Self-control task

4. Algorithms for performing operations of addition and subtraction of numbers on binary adders
4.1. Formal rules for binary arithmetic
4.2. Addition of numbers in fixed point form on binary adders
4.3. Discharge grid overflow
4.4. Features of the addition of numbers represented in the form of floating point
4.5. Methods for speeding up the addition operation
4.6. Estimating the accuracy of performing arithmetic operations
Self-control task

5. Performing multiplication operations on binary adders
5.1. Methods for multiplying binary numbers.
5.2. Multiplication of numbers represented in the form of a fixed and one on a binary direct-code adder
5.3. Features of multiplication of numbers represented in floating point form
5.4. Multiplication of numbers, represented in the form with a fixed number, on a binary complement adder
5.5. Multiplication of numbers on a binary reverse code adder
5.6. Abbreviated multiplication method
5.7. Speeding up the multiplication operation
5.8. Matrix multiplication methods
5.9. Parallel multiplication techniques using iterative structures
5.10. Systolic calculation method
The task for self-control.

6. Performing division operations on numbers on binary adders
6.1. Divide Methods for Binary Numbers
6.2. Division of numbers represented in the form with fixed took up adders of the reverse and complementary code
6.3. Features of division of numbers represented in the form of floating point
6.4. Speed ​​up the division operation
6.5. Parallel division methods using iterative structures
6.6. Extraction operation square root
Self-control task

7. Performing operations on decimal numbers in digital machines
7.1. Representation decimal numbers in D-codes
7.2. Formal rules for bitwise addition in D-codes
7.3. Representation of negative numbers in D-codes
7.4. Performing operations of addition and subtraction of numbers in D-codes
7.5. Multiplication of numbers in D-codes
7.6. Division of numbers in D-codes
7.7. Extraction of the square root in D-codes
7.8. Converting numbers to D-code.
Self-control task

8. Control of the operation of a digital machine
8.1. Information coding as a means of ensuring control over the operation of the machine
8.2. Basic concepts of coding theory
8.3. Methods for efficient coding of information
8.4. Even-odd coding
8.5. Heming codes
8.6. Modulo control
8.7. Selecting a module for monitoring
8.8. Controlling logical operations
8.9. Control of arithmetic operations
8.10. Arithmetic codes
Self-control task

9. Information protection methods
9.1. Features of information security systems
9.2. Cryptographic methods information protection
9.3. Hardware protection
9.4. Software protection
9.5. Reliability of information protection means

10. Logical design techniques
10.1. Numerical and Geometric Representation of Boolean Algebra Functions
10.2. Minimization logical functions... Method of undefined coefficients for the basis AND-OR-NOT
10.3. Quine's method
10.4. Quine-McCluskey method
10.5. Method of minimizing maps
10.6. Minimization of logical functions in the basis
10.7. Minimization of functions in the Schaeffer and Peirce bases
10.8. Implementation of the frequency-minimal method

11. Logical description and analysis electronic circuits
11.1. Logical operators of electronic circuits
11.2. Electronic circuits with one output
11.3. Electronic circuits with multiple outputs
11.4. Not completely certain functions logic algebras
11.5. Synthesis of electronic circuits using properties of incompletely defined functions
11.6. Temporary boolean functions
11.7. Sequential automaton
11.8. Analysis of sequential automata using recurrent boolean functions
11.9. Varieties of trigger circuits
Self-control task

12. Methods for describing and synthesizing digital automata
12.1. Basic concepts of automata theory
12.2. Initial languages ​​for describing digital machines
12.3. Automatic languages ​​for specifying automatic mappings
12.4. Connecting machines
12.5. Control automaton synthesis
12.6. Logical design of the control machine

Self-control task
Bibliography