Adobe Audition is one of the most popular and simplest programs for working with sound. Having a fairly wide functionality, this program is used to record and process sound, create tracks and get high-quality audio in general.
If you wanted to record something at home, having a simple microphone and an inexpensive guitar, for example, then you will definitely face the problem of extraneous noise and not very high-quality recording sound in general. In fact, improving the quality of home recording is not very difficult, and this improvement process will be discussed in this article.
For recording, we need Adobe Audition, with the help of which we will improve the sound of our recording. So, having opened the program, go to the Multitrack tab. In the plate that appears after the transition, enter the session name and various settings (if you do not know what to do with the settings, leave everything as it is) and click OK.
After that, you will see the tracks on which the sound will be recorded. Press R to select a track, or press the red button below to start recording. It is important to leave 2 seconds of silence, what this is for - you will find out a little later.
This is where the two seconds of silence that we left at the beginning comes in handy. Select them and right-click. You will see a list where you will need to select Capture Noise Print. Then go to the Effects tab> Noise Reduction / Restoration> Noise Reduction Process. Having done this, a window will appear in front of you in which you can remove all unnecessary noise.
If you want to work on noise in all recordings, click Select Entire File. Then you need to adjust the effectiveness of the noise reduction, for which you play with the sliders. Do not turn the level up 100%, because part of the recording will be lost and the sound will become distorted. Once you've configured your settings, hit Apply and be happy with the result.
Now we need to normalize the recording. To do this, go to Effects> Amplitude and Compression> Normalize Process. Place the checkboxes as shown in the image below.
Now that we have a clean recording, we need to tweak the EQ. To do this, go to Effects> Filter and EQ> Parametric Eqalizer. Perfect harmony can be achieved only by manual tuning, but if you are not versed in adjusting the equalizer, you can use the ready-made presets.
If you want to add some effects, you can play around with the different settings in the Effects section. We recommend adding some reverb by going to Effects> Reverb. The settings for each recording are unique, so rely on your hearing and taste for this step. You can use the ANWIDA Soft DX Reverb Light plugin to tweak the reverb if you're not happy with the built-in Adobe Audition features.
In the beginning there was Microsoft. How could it be otherwise: we say Windows - we mean Microsoft, we say Microsoft - we mean Windows. But in our case, everything was even more interesting. Two former Microsoft employees, Robert Ellison and David Johnston, founded Syntrillium Software at the end of the last century and created Cool Edit. This historical antiquity could work in two modes: a usual sample editor - wave files, and a multichannel one, for mixing audio fragments placed on tracks. At the end of 1990, instead of one Cool Edit, there were two products: Cool Edit Pro and Cool Edit 2000. The second boasted two plug-ins: 4-track Studio (extension of the editor to a 4-track multitrack) and Audio Restoration. But the first, having pumped up to version 2.1, learned to mix sound in surround and got multitrack mixing of an almost unlimited number of audio tracks.
In 2003, Adobe came in, paid $ 16.5 million and bought Cool Edit Pro v2.1. Redesigned it a bit and released it under the name Adobe Audition. By the way, only Twelve Tone Systems did not sell its Cakewalk / Sonar product line to giant corporations; Sonic Foundry accepted Sony's commercial offer and parted ways with Vegas Video, ACID pH1, Viscosity and Sound Forge, and Steinberg introduced Studio Connection, which creates a direct link between Cubase and Yamaha instruments.
The partially stripped-down and redesigned program was able to interoperate with other Adobe products: After Effects, Premiere Pro and Adobe Encore, and received support for ReWire, a software protocol for exchanging data between audio applications, which allowed Audition to run concurrently with Propellerhead Reason and Ableton Live. that also support ReWire.
Now that you know a little about the history of Adobe Audition, it's time to try working in it to learn how to preserve singing or playing an instrument for history.
First, let's select and download any backing track. The name is dissonant, but correct: there is musical accompaniment in it, and the performer's voice is removed. We save the phonogram in any folder or directly on the desktop - whatever is more convenient, do it.
Now let's set up the microphone - whatever it is. Do you use Skype? Therefore, there is a microphone, and it does not matter if it is external or built into the webcam. The main thing is that not a dynamic one, but with an electret capsule: for a dynamic one you need a special amplifier, and we want to record tracks without unnecessary difficulties. Open the control panel Windows 7. Menu "Start" - "Control Panel", click on the shortcut "Sound". A window pops up, select "Record", "Microphone" and "Properties" on it.
Adobe has a selection of the most popular, feature-rich and recognized as the best products for creating and processing digital images, video and sound files.
It is inherent in man to create and create. Creativity, as a profession, is considered a classic combination of combining business with pleasure. And, of course, the availability of modern software tools for an artist, web designer, sound engineer, animator, musician and many other professions is an essential condition for comfortable and effective work.
When my colleague saw Adobe Audition, he said: “This is audio-photoshop!”, And he was right. Adobe Audition is a full-featured tool for recording, mixing, mixing, and editing audio tracks.
Released in April 2011, the fresh version of Adobe Audition CS 5.5 includes several new functional features, such as a new high-performance audio playback engine, faster startup and editing, and the ability to work simultaneously with multiple files and audio recording sessions. And what is especially nice - now the popular Adobe Audition product is available for the Mac platform.
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| Sound engineer workplace |
Analog and digital audio
To understand how Adobe Audition works and to whom this product will be most useful, it is worth remembering how analog and digital audio differ and what sound is.
Sound waves
Sound originates in the air, arising from its vibrations. The source of air vibrations can be, for example, a person's vocal cords, a drum or loudspeaker membrane, or guitar strings. These vibrations push nearby molecules together, slightly increasing the air pressure. Air molecules under pressure "push" the surrounding molecules, which then push on the next molecules, and so on. Thus, areas of high pressure move through the air, leaving behind areas of low pressure (no matter how boring it may sound, everything happens that way). When these waves of air pressure reach a person, they vibrate the receptors in our ears and we hear sound.
Analog Audio: Positive and Negative Voltage
The microphone converts the pressure of sound waves into electrical current: high air pressure becomes a positive voltage, and low pressure becomes negative. As these voltage changes move along the microphone wire, they can be recorded (as changes in magnetic field strength) onto magnetic tape or onto a vinyl record (by resizing the grooves on the disc).
To reproduce this sound, the loudspeaker works in the same way as a microphone (only in the opposite direction), receiving signals from the audio recording and reconstructing the waves with variable air pressure by vibration.
Digital audio: ones and zeros
It is no secret that information in a computer is stored in digital form, as a sequence of zeros and ones. The digital form of audio is stored in the same form. In digital storage, the original sound waveform is split into separate parts (also called samples or snapshots).
This sampling process is called digitizing audio (or converting an analog audio signal to digital). For example, when you record sound into a computer using a microphone, the sound waves are converted into digital samples that the computer can store and process.
Audio sampling rate
The audio sampling rate (or sampling rate) determines the number of digital samples taken from the audio signal every second. The sampling rate determines the frequency range for the audio file.
The higher it is, the closer the digital waveform will be to the original analog waveform. A low sampling rate limits the range of frequencies that can be recorded. This results in the recording being poorly matched to the original sound as a result.
Bit depth
The bit depth (depth) of digital audio determines the dynamic range for an audio file. When a sound wave is digitized (sampled), each sample is assigned an amplitude value that most closely matches the amplitude of the original sound wave. The higher the bit depth value, the greater the dynamic range, the lower the noise level, and the higher the digital sound quality.
For the best audio experience in Adobe Audition, 32-bit audio resolution is recommended. If, as a result, you need to issue a file with a lower bit depth, then this can be done at the very end of the work, when all the changes have already been made.
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Typical sampling rates |
How Adobe Audition works with sound
When you record audio using Adobe Audition, the sound card begins the recording process and sets which sample rate and depth to use. When receiving an audio signal through a microphone or an input audio port, the sound card converts it into a sequence of digital samples according to the selected audio sampling rate. During playback, everything happens in reverse order: Adobe Audition sends sets of digital samples to the sound card. The card recreates the original waveform and sends it as an analog signal to the loudspeakers.
In summary, the audio digitizing process begins with a wave of alternating pressure in the air. The microphone converts this waveform into an alternating voltage of electrical current. The sound card converts these voltage changes into digital samples. Once analog audio becomes digital audio, Adobe Audition can record, edit, process, and mix it — the possibilities are limited only by your imagination.
Mac OS support
Adobe Audition was originally developed and enjoyed well-deserved success among Windows users.
With the release of Adobe Audition CS5.5, Apple users no longer need to figure out ways to run Adobe Audition on the Mac OS platform. Adobe Audition now works just as well on Mac.
High performance code
The new version of Adobe Audition has received a new redesigned code. This means increased speed of audio processing, accurate and smooth sound reproduction during preprocessing, the ability to work with multiple files and audio tracks at the same time, high overall performance.
Now you can work efficiently v multitasking over projects of any size. Files open three times faster. You can import files or process multiple files at the same time in the background while continuing to edit audio in the current project. Performance is especially noticeable on multiprocessor systems.
Editing, enhancing and restoring audio
Any professional working with sound dreams of making the source material as close to ideal as possible. For this, they build special studios with soundproofing, special acoustic form, and equipment. Indeed, if there is such an opportunity, then it is better to record sound in the studio. Even in this case, insignificant noises and unwanted sounds can be received at the input: a click of a switch, a weak background of a poor-quality or punctured cable, or, for example, a defect in human diction, in which some hissing sounds turn into whistling sounds. It is worth going out to record an interview, for example, in an office space - phone calls or conversations in the next room, the noise of the city outside the window, sounds of the door being opened, etc. will be added.
According to Murphy's Law, if unwanted sound or noise wants to get into the recording, then he will do it with a high degree of probability. And, if, in the case of unlimited studio time, you can make several takes, change the cable, then, for example, interviewing a company director or just a passer-by on the street, there may not be a second chance. Returning to the office, the correspondent of the TV channel or radio station will work with the material that he managed to get in the first and only attempt.
Another example of imperfect sound material is a recording made with insufficient quality equipment: from sound recorded on a mobile phone to a recording digitized from an old gramophone record. In this case, the sound engineer will have to deal with all the same unwanted sounds, noise and distorted frequency characteristics of the original sound material.
Automatic filters and special effects
Adobe Audition CS 5.5 includes a suite of new sound effects ranging from Surround Reverb optimized for 5.1 circuitry to a suite of diagnostic effects.
Among the new products, the following should be noted:
- 1. SurroundReverb
- This effect is primarily intended for 5.1 sound, but can add volume to both mono and stereo recordings;
- 2. Vocal Enhancer
- Quickly improves the quality of human voice recordings. The Male and Female modes automatically reduce the influence of gender-specific vocal features (hissing, nasal sounds, etc.) on the overall soundtrack, as well as remove unwanted sounds that occur when using a microphone. These modes also add a radio flavor to the sound. Music mode optimizes soundtracks to better fit your voice.
- 3. Speech Volume Leveler
- This is a compression effect that optimizes dialogue recording by equalizing the volume and removing background noise.
- 4. Single-band Compressor
- The Single-band Compressor effect reduces the dynamic range, resulting in constant volume levels and increasing the perceived volume. This compression effect is useful when dubbing a voice over an existing soundtrack.
- 5. DeHummer
- This effect removes specific frequency ranges and their harmonics. The most common applications are to eliminate hum from electrical equipment, hum from lighting fixtures and electronics.
- 6. DeEsser
- A wonderful effect that removes unwanted hiss (harsh "s" sounds) that can be heard in voice recordings or singing and that distort the high frequencies of the recording.
- 7. Diagnostic capabilities
- Audio diagnostic capabilities are available in Waveform mode. These tools let you quickly remove clicks, distortions, or sections of silence from an audio track, and add markers where silence is detected.
- 8. Normalization
- The Normalize effect allows you to set the peak value for a file or for an individual segment. When the audio is normalized to 100%, you can achieve the maximum amplitude that is possible for the audio file. The effect works as follows: If the original soundtrack reaches its peak value at 80% and the quietest value at 20%, normalizing to 100% will boost the loudest value to 100% and the quietest value to 40%.
Examples of using Adobe Audition
You can publish a regular magazine about products of the Adobe Audition class. Tips for solving specific problems, use cases, training materials. As part of this overview article, you have the opportunity to see several use cases for Adobe Audition CS5.5.
Removing unwanted sounds
An example mentioned earlier is an unwanted phone call during an interview. The phone rang, the microphone recorded everything correctly, and with the help of Adobe Audition, everything can be successfully cured. To do this, you need to open the file with the original recording in the sound wave mode.
In this mode, you can edit a separate audio track. The waveform and spectral view modes will give you a complete picture of the sound file. It is convenient to use the spectral representation of the audio track to determine the area of unwanted sound. Switching between waveform and spectral is done with one click. You can also view both forms side by side.
Having switched to the spectral representation, the first step is to select the desired area of the audio track and start this section for playback in a looping mode.
Changing the shape of the selection in real time and simultaneously listening to the sound in the selected frequency range, it is possible to determine exactly the area where the unnecessary extraneous sound of the phone call is “hidden”.
If the rectangular shape of the selection does not give the desired result (which is quite natural in the case of sound), you can use the freeform selection tool (lasso).
When unwanted sound is detected in the recording, it can be eliminated by applying Auto Heal to the selection. Another option for quick and effective adjustments can be the use of the special Spot Healing Brush Tool. This tool works like a paintbrush (think of a similar graphics tool in Photoshop) for spot-removing small clicks from a recording. In the case of a phone ringing, the area for correction will be more complex, but still recognizable. At the same time, with the magic brush Spot Healing Brush Tool, you need to carefully draw over the entire area, and Adobe Audition will fix and delete everything very quickly.
Another simple and, at the same time, very common example of using the Adobe Audition product is the voiceover of a commercial.
Every day we can see dozens of such videos on television and on the Internet. They are produced daily in incomparably larger quantities. How to achieve a really high-quality result in such work? One option is to record video and audio separately (or partially separately). Let's imagine that the first step has already been taken and the video has already been shot. The next step - video editing is also done, for example, in Adobe Premiere Pro. The voiceover script is also ready. Fine. Now work for Adobe Audition.
The popular Adobe Premiere Pro video product integrates naturally with Adobe Audition for rich audio editing in video files. Supports the ability to transfer individual clips and multitrack mixes from Adobe Premiere Pro CS5.5 to Adobe Audition for editing. At the same time, you can view a sample video in Adobe Audition for perfect synchronization of audio with a video stream for a soundtrack for a movie, TV story, video clip, and more. Thanks to seamless integration with Premiere Pro, importing the edited video and the original audio track (if any) into Adobe Audition will be quick and efficient. You can also import regular digital video.
After importing a video into Audition, a sound engineer has access to a large number of convenient tools: from essential to simply useful. If in the example with removal of unwanted sound the Waveform mode is used, then in this case it is necessary to work with the second Adobe Audition mode - multitrack. In Multitrack Editor mode, you can mix multiple audio tracks to make high-quality musical arrangements or create professional soundtracks. You can record and mix an unlimited number of audio clips - the only limitation is the availability of free space on your computer's hard disk and sufficient processing power.
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| Adjusting the Audio Volume in Multitrack Mode |
Multitrack Editor is a very flexible tool for real-time audio editing. Thus, you can change the settings right during playback and immediately hear the result. For example, for musicians who have recorded a session of several instruments, in the mix, you can adjust the volume of the sound of individual tracks and immediately hear what happened.
What is noteworthy: any changes made to the mix are not final and you can always return to the original material. Adobe Audition stores information about source files and mix settings in session files (extension .sesx). These files themselves do not take up much disk space and only store the paths to the original sound files, as well as links to the values of the mix settings (for example, volume, effect settings). Adobe Audition professionals often store all project files, including the .sesx file, in one folder. This allows you to conveniently transfer the project to another computer - you can simply copy the entire project folder.
In the example with the dubbing of the video, the Multitrack Editor allows you to use several recording channels, set marks for synchronizing the start of recording for individual dubbing elements (for example, characters), record dubbing directly into Adobe Audition, while enabling only some additional channels of the general audio track for playback or disabling all. All this is in real time.
As a sound engineer, it is important to have access to all the tools and settings. In Adobe Audition, there is the possibility of modular customization of the application desktop, as well as a set of ready-made settings designed for specific tasks (editing a soundtrack for video, working with sound for radio, etc.)
The most convenient way of working is two monitors and the Workspace -> Maximum Editing (Dual Monitor) mode in Adobe Audition.
One monitor displays multitrack edit mode, basic settings, history of changes, the second monitor displays advanced settings.
Create sound screensavers on the radio
Sound screensavers (or jingles) are an integral part of the radio broadcast. A jingle is a short audio clip, usually identifying a radio station on the air. While listening to the radio, you can find in the middle of the song or at another moment the insert "You are listening to the radio ..." and then the name of the radio station comes - this is the jingle. Such a screensaver can contain voice, music, special sound effects. An excellent set for Adobe Audition CS 5.5!
Indeed, it is very easy to create a high-quality and bright radio jingle using Audition. You can do this yourself by installing an evaluation version of Adobe Audition CS 5.5 on your computer (link below in the Resources section) and following a few simple steps.
Let's simplify the task and make a jingle just from a voice recording. To do this, you need to connect a microphone to your computer and launch Adobe Audition. Next, in Waveform mode, you need to create a new audio file.
By pressing the record button on the dedicated playback and recording control panel, you can record the original phrase for the jingle. Let's call the radio by your name and say into the microphone: "You are listening to the radio ..." and then say your name. As a result of recording through the external microphone of the laptop, the original sound material for our jingle will be obtained.
Obviously, the amplitude for recording is not high enough, and there are also segments of silence on the recording (the recording was turned on, and they began to speak a little later). You can remove areas of silence by starting the process of diagnosing an audio file: Effects -> Diagnostics -> Mark audio (process).
Now you can delete the sections with silence at the beginning and at the end of the recording and continue working with the audio track prepared in this way.
Fine! There is very little left to the finished jingle. Now you can apply some kind of effect to the voice recording, for example Delay or Flanger. By trying different options for effects, you can achieve a space, surround or unreal sound. Now it remains to switch to Multitrack mode and drag the processed track onto two separate tracks (these will be the right and left stereo channels). Then (using the balancing line) on each channel, you can set an arbitrary shift of the sound to the right and left. That's it - your space jingle is now in stereo!
The musical accompaniment is still lacking for the classic jingle. It will not be difficult to add music as an additional track.
Adobe Audition is a multifunctional tool for creating high-quality sound. With it, you can record your own acapellas and combine them with minuses, apply various effects, trim and insert recordings, and much more.
At first glance, the program seems incredibly complex, due to the presence of various windows with numerous functions. With a little practice, you can easily navigate Adobe Audition. Let's figure out how to use the program and where to start.
I want to note right away that it is unlikely that it will be possible to consider all the functions of the program in one article, so we will analyze the main steps.
How to add a minus sign to create a composition
In order to start our new project, we need background music, in other words "Minus" and the words that call "Acapella".
Launch Adobe Audition. We add our minus. To do this, open the tab "Multitrack" and drag the selected composition to the field "Track1".
Our recording was not placed at the very beginning and when listening to it, silence is heard at first and only after a while we can hear the recording. When saving the project, we will have the same thing that does not suit us. Therefore, using the mouse, we can drag the music track to the beginning of the field.
Now let's listen. For this, there is a special panel at the bottom.
Track Window Settings
If the composition is very quiet or, on the contrary, loud, then we make changes. In the window of each track, there are special settings. Find the volume icon. Move the mouse to the right and left to adjust the sound.
When you double-click on the volume icon, enter numerical values. For instance, "+8.7", will mean increasing the volume, and if you need to make it quieter, then "-8.7"... You can set different values.
The adjacent icon adjusts the stereo balance between the right and left channels. You can move it in the same way as sound.
For convenience, you can change the name of the track. This is especially true if you have a lot of them.
In the same window, we can turn off the sound. While listening, we will see the movement of the slider of this track, but the rest of the tracks will be audible. This function is convenient for editing the sound of individual tracks.
Fade in or increase in volume
When listening to the recording, it may seem that the beginning is too loud, therefore, we have the opportunity to adjust the smooth attenuation of the sound. Or vice versa, amplification, which is used much less often. In order to do this, drag with the mouse over a translucent square in the audio track area. You should have a curve that is best placed smoothly at the beginning so that the build-up is not too rough, although it all depends on the task.
We can do the same at the end.
Trimming and Adding Sections in Audio Tracks
Constantly when working with sound files, you need to cut something off. This can be done by clicking with the mouse on the track area and dragging to the desired place. Then press the key "Del".
In order to insert an excerpt, you need to add a recording to a new track, and then drag and drop it to the desired track.
By default, Adobe Audition has 6 windows for adding a track, but this is not enough when creating complex projects. In order to add the necessary ones, scroll down all the tracks. The last will be the window "Master"... By dragging a composition into it, additional windows appear.
Stretch and shrink track track
With the help of special buttons, the record can be stretched in length or width. This does not change the track playback. This function is designed to edit the smallest parts of the composition so that it sounds more natural.
Adding your own voice
Now we return to the previous area, where we will add "Acapella"... Go to the window "Track2", let's rename it. In order to record your own voice, just press the button "R" and record icon.
Now let's listen to what happened. We hear two songs together. For example, I want to hear what I just recorded. I'm in the red, I press the icon "M" and the sound disappears.
Instead of recording a new track, you can use a previously prepared file and simply drag it to the track window "Track2" how the first composition was added.
Listening to two tracks together, we can notice that one of them drowns out the other. To do this, adjust their volume. We make one louder and listen to what happened. If you don't like it anyway, then in the second one we decrease the volume. This is where you need to experiment.
Often "Acapella" you need to insert not at the beginning, but in the middle of the track, for example, then just drag the passage to the right place.
Saving the project
Now, in order to save all tracks of the project in the format "Mp3", press "Сtr + A"... We have all the tracks highlighted. Push "File-Export-Multitrack Mixdown-Entire Session"... In the window that appears, we need to select the desired format and click "OK".
After saving, the file will be listened to as a whole, with all the effects applied.
Sometimes, we do not need to save all the tracks, but some excerpt. In this case, we select the required segment and go to "File-Export-Multitrack Mixdown-Time Selection".
In order to combine all the tracks into one (mix), go "Multitrack-Mixdown Session to New File-Entire Session", and if only the selected area needs to be merged, then "Multitrack-Mixdown Session to New File-Time Selection".
Many novice users cannot understand the difference between the two. In the case of export, you save the file to your computer, and in the second case, it remains in the program and you continue to work with it.
If the track selection does not work for you, but instead it moves with the cursor, you need to go to "Edit-Tools" and choose there "Time Selection"... After that, the problem will go away.
Applying Effects
Let's try to change the file saved in the last way. Let's add to it Echo Effect... Select the file we need, then go to the menu Effects-Delay and Echo-Echo.
In the window that appears, we see many different settings. You can experiment with them or agree with the standard parameters.
In addition to the standard effects, there are many more useful plugins that can be easily integrated into the program and allow you to expand its functions.
And yet, if you experimented with panels and a work area, which is especially important for beginners, you can return to the original state by going to "Window-Workspace-Reset Classic".
Let's say you have the most ordinary microphone and the most standard sound card, as well as the most ordinary acoustic guitar and ordinary voice. You decided to record yourself, took a guitar, turned on the program, moved to the microphone, recorded, listened and .. After listening to your recording, you most likely heard distracting noises that drown your entire recording, and the recording turned out to be distorted somewhere lousy. In principle, there is nothing to be surprised at, but I will tell you how you can improve your recording a little. For this we need the Adobe Audition program (I will use the CS6 version).
And so we go into the program and see this in front of us
You need to go to the Multitrack tab. Then a plate will pop up (This is if you have the same version as mine CS6) where you need to enter the name of this session, and enter other settings, if you do not know what to enter, click OK.
The tracks will appear in front of you, where the recording will go. In order to select the road on which the recording will go, you need to press the letter R (Indicated in the picture) And to start recording, on the red button below. When you start recording, leave a 2-second silence, then I will explain what it is for.
So you recorded and saw the recording in front of you, click on the recording with the left mouse button 2 times, you will be automatically transferred to another Waveform tab. Now you need to remove unnecessary noise and normalize the sound.
Select that same 2-second silence and right-click, you will see a list, you need to select Capture Noise Print (Capture noise). Next, at the top is the Effects tab and in it Noise Reduction / Restoration and then the Noise Reduction process. A sign will appear in front of you, in which you can remove all unnecessary noise.
If you want to remove noise from the entire recording, click Select entire file, below you need to adjust the noise reduction efficiency, I advise you not to remove it at 100%, because along with the noise, some of your recording will be removed and you will get a distorted sound. Click Apply and voila, the noise is gone))
Next, you need to normalize the recording, go to the Effects tab, then Amplitude and Compression and Normalize process and do it as shown in the picture, click ok.
Now it's much better right?)) But I would have adjusted the equalizer and added a couple of effects, but I'll tell you this next time!
