What is Ubuntu? Ubuntu is one of the Linux flavors and it relies heavily on other developments, since this system is an offshoot of the main program code the Debian project, also popular distribution Linux.
Debian
First appeared in 1993. (Debian is an abbreviation of the names of its developer Ian Murdock and ex-girlfriend Debra Lynn, not supported by any company, but still remains the basis for a dozen others Linux distributions and is available in both desktop and server operating systems.
By the way, now popular, is also one of the Linux variants... And what's nice is that Android can also be installed on regular computer or at . There are many great programs for Android, for example, Titanium Backup Android, as well as many others.
Help: The Debian Project (http://www.debian.org/) is a volunteer organization with over 1000 contributors working on various aspects of the OS
GNU
Both Debian and Ubuntu and most of their components are released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It is a free software license which means that anyone can share the software with others, and derivative programs must be made available under the same terms.
The term GNU is a recursive acronym (the kind of joke so beloved by hackers); it means "GNU is not UNIX". The GNU Project was started in 1984 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Richard Stallman, whose goal was to create a completely open and publicly available operating system. With the release of the Linux kernel in 1992, also released under the GPL, the goal was achieved.
Linux kernel
The Linux kernel is the underlying operating system used by all Linux distributions and is commonly pronounced "Linux". It was created in 1991. About Ubuntu 11 by Finnish software developer Linus Torvalds, who also had his own vision of creating an open operating system.
Because Linux has closed an important hole in the GNU project by providing a working kernel, the entire package is often referred to as GNU / Linux. But most people still call it Linux, which I will do for the rest of the book. Since then, thousands of programmers have worked on the Linux kernel, and even Microsoft has contributed 20,000 lines of code. In fact, so much effort has gone into it that a 2006 study by the European Union estimated the cost of processing a kernel at $ 1 billion.
Tux
You will often see a penguin figurine named Tux used as the Linux logo (Figure 1.2). It was created by Larry Ewing with the help of graphic editor Gimp (GNU Image Manipulation Program) to enter the Linux competition. Oddly enough, the figurine did not win the competition, but has since become the official mascot.
Although I love Linux very much, by the nature of my work I sometimes have to work in Windows (there is special programs which do not work in Linux). ...
Ubuntu is a widely used free operating system Linux. The basis for this OS was made by the famous, due to its stability and high reliability, Debian distribution, which is known even for the large number of programs developed for it.
Operating room Linux system, which we are describing, is quite young, but in a relatively short period of time it spread by leaps and bounds throughout the world and gained frenzied popularity.
Ubuntu can be installed both on Laptops (notebooks), desktops (desktops), and on server systems - special version Ubuntu server.
At the same time, the set of software that is offered by default and can be easily installed through the official repositories is pretty decent and contains many highly specialized programs. With the help of such a set of programs for Linux, you can solve even the most specific problems and do it with greater efficiency than on Windows, although it all depends on the ultimate goal.
A computer with this operating system will always be useful in any business, regardless of its original purpose.
Ubuntu Linux is free to download from the official website of the developer or from ours (link at the bottom of the article), so it can be installed anywhere and in any quantity (the license allows it).
In addition, you can download the latest version of Ubuntu in Russian, which will allow you to always have the latest version of the distribution kit with updated software.
If you don't like the Unity interface, we can recommend download ubuntu mate which has Gnome installed by default, or just install it using the command sudo apt-get install gnome(run in the terminal).
Traditionally, updates are released every six months (new versions of the operating system are released), in which all previously identified deficiencies in security and usability issues are fixed, and the corresponding changes are made to the kernel.
New items, as a rule, are released for desktop computers (desktop version based on graphic skins such as Unity, Gnome, KDE) and servers.
The basic set of Ubuntu software will provide a comfortable environment for working with a PC, and in case of lack of functionality, you can always download and install required packages, configure them at your discretion.
It will take no more than half an hour to install Ubuntu. This procedure will not cause any difficulties, given the extremely simplified installation procedure and the utmost user friendliness. If earlier you had a negative experience of installing Linux on your computer, now even a schoolboy can install this system.
By the way, installing ubuntu from a stick can be easily done thanks to the program.
Ubuntu is technically compatible with other operating systems. GRUB bootloaders and LILO independently determine what other operating systems are installed on the computer, which allows you to specify the desired OS to start when you turn on the PC.
In this article, we will considermain advantages of the Ubuntu operating system , how it will be interesting and useful for newbies in administration, and what disadvantages it has this system in the eyes of users. In particular, consider the Ubuntu 14.04 version, which is now quite popular. In particular there is a large number of operating systems based on LINUX. Which are the most famous? More details in.
The Ubuntu distribution was created with the aim of becoming a convenient and understandable OS (on Linux based) for an ordinary user. Indeed, it is easy to install and configure this OS... In addition, there are a large number of instructions and tips for using the system for beginners on the Web. According to official data, the Ubuntu distribution is used by more than 20 million users. There are 23 versions of Ubuntu in total, Moreover in April 2016 the next release is planned - Ubuntu 16.04 LTS... It should be noted that some of the versions are no longer supported by the developers.
For more easy work operating systems use control panels.
The main Ubuntu distribution features :
- stability of work - the system is often used on highly loaded servers. OS does not require frequent reboots computer, even in cases of updates, installation or removal of programs.
- a secure system that does not require antivirus software... To catch a virus, you need to try very hard if you use Ubuntu distribution.
- free OS- installation takes place in a few clicks, the network is full of versions for free download, no need to enter any keys, can be used on multiple computers at the same time.
- nice and intuitive interface - a large number of free themes and graphic effects, for every taste and color.
- fast and effortless installation - with the advent of new versions, installing Ubuntu becomes easier what attracts inexperienced users... The main software and drivers are installed immediately and almost automatically, as a result you get a ready-to-use OS. In addition, automatic updates are offered.
- and ideal for beginners- all settings and settings are made intuitively. Through a dedicated package managerSynaptic is installing required programs... It has functions for viewing ratings, descriptions and reviews of programs.
- stability is ensured by a huge support team that quickly finds and fixes bugs.
- system predictability - each new release comes out every 6 months, users always have access to fresh versions OS.
- gets along well on the same PC with other operating systems, for example, Windows.
- this version promises a long support period;
- display support function with high resolution- FullHD;
- the presence of two new architectures ARM64 and PowerPC64;
- support for TRIM commands for solid-state drives is present by default;
- optimized NVIDIA technology Optimus;
- Linux 3.13 kernel with Deadline I / O scheduler;
- included in the set Python libraries 3.4;
- using Oxide, you can launch an application directly from the desktop;
- LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird are qualitatively updated.
You can download the ISO image completely free of charge and legally on the official developer's website. In addition, the distribution of this OS by any means is also legal. During the installation process, Ubuntu drivers are installed in automatic mode additional applications ... For instance, Firefox browser with Thunderbird mailer, Rhythmbox audio player and Totem video player, Transmission torrent client, full version LibreOffice. For initial work these applications will be sufficient.
Disadvantages of Ubuntu :
If you use specific software, its counterpart may not be available in Ubuntu and it will not be possible to completely abandon Windows. But don't forget about the emulator.Wine, which allows you to run inUbuntu software from Windows. For fans of gambling, Ubuntu will seem not so high quality in comparison with Windows, since the number of games for it is much less and their quality makes much to be desired, but even here the developers are our way out - an emulatorPlayOnLinux allows you to run onUbuntu games that are developed for Windows. However, this OS, like everyone else, has its drawbacks, but only the user can decide whether they are significant for him or not.
Often our users ask what to choose Ubuntu or Debian. The answer to this question and the analysis of operating systems in. You may also be interested in the topic ““.
In conclusion, if you are in doubt whether to choose Ubuntu for work, let us note the main advantages of the Ubuntu distribution, which attracts its users. First of all, this is a free system, which is still used for PCs, but may soon migrate to smartphones / tablets. Secondly, great amount applications and drivers that simplify initial setup PC for the user. And finally, an important aspect - Ubuntu security, that is, protection against viruses compared to Windows. By installing Ubuntu on your server, you will immediately get what you need - a working machine.
Company Hyper Host ™ offers for its users and with an installed OS Ubuntu 14.04 in this way, users will be able to take full advantage of all the benefits current version systems.
Besides Ubuntu you can use other OS to run on the server. Read about how to choose an operating system depending on your tasks.
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V Lately For myself, I divide Linux distributions into two categories - commercial and developed by ordinary users. As practice shows, most distributions created by users and communities, except for Debian, are less stable than commercial systems.
Despite the fact that such systems are completely free for ordinary users, they get updates more often, and have fewer bugs. This is understandable, developers are people too and they cannot keep track of everything. In our today's article, we will do Ubuntu overview- a distribution kit developed by Canonical.
Canonical's Ubuntu operating system is a relatively young player in the commercial space among Linux distributions. Its first release was in 2004, while two other commercial distributions, SUSE and Red Hat, were released in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In its short life, Ubuntu has gone through a lot of controversy, detractors and supporters, has undergone enough changes and has brought a lot of benefits to the open source community.
One of the main differences between Ubuntu and REHL / OpenSUSE is that the former has focused on personal computer users from the outset. Red Hat and SUSE initially didn’t put much emphasis on the desktop version, but Canonical didn’t. The company has focused on personal computers from the very beginning.
Ubuntu is based on Debian, and it is the number one distribution in terms of community size and impact on the entire free software ecosystem. Several times supported here large quantity packages than any other distribution, and the most distributions are based on it. Its largest descendants Ubuntu and Knoppix have dozens of their successors. Debian is a great foundation with its stable package base.
The beginning of the Ubuntu history
Mark Shuttleworth founded Canonical and Ubuntu with his $ 10 million. The name of the distribution is taken from the Nguni language, it is difficult to translate it literally, but Ubuntu means the following: we are all connected and human to others, because each of us is everything. Mark offered some pretty radical concepts for the Linux world, which was then very different from what we have now.
Then the developers tried to make a system with an ideal codebase, but at that time the system was very much sharpened for certain people, and unfriendly to newbies. According to researchers in 2006, 98.5% of the free software community were men, while in the proprietary software world, 28% were women. What is the reason? Hostile environment. The developers focused on the code, this environment was hostile to those who could not develop the necessary skills on their own.
Ubuntu started to move in a very different direction. Community is paramount here. Ubuntu brought the idea of community advantage over the beauty of code to the free software world and thus attracted a new generation of users and developers interested in Linux. Rules of conduct and communication were introduced, which indicated that one must treat each other with courtesy and respect. Of course, there are still some shortcomings in this regard, but the Ubuntu community is working on it.
Way to success
Ubuntu has revolutionized the world of Linux distributions for personal computers... Developers took Debian Linux and gave him a comfortable graphical interface... Many have tried to do the same before, it was Libranet, Corel, Lindows, but only Ubuntu became the first and remained alive. It has been number one in the Distrowatch ranking for several years now and has always been in the top five. So why did Ubuntu succeed?
- Very easy installation... It is enough to answer a few questions from the installer and through certain time you will have a new system ready to work;
- Free disks with Ubuntu. You could order free Ubuntu installation discs using Canonical's Shipit, and copy and distribute them. In 2011 the program was completed, but for the first time in years it had a great effect;
- LiveCD support in Ubuntu. LiveCD / DVDs have been around for a long time, such as Yggdrasil Linux, SuperRescue CD Peter Anvin, and Knoppix. But it was within the framework of the Ubuntu project that the first LiveCD system was implemented, which worked well and beautifully.
- Mark Shuttleworth and Jono Bacon are Ubuntu Community Managers. In the early years, mentions of these people and Ubuntu were everywhere. They were the pioneers of Ubuntu and they were very good at it.
Distinctive features of Ubuntu
The Ubuntu distribution now supports everything required services what corporate users may need: servers, clouds, containers, microservices, IoT, certified hardware, management tools, commercial paid support from Canonical, training, partnerships.
The Ubuntu distribution itself has several editions for various devices - desktop computer, server, as well as editions with different desktop environments. Here are the official editions:
- Edubuntu - Ubuntu for Education
- Ubuntu GNOME - Ubuntu with GNOME
- Kubuntu - Ubuntu with KDE environment;
- Ubuntu Kylin - Ubuntu localized for China
- Lubuntu - Ubuntu that uses LXDE
- Mythbuntu - Designed to Create home theater from MythTV;
- Ubuntu Studio - Designed to work with multimedia;
- Xubuntu - Ubuntu with XFCE desktop environment;
- Ubuntu MATE - Ubuntu with MATE desktop environment.
Each edition has its own website and community. By default, Ubuntu comes with the Unity desktop environment. It is a beautiful frontend for Gnome that was designed specifically for Ubuntu by Canonical. Her main feature in the minimum number of settings, and beautiful appearance default. Here the menu of all applications is located in top panel so as not to take up extra space, and on the left side of the screen there is an application launcher and a button to call the Dash menu:
But you do not need to use this particular environment, you can choose one of the available ones, simply by installing another package for the desired environment, for example, kubuntu-desktop or xubuntu-desktop. In addition to Unity, Canonical develops other software for Ubuntu, such as Apport bug reporting system, universal snap packages, development environment mobile applications and much more.
Red Hat and OpenSUSE have always made a big difference between their commercial distributions and their free versions Fedora and OpenSUSE. Ubuntu does not, there is no commercial and free version... There are only different support periods for regular and long-term releases.
Another feature of Ubuntu is that it is a very easy-to-use distribution. You can just download and use it, there is no trial periods, no registration required. Server, Desktop, Ubuntu Core, Raspberry Pi editions are all just a click away.
Support
Besides paid support, you can get support from the community, the distribution kit has a lot of users of various levels of knowledge, you can even say that the most large community among other Linux distributions. You can find a very large number of resources on the net where you can get help.
Paid support from Canonical fits the model get the software for free and pay only for support. Support price is the lowest of all other distributions.
Release cycles and support timelines
Ubuntu comes in two formats, regular and LTS with a long support life - LTS. Releases since long term support, receive updates for five years. Regular releases are supported for nine months. Releases come out every six months. Moreover, every fourth release is considered LTS and has a long support period. When support ends, updates, and even security fixes, are no longer available. With each new release, the distribution includes the newest versions of the software, but after the release you will receive only security updates.
conclusions
Our great overview Ubuntu has come to a close. We did not dwell on specific aspects user interface or software, which is the same everywhere. More attention was focused on the commercial side of Ubuntu, its history and path to success, as well as the features of this distribution. Are you using Ubuntu on your computer? Why this particular system? Write in the comments!
Hello to all Trashbox users! Today is my last day off and I would like to celebrate it with an article on Ubuntu. I will write in it what it is, what it was based on, how many years the Ubuntu versions have been serviced, etc. Are you interested? Then I ask under the cut!
Ubuntu is a kind of operating system that is based on Linux kernel... Its first release was scheduled for October 2004. The company behind the development and enhancement of Ubuntu is Canonical. According to some assurances, this operating system is installed by about 20 million users. The popularity of the Ubuntu operating system is growing rapidly.
Some people know that source codes Ubuntu is open source, allowing you to explore and improve the system yourself. Latest version Ubuntu - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, which was released on April 17th.
Briefly about the creation and history of Ubuntu
Ubuntu was originally designed to be a temporary fork of Debian. The update would be released every six months, i.e. 6 months. Ubuntu was different in that it was identical to Debian, unlike other fork. And this allowed it to bear the name "Better Fork Debian". But, Ubuntu developers created packages based on the unstable package groups of the same Debian. And in this it deviated from Debian, even though the packages were compatible. And then Jan Murduk, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu and it became an operating system in its own right. Today, Ubuntu is run by Mark Shuttleworth.
The languages supported by Ubuntu are as follows:
What is Ubuntu Netbook Edition?
Ubuntu Netbook Edition is Ubuntu version, which has been adapted for the interface of netbooks. But this version never saw the light of day, since Ubuntu 10.10 was based on Unity as well as Ubuntu Netbook Edition, the company decided to combine these two versions into one.
Installing Ubuntu
Installing Ubuntu elementary, Watson! But as always, there are those who do not understand this. And this instruction is written especially for them. What do you need to start with? We need either installation disc with Ubuntu, or the installation file downloaded from the official site.
P.S. If you downloaded setup file, then you need to write it down ISO image to disk.
Let's start the installation from disk. We insert it into the drive and see the following:
A window with 2 shortcuts, we need "Install Ubuntu 10.04 LTS". Click on it and see the following window, asking you to choose a language:
Choose a language and click "Forward". After that, we will need to choose your location so that it is convenient to follow you:
These steps are needed to set the time. Select "Region", "Time Zone" and click "Forward". Next, we will be asked to customize the keyboard layout:
After setting up the keyboard layout, click "Forward". What's next for us? They say this is the most interesting! We need to specify the address where we want to locate Ubuntu itself. We will choose the 3rd item as we are power users.
It shows sections of your hard disk... Before installation, it was necessary to select in advance the section in which we will "enter" the operating room Ubuntu system... You could select any of them, but we take sda5 and double-click LMB on this section. After, we see such a window:
We select everything as in the screenshot. If you have a question about "/", then I want to explain - this is the root file system in Ubuntu. Because i want to do it, sda5, system partition then you need to put a "/" in the "Mount point". Click "Ok" and move on.
After that, we must go to custom settings... you can choose any section, and we will choose "sda7". We do everything as on the screen and click "Ok". Everything is the same as in the previous section of the instructions, only you need to write the word "Home" next to "/". Next we go:
After that we change next section"Sda1". And don't forget to use it like "ntfs"! And also uncheck the box "Format section". Click "Ok". Do not forget to specify in the "Mount point" item not just "/ media", but "/ media / windows", or "/ media / data".
We should have a setup like this. Don't forget to leave "swap" as it is! After that, click on the "Forward" button and see the initial settings, in which we need to specify the username, password (optional), etc. I will not add a screen. After initial settings we will need to go directly to the installation itself, click "Install" and wait for the installation.
Do not forget! The installation cannot be canceled after it has started! In general, the download should succeed if you've done everything right. But, by the end, the system will ask you to connect to the Internet to download additional files: 
If you do not want this, you can click on the "Skip" button, or turn off the Internet. After installation you will be asked to either "Continue acquaintance" or "Restart":
This completes the installation, dear friends.
Now let's move on to the Ubuntu versions!
- The first released version of Ubuntu is the Vigilant Warthog. Version - 4.10. Release Date - October 20, 2004
- The Gray Hedgehog has come to replace the Warthog! Version - 5.04. Release Date - April 8, 2005
- The gray-haired Hedgehog has been renewed and has become a Cheerful Badger! Version - 5.10. Release Date - October 13, 2005
- He was replaced by a terrible creature - the Sharp-witted Drake. Versions - 6.06 LTS (June 1, 2006), 6.06.1 (August 10, 2006), 6.06.2 (January 21, 2008)
- Hasty Triton came, killed Selesenya and became a savior forever =). Just a joke. Version - 6.10. Release Date - October 26, 2006
- After Hasty Newt, the Courageous Fawn replaced him. Version - 7.04. Release Date - April 19, 2007
- The brave Fawn is probably tired, the developers thought, and released a lot of brave Heroic Gibbon! Version - 7.10. Release Date - October 18, 2007
- Gibbon was replaced by ... a heron. Yes, yes, namely, the Tenacious Heron. Versions - 8.04 LTS (April 24, 2008), 8.04.1 (July 3, 2008), 8.04.2 (January 22, 2009), 8.04.3 (June 16, 2009), 8.04.4 (January 28, 2010)
- After the Heron, Hot Capricorn came to us. Version - 8.10. The release date is October 30, 2008.
- Capricorn soon died, and was replaced by the Perky Harelop. Version - 9.04. The release date is April 23, 2009.
- After Harelop came the Karmic Koala. Version - 9.10. The release date is October 29, 2009.
- Koala left, Bright Lynx came. Versions - 10.04 LTS (April 29, 2010), 10.04.01 (17 August 2010), 10.04.2 (18 February 2011), 10.04.03 (20 July 2011), 10.04.04 (16 February 2012)
- The Bright Lynx was replaced by the Migrating Mongoose. Version - 10.10. The release date is October 10, 2010.
- After Mongoose, Dressed Narwhal came to us. Version - 11.04. Release Date - April 28, 2011
- Next version Ubuntu has been named “Dreamy Ocelot. Version 11.10. Release Date - October 13, 2011
- Pedantic Pangolin has got many versions. Versions - 12.04 LTS (26 Apr 2012), 12.04.1 (24 Aug 2012), 12.04.2 (14 Feb 2013), 12.04.3 (23 Aug 2013), 12.04.4 (6 Feb 2014) 04/12/5 (7 Aug 2014)
- After Pangolin, the Quantum Kwezal came to us. Version - 12.10. The release date is October 18, 2012.
- After Quasal, the developers released the Impatient Kakomitsli. Version - 13.04. The release date is April 25, 2013.
- Kakomitsli was replaced by the Daring Salamander. Version - 13.10. The release date is October 17, 2013.
- AND Current version- Reliable Tar. Version - 14.04 LTS (17 April 2014)
- And as the developers promise, after Tara, the Utopian Unicorn should appear to us. Version - 14.10. The release date is October 16, 2014.
