Receiving private data does not always mean hacking - sometimes it is published in public access. Knowledge Google settings and a little ingenuity will allow you to find a lot of interesting things - from credit card numbers to FBI documents.
WARNING
All information is provided for informational purposes only. Neither the editor nor the author is responsible for any possible harm caused by the materials of this article.Everything is connected to the Internet today, caring little about restricting access. Therefore, many private data become the prey of search engines. Spider robots are no longer limited to web pages, but index all content available on the Web and constantly add confidential information to their databases. Learning these secrets is easy - you just need to know how to ask about them.
Looking for files
In skillful the hands of Google quickly find everything that is bad on the Web - for example, personal information and files for official use. They are often hidden like a key under a rug: there are no real access restrictions, the data just lies in the back of the site, where links do not lead. Google's standard web interface only provides basic settings advanced search, but even those will suffice.
There are two operators you can use to restrict Google searches to files of a certain type: filetype and ext . The first sets the format that the search engine determined by the file header, the second - the file extension, regardless of its internal content. When searching in both cases, you need to specify only the extension. Initially, the ext operator was convenient to use in cases where there were no specific format characteristics for the file (for example, to search for ini and cfg configuration files, inside of which anything can be). Now Google's algorithms have changed, and there is no visible difference between the operators - the results are the same in most cases.
Filtering the output
By default, Google searches for words and in general for any characters entered in all files on indexed pages. You can limit the search scope by domain top level, a specific site or the location of the desired sequence in the files themselves. For the first two options, the site statement is used, followed by the name of the domain or the selected site. In the third case, a whole set of operators allows you to search for information in service fields and metadata. For example, allinurl will find the specified in the body of the links themselves, allinanchor - in the text provided with the tag , allintitle - in the page headers, allintext - in the body of the pages.
For each operator there is a lighter version with a shorter name (without the prefix all). The difference is that allinurl will find links with all words, while inurl will only find links with the first of them. The second and subsequent words from the query can appear anywhere on web pages. The inurl operator also differs from another similar in meaning - site . The first one also allows you to find any sequence of characters in the link to the desired document (for example, /cgi-bin/), which is widely used to find components with known vulnerabilities.
Let's try it in practice. We take the allintext filter and make the query return a list of credit card numbers and verification codes, which will expire only after two years (or when their owners get tired of feeding everyone in a row).
Allintext: card number expiration date /2017 cvv 
When you read on the news that a young hacker "hacked into the servers" of the Pentagon or NASA, stealing classified information, then in most cases it is precisely this elementary technique of using Google. Suppose we are interested in a list of NASA employees and their contact details. Surely such a list is in electronic form. For convenience or due to an oversight, it can also be located on the organization's website itself. It is logical that in this case there will be no references to it, since it is intended for internal use. What words can be in such a file? At least - the field "address". It is easy to test all these assumptions.
inurl:nasa.gov filetype:xlsx "address"
We use bureaucracy
Such finds are a pleasant trifle. The really solid catch comes from a more detailed knowledge of Google Webmaster Operators, the Web itself, and the structure of what you're looking for. Knowing the details, you can easily filter the output and refine the properties of the files you need in order to get really valuable data in the rest. It's funny that bureaucracy comes to the rescue here. It produces typical formulations, according to which it is convenient to search for secret information accidentally leaked onto the Web.
For example, the Distribution statement, which is mandatory in the office of the US Department of Defense, means standardized restrictions on the distribution of a document. The letter A marks public releases in which there is nothing secret; B - intended for internal use only, C - strictly confidential, and so on up to F. Separately, there is the letter X, which marks especially valuable information that represents a state secret of the highest level. Let those who are supposed to do it on duty look for such documents, and we will limit ourselves to files with the letter C. According to DoDI 5230.24, such marking is assigned to documents containing a description of critical technologies that fall under export control. You can find such carefully guarded information on sites in the .mil top-level domain allocated to the US Army.
"DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C" inurl:navy.mil 
It is very convenient that only sites from the US Department of Defense and its contract organizations are collected in the .mil domain. Domain-limited search results are exceptionally clean, and the titles speak for themselves. It is practically useless to search for Russian secrets in this way: chaos reigns in the .ru and .rf domains, and the names of many weapons systems sound like botanical (PP "Kiparis", self-propelled guns "Acacia") or even fabulous (TOS "Pinocchio").
By carefully examining any document from a site in the .mil domain, you can see other markers to refine your search. For example, a reference to the export restrictions "Sec 2751", which is also convenient to search for interesting technical information. From time to time, it is removed from official sites, where it once appeared, so if you can’t follow an interesting link in the search results, use the Google cache (cache operator) or the Internet Archive website.
We climb into the clouds
In addition to accidentally declassified documents from government departments, links to personal files from Dropbox and other data storage services that create "private" links to publicly published data occasionally pop up in the Google cache. It's even worse with alternative and self-made services. For example, the following query finds the data of all Verizon clients that have an FTP server installed and actively using a router on their router.
Allinurl:ftp://verizon.net
There are now more than forty thousand such smart people, and in the spring of 2015 there were an order of magnitude more. Instead of Verizon.net, you can substitute the name of any well-known provider, and the more famous it is, the larger the catch can be. Through the built-in FTP server, you can see files on an external drive connected to the router. Usually this is a NAS for remote work, a personal cloud, or some kind of peer-to-peer file download. All the content of such media is indexed by Google and other search engines, so you can access files stored on external drives via a direct link.
Peeping configs
Before the wholesale migration to the clouds, simple FTP servers, which also lacked vulnerabilities, ruled as remote storages. Many of them are still relevant today. For example, the popular WS_FTP Professional program stores configuration data, user accounts, and passwords in the ws_ftp.ini file. It is easy to find and read because all entries are stored in plain text and passwords are encrypted using the Triple DES algorithm with minimal obfuscation. In most versions, simply discarding the first byte is sufficient.
Decrypting such passwords is easy using the WS_FTP Password Decryptor utility or a free web service.
When talking about hacking an arbitrary site, they usually mean getting a password from logs and backups of CMS configuration files or applications for ecommerce. If you know their typical structure, you can easily indicate keywords. Lines like those found in ws_ftp.ini are extremely common. For example, Drupal and PrestaShop always have a user ID (UID) and a corresponding password (pwd), and all information is stored in files with the .inc extension. You can search for them like this:
"pwd=" "UID=" ext:inc
We reveal passwords from the DBMS
In the configuration files of SQL servers, names and addresses Email users are stored in open form, and instead of passwords, their MD5 hashes are written. Decrypting them, strictly speaking, is impossible, but you can find a match among known hash-password pairs.
Until now, there are DBMSs that do not even use password hashing. The configuration files of any of them can simply be viewed in the browser.
Intext:DB_PASSWORD filetype:env
With the advent of Windows servers the place of configuration files was partly occupied by the registry. You can search through its branches in exactly the same way, using reg as the file type. For example, like this:
Filetype:reg HKEY_CURRENT_USER "Password"=
Don't Forget the Obvious
sometimes get to classified information succeeds with the help of accidentally opened and caught in the field of view google data. The ideal option is to find a list of passwords in some common format. Store account information in text file, Word document or electronic Excel spreadsheet Only desperate people can, but there are always enough of them.
Filetype:xls inurl:password
On the one hand, there are many means to prevent such incidents. It is necessary to specify adequate access rights in htaccess, patch CMS, do not use left scripts and close other holes. There is also a file with a robots.txt exclusion list, which prohibits search engines from indexing the files and directories specified in it. On the other hand, if the robots.txt structure on some server differs from the standard one, then it immediately becomes clear what they are trying to hide on it.
The list of directories and files on any site is preceded by the standard inscription index of. Since it must appear in the title for service purposes, it makes sense to limit its search to the intitle operator. Interesting stuff can be found in the /admin/, /personal/, /etc/ and even /secret/ directories.
Follow the updates
Relevance is extremely important here: old vulnerabilities are closed very slowly, but Google and its search results are constantly changing. There is even a difference between the "last second" filter (&tbs=qdr:s at the end of the request url) and the "real time" filter (&tbs=qdr:1).
Date timespan latest update Google's file is also indicated implicitly. Through the graphical web interface, you can select one of the typical periods (hour, day, week, and so on) or set a date range, but this method is not suitable for automation.
From the appearance of the address bar, one can only guess about a way to limit the output of results using the &tbs=qdr: construct. The letter y after it sets the limit of one year (&tbs=qdr:y), m shows the results for the last month, w - for the week, d - for the past day, h - for last hour, n is per minute and s is per second. The most recent results just made known to Google are found using the &tbs=qdr:1 filter.
If you need to write a tricky script, it will be useful to know that the date range is set in Google in Julian format through the daterange operator. For example, this is how you can find a list of PDF documents with the word confidential uploaded between January 1st and July 1st, 2015.
Confidential filetype:pdf daterange:2457024-2457205
The range is specified in Julian date format without decimals. It is inconvenient to translate them manually from the Gregorian calendar. It's easier to use a date converter.
Targeting and filtering again
In addition to specifying additional operators in the search query, they can be sent directly in the link body. For example, the filetype:pdf trait corresponds to the as_filetype=pdf construct. Thus, it is convenient to set any clarifications. Let's say that the output of results only from the Republic of Honduras is set by adding the construction cr=countryHN to the search URL, but only from the city of Bobruisk - gcs=Bobruisk . See the developer section for a complete list of .
Google's automation tools are designed to make life easier, but often add to the hassle. For example, a user's city is determined by the user's IP through WHOIS. Based on this information, Google not only balances the load between servers, but also changes the search results. Depending on the region, for the same query, different results will get to the first page, and some of them may turn out to be completely hidden. Feel like a cosmopolitan and search for information from any country will help its two-letter code after the directive gl=country . For example, the code for the Netherlands is NL, while the Vatican and North Korea do not have their own code in Google.
Often search results are littered even after using a few advanced filters. In this case, it is easy to refine the query by adding a few exception words to it (each of them is preceded by a minus sign). For example, banking , names , and tutorial are often used with the word Personal. Therefore, cleaner search results will show not a textbook example of a query, but a refined one:
Intitle:"Index of /Personal/" -names -tutorial -banking
Last Example
A sophisticated hacker is distinguished by the fact that he provides himself with everything he needs on his own. For example, a VPN is a convenient thing, but either expensive or temporary and with restrictions. Signing up for yourself alone is too expensive. It's good that there are group subscriptions, and with the help of Google it's easy to become part of a group. To do this, just find the Cisco VPN configuration file, which has a rather non-standard PCF extension and a recognizable path: Program Files\Cisco Systems\VPN Client\Profiles . One request, and you join, for example, the friendly staff of the University of Bonn.
Filetype:pcf vpn OR Group
INFO
Google finds configuration files with passwords, but many of them are encrypted or replaced with hashes. If you see strings of a fixed length, then immediately look for a decryption service.The passwords are stored in encrypted form, but Maurice Massard has already written a program to decrypt them and provides it for free through thecampusgeeks.com.
Hundreds done with Google different types attacks and penetration tests. There are many options for popular programs, major database formats, numerous vulnerabilities in PHP, clouds, and so on. Knowing exactly what you're looking for makes it much easier to get the information you need (especially the information you didn't intend to make public). No Shodan single nourishes interesting ideas, but any database of indexed network resources!
Competitiveness and the desire to determine the best is inherent in human nature. Many publications and individual experts are involved in compiling wine ratings.
The authoritative magazine Wine Spectator compiles an annual TOP100 list on a 100-point scale, where Great Classic wines are assigned scores from 96 to 100, and outstanding wines from 90 to 95. Tasters also qualify average (75-79), good (80-84) and very good (85-89) wines. Wines with a score below 75 points are not recommended.
Thus, the total score consists of the following individual scores. Note. Since each producer is able to produce wine with a radiant appearance through the use of beauties and filters, we place little value on visual impact.
Wines that do not reach 80 points are also described, accurately rated and play a role in the classification of the winery, but they are not published. There are now differing opinions as to how strictly this system should be interpreted. Thus, for most users of this scheme, a creeping shift in point labels is observed over several years, which leads to unnatural compression of the system.
The Wine Spectator's 100 Best Wines is the benchmark against which everyone else is measured. The circulation of the issue publishing the final annual rating is three million copies!
The famous "American Frenchman" Robert Parker leads the team of tasters of the magazine's influential wine rating The Wine Advocate with over 50,000 subscribers worldwide. Wine Advocate's wine rating rates excellent wines from 96 to 100, outstanding wines from 90 to 95, and very good wines from 80 to 89. Wines below 80 points are considered average.
Keep this in mind when reading and using our guide as it is important to understand reviews. Each wine is described in detail and gives a prediction of the best possible drinking period. This data does not correspond to clear information about the shelf life, but simply provides information on the period during which the wine is most likely to be presented during normal storage. A year is always an expectation that the wine will present itself in good shape, according to at least, until the end of the year. Many wines remain in good shape well beyond this date, but we do not expect them to continue to develop positively.
100-point scale adhere to the wine ratings of the American magazine Wine Enthusiast, Austrian edition Falstaff Magazine, British Decanter Magazine, spanish La Guia Penin, international wine guide Stephen Tanzer International Wine Cellars, as well as a monthly guide to French wines La Revue du Vin de France.
Italian wine guide Vini d'Italia designates the best wines with a “three glasses” pattern, and the Gault & Millau French restaurant guide assigns 20 points out of a maximum of twenty to the most deserving wines.
Particularly rigorous application of the 100-point system
Even with great experience, this data is always evaluated. At this stage, we experience positive and negative surprises again and again, especially since development depends on the appropriate storage conditions. Understanding this enables us to make even more precise statements in the future as an ideal period for the best enjoyment. Producer classification is based on representative wine ratings that the winery has achieved over the long term. It gives the reader at a glance reliable information about the quality of the respective manufacturer.
A personal 20-point scale was developed by the annual European Vinum Magazine. Readers of France, Spain, Germany and Switzerland know that according to Vinum Magazin, a score of 20 corresponds to an unsurpassed wine, and with a score of 14 the wine will be quite interesting.
Duemilavini(the rating of the Italian Sommelier Association) evaluates all wines according to a five-point system, similar to a school one, with the only difference being that outstanding wines are considered “excellent”, “good” correspond to excellent wines, and “triples” and “twos” are fairly good wines.
The classification is based on many years of experience that our taste team has made with the company's wines, under the strict conditions that apply to winemaking. For this purpose, each classifier must have a sufficient number of wines from recent years. Companies marked in this way are regularly invited to send their wines.
Wine tasting and entry to the wine guide are mostly free. The classification of producers is constantly being revised in accordance with the presented and selected wines. At the same time, we have a little more time with gradations than with ascents. Already in his teens, he began to intensively deal with the topic of wine, after the opportunity to try some old Rieslings from a friend's wine cellar in the late 1980s, he awakened his passion for German wine. In the following decades, he was able to gain in-depth knowledge of the world of wine through his travels and numerous tastings.
Popular wine critics style own lists the best wines. South Korean wine critic Jeannie Cho Lee accepts perfect wine for 100 points. French tasters Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve adhere to the 20-point scale.
Readers of "Financial Time" s are well aware of Jancis Robinson's weekly 20-point column ( Jancis Robinson), in which exceptional wines are awarded 20 points, while Great wines are awarded one point lower.
Kim Schreiber was born in Nuremberg and grew up in Middle Franconian Ekcaliente-Jeschenau. Lucy Meltzer, the love of wine was placed in the cradle. Being half-French, she almost immediately succumbed to herbs and mother's milk, and therefore it was not so far from wine. She has trained her in renowned restaurants, from Zanzibar in Sylt to Stangewirth in Kitzbühel, on many wine tours and tastings. It is therefore logical that Lucy's passion for this subject led her to wine plus.
Parker is the most influential critic in the world. His judgment drives the prices of the most expensive wines. Now he's selling parts of his company and passing on the editor-in-chief - the world of wine is terrible. The wines were insured for € 000. They were taken in a secret van to the south of Spain, straight from the cellar of a picker from North Rhine-Westphalia. Some of the wines were from the sixties, others even from the 40s, the star of the evening came from the year. In part they bought collectors when they entered the market, at high but not exorbitant prices, in part less than 100 marks.
Not only professional tasters undertake to make lists of the best wines. Each amateur wine lover can leave his opinion in the Cellar Tracker web base, the wine rating of which is made up of thousands of reviews from ordinary Internet users. On this resource, exceptional wines are rated from 98 to 100 points, and it is strongly recommended to refrain from buying wines below 60 points.
That the wine is of high quality, the producers already knew when filling; that it will someday be a rare treasure. He gave this wine 100 out of 100 points. If winemakers fill up their wines in the coming years, they will no longer be able to rely on them to get help from West Coast Americans. Parker explained last week that he would retire from the daily business and sell most of his publication. What the new gentlemen do with their shares is uncertain. Of course, the wine world will never be the same again.
Parker points are the most important currency in the wine industry, Parkers' influence on the wine market is huge. It has been described as "Zero million dollars". Colleague Jancis Robinson described him as "the world's most experienced and trustworthy taster". French President Jacques Chirac praised him as "the world's most famous and influential wine critic of French wines".
Like-minded team
The world's most popular wine magazine Wine Spectators was founded in 1976 in San Diego by retired naval officer Robert Morrisey.
The first 12-page issue of the magazine was released on cheap paper and looked like an April Fool's joke, but the information contained inside turned out to be relevant and interesting to many readers.
Lawyer Parker saw himself as a consumer lawyer who offered to help his readers with their wine purchases. The printed version of the newsletter, published six times a year, currently has about 10,000 buyers worldwide. That's a relatively small number of actual readers compared to the impact his scores have in industry circles. Even the most prestigious critics don't influence prices, says Würtz. And it changed the price.
A wine with 99 Parker glasses can double its selling price in one night. American wine critic Robert Parker spoke on video last Friday. However, it does not exceed them. The Parker revaluation of wines was expected in the market with great uncertainty. It is true that some wines have not always been able to meet the highest expectations that have been set for them.
Three years later, the magazine was bought by the publisher Marvin R. Shanken, who has been the permanent owner and editor-in-chief of Wine Spectator for more than three decades.
The most famous wine critics collaborate with the Wine Spectator magazine. Its authors are the most significant figures in the eno-world.
One of the most significant figures of the Wine Spectator is James Suckling, the magazine's leading expert. Suckling began working with the magazine in 1981, and seven years later he became the head of its European bureau. His long experience as a taster is combined with the knowledge of a winemaker and the talent of a writer. James Suckling, together with the head of the magazine, Marvin Schenken, founded a side project about Cigar Aficionado tobacco. Suckling devoted 30 years of his life to Wine Spectator magazine and left it with a secret desire to start making his own wine.
Two unknown boutique wineries with perfect class
Leading up to the release, there were rumors that Parker would only lift nine wines in the 100-point rating at the new tasting. At the initial stage of the tasting, there were ten wines that were considered potential candidates for 100 points. Both produce only a few thousand bottles.
Both were initially markedly lower. Five potential high-ranking Chateaus: Mouton-Rothschild, Lafite-Rothschild, L "Eglise Clinet, La Mis-Hout-Brion and, surprisingly, Auson. An amazing result. Quickly answer the question: the market. This corresponds to the price before publication in the form of 100- point wine.
The oldest contributor to the magazine, Harvey Steiman, delights everyone with his vivid epithets and eloquent descriptions of wine. In 1993, at a tasting in Los Angeles, he characterized the wine as follows: "it is a balancing of an abundance of sweetness and aroma on the razor blade of elegance."
Over time, the Wine Spectator team has become a close-knit union of like-minded people who are in love with wine and who want to cultivate good taste in the widest possible public.
The opinions of different reviewers about the same wine are mostly different. Therefore, it is important to use many different sources. Robert Parker is the most influential wine critic in the world. The prices of Bordeaux and other wines rise and fall because of its valuation. He ceded all territories except Bordeaux to other appraisers. This raises the question of what scale will serve worldwide to evaluate wine in the future. Most wine drinkers don't have time to form an opinion about the wines of the world. The 100 point scale is fully established and will continue to be needed.
As in the film industry, in sports and in the creditworthiness of banks or countries, everything is so valued and classified that even less direct involvement can paint a rough picture. The fact that the quality of the grapes, and therefore the wine, is subject to vintage fluctuations, is most aware of this fact. A combination of rain, hail, frost, storms and irregular weather at harvest time resulted in ripeness and disease problems in the grapes. This does not mean that bad wines await us. Today the vines and the cellar are much more elaborate, and really bad wines are almost never found.
Wine Spectator magazine has established an award for restaurateurs for the best wine list. The first Grand Award is awarded for a wide range of wines with more than one and a half thousand names!
In 1996, a year after the editorial office moved to San Francisco, the personal website winespectator.com was launched.
The magazine received official recognition in 2008, when the American luxury information and research center Luxury Institute declared Wine Spectator the best lifestyle publication.
Also, the less well-rated classes have a good side. First, we only allow middle years to evaluate the quality of top-level courses. Secondly, wines from cool varieties with high acidity and lean body are excellent drinking companions. Thirdly, in regions like Bordeaux, Burgundy or Tuscany, where the quality of a vintage directly affects the price of the best wines, less exultant vintages can be hunted in deals.
Nevertheless, the evaluation with "Parker points" remains very important. Wines from all over the world are judged using a 100-point scale, with a maximum of 100 Parker points. With 100 points, the wine is considered as perfect as the wine of the century and is worth almost every price.
Today, the Wine Spectator Scholarship Fund, with a budget of approximately US$11 million, supports professional education in wine and gastronomy.
TOP 100
On the pages of the Wine Spectator magazine you can find all the news of the world of winemaking, in each issue you can read hundreds of reviews of the best wines from all over the world, but the main merit of Wine Spectator must be recognized as the most popular TOP-100 rating.
American wine critic James Soling became known as the editor-in-chief of The Wine Spectator. He is considered one of the most influential wine critics. The evaluation of wines is based on an internationally recognized 100-point scale. She has written numerous wine books such as The Oxford Winemaker and The Master of Wine. Score 20 points.
Wines from 16 points "stand out from the crowd", with 17 points "excellent", with 18 points "somewhat more than excellent", with 19 points " big class”, with 20 points “very special”. Expovina is the most important test of the international wine offer on the Swiss market.
The Wine Spectator held its first wine tasting in 1980, but it wasn't until eight years after that event that the first annual list of wines "the best hundred wines of 1988" was compiled. With the beginning of the annual publications of Wine Spectator Top-100, the already high interest in the magazine has increased many times over.
The TOP-100 wine rating is formed on the basis of expert assessments of professionals, each of whom is a specialist in a particular wine-making area. Wine samples are purchased in American retail chains, purchased from manufacturers and their intermediaries.
The jury awards the "Big Gold", "Gold" and "Silver" awards. Decanter is one of the most important wine magazines. Originally from England, The Decanter is now read in more than ninety countries, with more than half of its readers outside of England. It is designed for two scales - with 20 points and with 100 points.
It is rated according to the Robert Parker 100-point scheme. James Holliday is an Australian wine critic and wine writer. The Australian Winemaker, published by James Holliday, rates wines on an internationally recognized scale of 100. The competition is open to all organic wines that comply with applicable European organic farming regulations. An international jury of wine experts awards gold, silver and bronze. Today, this event is one of the largest and most recognized wine awards in the world.
The editors of the magazine choose the best wines on a 100-point scale, paying attention not only to the quality of the drink itself, but also to its affordability for buyers in terms of cost and availability in sufficient quantities. Too expensive wines or collectibles, released in a limited series, have virtually no opportunity to break into the top ten. The ranking of the top 100 wines has virtually no Great Burgundy wines or wines from the historic Bordeaux estates. The average price of wines in the TOP-100-2013 was 51 US dollars with an average rating of 93 points.
The jury awards "Great Gold", "Gold" and "Silver". Swedish Richard Juhlin is considered the No. 1 champagne expert worldwide. His champagne guide is located in almost every cellar in the region and is considered the standard for all champagne lovers. The wine is based on the internationally recognized 100-point scale. However, Richard Yuchlin's scale compared to quite free assessments, we have moved Robert Parker by about 10 points. Only 1 champagne has 100 points each. Also very good wines with 80 points.
Independent wine experts evaluate various wines from all wine regions. Since the mid-70s, Parker's innovative and objective wine valuation has now defined the international wine trade. Robert Parker's critics prefer fruity and dense wines, so judging criteria such as elegance and complexity are less important which can be placed in the 90 or even 95 range. Robert Parker Grading Scheme. 50 to 69 points: low to low.
An important indicator influencing the choice of an expert is the emotional component. Original, innovative, unique in taste specimens have a great chance to reach the first position in the rating.
Top line magic
A lot has changed in a quarter of a century. If in 1988 about three thousand wine items were offered for evaluation, then in 2013 the number of tasting items increased by almost seven times! Over the past two decades, wines from 18 countries have made the lists of the best.
By lists top hundred it is clear that US wines are given Special attention because the Wine Spectator focuses on the American market. French wines are in second place in terms of frequency of mention and make up almost a third of the list, while Italian products take a solid third place.
Analyzing the wines of the top ten, one can note the constant leadership of the Californian farms of the Napa Valley and Sonoma.
Over the past decade, wines from France, the United States (nearly 30 times each) and Italy (19 times) have made it into the top ten. Australian, Chilean and Portuguese wines follow. The wines of Argentina and Germany have been in the top ten once each over the past decade.
If you look at the top ten French wines, you can be surprised to note that the favorites of the editors of the Wine Spectator are the specimens from the Rhone Valley, sung by Parker. They are ahead of even the ideal Bordeaux classics. According to the results of the best hundred, one can notice the reverent love of Americans for the sweet intoxicating Sauternes.
Among Italian wines, Tuscany is the leader. The magazine's experts give clear preference to Brunello di Montalcino and Piedmontese Barolo. The absolute leader with a four-time hit in the TOP-10 was the Australian Shiraz Bellas Garden (Bella's Garden) from the Barossa Valley.
Of greatest interest is the first line of the Wine Spectator Top-100. But identifying one champion is an almost impossible task, given the fact that tens of thousands of different wines are produced on the planet every season, and almost all of them end up on the shelves of American stores.
The relative subjectivity of the assessment also excludes the choice of a single wine. However, over the past decade, American wines have been declared number one wine six times, French wine twice, and wines from Italy and Chile once each.
The Wine Spectator Top-100 rating reflects American taste. Love for juicy strong wines is expressed as a percentage of dry statistics. Over the past 10 years, 85% of wine production has come from red wines, and the passion for white and sweet wines is divided almost in half, with a small margin for whites. Sparkling wines account for only one percent.
The popularity of the top 100 among the readers of the Wine Spectator magazine is partly due to the lively and intriguing presentation of the material. The staff of the magazine puts this event into a real show, similar to the Oscars. Long before the publication of rating lists begins countdown time. The names of the winners remain secret until the last moment. The degree of glory of the TOP-100 rating is evidenced by the recent incident when a hacker hacked into the site and posted the top ten wines ahead of time.
Both wine lovers and winemakers from different regions of the Old and New Worlds worry each November in anticipation of the publication of the brilliant Wine Spectator Top-100 rating.
Almost any person for general development I would like to learn a few things. Among other things, the ability to distinguish between the most famous wines and select the most suitable drink for a particular event will not be damaged. So that when visiting, for example, the restaurant "Vremena Goda", either just for dinner, or planning a gala event, not to get confused when choosing wine. This ranking of the most popular wines was compiled by the editors of the AskMen.com portal after visiting the Montreal Alcoholic Drinks Show.
TOP 5 most popular wines in the world.
1) Cabernet Sauvignon is a red wine originally from Bordeaux, France.
This drink is sometimes referred to as the "King of Red Wines". Depending on age, Cabernet Sauvignon slightly changes both taste and smell. So, wine aged from 10 to 15 years has an oak aroma, in which you can distinguish shades of coffee, tobacco, chocolate smells. A younger drink - 3-7 years old - smells like fruit. Connoisseurs believe that this wine combines cranberry, raspberry and plum flavors.
By the way, Cabernet Sauvignon first appeared in the 17th century. And then, and now it is made from Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc grapes (hence the final name). This wine is sold almost anywhere in the world - from Canada to Australia, from Chile to Italy. It is usually served with meat dishes and chocolate desserts.
2) Shiraz
Shiraz is another type of red wine. It is made from the Syrah grape. Shiraz is often called the wine of men - reliable, fragrant, with a pronounced taste.
Shiraz comes from France (where, by the way, it is still called "Syrah", like the grape variety). However, this drink gained wide popularity partly due to Eastern Australia, where they began to actively engage in its manufacture and distribution. Interestingly, the taste of Shiraz wine very much depends not only on the brand and producer, but also on the climate, soil and other conditions in which the grapes grew. This is the special chic and charm of this drink - it is very different.
Shiraz is served with red meats and cheeses. It also goes well with game dishes.
3) Gewürztraminer
A light white wine with a wonderful long aftertaste is, of course, Gewürztraminer, which is made from the grape variety of the same name. It is believed that the best representatives of this drink are obtained from the northern vineyards - they say Gewürztaminer loves the cold.
True, this grape grows everywhere - in Canada, and in Italy, and in France.
Gewurztaminer is classified as a semi-dry wine. It is sweet, full of floral scents and fruity notes. Flavors of spices, such as ginger, are often added to this wine.
It is usually served as an aperitif. Not bad Gewürztaminer is suitable for seafood dishes or fatty foods.
4) Chardonnay
One of the most beloved American wines is Chardonnay. It is distinguished by affordable cost and a variety of brands that make this drink. It is made from grapes of the same name, which, by the way, grows in almost any conditions and is considered a very unpretentious plant.
Interestingly, many famous wineries started with Chardonnay. This helped the wine quickly gain popularity and spread throughout the world. But Chardonnay was born, presumably in Burgundy - one of the provinces of France.
Today this sort of wine is one of the cheapest and most recognizable both in America and in Europe.
Chardonnay is served with poultry, fish and pork dishes.
5) Merlot
Less tart and less sour than Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot has gained fame as a "women's drink". It also comes from Bordeaux, but became widespread much later than its counterpart.
Merlot is a red wine with fruity notes in aroma and taste: blueberries, blackberries, vanilla, plums.
It is best to serve this drink with meat dishes. For example, it is offered with sausages, roasts, veal, lamb, and legumes.
Strengths of the query language
Language Yandex queries compares favorably with a powerful device for working with document context: operators [&] to search in one sentence and [&&] for searching within a single document, have practically no analogues in other major search engines. In this case, the quote operator ["] is also present. Ability to use parentheses to group individual parts of a query, also forte Yandex.
to logical Yandex operators applies or with two equivalent forms: And [|] , with some stretch we can attribute the minus sign [-] or double tilde followed by a space [~~ ] , which are placed in front of a word (or group in brackets) to exclude a word or group of words from the search.
From the point of view of document operators, there is an operator to search in headers and operator to search in url fragments. All listed operators can be used in conjunction with other operators. Example: title:(development & website) will list web site pages that have a combination of site development in one sentence in the document title.
One of the most interesting Yandex operators is the non-ranking operator and ( << ). This operator allows you to limit the selection without changing the base query, which allows you to analyze the Serp for affiliated sites or determine the region for the site.
Missing Operators
Yandex does not have an operator for checking links to a site and checking the presence of words in the anchor of links . The absence of the latter is apparently done to combat seo, generally speaking, the operator is also useful for a simple user.
Undocumented statements
Undocumented features include the use of the word exclusion operator in the context of the site, for example: Request ~~ site:mysite. The operator for checking the last indexing of documents is also interesting. idate , for example, request site:mysite.ru idate: will show all documents from the site mysite.ru indexed by Yandex after January 3, 2015.
Specifics of Using Query Language Operators
Google, unlike Yandex, likes to "cast a shadow on the fence." Operator is present, but is only good for a relative assessment of the popularity of a site or site page. The number of links shown in it is very limited, in addition, it is not clear on what basis these links are selected.
The only documented operator for dealing with context in Google is the asterisk − [*] , which can be inserted in place of the missing word, and quotation marks ["] to indicate the whole phrase.
Of the document operators in Google are represented , . The google help (http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/operators.html - gone now :) explains that for a number of words is equivalent to a space before every word.
The logical operators in Google include logical or written in either of two ways: ; [|] , and the minus exclusion operator [-] , which must be placed immediately before the word.
Example: -intitle:seo intitle:site optimization
oddly enough, the query works and shows the issuance of documents, with the word optimization and without the word seo in the title.
Undocumented Google Operators
Operators
And
, seem to be looking in document titles as well as urls and anchors (rather, they just highlight those documents as the anchor text becomes part of them). Example: allinanchor: website promotion
.
p.s. Today (05/02/2012) operator inanchor:"phrase in quotes" works and allows you to find a document to which there is a link with the anchor "phrase in quotes".
Operators , look for occurrences of keywords in the text of documents. Example: allintext: website promotion .
The AROUND(n) operator allows you to search for words that are a given number of words apart. For example, day AROUND(4) radio. AROUND must be written in capital letters.
bing
The list of Bing operators is in constant development (as in everything else with Microsoft :), the coverage of the Russian Internet is still small. The undocumented operator seems interesting , which allows you to see all external links from this domain. Examples: linkfromdomain:website , linkfromdomain:site site:dotorg.ru .
This is the elimination of errors called "duplicate content". Duplicate content means that similar content appears in multiple places (URLs) on the Internet. As a result, search engines don't know which URL to show in search results. This can harm the ranking of the web page of the site. The problem becomes more serious when people start linking to different versions of the content. In this article, we will explain the causes of duplicate content and find solutions for each of them.
Imagine that you are at a crossroads and the road signs are pointing in two different directions to the same final destination: which road should you take? And if you go in the "worst" direction, the end of the path may also change slightly. As a reader, you don't care: you got the content you were aiming for. But the search engine has to choose which one to show in search results, as it doesn't have to show the same content twice.
Let's say your article about "keyword x" appears at http://www.example.com/keyword-x/ and exactly the same content appears at http://www.example.com/article-category/keyword-x /. This happens in many modern content management systems (CMS). Your article has been picked up by several bloggers, some linking to the first URL, others linking to the second URL. This duplicate content is a problem for your website as the links advertise different URLs at the same time. If they were all linking to the same URL, your top 10 ranking for "keyword x" would be much higher.
1. Reasons for duplicate content
There are a lot of reasons that cause duplicate content. Most of these are technical: it's not often that a person decides to post the same content in two different places without singling out the original source. However, the technical reasons are numerous. This is mainly because developers don't think like a browser or a user, let alone the search engine web, they think like a developer. What about the above article that appears at http://www.example.com/keyword-x/ and http://www.example.com/article-category/keyword-x/? If you ask the developer, he will say that she is alone.
Let's take a look at how to spot duplicate content on your website, explain the cause, and do our best to fix it.
1.1 Misunderstanding the meaning of URLs
The developer just speaks a different language. You can see that the entire site is probably backed by a database system. There is only one article in this database, the website software just allows you to find the same article in the database through multiple URLs. This is because, in the eyes of the developer, the unique identifier for this article is the article ID that is in the database, not the URL. However, for a search engine, a URL is a unique identifier for a piece of content. If you explain this to a developer, he will see the problem. And after reading this article, you can immediately provide him with her solution.
1.2. Visitor session IDs
When you track visitors and give them the option to save the items they want to buy in their shopping cart, you give them a session. A session is basically a short history of what a visitor has done on your site and can contain things like items in a shopping cart. To save the session of a visitor moving from one page to another, you need to store somewhere a unique identifier for this session, the so-called session identifier. The most common solution is to do this with a cookie. However, search engines do not usually store cookies.
Some systems are reverting to using session IDs in the URL. This means that every internal link on the website gets this session id appended to the url, and because this session id is unique for that session, it creates a new url and thus duplicate content.
1.3. URL parameters used for tracking and sorting
Another reason for duplicate content is the use of URL parameters that do not change the content of the page, such as in tracking links. You see, http://www.example.com/keyword-x/ and http://www.example.com/keyword-x/?source=rss are not actually the same URL for a search engine . The latter may allow you to keep track of what sources your visitors came from, but it can also make it harder for you to rank. A very unwanted side effect!
It's not just parameter tracking, of course, it's about every parameter you can add to a URL that doesn't change a vital piece of content. This option is for "resorting by product set" or "showing a different sidebar", all of which cause duplicate content.
1.4. Parsing and syndication of content
Most of the causes of duplicate content are your own, or at least your website's fault when other sites use your content with or without your consent. They don't always link back to your original article and so the search engine doesn't "get" it and has to deal with yet another version of the same article. The more popular your site becomes, the more and more often you will scrape it, expanding this problem more and more.
1.5. Parameter order
Another common reason is that the CMS does not use pretty and clean URLs, but rather URLs like /id=1&cat=2 where ID refers to an article and cat refers to a category. URL /? Cat=2 & id=1 will produce the same results on most site engines, but they are actually quite different for a search engine.
1.6. Comment pagination
In my favorite WordPress, as well as in some other systems, it is possible to paginate comments. This results in duplicate content at article url and article url + /comment-page-1/, /comment-page-2/ etc.
1.7. print version
If your content management system creates printable pages and you link them to your article pages, in most cases Google will find them unless you specifically block them. What version will Google show? The one that is loaded with ads and peripheral content, or the one that only contains your article?
1.8. with WWW and without WWW
One of the old situations: a domain with and without WWW, duplicate content when both versions of your site are available. Another less common situation that exists: http and https duplicate content when the same content is sent to both addresses.
2. Conceptual Solution: "Canonical" URL
As defined above, when multiple URLs lead to the same content, this is a problem, but it can be solved. A person working for one publication will usually be able to easily tell you what the "correct" URL for a particular article should be. But the funny thing is that sometimes when you ask three people in the same company, they give three different answers...
This is a problem that requires a mandatory solution in such cases, because there can only be one final address (URL). This "correct" URL must be determined by the search engine as the canonical URL.
Ironic note
Canonical is a term derived from the Roman Catholic tradition, where a list of sacred books was created and accepted as authentic. They have been dubbed the canonical gospels of the New Testament. And the irony is this: it took the Roman Catholic Church about 300 years and numerous battles to come up with this canonical list, and they ended up choosing 4 versions of the same story...
3. How to find duplicate content?
You may not know if you have duplicate content on your site. Here are a few ways to find out:
3.1. Google Webmaster Tools
The Google Webmaster Tool is a great tool for identifying duplicate content. If you go to Google Webmaster Tools for your site, see the Search Appearance section of HTML Optimization and you will see the following:
The problem is that if you have an article that looks like an article about "keyword X" and it appears in two categories, the titles may be different. They can be, for example, "Keyword X - Category X - Sample Site" and "Keyword X - Category Y - Sample Site". Google won't pick these titles as duplicates, but you can find them with a search.
3.2. Search for titles or snippets
There are several search operators, which are very useful for cases like this. If you want to find all URLs on your site that contain your article with keyword X, enter the following search phrase into Google:
Site:example.com intitle:"Keyword X"
Google will then show you all of the example.com pages containing that keyword. The more specific you reflect this part of the intitle, the easier it will be to weed out duplicate content. You can use the same method to identify duplicate content on the web. Let's say your article's full title was "Keyword X - Why It's Cool", you searched for: Intitle: "Keyword X - Why It's Cool"
Google will give you all sites that match that title. Sometimes it's worth looking for one or two full sentences from your article, as some parsers may change the title.
4. Practical Solutions for Duplicate Content
Once you've decided which URL is the canonical URL for your content, you need to start the canonicalization process. This basically means that we should tell the search engine about the canonical version of the page and let them find it as soon as possible.
There are four solution methods, in order of preference:
- Don't create duplicate content;
- Redirect duplicate content to the canonical URL;
- Add a canonical link element to the duplicate page;
- Add HTML links from the duplicate page to the canonical page.
4.1. How to avoid duplicate content?
Some of the above duplicate content errors have very simple fixes:
- Are you using session IDs in your URLs? They can often be simply disabled in your system settings.
- Do you have duplicate pages to print? This is completely unnecessary: you just need to use a print style sheet.
- Using comment pagination in WordPress? This feature should simply be disabled (in the "discussion" settings) on 99% of sites.
- URL parameters in different order? Tell your programmer to create a script that will allow the parameters to be used in the same order.
- Trouble tracking links? In most cases, you can use hash-based campaign tracking instead of parameter-based campaign tracking.
- Two versions of the site with WWW and without WWW? Choose one option and stick with it, redirecting one to the other. You can also choose to use Google Webmaster Tools, but you'll need to claim both versions of the domain name.
If your problem is not so easy to fix, it might be worth doing your best to avoid duplicate content. This is by far the best solution to the problem.
4.2. 301 duplicate content redirect
In some cases, it is not possible to completely prevent the system you are using from generating bad URLs for content, but sometimes they can be redirected. Keep this in mind when talking to developers. Also, if you're getting rid of some recurring content issues at all, make sure you redirect any old duplicate content URLs to their respective canonical URLs.
4.3. Using rel="canonical" links
Sometimes there's no way to get rid of the duplicate version of an article, but you know it's the wrong URL. For this particular issue, search engines introduced the canonical link element. It is located in the section
your site and looks like this:href="http://example.com/wordpress/seo-
In section
This process is slightly slower than the 301 redirect mentioned by Google's John Mueller, which you can do, which would be much preferable.
4.4. Return to original content
If you are unable to do any of the above, it may be because you are not in control of the section
site that displays your content, adding a link to the original article at the top or bottom of the article is always a good idea. This might be what you want to do in your RSS feed: add a link to an article in it. If Google comes across multiple links pointing to your article, it will soon figure out that this is the actual canonical version of the article.5. Conclusion: Duplicate content can be fixed and needs to be fixed!
Duplicate content is everywhere. This is a process that you need to constantly monitor. If everything is corrected in time, then the reward will be numerous. Your quality content can skyrocket in rankings simply by getting rid of duplicate content on your site. Of course, if you need help identifying these issues, helping your developers find solutions to fix duplicate content issues, or even fix these issues for you, you can always order
