Concept
Key Features
The encyclopedia as we know it now appeared in the 18th century. The dictionary served as a model for her. The dictionary contains only words and their definitions, giving the reader a minimum of information and often not allowing him to understand the meaning and applicability of the term or how this term relates to a wider range of knowledge. To eliminate these shortcomings, the encyclopedia delves deeper into each subject it illuminates and contains an overview of the knowledge accumulated about it. The encyclopedia often contains many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics.
Field of knowledge
Main article: List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
Encyclopedias are divided into universal (eg, "", "Britannica", "Wikipedia"), branch ("Mathematical Encyclopedia"), regional, problematic, personal.
Universal encyclopedias
Main article: List of encyclopedias by branches of knowledge # Universal encyclopedia
The universal encyclopedia is an encyclopedia that covers the entire range of knowledge about the world and man. The prototype of such an encyclopedia may be the "Natural History" compiled by Pliny the Elder for the Emperor Titus.
The target audience
Depending on the preparation of the reader to whom the encyclopedia is addressed, it can not only contain information about a certain area of knowledge, for example, about medicine, philosophy, or jurisprudence, but also present the material in a more or less special language.
Persian encyclopedia
Organization method
The way the encyclopedia is organized is important for its ease of use as a reference. Historically, there were two main ways of organizing an encyclopedia: alphabetical and hierarchical.
Alphabetic (or alphanumeric, or simply vocabulary) organization based on the location of individual unrelated articles in alphabetical order names of their subject. Encyclopedias, in which information is divided by words and phrases, are called encyclopedic dictionaries, for example, the 82-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, the 58-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary of Granat, Wikipedia. Encyclopedias are also a kind of encyclopedias, in which articles are presented in an extremely concise form.
Systemic (or logically thematic, hierarchical) organization In addition, there are encyclopedias in which information is divided by branches of knowledge, for example, the 12-volume Children's Encyclopedia.
There are also encyclopedias of a mixed type, for example, most of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia is structured as an encyclopedic dictionary, but the volume "USSR" is built on a logical-thematic (hierarchical) principle.
New possibilities for organizing an encyclopedia create electronic devices allowing, for example, keyword searches.
Compilation method
Modern means of accumulating and exchanging information create more and more new ways of collecting, checking, processing and presenting information. Projects such as Wikipedia are an example of new forms of encyclopedia, in which the addition and extraction of information is extremely simplified.
History
The first encyclopedias
Although the term "encyclopedia" itself came into use only in the 16th century, encyclopedic works have been known since ancient times. Terminological dictionaries were already compiled in Ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom (2nd millennium BC). The bodies of knowledge were also compiled in Ancient China (XII-X centuries BC). Encyclopedias were popular in the Christian world during the early Middle Ages: in the west, an example is the works of Isidore of Seville, in the east - the Byzantine dictionary "Souda".
In the mature period of the Middle Ages in western Europe, several types of encyclopedic works were formed: mirror (lat. speculum), compendiums (compedium), sums (summae), which served mainly teaching aids for students of "lower" general education faculties of universities. An example is the work of the Dominican monk Vincent of Beauvais (mid-XIII century) "Bibliotheca Mundi" ("World Library"), otherwise "Great Mirror" (lat. Speculum majus) - in 80 volumes and three parts... Until the 13th century, all such publications were published in Latin, but glossaries gradually appeared - dictionaries of little-used words and expressions.
Encyclopedic culture received a great impetus during the Renaissance in the XIV-XVI centuries, including thanks to the invention of printing by Johannes Gutenberg. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the term "encyclopedia" (as well as "cyclopedia") appears in its modern meaning.
XVII-XIX centuries
Lexicon College Harris, Title page second edition, 1708
Although the very idea of a universal and generally accessible encyclopedia appeared before the 18th century, Cyclopedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences Chambers (1728), Encyclopedia Diderot and d'Alembert (beginning of production from 1751), as well as Encyclopedia Britannica, Brockhaus Encyclopedia and other encyclopedias of that time were the first among those that had a completely modern look, familiar to us. Their articles were both accessible in style and deep in content, systematically arranged in a predictable order. However, even the earliest of these, the Chambers Encyclopedia of 1728, had a predecessor, Lexicon College John Harris (1704), which also in content and title was "The Universal English Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, originating not only the terms of the arts, but the arts themselves."
XX century
The most famous encyclopedia of the 20th century is the Encyclopedia Britannica, copyrighted by American publishers. In 1985, the 16th edition was published, including 32 volumes.
Along with traditional encyclopedias, schoolchildren's encyclopedic dictionaries appear.
In the 90s of the XX century with the development multimedia technologies appeared electronic encyclopedias on CDs. Computer techologies significantly changed the nature of access to encyclopedic information - the search for articles became almost instantaneous, it became possible to insert into articles not only high quality photos, but also sound bites, video, animation. The most significant was the publication in Microsoft, and electronic version"Britannica".
In Russia, the most significant project of this kind since the year is the "Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius" (BECM), annually published in an updated version by the company "Cyril and Methodius". In mid-2004, the organizers of the Krugosvet project made a similar attempt (the edition was published on a CD and appeared on the Internet), but in terms of volume this encyclopedia cannot compete with BECM.
One of the largest projects for the publication of encyclopedias on the Internet in Russian is the Rubricon portal, opened in 2000, where the texts and illustrations of 62 encyclopedias and dictionaries are posted. Many project materials are available for a fee.
Free encyclopedia
With the development of Internet technology, the emergence of Wikipedia, an encyclopedia compiled and edited by everyone, became possible. Despite the seeming all-accessibility, including for destructive effects, according to the coverage of Wikipedia ( English version, more than 2.356 million articles as of April 2, 2008), at least not inferior to world famous publications.
The main disadvantage generated by the method of creating Wikipedia is, however, not accessibility for destructive influences, but internal inconsistency; therefore, at the present stage, Wikipedia cannot be fully considered "a systematic survey of the branches of human knowledge" - bringing the accumulated material into the system is one of the permanent goals of Wikipedia.
Encyclopedias in Russia
The first encyclopedic work in Russia should be considered the "Dictionary of Foreign Words" in the "Pilot Book" of the Novgorod Bishop Clement, which has come down to us in the lists.
Among other Russian encyclopedias of the 19th century, the "Desktop Dictionary for References in All Branches of Knowledge" (vols. 1-3, 1863-64), edited by F. G. Toll, deserves attention.
Since 1890, the famous "Encyclopedic Dictionary" by F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron has been published, which, despite its German origin, was created with the participation of leading Russian scientists. In - years. 82 main volumes were published, as well as 4 additional ones. The circulation was, according to various sources, from 30 to 75 thousand copies. In 1911, Brockhaus and Efron initiated the release of the New Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. K. K. Arseniev, but in 1911 only 29 of 50 volumes came out.
Since 1891 the "Desktop Encyclopedic Dictionary" has been published. From the 4th volume, the publication of the dictionary was continued by the partnership “A. Pomegranate and Co. ”The first 6 editions of the dictionary were published in 8-9 vols. (1891-1903). The 7th edition, completely revised, was published in 1910-48 under the title "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pomegranate", in 58 vols.
After the revolution in Russia, already in the difficult 20s, branch encyclopedias were published: Peasant agricultural, Trade, Pedagogical. The main universal encyclopedia for many years became the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (TSB), the decision to publish it was made in the city. - 2nd edition (51 volumes) and in - - 3rd edition (30 volumes). And although none of the publications managed to avoid the ideological raid, TSB is still considered one of the best encyclopedic works of our time.
At the end of the 90s, the first edition of the Great Russian Encyclopedia (BDT) (of the publishing house of the same name - the successor to TSB) began to be prepared, which was to replace TSB. By different reasons the publication was delayed, and the first volume ("Russia") of the 30 planned BDT appeared only in 2004. Moreover, a year before that, the New Russian Encyclopedia (NRE) appeared, which is published by the Infra-M publishing house and the Encyclopedia. NRE is a more compact project, includes 12 volumes (the first is also "Russia"). In 2005, the second (first alphabetical) volumes of BDT and NRE were published. The publication of the full edition of the 62-volume "Great Encyclopedia", published by the Terra publishing house, announced in 2005, claimed a "breakthrough in encyclopedia." Sales began in 2006. The general vocabulary of the Encyclopedia contains over 200,000 words, including references and clarified terms. Of these, over 160,000 are keywords overview, conceptual and biographical articles, which are accompanied by more than 60,000 color and black-and-white illustrations, 340 general geographic and political maps.
Paper encyclopedias
Main article: List of encyclopedias by branches of knowledge # Printed works
Russia, USSR
- encyclopedic Dictionary... SPb .: F. A. Brockhaus, I. A. Efron, 1890-1907. 82 + 4 vols.
- 5000 articles (These articles were placed on the CD of the Autopan encyclopedia (Moscow).)
- Big Encyclopedia: Dictionary of Publicly Available Information on All Branches of Knowledge/ Ed. S. N. Yuzhakova. SPb .: Education, 1900-1909.
- 1st - 4th ed. (stereotyped). 1900-1907. 20 vols. + 2 additional.
- 5th ed. 1907-1909. 22 vols.
- Pomegranate: An Encyclopedic Dictionary... 58 vols. 1910-1948.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia(TSB). Moscow.
- 1st ed. 65 vols. 1926-1947.
- 2nd ed. 50 vols. 1950-1960.
- 3rd ed. 30 vols. 1969-1978.
- Holy Russia: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Russian Civilization... comp. O. A. Platonov 2000 Hardcover, 1040 pp. ISBN 5-901364-01-5
- Technical encyclopedia... 26 vols. 1927-1934
- Encyclopedic reference book "Mechanical Engineering" M .: Mashgiz, 1946-1951. 16 vols.
- Kazakh Soviet encyclopedia... 12 vols. -
Other countries
- Brockhaus (German. Brockhaus). 1805-
- Bertelsmann (it. Bertelsmann). 1835-
Laboratory work No. 1
Topic: Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software
Target: learn to use educational information resources, search necessary information with their help; master the methods of working with software.
Prepared by a student of the TEOt-13 group
Asfandiyarov Ruslan
Task number 1
1. Download the Internet.
2. In the search bar, enter the phrase "catalog of educational resources".
3. List which sections include educational resources the Internet.
4. Describe any three.
| Name | Characteristic |
| Federal educational resources | The section contains a list of websites of federal educational authorities, educational institutions federal level, information sites federal programs and projects, a list of federal information and educational portals, as well as descriptions the latest systems access to educational Internet resources created at the state level within the framework of the Federal Target Program for the Development of Education. |
| Regional educational resources | The section contains a list of websites of regional education authorities and regional information and educational portals. The section presents the projects "Education" and "Informatization of the education system", implemented in the regions Russian Federation... Examining the resources of the section allows you to get general idea about the features of the functioning and the prospects for the development of the education system in the Russian regions. |
| Instrumental software | The section contains a list of basic computer software, the use of which allows you to automate most types educational activities in order to improve their efficiency. The resources of the section contain information about the peculiarities of introducing information and telecommunication technologies into education. Scenarios are described training sessions carried out using computer technology, educational electronic publications and resources, the specifics of their creation and use are discussed. The resources listed contain links to software tools that can be used to improve the performance of a teacher, head teacher, or principal. Section resources are intended for administration, facilitators and teachers educational institutions, as well as specialists involved in the development of teaching aids and technologies. |
Task number 2
Using the Universal Reference Encyclopedia, find answers to the following questions:
| Question | Answer |
| 1) indicate when the Gregorian calendar was approved | October 4, 1582 |
| 2) what is the diameter of the dust particle | 0.001 m |
| 3) specify the deadly sound level | 200 (dB) |
| 4) what is the boiling point of iron | 3134 K |
| 5) what is the melting point of iodine | 113.5 ° C |
| 6) indicate the speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun | 30 km / sec |
| 7) what is the mass of the earth | (m): 5.9736 10 ^ 24 kg (3 10 ^ -6 M) |
| 8) which mountain is the highest in Australia | Mount Kostsyushko (2228 meters) |
| 9) characterize the Kampa people | KAMPA, Ashaninka, Asheninka, Indian people in Peru (mainly in the basins of the Ucayali, Apurimac, Pacitea rivers). The population is about 50 thousand people. A small group of Campas (120 people) also live in Brazil on the Jurua River. They speak the Kampa language of the Arawak family. Dialects: actually kampa, anti, autaniri, kamatika, katongo, kimbiri, karinairi, pangoa, tampa, ugunichiri, unini, chicheren. Quechua and Spanish are also common. Kampa - Christians (Catholics). |
| 10) indicate the years of the reign of Ivan III | from 1462 to 1505. |
| 11) indicate the years of the reign of Catherine II | in 1762-1796 |
| 12) indicate the years of the reign of Ivan IV | 1547-1574, 1576-1584 |
| 13) indicate the years of reign of Khrushchev N.S. | - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from 1953 to 1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964 |
| 14) what year was the first wooden bicycle invented | 1817-1819 |
Task number 3. Answer the questions:
| 1. What do you mean by information resources? | Information resources are the ideas of mankind and instructions for their implementation, accumulated in a form that allows their reproduction. |
| 2. List the parameters for classifying information resources. | 1. content; 2. coverage; 3. time; 4. source; 5. quality; 6. compliance with needs; 7. method of fixing; 8. language; 9. cost. |
| 3. What is meant by educational information resources? | These are books, articles, patents, dissertations, research and development documentation, technical translations, data on advanced production experience, etc. |
| 4. What can be attributed to educational electronic resources? | In the very general case EOR includes educational videos and sound recordings, for which a household tape recorder or CD-player is sufficient. The most modern and effective ESM for education are reproduced on a computer. It is on these resources that we will focus our attention. |
Task number 4. Make a conclusion about what has been done laboratory work:
Katerina and the boar are two opposite people from the same family. The boar is the mistress of the "dark kingdom". All the characters in this play are either victims of this kingdom, like Tikhon and Boris, or adapted to it, like Varvara and Kudryash. Katerina, on the other hand, is the only character who has not resigned herself to the place prepared for her in this world.
Katerina is outwardly fragile, gentle and open to feelings, a young woman, not at all as defenseless as it seems at first glance. She is strong inside, she is a fighter against this "dark kingdom". Katerina is a girl who is able to stand up for herself, who is capable of much for the sake of her love. But she is alone in this world, and it is hard for her, so she is looking for support. It seems to her that she finds support in Boris. And she strives for him in every possible way, no matter what. She chose him because Boris stood out from all the young people in this city, and they both had a similar situation. But in the finale, Boris refuses her, and she is left alone against the "dark kingdom" to reconcile and return to Kabanikha's house meant not to be herself. Suicide is the only way out. Katerina dies because she does not accept this world - the world of Kabanikha, Wild, Tikhon and Boris. Kabanikha is a completely different person, she is the opposite of Katerina. She is completely satisfied with the world in which she lives. No one ever dared to contradict her, but then Katerina appears, unwilling to put up with the rudeness, rudeness and cruelty of Kabanikha. And therefore, Katerina, with her dignity, constantly annoys Kabanikha. A conflict is brewing between Katerina and Kabanikha. This conflict does not come to an explosion until there were reasons for it. And the reason is Katerina's confession of treason to her husband. And Katerina understands that after that her life is over, because Kabanikha will then completely overwhelm her. And she decides to commit suicide. After the death of Katerina, Kabanikha remains satisfied, because now no one will resist her. The death of Katerina is a kind of protest against this world, the world of lies and hypocrisy, to which she could never get used to.
But in Katerina and Kabanikha there is something in common, because they are both able to stand up for themselves, both do not want to put up with humiliation and insult, both have a strong character. But their unwillingness to be humiliated and insulted manifests itself in different ways. Katerina will never respond to rudeness with rudeness. Kabanikha, on the contrary, will try in every possible way to humiliate, offend, tamper with a person who says something unpleasant in her direction.
Katerina and Kabanikha are different in relation to God. If Katerina's feeling for God is something light, holy, inviolable and supreme, then for Kabanikha it is only an external, superficial feeling. Even going to church for Kabanikha is only to impress those around him as a devout lady.
The most appropriate comparison of Katerina and Kabanikha is something light and something dark, where Katerina is light and Kabanikha is dark. Katerina is a ray of light in the "dark kingdom". But this "ray" is not enough to illuminate this darkness that in the end it fades away altogether.
Laboratory work No. 2
Topic: Licensed and free software products. Organization of software updates using the Internet
Target: study licensed and free software products; learn how to organize software updates using the Internet.
Programs for their legal status can be divided into three large groups: licensed, shareware and freeware. 1. Licensed programs. In accordance with license agreement... Licensed programs are usually sold by developers in boxed distributions.Technical support of the software manufacturer.
When using the purchased licensed software, users may have various questions. Owners licensed programs have the right to use technical support the manufacturer of the software, which in most cases allows you to solve the problems that have arisen.
Updating programs.
Software manufacturers regularly release update packages for licensed programs (patch, service-pack). Their timely installation is one of the main means of protection personal computer(especially it concerns antivirus software). Legal users receive all released updates promptly and free of charge.
Legality and prestige.
Keeping pace with technical progress
Software management will help determine the company's software needs, avoid using outdated programs and will contribute the right choice technology that will allow the company to achieve its goals and excel in the competition.
Professional pre-sales consultations
Users feel the benefits of purchasing licensed software already when purchasing it. Sale licensed products carried out by employees of companies - authorized partners of the world's leading software manufacturers, qualified specialists. The buyer can count on professional advice on the choice optimal solution for the tasks before him.
Increased functionality
If you have any wishes for the functionality of the product, you have the opportunity to pass them on to the developers; your wishes will be taken into account when releasing new versions of the product.
By purchasing unlicensed software you are at great risk.
Administrative liability for copyright infringement
Criminal liability for copyright infringement
When using an unlicensed, that is, a pirated version, software product, a number of problems can arise. Ø Incorrect work programs. A cracked program is a modified ... Ø Unstable work the computer as a whole.Laboratory work No. 3
Topic: Discrete (digital) representation of text, graphic, audio information and video information
Target: to study ways of presenting text, graphic, sound information and video information, to learn how to write numbers in different systems reckoning.
Theoretical information for laboratory work
Discrete representation of information: coding a color image in a computer (raster approach). Presentation and processing of sound and ... All information that a computer processes must be presented ... Encoding - converting input information into a form that can be perceived by a computer, that is, a binary code.Analog and discrete coding
Information, including graphics and sound, can be presented in ... An example of an analog representation graphic information can serve, for example, a painting, the color of which ...Image encoding
Create and store graphic objects in a computer in two ways - how raster or how vector image. Each type of image uses its own coding method.
Bitmap encoding
In the process of image encoding, its spatial sampling is performed. Spatial sampling of an image can be compared to ... For black and white image the information volume of one point is equal to one ... For four color ones - 2 bits.Vector image encoding
Vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, line, ellipse ...). Each primitive is described mathematical formulas... The encoding depends on the application environment.
The advantage of vector graphics is that files that store vector graphics graphic images, have a relatively small volume.
It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.
Graphic file formats
Most Popular bitmap formats: BMP GIFBinary audio coding
Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The larger the amplitude, the louder it is for a person, the higher the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are unusually diverse. Complex ... Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - ...Presentation of video information
What is a film from a computer science point of view? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create on ... It would seem that if the problems of coding static graphics and sound are solved, then ... There are many different formats presentation of video data.Option no .__
Task number 1. Using the character table, write a sequence of decimal numeric codes to Windows encoding for your full name, name of the street where you live. The symbol table is displayed in the MS Word editor using the command: tab Insert -> Symbol -> More Symbols
In field Font choose Times New Roman, in the field from choose the Cyrillic alphabet. For example, for the letter "A" (Russian capital), the character code is 192.
Example:
Task number 2. Using standard program NOTEBOOK , determine which Windows-encoded phrase is given by the sequence of numeric codes and continue the code. Run NOTEBOOK ... With additional numeric keypad with the key pressed ALT enter the code, release the key ALT. The corresponding symbol appears in the document.
Completion of task number 2
Task number 3. Fill in gaps with numbers:
Laboratory work No. 4
Topic: Programming Environment
Target: study the programming environment using the example of Qbasic, practice the skills of calculating arithmetic expressions in Qbasic, learn how to compose the simplest programs.
Basic concepts of the Qbasic language
Program Is a set of machine instructions that a computer must execute to implement an algorithm.
In other words, program Is a form of representation of an algorithm for execution by a machine.
Under programming language (PL) understand the set of tools and rules for representing the algorithm in a form acceptable for a computer.
The programming language commands are called operators
To get started with QBasic, you must run the QBasic.exe program. ( Command : Start → My Computer → Local Disk C → Qbasic folder → QB file )
After starting QBasic, a window will appear on the screen:
After writing the program, to view it, you must press the key F5 ... the program will be executed in case of absence syntax errors... If an error is made after starting the program, a window with an error message will appear on the screen. You can select the button reference to get information about the mistake made, or press the key Enter or Esc ... After that, you return to the editing window, where the cursor will be in the place where the error was made. After fixing the errors, you can start the program from the place where it was interrupted - F5 , start the program from the beginning– Shift + F5 ... pushing Alt keys you get into the menu.
To switch to Russian, use the right keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Shift, to English – left keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Shift
The QBasic alphabet contains the following characters:
1. capital letters Latin alphabet;
2. Arabic numerals;
3. separators; , ; . : "(apostrophe)" ()% (integer), & (long integer), (space),! (sign of a real value), # (sign of second precision), $ (text value);
4.signs arithmetic operations: +, -, *, / (division), ^ (exponentiation), (whole division), "MOD" (modulo division);
5.operation signs of relations:>,<, =, < >(not equal),> =,< =.
If you need to calculate the value of an arithmetic expression or several arithmetic expressions, then it is not necessary to compose a program. You can use a computer in the direct counting mode.
To do this, you do not need to make any special transitions, because when the computer is turned on, it is in this mode.
In order to perform calculations, it is enough to type the required expression after the PRINT operator.
example: Finding the value of an arithmetic expression in QBasic would look like this -
PRINT 23 * 456-12 / 35 + SQR (56)
After starting the program for execution by pressing the F5 key, the value of this arithmetic expression will be obtained: 10495.14.
Operator PRINT QBasic is for displaying data on the screen. If after the operator PRINT take any sequence of characters in quotes, then this sequence will be displayed on the screen.
example:
PRINT "I study at the Belgorod Industrial College"
The screen will show:
Compilation of the simplest programs
REM Operator-comment for the name of the program INPUT Operator for input of initial data X = A… example: Write a program for calculating the expression at.Option no .__
Task number 1. Write a program to find the value of an arithmetic expression:
Program :
________________________________
Answer : __________
Task number 2. Write a program that will display your full name and address of residence.
Program :
__________________________________________________________________
Task number 3. Write a program for evaluating an expression:
Program :
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Answer : __________
Laboratory work No. 5
Topic: Testing finished program
Target: study the operators of the branching structure of the QBasic language on the basis of the finished program and learn how to compose the simplest programs using conditional and unconditional jump operators.
Theoretical information for laboratory work
Defining a forking program
Forking is called a program that is a record of a branching algorithm, that is, one of several possible options computing process.
Forking programs often require a different order of execution of statements than linear programs. For this purpose, control transfer operators are used.
Let's consider 2 of them.
Types of control transfer operators
1. The unconditional jump operator- serves to jump from one line of the program to another.
General form operator :
Where GOTO - operator name ("go to ...")
n - label
Used as a label integers with a colon after them. The label is indicated only at the beginning of the line. If there are several operators in the program line, then you cannot put a label before the second one.
For example : A program that draws 3 diagonal asterisks on the screen.
1: PRINT “*”
PRINT “ *”
PRINT “ *”
Ctrl + Break - interrupt program execution
2. The conditional branch operator- provides in the program checking conditions and organizing branching.
By revising conditional operator the concepts of "relation" and "logical expression" will be required.
Conditional expressions - a symbolic record made up of variables, numbers, functions, character strings.
Examples of :
2) x<=a^2-5*a;
3) "informatics"<>"maths".
Relation signs in conditional expressions are: =,>,<, < >, >=, <=.
Boolean expressions - conditional expressions that are connected by signs of logical operations: AND ("and", conjunction) OR ("or", disjunction) NOT (negation).
Examples of :
1) x> -4 OR x<7;
2) x<=a^2-5*a AND y>=4;
General view of the operator :
Full entry form
IF<условие> THEN P1 ELSE P2
Abbreviated notation
IF<условие> THEN P1
Where IF - operator name ("if ...")
THEN– operator name ("then ...")
ELSE– operator name ("otherwise ...")
<условие>- boolean expression
P1, P2 - group of operators
For example :
1. IF x
2. IF (2<=x) AND(x<=10) THEN y = SIN (x)
- Testing the finished program
Problem number 1 : compose a program to calculate the value of a function.
In order to calculate the value of a function, you first need to check the condition. According to the definition of a conditional expression, this condition is simple.
To compose the program, we will use the full form of writing the conditional jump operator ( IF<условие> THEN P1 ELSE P2).
After operator IF write down the checked condition (for a given task, this is the condition x-4<>0), after the operator THEN record the execution of actions that satisfy the checked condition (for a given task, this is y = 1 / (x-4) - the assignment operator). And after the operator ELSE Let's write the output of the message about the indeterminacy of the function.
Program will look like this:
Note 1: After operator IF the checked condition is specified, after the operator THEN– calculation of the function according to the specified formula and the transition (using the unconditional jump operator GOTO) to the output line of the desired function value y. And after the operator ELSE the transition to the line of output of the message "Function y is not defined" is indicated. note: Each line of output has a corresponding label at the beginning.
Note 2: after starting the program for execution by pressing the key F5 the screen will display the prompt of the input operator "Let's enter an arbitrary value x" and the sign?, after which it is necessary to enter an arbitrary value of the variable x. Then by pressing the key Enter we obtain the desired result — the value of the function y.
Problem number 2
Program:
REM Function value
INPUT"Enter a, b, x"; a, b, x
IF x<10THEN y = x + a : goto 1 ELSE y = SIN (x) -b : goto 1
1 PRINT“Y =”; y
Option no .__
Task number 1. Test the program for task # 1 and
Write your data to the table:
Task number 4.
Program:
Laboratory work No. 6
Target: reinforce the skills of creating branching programs and learn how to write more complex programs using conditional and unconditional jump operators.
Theoretical information
Consider problem solving.
Problem number 1 : compose a program to calculate the value of a function using one of the formulas
Program:
REM Function value
INPUT"Enter a, b, k"; a, b, k
IF a<=-1THEN y = k + a : goto 1 ELSE goto 2
2 IF(a> -1) AND(a<1)THEN y = SIN (a) -b : goto 1 ELSE y = ABS (1-a) : goto 1
1 PRINT“Y =”; y
Problem number 2 : compose a program to find the smallest of two given unequal non-zero numbers.
Program:
REM Determining the smallest number
INPUT"Enter a, b"; a, b
IF a
Option no .__
Task number 1.
Write your data to the table:
Write your data to the table:
Task number 5. Create a program to solve the problem.
The task:________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Program:
Task number 6. Answer the questions:
Task number 7. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done:
Laboratory work No. 7
Topic: Software implementation of a simple algorithm
Target: study the operators of the cyclic structure of the QBasic language on the basis of the finished program and learn how to compose programs using the cycle operators "BEFORE" and "BYE".
Theoretical information for laboratory work
A cyclic program is a program that is a record of a cyclic algorithm, that is, the result is obtained by multiple ...Option no .__
Task number 1. Create a program for solving the problem using the "DO" cycle.
The task:________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Program:
Program:
Task number 3. Answer the questions:
Task number 4. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done:
Laboratory work No. 8
Topic: Conducting research based on a finished computer model
Target: conduct research on the basis of a ready-made computer model, study graphical operators of the QBasic language based on the finished program and learn how to compose the simplest programs using graphical operators.
Theoretical information for laboratory work
BASIC graphics capabilities
To perform graphic operations in BASIC there are special operators that provide the image of certain geometric shapes or their ... To switch to the graphic mode in BASIC, you must specify at the beginning of the program ...Screen characteristic
Basic graphic operators of the BASIC language
1. COLOR I, F– operator specifying the color, where F is the background color (number), I is the image color (number).
Color chart
2. PSET (x, y), c– operator representing a point with coordinates (x, y), where c is the color of the point.
3. LINE (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), c– an operator representing a straight line segment (x1, y1) - the beginning of the segment (x2, y2) - the end of the segment, c - the color number.
4. LINE (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), c, B– operator that represents a rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. (x1, y1) -coordinates of the upper left vertex (x2, y2) - coordinates of the lower right, c- color number.
5. LINE (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), c, BF– operator representing a filled rectangle, c - color number. Parameters B and BF do not take any values.
6. CIRCLE (x, y), R, c– operator representing a circle, where (x, y) are the coordinates of the center of the circle, R is the radius of the circle, c is the color number of the circle.
7. CIRCLE (x, y), R, c, k– an operator representing an ellipse, where (x, y) are the coordinates of the center of the circle from which the ellipse is obtained, R is the radius of the circle, c is the color number of the circle, k is the value of the compression ratio.
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9. CIRCLE (x, y), R, c, a, b, k– operator representing the arc of an ellipse.
10. PAINT (x, y), c1, c2– an operator that paints the contours, where (x, y) are the coordinates of any point within the contour to be painted, c1 is the color that is used to paint the contour, c2 is the color of the contour itself.
11. WINDOW (X1, Y1) - (X2, Y2) - an operator that sets a new coordinate system where the lower left corner of the screen is (x1, y1) and the upper right is (x2, y2).
This is how the coordinate system will be located on the screen after executing the statements
Task number 2. Test the following program and characterize each command.
Task number 3. Test the following program: SCREEN 9 LINE (470, 175)-(460, 175), 7 LINE (470, 175)-(460, 175), 7 LINE (470, 175)-(460, 175), 7 Task number 4. Test the following program and characterize each command:
Task number 5. Answer the questions: Task number 6. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done: Laboratory work No. 9 Topic: Creating a data archive. Extracting data from the archive. File attributes and size Target: studying the principles of archiving files, functions and operating modes of the most common archivers, acquiring practical skills in creating archive files and extracting files from archives. Theoretical information for laboratory workArchiving is designed to create backup copies of the files used, in case of loss or damage to the main copy for any reason ... For archiving, special programs are used, archivers that ... Archivers allow you to protect the archives they have created with a password, save and restore the structure of subdirectories, ...Task number 1. 1. In the Windows operating system, create a folder Archives by the address C: TEMP... Create folders Pictures and Documents by the address C: TEMPArchives. 2. Find and copy to the folder Pictures two pictures each with the extension * .jpg and * .bmp . 3. Compare file sizes * .bmp and * .jpg ... and write the data to table_1. 4. To the folder Documents put files * .doc (at least 3) and write down their original dimensions in table_1. Task number 2. Archiving WinZip Files 1. Run WinZip 7. (Start → All Programs → 7-Zip → 7 Zip File Manager). C: TEMPArchivesPictures. Place the cursor on the name of the graphic file Winter.jpg... Run the command Add (+). 3. Enter the name of the archive in the field archive – Winter.zip and make sure in the field Archive format set type Zip. 4. Set in the field Change mode: add and replace. 5. In the drop-down list Compression level: select item Normal. OK. 6. Compare the size of the original file with the size of the archive file. Write the data to table_1. 7. Create an archive Winter1.zip password protected. To enter a password in a dialog box Add to archive in field Enter password: enter the password in the field Repeat password: Confirm the password. Pay attention to the checkbox Show password. If it is not set, the password will not be displayed on the screen as you type, and its characters will be replaced by the "*" wildcard character. This is a measure to protect your password from strangers. However, in this case, the user cannot be sure that he typed the password correctly. Therefore, if the checkbox is not selected, the system asks for a repeated (control) password entry. Click on the button OK- the process of creating a protected archive will begin. 8. Select the archive Winter1.zip, run the command Extract. In the dialog box that appears Extract in field Unpack into: select destination folder - C: TEMPArchivesPicturesWinter1. 9. Click the button OK... The process of extracting data from the archive will not start; instead, a dialog box for entering a password will open. 10. Make sure that entering an incorrect password does not allow you to extract files from the archive. 11. Verify that entering the correct password actually starts the process. 12. Delete the protected archive you created and the extracted files. 13. Create a self-extracting ZIP archive. To do this, place the cursor on the archive name Winter.zip, run the command Add (+). 14. Enter the name of the archive in the field archive – Winter.7z and make sure in the field Archive format set type 7z. 15. Set in the field Change mode: add and replace. 16. Check the box Create SFX archive. 17. In the drop-down list Compression level: select item Normal. Start the archiving process with the button OK. 18. In the same way, create archives for the files Rowan.bmp, Document1.doc, Document2.doc, Document3.doc. Enter the comparative characteristics of the source files and their archives in table_1. Task number 3. Archiving WinRar Files 1. Run WinRar(Start → All Programs → WinRar). 2. In the dialog box that appears, select the folder in which the archive will be created: C: TEMPArchivesPictures. 3. Place the cursor on the name of the graphic file Winter.jpg. 4. Run the command Add... In the dialog box that appears, enter the name of the archive Winter.rar. Select the format of the new archive - RAR, the compression method is Normal... Make sure the group Archiving options none of the boxes have flags. Click on the button OK to create an archive. During archiving, a statistics window is displayed. At the end of the archiving, the statistics window will disappear, and the created archive will become the currently selected file. 5. Create archives for the files Rowan.bmp, Document1.doc, Document2.doc, Document3.doc in the same way. Enter the comparative characteristics of the source files and their archives in table_1. 6. Create a self-extracting RAR archive that includes text and image files. 7. Determine the percentage of file compression and fill in table_1. Compression percentage is determined by the formula, where S is the size of the archive files, So is the size of the source files. Table 1 Task number 4. Answer the questions: Task number 5. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done: Laboratory work No. 10 Topic: Information search on state educational portals Target: study of information technology for organizing information retrieval on state educational portals. Theoretical information for laboratory workA search engine is a complex of programs and powerful computers capable of receiving, analyzing and serving users' search queries ... The World Wide Web (WWW) service is a single information space, consisting of ... The individual documents that make up the Web space are called Web pages.Task number 1. 1. Download the Internet. 2.Using the search bar, find a directory of links to state educational portals. 3. Write down the e-mail addresses of six state educational portals and give a brief description of them. Draw up in the form of a table: Task number 2. 1. Open the Internet Explorer program. 2. Download the Promt electronic dictionary page - www.ver-dict.ru. 3. From the drop-down list, select Russian-English Dictionary (Russian-German) . 4. Into the text box Word to translate: enter the word you want to translate. 5. Click the button Find . 6. Record the result in the following table: Task number 3. 1. Download the electronic dictionary page - www.efremova.info. 2. Into the text box Dictionary search: enter a word, the lexical meaning of which you need to find out. 3. Click the button Search ... Wait for the search result. 4. Record the result in the following table: Task number 4. Using one of the search engines, find information and enter it in the table: Task number 5. Fill in the table using the Yandex search engine: www.yandex.ru. Task number 6. Search for sites in the most popular general search engines on the Russian-speaking Internet (Runet). Brief help. The most popular Russian-language search engines are: Rambler - www.rambler.ru; Aport - www.aport.ru; Яndex- www.yandex.ru. English-language search engines: Yahoo - www.yahoo.com. Specialized search engines allow you to search for information in specialized layers of the Internet. These include the search for files on FTP servers and the WhoWhere e-mail address search system. The order of work of task number 2: 1. Create a folder on your desktop named: Surname – Group . 2. Start Internet Explorer. To go to a specific place or to a specific page, use the address bar of the main Internet Explorer window.
Quick reference: The host address (URL) usually begins with the name of the protocol followed by the organization serving the host, for example, at http://www.rambler.ru, “http: // www” indicates that this is a Web server that uses the http protocol, domain ".Ru" defines the address of Russian nodes. 2. Search the Rambler search engine. Enter in the address bar the address (URL) of the Russian-language search engine Rambler - www.rambler.ru and press the key Enter ... Wait for the page to load. At the same time, on the toolbar, the red button is activated Stop , designed to stop loading. View the loaded homepage - you see a keyword field and a series of headings. To go to the links on the page, move the cursor to the link and click the left mouse button. The link can be a picture or text in a different color (usually with an underlined font). Hover over to see if a page element is a link. If the pointer changes to a hand with a forefinger, then the element is a link. 3. Enter the phrase "Encyclopedia of Finance" in the search field and click Find! 4. Make sure the Web directory is fast enough. After a while, the program will inform you that a certain number of documents have been found on this topic. Determine how many documents the search engine found: _________ 5. Memorize the page from the list of found that is of interest to you with the command Favorites / Add to folder . 6. Save the current page to your computer. Run the command File / Save As, select the previously created folder on the desktop to save, set the file name and click the button Save . 7. To search for information on the current page, run the command Edit / Find on this page (or press the keys Ctrl-F ). In the search box, enter the search term, for example "Finance", and click the button Find Next . Open the page of one of the found encyclopedias. 8. Copy the page information into a word processing document. To copy the contents of the entire page, run the command Edit / Select All and the team Edit / Copy . Open a new MS Word text editor document and run the command Edit / Paste .
Quick reference: it is not possible to copy information from one web page to another. 9. Search Yandex search engine. Open the Yandex search server - www.yandex.ru. In the search field, enter "Encyclopedias", click the button Find , compare the results with the search in Rambler. 10. Narrow down your search and find information, for example, about financial management (in the search field, enter "Financial Management"). Compare your results with a previous search. 11. Enter one word "Finance" in the search box. Is the result different from the previous search? Try to ask a search engine to find information about a specific currency, say "Dollar". Compare your search results.
Quick reference : Don't be afraid to repeat your query on different search engines. Oftentimes, the same query on a different server gives completely different results. 12. Search for pictures and photos in Yandex search engine. In the search field, type in English "Dollar" and specify the search category "Pictures". The query "Dollar" will find pictures on the Internet with the word "Dollar" in their names. Chances are high that these pictures are related to finance. Laboratory work No. 11 Subject: Create an e-mail box and configure its parameters. Formation of an address book Target: study the process of registration (opening a mailbox), preparation, sending and receiving letters on the mail site. Theoretical information for laboratory work Email- (the most widespread Internet service) the exchange of letters in computer networks. The letter itself is a regular file containing the text of the letter and a special header, which indicates from whom the letter was sent, to whom it is intended, what the subject of the letter and the date of sending. Addressing in the e-mail systemuser @ machine Example email address: [email protected] Ivanov– the name of the mailbox.Laboratory work No. 12 Topic: Demonstration of the use of various types of ACS in practice in the socio-economic sphere of activity Target: to get an idea of automatic and automated control systems in the socio-economic sphere of activity. Theoretical information for laboratory workThe creator of the first ACS in the USSR is the Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the founder of ... The most important task of ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on ...Goals of control automation1. Providing the decision-maker (DM) with adequate data for decision-making. 2. Acceleration of the execution of certain operations for the collection and processing of data. 3. Reducing the number of decisions that must be made by the decision maker.Main classification signs The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are: Ø the sphere of operation of the object of management (industry, construction, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, and so on); Ø type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic, and so on); Ø level in the system of public administration, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes for sectors (for industry: industry (ministry), all-Union association, all-Union industrial association, research and production association, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit). ACS functions ACS functions generally include the following elements (actions): Ø planning and (or) forecasting; Ø accounting, control, analysis; Ø coordination and (or) regulation. Types of ACSÿ Automated production control system (ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production ... Examples: · Automated control system for street lighting ("ACS UO") - designed to organize automation ...Task number 1. 1. Watch the presentation “ Automated control systems»(Located on the network drive of the computer), which presents the types of ACS. Use hyperlinks to go to web pages for examples of automated control systems. 2. As an example of automation in production, watch the videos "Rolled metal processing conveyor line" and "Rolled metal pipes production". Task number 2. Answer the questions: Laboratory work No. 13 Topic: Operating system. Graphical interface Target: to consolidate the skills of working with the Windows operating system, to practice the skills of working with files and folders in the Windows operating system; learn how to navigate using the EXPLORER left panel and learn how to copy and move objects by dragging and dropping between panels Task number 1. Fill in the table: Task number 2. Fill in the table: Task number 3. Fill in the table: Task number 4. Fill in the table:
Working with ExplorerTo view the contents of a folder, you must click on the folder icon in the left pane or double-click on the folder icon in the right pane. To ... Create, delete and rename folders Create a new folder:Task number 5. Study the structure of the EXPLORER program window, display it schematically and sign all the window elements. Task number 6. Fill in the table:
Task number 7. Answer the questions: Task number 8. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done: Laboratory work No. 14 Topic: Differentiation of access rights on the network, shared disk space on the local network Target: mastering the techniques of file exchange between users of the local computer network. Theoretical information for laboratory workThe transfer of information between computers has existed since the inception of computers. It allows organizing the joint work of individual ... A computer network is understood as a complex of hardware and software, ... The main purpose of computer networks is to provide users with joint access to information (databases, ...Task number 1. 1. Create a folder named Mail_1 on the local disk Z of the audience (the number in the name corresponds to your computer number). 2. Using a text editor Word or WordPad, create a letter to classmates. 3. Save this text in the Mail_1 folder of your computer in the letter1.doc file, where 1 is the computer number. 4. Open the folder of another computer, for example, Mail_2 and copy the file letter1 from your Mail_1 folder to it. 5. In your Mail_1 folder, read letters from other users, for example, letter2. Add your answer in them. 6. Rename the file letter2 .doc to file letter2_response1.doc 7. Move the file letter2_response1.doc to the Mail _2 folder and delete it from your folder 9. Read messages from other users in your folder and repeat steps 5-8 for them. Task number 2. Answer the questions: Task number 3. Make a conclusion about the laboratory work done: Laboratory work No. 15Purpose: to become familiar with the operational requirements for a computer workstation; preventive measures for a computer workplace ... Content of work: Task number 1. Reflect the basic sanitary and hygienic requirements for the computer science office: 1. ...Laboratory work No. 16 Topic: Using spelling and grammar checkers Target:. Task number 1. 1. Open MS Word application. 3. Set the following page parameters for your document. To do this, you need to use the command: Page Layout tab → Margins → Normal. Task number 2 The purpose of the assignment: introduce the concept of paragraph indentation. Note that in Product Layout, the left edge is flat, but the text is moved away from the left edge. Paragraph indents and spacingTask: Type the following text:Loose dough Flour G oil Glasses of water Grind butter, add flour, water, add 0.5 teaspoon of salt and knead the dough. Use for pies, cheesecakes, pies. Task number 3. Target: to consolidate the skills of paragraph alignment and setting the red line. New in this exercise is creating watermarks. You can create any "watermark", but it is better to consist of several identical elements. INVITATIONI invite you to a tea party on the occasion of my majority. I will wait on SaturdayThe order of the task number 1 1. Type the proposed text, align it in width using the element, and the title in the center -. 2. Set the font size to 20 for the title and 14 for the text using the tool. 3. For the title set the font Monotype Corsiva, for the text - Times New Roman, using the tool. 4. For text, set a bulleted list using the command Format -> List , select the desired marker type. 5. In the title between words, insert the å symbol using the command Insert → Symbol. 6. In the last paragraph, replace all the letters "o" with the letters "p". Before typing the last paragraph, execute the command Tools → AutoCorrect Options. In field Replace enter "about" in the field On - "NS". Task number 2. Issue a form with the following content. The purpose of the assignment: to consolidate the skills of setting the indentation for a paragraph; introduce the concepts of inextensible space and forced line termination and demonstrate how they can be used. "Business Service" 113244, Moscow, New street, 3 Tel. 123-4567 fax 123-4566 Dear Vasily Nikiforovich! Joint Stock Company "Business Service" invites you on November 15, 2006. at 20 o'clock to the traditional autumn meeting of the Club of Moscow Gentlemen. President of the club A. M. Rostokin The order of the task number 2 1) The text of the form details is centered (element), the indent is set to the right (ruler element). Symbol C is the symbol of the Wingdings font, selected using the command Insert -> Symbol in the tab Symbols choose font - Wingdings, font size increased to 22 pt. 2) Filling out the form. The address is centered, the body text and caption are justified. The signature is formatted with a non-expandable space, keyboard shortcuts Shift + Ctrl + Space, and forced end of line, keyboard shortcuts Shift + Enter ... An inextensible space is established between the words "President" and "club", "A." them." and "Rostokin", between the words "club" and "A." - the usual space is set. The forced end of the line is after the word "Rostokin". 3) The increase in the distance between paragraphs (for details) was achieved not by empty paragraphs, but by the intervals before the paragraph Format → Paragraph ..., in the tab Indents and spacing in the input field Interval before the size of the interval is set to 6 pt. 4) Set page parameters. It is more convenient to do this before setting paragraph indents. Task number 3. Draw a regular box.
The order of the task number 3 You can suggest the following construction order (all buttons used from the panel Painting ). 1) Draw a rectangle ABB 1 A 1. 2) Draw one of the oblique lines, for example, A 1 D 1. 3) Copy A 1 D 1 and paste three times BC, B 1 C 1, and AD. 4) Draw lines CC 1 DD 1, DC and D 1 C 1. 5) Selecting the corresponding segments, choose Stroke type - dotted. 6) Draw the coordinate axes by selecting the tool Arrow . 7) The most time-consuming process in this exercise is marking the vertices. In order to place the letter in the right place, turn on the button Inscription on the panel Painting and drag the frame using the mouse to the desired size. 8) Calling the context menu on the selected frame, select the item Object format . In the tab Colors and lines fill color select No fill , line color - no line. Your frame has become transparent. You can put text in it (we need one letter - the designation of the vertex). Select your frame, copy and then paste 10 times (deselect the original frame before pasting). The new frame can, after insertion, fit on top of the previous one. In this case, it seems that the insertion did not happen, but in fact it is enough to move the top frame to the side. 9) The subscript is obtained using the command Format -> Font ... , Modification - subscript ... Frames are moved along the sheet with the help of the mouse. 10) The drawing is ready. It is desirable to present it as a single graphical object. To do this, by turning on the button, stretch the dotted frame around the entire picture (select the picture) and execute the command Actions -> Group ... Now you can move the entire drawing across the sheet. Moreover, you can change its proportions if, having selected the picture, drag the nodes with the mouse (squares on the selection frame). Task number 4.1. The purpose of the assignment: learn how to create a table, enter textual information into it and frame the table. The order of the task number 4.1 1) Insert a table with the required number of cells. 2) Show that to select a row (column) as a whole, you need to move the mouse pointer to the left (above) and click at the moment when the pointer has the shape of an arrow pointing to the row (column). 3) Align the column with the numbering of the lessons to the left and use the mouse to set the required width. Align all other cells to the center. Set the days of the week and lesson numbers in bold. Font formatting can be done after typing. 4) Fill in the rest of the cells, adhering to the following requirement: in the first lesson there should be “short” lesson names that fit on one line (for example, reading). And "long" - in two lines (for example, physical education), in the second lesson all objects should be placed in one line, the rest of the lessons are arbitrary. 5) Preview using the File → Preview command. It can be seen that the table is not lined up. Close the preview (corresponding button). 6) Select the table and use the border Format → Borders and Fill ... on the tab The border select border type - Net ... When selecting a table, make sure that the marker of the paragraph following the table does not fall into the selection, otherwise the border type is Net will not be offered to you. 7) Perform preview. 8) This example shows how to insert and delete rows and columns. With a row (column) selected, use the command Table -> Insert (Delete) Rows (Columns) . Be sure to save the file containing the table as you continue to work with it. Task number 4.2 (additional). The purpose of the assignment: consolidate the skill of creating a table. Show how you can change the linetype of the border, perform background filling, and how to place text in the "tall" lines vertically in the middle. The following changes have occurred in the table: Ø the entire table is framed with lines of the same thickness; Ø items that fit in one line are vertically aligned in the cell (no longer "bounce" up); Ø all lines are the same height; Ø background design completed. The order of the task number 4.2 1) To equalize the thickness of the lines, select the table and execute the command Format -> Borders and Fill ... in the tab The border select border type - Everything , width - 1.5 fr . 2) Place all the lesson titles in the center of the cells using the context menu command Cell alignment ... 3) Narrow lines (for example, 2 lesson) can be "expanded" by setting equal spacing before and after the paragraph. To do this, run the command Format → Paragraph and set the interval "front" and "after" - 12 fr. 4) For background design, select the required cells and use the command Format -> Borders and Fill ... in the tab Fill choose Pattern type - 10% 5) Perform a review to be satisfied with the results of your work What will we do with the received material:If this material turned out to be useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks: |
Society Information Resource (IRO)
Informational resources Is knowledge prepared for a reasonable social use.
IRO is knowledge that is already ready for rational social use
IRO in a broad sense is knowledge alienated from the carriers and included in the information exchange, existing both in oral and in materialized form.
The global informatization of society is the reason for the increasing role of information.
Classification of information resources:
information subject;
form of ownership - state, private, etc.
availability of information - open, closed, confidential;
belonging to a certain information system - library, - archival, scientific and technical;
source of information - official information, publications in the media, etc.
the purpose and nature of the use of information - massive regional, departmental;
form of information presentation - text, digital, graphic, multimedia;
media type
information - paper, electronic.
Educational information resource - textual, graphic and multimedia information created specifically for use in the learning process.
Subjects and objects of these resources.
Subjects are classified as follows:
subject creating objects (all users of the educational system - teacher, student);
subject using objects (all users of the educational system);
a subject administering objects, that is, providing an environment for working with objects of other subjects (network administrators);
a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers).
Educational electronic resources include:
educational materials (electronic textbooks, teaching aids, abstracts, diplomas),
educational and methodological materials (electronic methods, educational programs),
scientific and methodological (dissertations, candidate works),
additional text and illustrative materials (laboratory work, lectures),
testing systems (tests - electronic knowledge check),
electronic full-text libraries;
electronic periodicals in the field of education;
electronic tables of contents and abstracts of articles of periodicals in the field of education,
electronic archives of issues.
2. Tasks for independent work of students
Exercise 1. Give examples:
reliable but biased information;
Petya got a deuce, somewhere around 2pm
objective but unreliable information;
The earth has always been flat
complete, reliable, but useless information;
I ate borscht today
irrelevant information;
The Soviet Union collapsed
relevant, but incomprehensible information.
Today I explained to him what I said yesterday
Task 2. Fill in the table "Formation of information culture"
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Changes in education |
Changing the way of life of people |
The dangers of the information society |
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With the advent of computer networks, schoolchildren and teachers have acquired a new opportunity to quickly receive information from anywhere in the world. Through the global telecommunication network Internet, instant access to world information resources (electronic libraries, databases, file storages, etc.) is possible. The most popular resource on the Internet, the World Wide Web, has published several billion multimedia documents. |
With the advent of new data compression algorithms, the sound quality available for transmission over a computer network has significantly increased and began to approach the sound quality in conventional telephone networks. As a result, a relatively new technology - Internet telephony - began to develop very actively. With the help of special equipment and software, audio and video conferencing can be carried out via the Internet. |
A certain danger is concealed by the external superficial use of ICT tools and information resources for the implementation of group and individual projects of little value in the general educational plan. |
Task 3. Using the Universal Reference Encyclopedia, find answers to the following questions:
1) What is WWW?
The World Wide Web(English World Wide Web) is a distributed system that provides access to interrelated documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. The word is also used to refer to the World Wide Web the web(English web "cobweb") and the abbreviation Www.
A source
Who was the developer of the first computer?
One of the first mechanical computing devices was invented by Pascal in 1642. He added and subtracted large numbers. Three decades later, Leibniz created a stronger division and multiplication calculator.
A source
When is World Information Day?
On November 26, World Information Day is celebrated, which has been held annually since 1994 at the initiative of the International Academy of Informatization (MAI), which has general consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council, and the World Information Science Parliament (VIP). On this day in 1992, the first International Informatization Forum was held. Today World Information Day is celebrated in many countries around the world. A source
When did the world's first multimedia personal computer appear?
The world's first multimedia computer - Amiga 1000 (1985)
A source
Who in 1673 in London at a meeting of the Royal Society demonstrates an adding machine that could perform multiplication, division and extraction of roots?
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
A source
When is World Programmer's Day celebrated?
Programmer's Day- professional holiday of programmers, celebrated on the 256th day of the year. The number 256 (2 8) was chosen because it is the number of different values that can be expressed with an eight-bit byte. It is also the maximum integer power of 2 that does not exceed the number of days in a year (365).
A source
7) When was Blaise Pascal born?
Online directories and encyclopedias
In some cases, it is necessary to find not just a document containing a keyword, but the interpretation of a certain word. When you search for an unfamiliar term using a search engine, you run the risk of getting a whole series of articles in which this term is used, and at the same time you never know what it really means.
In some cases, you can use a search with keywords like "what is (unknown term)", "(unknown term) is" or "(unknown term) is", etc.
However, if this is not a new term, it is preferable to start a similar search in an online encyclopedia.
Universal
One of the largest online encyclopedias is the resource "Yandex. Encyclopedias" (
http://encycl.yandex.ru/) - this project contains 14 encyclopedias, including articles from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia". The "Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia", which can be found at www.km.ru.
Universal encyclopedias:
Brockhaus online, The World Around Us, The Universal Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, All-in-one: An Encyclopedic Reference. Specialized: Big Russian Legal Encyclopedia, Biomedical Encyclopedia, Peoples and Religions of the World, Theater Encyclopedia, Economic Dictionary (Cyril and Methodius), Encyclopedia of Religions,
Regional:
Americana. English-Russian Linguistic and Cultural Dictionary, Bashkortostan: Brief Encyclopedia, Odessa - Encyclopedia about Odessa, Omsk Region: Encyclopedic Information, Pskov Encyclopedic Dictionary, Traditional Culture of the Peoples of the European North-East of Russia, Encyclopedia of Ivanovo Region, Japan from A to Z: (Popular Encyclopedia)
Special:
Aviation from A to Z: Encyclopedia of World Aviation, Automobile Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, Palaces of St. Petersburg, Internet. Your way out, Culinary encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, Komi mythology (Ural mythology. Vol. 1), Extelopedia of fantasy and science fiction, Encyclopedia of economic terms, Encyclopedia of weapons of Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia of pets of Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius encyclopedia of pets, Cyril and Methodius encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia of Cinema, Moscow University Encyclopedia (1755-1917), Vegetable Encyclopedia, Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia of Personal Computer, Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia of Rock, Jazz and Pop Music, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, Encyclopedia of Fiction fiction (V. Gakov), Encyclopedia of wonders, mysteries and secrets, Encyclopedia of etiquette of Cyril and Methodius, This day in history, GraphInfo - an encyclopedic dictionary on computer graphics, multimedia and CAD, World Wide Coins-Encyclopedia: XX century on the coins of the world.
Personal:
The Big Russian Biographical Dictionary, Orenburg Pushkin Encyclopedia, Orenburg Tolstoy Encyclopedia, Orenburg Shevchenko Encyclopedia
· Universal encyclopedias: Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Illustrated Dictionary, Russian encyclopedia. dictionary, Brockhaus and Efron "Rubricona"
Dictionaries: New Dictionary of the Russian Language, Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, American English, Medicine and Health, Minor Medical, First Aid, Dictionary of Medical Terms
· History: "World History", "History of the Fatherland", America - Russia, Encyclopedia of Ships
· Biographies: Biographical Dictionary, Politicians. 1917
· Russia: "Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Moscow", "St. Petersburg", "Cities of Russia" "Geography of Russia"
· Countries, peoples, religions: "Peoples and Religions of the World", Bible Encyclopedia "Latin America", "Americana", "Australia and New Zealand", "Great Britain"
· Art: Popular art, "Great Masters", Rock-encyclopedia "Cinema"
· Economics: Information technology, Mutual investment funds, Major banks, "Enterprise Economics", "Finance and Debts"
Statistics: World Countries 2000, Countries and Regions 2000, OECD Countries 2000
· Agriculture: Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Miscellaneous, "Animals in the House"
Krugozor
· CALENDAR
FLAGS OF THE WORLD
Brockhaus on-line
The encyclopedia is based on the "Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron" St. Petersburg 1907. The dictionary also uses the pre-revolutionary dictionaries of foreign words Pavlenkov, Michelson, "Starchevsky's Dictionary". Contains over 46,000 articles.
Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cyril and Methodius
Multiportal: Knowledge about everything. One of the sections of the site is a mega-encyclopedia. Contains 130,000 articles, 30,000 illustrations, over 1,400 tables and much more. The search can also be carried out in the branch sections of the encyclopedia.
Information Please
The Information Please project provides an opportunity to collect reference resources by topic.
Britannica Online
Encyclopedia Britannica. Provided the opportunity for a 30-day free trial. Without registration, it is possible to conduct a search, the result is several sentences from the beginning of the article with the desired word.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
Free version of the well-known universal encyclopedia published annually by Microsoft on CD-ROM. Contains over 16 thousand articles and 2 thousand illustrations (photographs, maps). Search by keywords with specification of the field of knowledge is possible. The texts of the articles include hypertext links to other sections of the encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia.com
Submitted by Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Contains 14,000 articles
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias
Modern Encyclopedia, Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary, Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary, Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedia, Muller's English-Russian Dictionary, Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, Financial Dictionary, Economic Dictionary, English-Russian Dictionary of Financial Terms, Dictionary of Depositary Terms, Historical Dictionary, 1000 biographies, Encyclopedia.
Edic - Encyclopedic dictionaries
Dictionaries: Big Encyclopedic, Historical, Myths of the peoples of the world
· Encyclopedias on Mnogo.ru: Encyclopedia of Music, Encyclopedia of Animals, Encyclopedia of Plants, Encyclopedia of Fashion, Culinary Encyclopedia, Catalog of coins of the 20th century, Encyclopedia "People on Coins", Numismatic Dictionary, Dictionary of Economics
Universal explanatory dictionaries. Abbreviation dictionaries
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov
Russian dictionaries
The site presents a joint project of the Institute of Russian Language. VV Vinogradov of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the publishing house "Azbukovnik".
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova
Russian spelling dictionary
Popular dictionary of foreign words
Dictionary of foreign words
Russian semantic dictionary
Pushkin's language dictionary
Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions
· Dictionary of Russian argo
· Dictionary of Russian personal names
Oxford Reference Online
Access to over 100 different vocabularies across a spectrum of disciplines.
WWW Webster Dictionary
Fully functional Webster dictionary in electronic form.
Roger thesaurus
Known electronic source. In response to the entered English-language term, it returns a list of words associated with it by meaning.
Dictionaries for translation
PROMT Internet translators
English-Russian and Russian-English online translator
German-Russian and French-Russian online translator
Russian-German and Russian-French online translator
The English version of the site contains an English-French, German-French, French-English and French-German online translator
.
English-Russian dictionary MultiLex ™
English-Russian / Russian-English Dictionary
Electronic translator. In response to the entered term, it gives not only its translation in another language, but also the most common expressions using this word.
French-English Dictionary
ARTFL Project - English-French and French-English dictionary.
OneLook Dictionnaries
More than 2,800,000 words from 585 different dictionaries operating in the network are indexed in its database. The answer to the request is presented in the form of a list of links to dictionaries (both explanatory and multilingual), which contains the desired word.
Biographical references
Russian who is who
Biography Find
Biographical database on the server of the Biography company. Contains brief information about more than 20 thousand people, from the heroes of the Ancient world to contemporary figures from different countries.
Biographical Dictionary
Contains information about more than 25 thousand inhabitants of the Earth, who have left their mark in various areas of life, from the Ancient World to the present. Search by name, keywords and dates is possible. An in-depth request form is available.
International Biographical Center (IOBC)
Who "s Who Online
WIC - Biography Index
Biographies of women
Search for reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias
List.ru: Help
OW !: Help Desk
Sections of the Russian Internet catalog @Rus (OU!):
Dictionaries
Directories
Yahoo !: Reference
Sections of the directory of resources on the Internet Yahoo:
Dictionaries Encyclopedia
World of encyclopedias. Online encyclopedias
Dictionary.com
Search for dictionaries by topic.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries
Collection of links on the server "Electronic and Traditional Dictionaries" (ETS)
Www.study.ru
The site contains more than 100 dictionaries of various fields.
Dictionaries
A collection of links to various dictionaries (for translation, thematic, explanatory).
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books
Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Britannica. Search in the articles of the encyclopedia is possible.
Url: http://www.britannica.com/
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Electronic version of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Convenient search by alphabet and words.
Url: http://www.oval.ru/encycl.shtml
Big encyclopedic dictionary
About 90,000 articles from all spheres of life and society. Search only by the title of a dictionary entry.
Url: http://www.sci.aha.ru/ALL/VOC/index.htm
Wikipedia
Free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. At the moment, Wikipedia contains over 187,000 articles in Russian.
Url: http://ru.wikipedia.org
Glossary
Service of thematic explanatory dictionaries.
Url: http://www.glossary.ru/
World of encyclopedias
Search in Russian-language encyclopedic and pseudo-encyclopedic publications (encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, encyclopedic reference books). Subject search is possible.
Url: http://www.encyclopedia.ru/encyclopedias.html
Rubricon
The largest encyclopedic resource on the Internet. Encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books: Great Soviet, illustrated dictionary, Brockhaus and Efron, Dahl dictionary, dictionaries "History of the Fatherland" and "World History", Small Medical Encyclopedia, World Encyclopedia of Classical Art, etc. Search is provided. Access to complete electronic versions of the most important encyclopedias and dictionaries published over the past hundred years in Russia.
Url: http://www.rubricon.com
Russian biographical dictionary
The Internet version of the Russian biographical dictionary was prepared on the basis of the CD-ROM “Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Biographies. Russia". It is based on a selection of articles from the 86-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907) and the unfinished New Encyclopedic Dictionary (1911-1916). All articles are adapted to the modern Russian language. Alphabet search. Free access.
Url: http://www.rulex.ru/
Dictionaries and encyclopedias On-line
A large resource of various dictionaries and encyclopedias (Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, BES, Financial, Economic, Historical, Geological Dictionary, Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedia, 1000 biographies, Ozhegov and Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary). Allows you to search for a word in the title and in the content of a dictionary entry.
Url: http://dic.academic.ru/
Dictionaries on the server of the Russian information network
Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, medical, linguistic and other dictionaries. Several dictionaries of terms by industry, bilingual dictionaries.
Url: http://dictionaries.rin.ru/
ABBYY Lingvo electronic dictionaries
The Lingvo electronic dictionary was created by specialists from the Russian company ABBYY, one of the world's leading software developers in the field of applied linguistics. Offers multilingual electronic dictionaries: English-Russian, Russian-English, German-Russian, Russian-German, French-Russian, Russian-French, Italian-Russian, Russian-Italian, etc.
Url: http://www.lingvo.ru/
Encyclopedias and reference books on the RNL server
Links and annotations to encyclopedias and reference books of universal content, dictionaries for translation, dictionaries of abbreviations, biographical reference books, search for reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias are presented. Information about all directories of the Russian Internet.
Url: http://www.nlr.ru/res/inv/ic_www/cat_show.php?rid=69
Encyclopedias and reference books on the Yandex server
Encyclopedias of universal content, in particular the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, encyclopedias on economics, law, history, medicine.
Url: http://slovari.yandex.ru/
Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia
The collection of 10 online encyclopedias was originally based on the 1996 edition of the Big Encyclopedia, followed by a large number of author's articles. It currently contains 130,000 articles and 30,000 illustrations.
Url: http://mega.km.ru/
