The information market has long been considered by states and the international community as an object of legal relations. The range of problems associated with information is very wide. It includes the following questions:

1. Information and results of intellectual activity;

2. Information resources as an object of legal regulation;

3. Databases and data banks in the structure of information resources;

4. Confidentiality of information;

5. Commercial information, official, personal and professional data;

6. Mass information and mass media;

7. Subjects of information activity;

8. Information networks and electronic documents;

9. Contractual relations in information relations;

10. Information resources of public authorities and more.

The first legal acts to regulate problems related to the protection of property rights to information appeared in the 19th century, that is, long before the first signs of the information society and the formation of the information market. The first steps along this path were the protection of copyright and the regulation of patent relations. Currently, these issues are regulated by the Law on Copyright and Related Rights, adopted in 1993. Already in the early stages of moving towards the information society, the problems of legal information regulation became much more acute. Each country goes its own way in this direction, but on the other hand, governments and international organizations are making efforts to create internationally recognized rules in this area. Legal issues related to the information sphere are complex and confusing. Therefore, there is no legislation that solves all the relevant problems in any country in the world.

In 1995, the Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" was adopted. This law partially resolves the issues of legal regulation in the information market: the problem of protecting the rights and freedoms of the individual from threats and damage associated with damage, destruction of "personal" information. The law creates conditions for the inclusion of the Russian Federation in the international information exchange, lays the foundation for preventing mismanagement of information resources and informatization, partially ensures information security and the rights of legal entities and individuals to information. In this law, information resources are considered in two aspects:

1. As a material product that can be bought and sold;

2. As an intellectual product subject to intellectual property rights, copyright.

The most important articles from this law:

Article 4. Fundamentals of the legal regime of information resources.

1. Information resources are objects of relations between individuals, legal entities, the state, constitute the information resources of Russia and are protected by law along with other resources.

2. The legal regime of information resources is determined by the rules that establish:

· The procedure for documenting information;

· Ownership of individual documents and individual arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems;

· Order of legal protection of information.

Article 6. Information resources as an element of the composition of property and an object of ownership

3. Individuals and legal entities are the owners of those documents that are created at their expense, acquired by them legally, received by way of gift or inheritance.

4. Information resources that are the property of organizations are included in their property in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

5. Information resources may be a commodity, with the exception of cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

6. Ownership of information processing facilities does not create ownership of information resources owned by other owners.

The provisions of this article give rise to a legal basis for property rights to information and commodity relations in this area.

1. State information resources of the Russian Federation are open and publicly available. The exception is documented information classified by law as restricted access.

· Legislative and other normative acts establishing the legal status of public authorities, local governments, organizations, public associations, as well as the rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens, the procedure for their registration;

· Documents containing information on the activities of public authorities and local self-government bodies, on the use of budgetary funds and other state and local resources, on the state of the economy and the needs of the population, with the exception of information classified as state secrets.

Article 11. Information about citizens (personal data)

1. Personal data is classified as confidential information.

It is not allowed to collect, store, use and distribute information about private life, as well as information that violates personal secrets, family secrets, privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other messages of an individual without his consent, except on the basis of a court decision.

2. Personal data cannot be used for the purpose of causing property and moral harm to citizens, making it difficult to exercise the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation based on the use of information about their social origin, racial, national, linguistic, religious and party affiliation is prohibited and punishable in accordance with the legislation.

Article 12. Implementation of the right to access information from information resources.

1. Users - citizens, state authorities, local governments, organizations and public associations - have equal rights to access state information resources and are not required to justify to the owner of these resources the need to obtain the information they request.

Article 13. Guarantees for the provision of information.

1. State authorities and local self-government bodies create information resources available to everyone on the activities of these bodies and organizations subordinate to them.

The significance of these norms, taking into account the history of our country, is very great, since in almost all periods the authorities tried to monopolize the right to information. Particular attention should be paid to the provision of Article 11, which contains guarantees to prevent the collection, storage, use and dissemination of information about the private life of citizens (this can only be done on the basis of a court decision), the inadmissibility of using information collected in any way to discriminate citizens on any grounds.

Article 20. Purposes of protection.

The goals of protection are:

· Prevention of unauthorized actions to destroy, modify, distort, copy, block information;

· Protection of the constitutional rights of citizens to maintain personal secrecy and confidentiality of personal data available in information systems;

· Ensuring the rights of subjects in information processes and in the development, production and application of information systems, technologies and means of their support.

Article 24. Protection of the right to access to information.

1. Denial of access to open information or provision of deliberately false information to users may be appealed in court.

2. The Court considers disputes on the unreasonable classification of information as information with restricted access, claims for damages in cases of unreasonable refusal to provide information to users or as a result of other violations of users' rights. .

In general, this law is a big step forward in building the legal base of an open democratic society, as well as a big step towards the information society and the formation of a civilized information market.

An important element of the legal system of the Russian Federation related to the information market has become the Law "On the Legal Protection of Computer Programs and Databases". He gave a legally precise definition of concepts related to the authorship and distribution of computer programs and databases. This law determined that copyright extends to the above objects that are the result of the creative activity of the author. The author has the exclusive right to publish programs and databases, their distribution, modification and other use. However, the property rights to these objects, created in the course of performance of official duties or on the instructions of the employer, belong to the employer. Property rights, unlike copyright, can be transferred to another individual or legal entity on a contractual basis.

For the current state of our society, it is the issues related to the violation of copyright and property rights that are the most relevant. Much of the software used by individuals and even organizations has been illegally copied. This state of affairs hinders the establishment of a civilized market for computer software and information resources.

In 1996, the section "Crimes in the field of computer information" was first introduced into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In this section, the punishment for some types of crimes that have become common has been determined:

1. Illegal access to computer information;

2. Creation, use and distribution of malicious programs for computers;

3. Deliberate violation of the rules for the operation of computers and their networks.

Illegal access to computer information is penetration into someone else's computer in order to use the information available in it (most often for personal gain). For such penetration, computer networks (most often the Internet or corporate networks) are used. People who engage in such activities are called hackers. In the Russian Federation, hackers most often attack banking institutions, trying to steal money from them in various ways.

Everyone who has to work with computers knows about computer viruses. Viruses are created specifically to damage programs and data and spread over networks. A virus attack can have the most serious consequences, bringing huge losses to both businesses and government agencies, as well as individuals. For the creation and distribution of viruses that caused serious consequences, according to the law in the Russian Federation, you can be punished with up to 7 years in prison. In some countries, the punishment for this type of crime is more severe.

Serious consequences for information systems can also be caused by errors of the personnel serving them, who violated the rules for operating the system. If such errors entailed grave consequences, the punishment may also be associated with imprisonment. This fact is another evidence that the responsibility of people working in the information sphere has increased.

Legal regulation of the information market due to its rapid development will always lag behind life. The happiest society lives not in a society where all actions of people are regulated and punishments for all illegal acts are prescribed, but in which people are primarily guided by ethical considerations. This means that the state does not misuse the information entrusted to it by a citizen, because it is properly organized. Information is not stolen, not because there is a punishment for it, but because a person considers theft in any manifestation to be a low deed that discredits him. Society should strive for precisely such relations between the state and the individual, as well as between individual members of society.

Records management and NSI

Major Trends in International Records Management

Stephens, David O
July 21, 2009 4:38 PM Stephens, David O

DavidO. Stephens (Stephens, David O)

International records management originated in the 1990s and over the years has gradually evolved from a concept to a worldwide reality. Despite the fact that the first attempts (meaning the activities of the International Records Management Council) were made back in the 70-80s, they did not have an effective effect on a global scale.

When the author first became interested in international records management in the late 1980s, there was practically no quality literature on this topic. Those who wanted to understand the principles of office work and accounting for the development of various professional initiatives in their own country or abroad, in fact, had nowhere to turn. However, over the past 10 years, a real revolution has taken place in international records management.

Trying to shed light on the most significant changes that have taken place in the world practice of working with documents and information over the past decade, one cannot fail to mention those ideas that have fundamentally changed approaches to document management and still have a noticeable impact on them. Some of these trends reflect the underlying causes of change, while others reflect more of the consequences of those causes. The following is a brief (due to space constraints) description of these trends.

The Triumph of Democracy and Free Enterprise

In the article "Towards a global theory of records management", the author tries to answer two questions: 1) Why do some countries have records management, while others do not?; 2) Why is it widely used and widely used in some countries, and not in others? In the early 1990s, these issues became especially relevant in connection with the collapse of the planned, tightly controlled communist economy. The next decade was a period of triumph for democracy and free enterprise.

An earlier article develops the hypothesis that the only factors that determine the successful development of records management are a strong democratic government and a viable market economy in a country. The author proceeds from the fact that a free government, in fact, is based on an open exchange of ideas and information. Moreover, the free market economy system is a powerful incentive for the application of management technologies aimed at increasing efficiency, including document management technologies.

The events of the last 10-15 years only confirm the legitimacy of the above. This is the first, main trend, the underlying cause of all subsequent ones.

Business globalization

The second major trend in international records management that emerged in the 1990s is the rapid development of international business. The impetus for development was the adoption of free trade agreements in Europe (EC 1992), North America (NAFTA) and around the world (GATT), which strengthened economic integration; the emergence of new market-oriented economic systems in Eastern Europe, Russia and a number of countries in Asia and Latin America; and the rapid development of the Internet and other global information technologies.

The value of business development in the context of international records management is to create a favorable climate for the emergence of new solutions in the field of information management - solutions designed for worldwide use. Without this factor, the development of the field of international records management in the last decade would have gone according to a completely different scenario.

European Union

In the 15 member states of the European Union, with the exception of the UK, records management is not treated as a separate area of ​​expertise; at least, it is not as well formed and widespread as in North America. In most EU countries, records management is understood as a subset of other specialized disciplines (for example, archiving and information technology) and is not distinguished as an independent applied discipline. However, the European Union has made a significant contribution to the development of the international records management system, which also claims to be included in the list of major trends. The essence of the contribution is as follows:

● In 1996, the European Commission, made up of EU Member States, organized the DLM Forum dedicated to the issues of electronic document. The main goal of the forum is "multifaceted cooperation between European countries aimed at collecting information, developing common recommendations and disseminating this information in order to provide support in solving issues that arise in the process of working with electronic documents." The Forum is the most significant European initiative in the field of electronic document management and is of global importance.

● In 1998, the European Union issued a data protection regulation that deals with privacy and confidentiality of personal data. The order clearly articulates the requirements for the storage, use and dissemination of this kind of information, including its transfer to countries outside the EU. This regulation had a significant impact on the development of records management in Europe, and today the European Union encourages other countries, including the United States, to take similar measures to protect information.

● Over the past 10 years, the European Union has issued dozens of other directives covering various aspects of record keeping, including document retention. These documents are of interest to any international company with a large share of business in the EU area.

Globalization of Compliance and Litigation Risk Reduction Principles

Compliance with legal regulations and reduced risk of litigation are two of the most significant factors driving the development of records management in the United States. The United States is the world leader in legal regulation of document retention and other record keeping requirements. In total, the district judicial bodies issued, according to various estimates, from 10,000 to 20,000 such requests. The current situation does not give a clear idea of ​​​​how exactly records should be managed, and ensuring compliance with legal regulations becomes a problem for controlled organizations. On the other hand, the United States is the world leader in the number of litigations between companies, which has served as a powerful incentive for organizations to implement various document management systems designed to reduce the risk of litigation due to incorrect handling of documents.

As a result of both factors, American corporations have an urgent need for a professional approach to document management. Until recently, it was believed that these issues concern for the most part exclusively the United States, but now the views have changed. Today, almost every international company has records management specialists who are dedicated to developing and implementing measures aimed at ensuring compliance with international legal norms and/or reducing the risk of litigation. Basically, these measures are implemented in the form of international document storage projects. Ten years ago, this phenomenon was rare, but now it has become widespread.

Development of global e-commerce

In 1996, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) developed the world's first global legislative model that defines the legal standards for office work in today's digital reality. In various forms, this model law has been adopted by many governments around the world, including the United States.

One of the main goals of the law was the elimination of existing legal barriers that hinder the introduction of new electronic technologies for office work. For example, according to the laws of many countries, in order for business transactions to be legal, original documents must contain “authentic signatures”. The UN Model Law aims to overcome these obstacles by recognizing the validity of electronic documents that have the necessary integrity and degree of trust. This means that documents must be accessible, legible, reliable and accurate and must be kept for a prescribed period of time.

In terms of major trends, this model law and the numerous national laws that have followed it have increased the demand for expertise in records management. To remain competitive in a global economy, international companies must accelerate the transition from paper to electronic records management, and this is not possible without a highly skilled approach to document management.

Internet as the main global information platform

The expression “Internet changes everything” has long become a cliché, but has not lost its relevance. Global in nature, the Internet is of great importance for managing information on a global scale. It not only completely rewrote the manuals for computerization of enterprises, but also became the main global platform for collecting and exchanging information of almost all kinds. The Internet has enabled many projects in the field of international records management that would not have been possible without it. It provides an opportunity for prompt access to the global space and access to even the smallest organizations. Without e-mail and the Web, without open access to sources of law, without solutions built on the basis of Internet technologies, many projects simply would not be possible to translate into reality.

The evolution of global business and technology solutions

Perhaps not such a bright trend, but undoubtedly worthy of attention. Most document management solution providers target the local, regional, or national market. However, the lack of global vendors forces international companies to deal with document management issues with the help of local or regional vendors. At the same time, a true global scale involves doing business at least in Europe, America, Asia and the South Pacific region, as well as in the Middle East and in certain parts of Africa. Very few players in the document management solutions market have such a developed business. Probably the most truly global in the early 1990s were Japanese microfilm and document processing companies (Canon and Minolta).

Over the past decade, the evolution of global solution providers has been slow but noticeable. In the early 1990s, the Australian firm Brambles (later renamed Recall) began to rapidly expand the boundaries of its business in the commercial storage sector. A few years later, the American company Iron Mountain also actively entered into competition. In the field of document management software, Tower Software in Australia has probably the most clients among international companies.

As already mentioned, Internet technologies are changing everything, including making it possible to serve global markets. That's why we include this trend in the list of the main ones, even though there is still a lot to be done.

Expansion of the global tasks of international professional communities

A noticeable trend of the last 10 years, characterized by significant progress. Generally speaking, all major professional communities representing interests in the field of records management have either launched major international projects or developed current ones. A few examples:

● AIIM International. In the early 1990s, the international activities of this American association consisted mainly of establishing links with the community, which at that time was called the International Congress of Micrographics. Since then, AIIM's international presence has grown significantly. The Association has opened foreign offices and, through cooperation with ISO (International Organization for Standardization), plays an important role in the development of international standards in the field of processing microfilms and images of electronic documents.

● ARMA International. In the late 80s, the sphere of international influence of this American association (www.arma.org) began to expand rapidly. In addition to the existing branches in Canada and Puerto Rico, representative offices were opened in Japan and New Zealand. The most notable achievements of the association in the 1990s were the opening of a representative office in Jamaica and the signing of an agreement with two other major players in the field of international records management: the International Council on Archives and the International Council on Records Management. Finally, ARMA International contributed to the development of ISO 15489, the world's first international standard for document management (discussed in more detail below).

● International Council of Archives (ICA). Unlike AIIM and ARMA International, whose activities were initially limited to one country, this organization, headquartered in Paris, has had a global scope since its inception. Although the council primarily represents the interests of the archives - i.e. specializes in the storage of documents of value in the long term - his role in the field of international records management is also noticeable. Through its Committee on Electronic and Current Records (CECR), ICA develops guidelines and best practices for records management. This direction developed especially rapidly in the 1990s.

● International Records Management Council. The activities of this organization, as well as the activities of the ICA, initially - since its foundation in 1989 - had a global character. The main mission of the council is to fund projects in the field of records management in developing countries around the world.

InformationgrantedProQuest Information and Learning Company. Allrightsreserved.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar Documents

The concept and characteristics of the information resource and the market, comparison with the market for goods and services; its structure, software part. The current state of the information market in Russia and Europe. Legal regulation, problems and prospects.

term paper, added 03/10/2011


Characteristics of the main sectors of the information services market. Participants of the information market: sector of business information, information for specialists, mass and consumer information. Legal regulation in the market of information services.

abstract, added 01.12.2007


The concept and structure of the market for information products and services. Development of the information market in Russia on the example of IT services. Acquisition of IT services: from discrete to outsourcing. Importance of information services for Russia's foreign economic activity.

abstract, added 06/14/2010


The main prerequisites for the emergence and dynamics of the development of the information society in the world and on the territory of the Russian Federation. History of development of network technologies. Geography of the information society, its current problems. List of promising technologies.

term paper, added 12/10/2015


The structure of the modern information market. Sectors of business, professional, legal and mass consumer information. Internet services market in Russia. Financial results of Samara IT companies. The value of the information network and its resources.

test, added 10/29/2009


Theoretical aspects of the information society: essence, basic properties; regularities of its formation and development in Russia, transition criteria. Information potential, personality and problems of society: "digital inequality"; legal regulation.

term paper, added 08/12/2012


The concept of the information society, which is engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, its highest form - knowledge. Characteristic features of this stage of development of society and economy. The main advantages of the information society.

The concept of intellectual property.

The very concept of "intellectual property" was first introduced in 1967. Convention approving the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). In Russia, for the first time, the concept of "intellectual property" is enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1994.

The meaning of intellectual property is that persons who have the exclusive right to an invention, utility model or industrial design have the right to use it at their own discretion. In particular, the owner of a patent has the right to prohibit other persons from using the invention that has been granted a patent without their permission.

Traditionally, all intellectual property objects are divided into two categories:

Industrial property (the most common objects of industrial property are utility models, industrial designs, inventions),

Objects intellectual. own They are considered inventions if they are a device, method, substance, etc. Devices as objects of inventions include machines, devices, mechanisms, tools, equipment, etc.

Utility models are new and industrially applied solutions related to the design of the means of production and consumer goods, as well as their components. A utility model, as well as inventions and other objects of intellectual property, must be the result of independent inventive creativity, have novelty and industrial applicability.

An industrial design is an artistic and constructive solution of a product that determines its appearance. However, if the invention is a technical solution to a problem, then an industrial design is a solution to the appearance of the product, which is a solution to the problem, containing an indication of specific means and ways to implement the designer's creative intent.

Industrial property also includes trademarks, service marks, trade names and appellations of origin.

In the process of determining a set of rights of int.property, only those that have the following properties can be distinguished:

Exclusivity, i.e. inability to become public;

Alienability, i.e. the possibility of transfer from one person to another on the basis of a contract;

Versatility, i.e. the ability to exchange for any marketable goods.

Issues of legal regulation of copyright and related rights are reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code. Law of the Russian Federation "On Copyright and Related Rights" dated July 9, 1993, as well as in other legal acts, including those relating to certain types of information products and services. It should be noted that the Russian copyright law was prepared taking into account the European model law in this area.





Features of databases as objects of copyright in combination with their leading role in the information resources of modern society have led to the fact that copyright issues in connection with databases are clarified and developed by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the legal protection of programs for electronic computers and databases September 9, 1992

Under Russian law, databases are fully copyrighted. It does not matter whether the database is considered released or not published and what their quality is. Legal protection also extends to databases that are the result of creative work on the selection and organization of data.

The rights of all, except the author, participants in the process of creating (generating) the database, performing technological and auxiliary functions, the rights of users and buyers of the database and information products and services prepared on its basis, are determined on the basis of contractual relations. In turn, contract law is regulated by the Civil Code. After the adoption of the law on the legal protection of computer programs and databases, voluntary registration of databases and contracts for their transfer with the Russian Agency for the Legal Protection of Programs and Databases (RosAPO) was organized.

In combination with the low profitability of the Russian information market, this does not encourage authors and database creators to register their rights through RosAPO. It should be noted that the fact of entering into registration relations with this center is not related to the extension of the legal protection regime to databases, since this would be contrary to the Federal Law of July 9, 1993 "On Copyright and Related Rights".

In Russia, when preparing databases, other databases, various directories, etc. are often used. the following circumstances:

In Russia and the CIS, the information culture and legislation in the field of protecting databases as intellectual property are so poorly developed, despite the adopted legislation in this area, that information organizations often dispose of other people's databases as if they were their own, not caring about the rights and legitimate economic interests of their generators. ,

Western generator centers and database processing centers, as a rule, set restrictions on the use of their information products in their contracts, far exceeding the limits allowed by law in terms of rigidity, as well as exceeding the generally accepted practice in the information field. The study of contracts and agreements offered to their users by foreign centers suggests that the use of information from databases for the preparation of new information products and services is generally impossible, except for the fulfillment of specific requests for specific consumers.

In the West, in the last 2-3 years, some clarity has been achieved on these issues. In September 1991, the US Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the reuse of Yellow Pages (direct address information for businesses and organizations) did not constitute copyright infringement. The court's decision established that the Yellow Pages cannot be subject to copyright, and only the form of organization and presentation of the material can and should be protected, for example, subject and thematic headings and their wording and arrangement. In addition, the compiler of the new directory has the right not to re-examine the objects of reference information in relation to the data contained in the previous directory, since the study of objects for obtaining reference information cannot be considered as a creative activity that results in a product of intellectual labor.

In early 1991, a similar decision was made by the US Supreme Court with respect to reference information such as "white pages" (help information published and presented in the form proposed by the objects of description themselves), which are not protected by copyright at all.

In Russia, similar solutions can be expected, since databases that enjoy legal protection as collections are considered by law as the result of creative work in the selection and organization of data, and not in accordance with the concept of "effort expended", which just failed in the United States.

The Russian law on databases does not quite clearly regulate this range of issues. Regarding copyright information. regardless of its form, printed or machine readable, the approach of Gale Research Inc. can be applied. which, in its database directory, indicates that this directory is a creative work protected by all applicable laws for protection, including laws on misuse, trade secrets, unfair competition. "Gale" emphasizes that the authors and editors of the handbook have added value to the factual material presented in it through their own and original selection of information, coordination of material, expression, organization and classification of information.

Of priority importance is the clear consolidation in the law (or laws) of the right of citizens to free and equal access to any information created or accumulated at the expense of the state budget, i.e. taxpayers' money. This applies equally to both legal information (on current laws and regulations), scientific and technical information (including information on the results of research, development and work to improve production, carried out at the expense of state funding or subsidies from the state budget), and information statistical, reflecting the real processes of socio-economic and cultural development. At the same time, restrictions on access to information can be based only on direct instructions in the law, but not on by-laws.

Among the tasks of lawmaking, which should be taken into account in the above general program, is also bringing the legal framework of information activities in line with:

The realities caused by the transition of the Russian economy to a market economy.

Obligations arising from Russia's participation in international conventions and agreements (in particular, on the protection of intellectual and industrial property).

In the process of creating a general program, the relationship between specific legal acts, as already in force, should be identified. and to be developed. Thus, when preparing a law regulating information activities in the field of science and technology, the existing laws of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media" should be taken into account in every possible way. "On Legal Protection of Computer Programs and Databases", "Patent Law of the Russian Federation". The issue of preferential conditions for access to relevant information when solving problems in the field of education and culture, health care, and agriculture can be equally successfully resolved both in special legislative acts and in the law on the State System of Scientific and Technical Information (SSTI) of the Russian Federation. . Similarly, the information activities of scientific, scientific-technical and special libraries can be regulated both in the law "On librarianship" and in the law on the State Scientific and Technical Institute of the Russian Federation. The decisive criterion, in our opinion, is the progress in the development of a particular bill. If it fails to clearly regulate "borderline" problems, then in any case its adoption should not create obstacles to finding reasonable solutions to these problems in subsequent laws. A prerequisite for this is the development of a common program.

The next range of tasks is related to the legislative regulation of cross-border information flows (including in electronic form), ensuring the effective inclusion of Russia in world economic, scientific and technical relations, taking into account mutual interests in the specifics of interaction:

with the CIS countries.

With developed countries and countries of Eastern Europe.

With the rest of the world.

It should be here. in particular, the "openness" of Russian information systems has been ensured in the sense of the possibility of exchanging information with foreign partners based on the use of relevant international standards. In Russia, there are currently practically no legal restrictions on the transfer of open information from Russia in any form and on any medium. Appropriate customs clearance mechanisms have also been worked out. In fact, there are also no legal problems of access from Russia to foreign information.

Moreover, the free and actually free access to the Internet for Soviet scientists and specialists, opened by the West since the second half of the 1980s, had a positive impact on the opening up of Russian departmental information networks and systems for a wide user, contributed to the formation in society of a model of open and free exchange of any information as the basis of a national information infrastructure. On the other hand, the problems of cross-border information flows, which disturbed the world community from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, have not yet been recognized. They will inevitably arise in connection with the growth of information exchange.

Negative impact on the development of international exchange of information have constant attempts to tighten customs legislation and the rules of currency regulation and control. It is clear that even with the highest rates of development of international cooperation in the field of information, its share in the total foreign trade turnover of the country is unlikely to exceed a few percent, but customs and currency control is applied to them almost as harshly as to exporters of raw materials or food importers.

An important practical legal problem for the emerging commercial and former non-commercial services in the development of market relations in information activities has been the constant changes in the legislation governing economic activity and, above all, taxation. It is clear that information activity in Russia can no longer remain in a state of free fall and isolation. Bearing in mind that a country of this level simply cannot develop without a national information infrastructure, it is necessary to start developing a reasonable program for modernizing the Russian information infrastructure, or at least elements of such a program, in the near future. At the same time, it will be important to go beyond the already familiar schemes for the development of information activity and informatization, since only new approaches can give something that corresponds to new realities.

In foreign, and often in Russian publications, the problems of providing society and the economy with information and information services are interpreted too primitively. On the one hand, the apparent ease of substituting services and products of domestic production with imported ones creates the appearance of a natural, market-based solution to the problem of information support. Suppose that the domestic information infrastructure will be reduced to the extent of its inefficiency and low competitiveness. Then the significant budgetary funds allocated to support information activities can be transferred to other, more priority areas.

It is clear that the results of the initial bibliographic processing and the primary sources themselves should be available to the whole society in a modern form, at least in a machine-readable form. including government and commercial information services working for the end user. At the same time, decentralization of the preparation of abstracts in certain areas that the state and society are able to support is not required. Infrastructure and experience of existing centers such as VINITI. INION can be used when financing them within the framework of special targeted programs or contracts with commercial organizations. VINITI already has examples of such cooperation in relation to electronic abstract journals.

The state should ensure that all programs of assistance to Russia through the international community necessarily include an information component, primarily on the acquisition of primary sources of information and the involvement of Russian information organizations as co-executors of these programs. In this regard, let us dwell on the state of Russian legislation in the field of information, informatization and information security. For the period 1991-1995. more than 500 regulatory legal acts have been issued in this area. Of these, 87 are fully related to information practice, the rest include separate rules on certain issues. An important step towards lawmaking in the information sphere should be considered the adoption and entry into force on February 20, 1995 of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information", which became the base in information lawmaking.

Concluding the analysis of the legal environment, we can conclude that in Russia today it is favorable for the development of information activities and the market for information products and services, as well as the widest international cooperation in this area. The legal problems faced by Russian information services are not specific, and the constant changes and tightening of Russian legislation hinder them no more than other Russian enterprises and organizations. Today it is becoming more and more obvious. that there are no simple solutions to the problems of the Russian information infrastructure and providing the country with information.

Topic 7 Security in the information market.

"Word Document" - Save the document: Save the document: Create your own folder: Open document window: Save document: File? Save (Save as ...) or toolbar button: Save window: Create a new document: File? New or toolbar button: Task: Starting Word: Start?Programs?Word, or from the desktop:

"HTML Document" - Method of Use. Use of the align attribute: - Hypertext markup language.. Hypertext markup language. Elements can be nested one into another like nesting dolls. 1989. History. Attribute. All attributes are written inside the start tag. End tag notation in general: Terminology.

"Microsoft Word Document" - What are the main elements of the program interface. Web document mode. Designed for the formation of web-pages Page layout mode. Text information processing technology. Word processor Microsoft Word. Structure mode. Document viewing modes. Saving a document. Opening a document.

"Creating a text document" - Title bar. A text document consists of sections, subsections, paragraphs, lines, words, symbols. The advent of computers has fundamentally changed the technology of writing. Document preparation technology. For thousands of years people have been recording information. Subsection. Menu bar. Processing of text information.

"Legal entity" - the authorized capital. The legal entity becomes the owner of the property. Classification of legal entities according to the purposes of carrying out activities. Participants are state and municipal bodies. Signs of a legal entity: Estimate. 3. Economic entities - legal entities. Types: - General partnership - Limited partnership.

"Text document" - Rules for formatting notes. A2 and A1. Rules for the design of the text part. Rules for the design of formulas and illustrations. 3.4.2 The illustrations should be numbered with Arabic numerals through numbering. Rules for the design of the list of references. Text documents. Example Props*. The pages of a text document are numbered with Arabic numerals.