Coursework: Information society: concept and trends. The process of development of the information society begins with its computerization

12.06.2019 Mistakes

In modern social science, it is widely believed that society in its development goes through three stages, or three waves: the first is an agrarian society; the second is industrial; the third wave is post-industrial. Society is experiencing the third stage in our time. Its other name is "information society". This name appeared in the early 60s pp. XX century., When in developed countries there was a transition of the economy to the production of information and services.

Thanks to the emergence of new technical means and new technologies, the information society is characterized by a number of features: 1) the widespread introduction of scientific and information science technologies; 2) the rapid growth of the knowledge industry, in which more and more people and resources are moving; 3) in the field of education, science, computer activities, media, etc. more than half of the national product is produced; 4) radical changes in the ratio of work and free time and personal attitudes of a person; 5) change in human motivations from purely material values and property with opportunities for self-expression and self-development, satisfaction with work and life; 6) the use of information not only to create material and cultural benefits, but also in many respects to form certain economic, social and political positions among citizens; 7) a new type of information consumer is being formed. The priorities of the needs of the individual are changing. A person builds the nature of his behavior on the basis of broad information, the ability to select the necessary information. A characteristic feature of modern man is actions that are based not on tradition in thinking and practice, but on information; 8) the attitude to nature and the entire environment is being rethought, as to "the language of the development of production. Environmental problems are becoming increasingly important.

In today's information society, there are serious problems that should be taken into account and addressed. In particular, it is argued that technology invades all spheres of human life. There is an illusion that a person will soon lose many types of traditional activities, they will be replaced by a machine, as it were, even moral, political and social problems can be solved on the basis of machine technologies.

The fallacy of this approach is obvious. After all, it should be determined that a person always has and will have the ability of personal assessment, interpretation of information. The personal component is a component of the human "I". A person, in addition to the knowledge that a machine can store, has intuition, faith, feelings and other properties that are unique to a person. In the future, it should be rational and acceptable to achieve a harmonious unity between the development of knowledge and technology, on the one hand, and the ability to adequately develop the rate of adaptation of a person to his own results of activity, on the other.

Ecological problems of modern civilization

The transition of mankind from the use of primitive tools to a technogenic civilization, along with positive ones, led to significant negative consequences. In particular, it turned out to be destructive in relation to nature. Ecosystem (from Gr. Oinos - house, environment) of the planet - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere - has suffered the destructive influence of man.

The Earth's atmosphere suffers the most. The destruction of the atmosphere under the influence of various technological processes has a catastrophic effect on the human body. Today, science records more than 3,000 types of chemicals that adversely affect human development and lead to significant changes in the body.

So, if in the mid-40s of the XX century. 0.7% of handicapped children among newborns were recorded as a result of the influence of various kinds of mutagenic processes, then at the turn of the millennium this figure exceeds 10%, which makes us talk about the danger to the full development of the human gene pool.

According to the UN, 110 million tons of sulfur oxide, 70 million tons of nitrogen oxide, 180 million tons of carbon monoxide, 90 million tons of raw poisonous gases, 700 thousand tons of freons (compounds of heavy metals), 500 thousand tons of lead and etc. .

Significant damage to the human body is caused by toxic tobacco smoke, which is 4 times more harmful than car exhaust gases. It is estimated that tobacco smoke pollutes the air hundreds of thousands of times more than any metallurgical or chemical plant. The smoker inhales the air, the pollution of which is hundreds of times higher than the maximum permissible limits. After all, this smoke contains about 200 especially toxic substances.

According to the World Health Organization, 1,500,000 people die every year from smoking-related diseases, and the cost of treating smoking-related diseases is $100 billion annually.

The hydrosphere plays an important role in human life. Water is the main component of the structure of any biological organism, a source of oxygen. But the attitude to it is no better than to other elements of the environment. The world ocean is assigned the role of a gigantic landfill for most of the industrial and radiation waste. Particularly terrible indicators of its pollution with oil. According to scientists, almost 1/4 of the surface of the World Ocean is covered with an oil film.

The problem of providing humanity with fresh water is an acute one. Part of the fresh water reserves in the oceans is very small - only about 4%. But 70% of fresh water is in the ice of Antarctica, Greenland and on mountain peaks. About 30% of the reserves are groundwater. Rivers and lakes account for only 0.02% of all fresh water. Water consumption is rising sharply. It is estimated that in ancient times, water consumption per capita was 12-18 liters per day, and today it is 200-400 liters. The use of water in industry is growing significantly.

The health hazard is extreme water pollution. Millions of people on the planet consume water saturated with substances harmful to the body, which leads to various kinds of serious diseases.

The negative impact of scientific and technological progress on the soil is more and more clearly manifested. It is replenished with uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological components. Contaminants through plant or animal foods enter the human body.

Dangerous in its consequences is soil erosion, that is, the destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers. Irrational economic activity has led to the fact that annually 3% of cultivated land, that is, 50-70 thousand km2 of arable land, is withdrawn from agricultural circulation.

Technogenic civilization has led to a dismissive, even criminal attitude of society to the biosphere, that is, to the world of active life, which makes up the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. During the active material and economic development, the society destroyed 70% of the forests.

During the year, about 11 million hectares of forests disappear from the planet. The role of forests in nature is extremely important. After all, despite the fact that forests occupy only 7% of the earth's surface, 60% of the available plant species are concentrated in them. Forest biomass accounts for 90% of all land biomass. Due to massive deforestation, the rate of extinction of entire animal species has increased dramatically. 1200 species are under the threat of destruction. An average of 25-30 species per year dies out on the planet, including one species or subspecies of vertebrates.

From the above examples, it is clear that society has a destructive effect on nature, despite its important role as a necessary and constant condition for the development of the human community. But it should be understood that not only nature suffers. Any changes in the outside world are immediately reflected in the person himself:

health, mental state, lifestyle. So, in the era of technogenic civilization, an ecological crisis is clearly manifested, which negatively affects the fate of a person, society as a whole.

Scientists offer some ways to prevent ecological catastrophe. they can be summarized in the following main areas of activity:

1. Urgent development and implementation of measures for the re-education of present and future generations in order to reorient towards universal values, in particular, the role of nature in human life.

An attitude to nature should be formed not as a raw material base, energy sources, not as an object of material use in general. We should remember the reverent attitude of previous generations (until about the 19th century) to nature as the cradle of mankind, as a source of spiritual inspiration. It is necessary that every person realize the spiritual, and not the material, significance of nature. Presenting nature to the rank of universal human values is the primary task of educating a person. Everyone should feel their personal responsibility for the state of the natural environment and do everything possible to preserve it.

2. Scientific search for fundamentally new forms of material and technical activity of society. These should be such forms that would maximally contribute to the normalization of relations between man and nature. First of all, we are talking about the development and implementation of "clean" and safe energy sources (solar energy, bioenergy, wind, secondary energy, etc.), computer and information technology, digital communications, robotics, further development and processing of safe artificial materials.

3. Further development and implementation of the legislative, legal framework regarding the conservation of the natural environment. It is especially important that the laws "act". Ukraine has adopted a law on environmental protection. But, unfortunately, compliance with part of it is formal, which often leads to environmental disasters. Strengthened legislative and public control is needed so that any violation of the ecological system would result in bringing the perpetrators to criminal liability.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

SEI HPE "RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS"

Kemerovo Institute (branch)

Department of Philosophy and Sociology

TEST

by discipline: " Sociology »

Theme: Information Society

Completed:

group student

Yuzhakova O.A.

Checked:

Spirin A.D.

Kemerovo 2009

information society

INTRODUCTION

1 Signs of the information society

1.1 Key features of the information society

1.2 Processes taking place in the information society. Information Market

2 Perspectives and social implications

2.1 Social implications of the development of the information society

2.2 Development prospects

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Today the world is experiencing a powerful new revolution that can fundamentally change people's lives - their work, leisure, ways of uniting in communities and even the attitude towards themselves.

The nature of the information revolution has not yet been fully explored, but its meaning is becoming increasingly clear. The age of economic globalization is coming, and there are a variety of opinions about the impact this process can have on the development of individual countries and human civilization as a whole. The influence of public opinion on political and economic decisions is sharply increasing.

Currently, the study of the influence of the information society on the world around us is very relevant. Public opinion is turning into the driving force behind the development of the information society, which is the beginning of the spiritual existence of mankind in politics, science, philosophy, art, religion, morality, etc.

As society develops, the economic, social, political, technical conditions of public opinion change, and with them its place in the life of society changes, its role increases, functions become more complicated, areas of activity expand and, in accordance with this, the structure changes, the degree of depth and competence. At the same time, the boundaries of problems that act as an object of public judgment are expanding, etc. All these processes become especially significant in the era of transition from an industrial society to an information society, which is associated, first of all, with qualitative changes in the social nature of society.

1 Signs of the Information Society

1.1 Key Features of the Information Society

The main features of the information society is the development of a new type of society, which is being formed as a result of a new social revolution. Information technology will acquire a global character and priority over other resources, covering all spheres of human social activity. The information unity of the entire human civilization is being formed.

The development of the information society affects all aspects of our lives. In the economic environment, the globalization of the economy is taking place (a single market of finance, goods, labor, and services is being formed over vast terrestrial spaces); e-economy is developing (prospects for the development of e-business); system of electronic payments and financial management; electronic money; automation and robotization of production. In addition, artificial intelligence is taking shape: automatic programming, planning, machine learning, visual pattern recognition; information is a means of controlling the masses; The Internet as a virtual communication medium.

The development of computer culture is of no small importance in our life - these are electronic libraries, virtual museums, music libraries, etc. The educational side of our life is developing - continuous education, distance learning, more complete access to educational literature due to the emergence of electronic textbooks.

In medicine, new technologies are being developed (remote diagnostics, continuous preventive monitoring, the transition to home telemedicine, the creation of new drugs, etc.). The dissemination of medical and pharmacological information makes it easier for us to access knowledge about our health, the emergence of measuring technical devices, computers and information systems (physical inactivity, mental disorders, electromagnetic and electrostatic fields and other types of radiation).

In the new modern global society, the exchange of information has no temporal, spatial, or political boundaries. A single information space is being formed, i.e. full participation of any subject in the processes of information and economic integration of regions, countries and peoples.

The information society is a society in which the main condition for the well-being of every person and every state is knowledge gained through unhindered access, dissemination and use of information as the most important condition for development.

1.2 Processes taking place in the information society. Information Market

In the information society, new technological structures are emerging and dominating in the economy, which are based on the massive use of promising information technologies, computer technology and telecommunications. A market of information and knowledge is being created and developed as a factor of production. Such a market is complementary to the natural resource, labor and capital markets. Gradually, the information market turns into real resources for socio-economic development, the actual satisfaction of society's needs for information products and services takes place.

The information structure plays a huge role in the system of social production, increases the level of education. There is a scientific, technical and cultural development due to the expansion of information exchange opportunities at the international, national and regional levels and, accordingly, an increase in the role of qualifications, professionalism and creativity as the most important characteristics of labor services.

Technical and technological progress entails the emergence of new types of information products that combine text, sound and image, as well as new types of information services, in which all means of data transmission begin to complement each other and even show a tendency to combine into a single whole. The development of technical means brings with it the deepest qualitative changes in all spheres of life.

Closest on the way to the information society are countries with a developed information industry: the USA, Japan, England, Germany, Western European countries.

2 Perspectives and social implications

2.1 Social implications of the development of the information society

Humanity is rapidly entering a fundamentally new information age for it. All components of people's way of life are changing significantly. The weight of the information sector of the economy is constantly growing.

The use of new information and telecommunication technologies gives rise to new forms of working relations both in the sphere of business and in the sphere of individual labor. These new relationships, despite the increase in information pressure on a person, help technologically and psychologically solve the main task - increasing the efficiency of any type of activity.

The use of information and telecommunication technologies in the education system and in the field of individual consumption of information products and services significantly increases the level of general and vocational education, which helps to get a prestigious and better-paid job, shape your own cultural image, leisure and entertainment world, maximize personal ability. Distance education based on modern information technologies is for many countries, and for Russia too, the only chance to prepare people for life and work in the information world of the 21st century.

The development of the national and global information society cannot stop, and be that as it may, the information revolution is changing the world very quickly. These changes are inevitable and extremely large-scale, and their speed is accelerating.

Realizing all the advantages of the information society, one cannot but admit that the information revolution brings with it not only new solutions and opportunities, but also new problems. The global implications of the use of information technology have already become apparent in the widening gap between the levels of development of rich industrialized countries and the rest of the world. The technological and infrastructure lead of the industrialized countries is no longer able to catch up with the "information deprived" countries.

"High-Speed Global Economy" is like a worldwide race where competitive advantage is the prize and the finish line is constantly retracting. The main danger is that the increasing globalization of production and the mobility of global corporations could adversely affect environmental policy, as well as labor rights and social protection - and on a global scale. The real alarm is the unprecedented job cuts in IT-related companies in the most economically developed countries.

In addition, IT has not yet affected the solution of the problem of equality of citizens, regions and countries. Even when they entered the social arena, they did not penetrate beyond the individual level, i.e. so far, it is more about the distribution of personal computers than about organizing access to information resources and services for communities. Until now, information technology has served only to enhance wealth and power, and the major social changes that it has brought with it have so far only occurred in the workplace and in relationships between companies.

In the conditions of intensive use of global networks, new forms of cultural aggression arise from the most developed countries against the less developed ones, there is a danger of the loss of entire communities of their cultural and national identity, including linguistic identity, there is an imposition of consumer preferences and tastes on humanity in the interests of a narrow group of transnational companies - manufacturers, etc. Effective methods of countering these and other dangers of the information age, as in the case of protecting national producers, lie not in the field of fencing oneself off from the global information space, but in the development of one's own full participation in the formation of this space.

2.2 Development prospects

Today, the predominance of the information component of people's activity over all its other forms and components has become obvious. Therefore, the word "information" has acquired a truly magical meaning, and modern information technologies are the true driving force behind world economic and technological development, increasing today's knowledge and spiritual values, expanding the scope of the achievements of science and technology of the 20th century.

The information society will gradually transform into a "wisdom society" where, with the help of scientific processing of data and information, scientific support for knowledge, well-thought-out and reasonable decisions will be made in order to improve the quality of life in all its aspects. Wisdom, based on information and knowledge, will help to create a society that exists in a favorable environment, taking into account the interests and well-being of everyone and striving to include all citizens in active productive activity, giving social and cultural aspects of life no less importance than material and economic .

The transition to the information society of any country is a process that requires large material costs for the formation and development of the information environment, the development of the information services industry and “bringing” them to every member of society.

Each person should have the opportunity to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to understand the essence of the information society, active participation. Literacy and universal primary education are key factors in building an inclusive Information Society

Continuing and adult education, retraining, lifelong learning, distance learning and other special services such as telemedicine can make a decisive contribution to expanding employment opportunities and helping people to take advantage of new perspectives in traditional jobs, self-employment and settling. new professions. The necessary foundation for this is awareness and literacy in the field.

The realization of our common aspirations, above all for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to become full members of the information society, largely depends on accelerating capacity building in education, technology, know-how and access to information. These factors are decisive in determining the level of development and competitiveness.

On the other hand, it is already impossible not to see a deepening contradiction between people involved in the development of information technologies and certain categories of people, for example, villagers of a certain age group (it is very difficult or impossible for these people to adapt to the environment of the information society). Information technology sometimes unceremoniously interferes with the privacy of people and organizations and destroys it. The problem of selecting high-quality and reliable information is aggravated.

Obviously, the further development of civilization depends on how soon methods of fast and high-quality information processing will be invented. All technologies that will be created in the near future will be called "technologies of the third millennium" or "technologies of the 21st century." 21st century will be a turning point in the development of mankind. Therefore, all the problems outlined above require the closest attention from philosophers, economists, sociologists, political scientists, educators and, finally, the state, so as not to be unprepared to keep pace with developed countries. And these problems can only be solved comprehensively.

CONCLUSION

The need for a transition to an information society is closely related to the changing nature of the impact of scientific and technological progress on people's lives. In the information society, not only production will change, but the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values will increase. Compared to an industrial society, where all forces are directed to the production and consumption of goods, in the information society, mainly intellect and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. At the same time, the lifestyle of the majority of the population, the socio-psychological behavior of people and society as a whole, is radically changing. Behavior patterns of the present and future generations begin to differ especially significantly - the well-known problem of “fathers and children”. Obviously, one of the factors that can, to a certain extent, weaken the impact on the human psyche of such changes in lifestyle is the level of information preparedness of a person for future changes. During the period of transition to the information society, it is necessary to prepare a person for the rapid perception and processing of large amounts of information, mastery of modern means, methods and technology of work. In addition, new working conditions give rise to the dependence of the awareness of one person on the information acquired by other people. Therefore, it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but it is necessary to learn such a technology for working with information when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. This suggests that a person must have a certain level of culture in handling information.

Thanks to the globalization of the media, computer networks, and the availability of information entertainment, a global fashion is emerging that intensively forms new models and norms of behavior, especially among young people. It is important to overcome their imposition and enable small communities or national entities to develop their culture, preserve their language, and form a sense of spiritual unity.

The problem of informatization of society is very relevant and should be considered comprehensively and comprehensively in the philosophical, economic, social, cultural, moral, scientific, technical, psychological, pedagogical, medical and legal aspects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. V. A. Vinogradov. Modern information technologies and society. Moscow, 2002.

2. Webster F. Theory of the information society. Aspect-press, 2004.

3. Chernov A.A. Formation of the global information society: problems and prospects. 2003.

4. http://bank.orenipk.ru/Text/t16_19.htm

5. http://www.mgn.ru/~mus/aftoref.html

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Question 24 Information society development problems

The digital divide is the economic and technological inequality of countries in their own development and in the level of informatization both within the state and outside. Inability to engage individual states in the process of global informatization, inequality between states, inequality within the state

Deepening information confrontation (conflict)

The problem of protecting privacy in the information sphere is the peculiarities of a person's private life. The Internet is a way of penetrating private life. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation Art. 23 - privacy is inviolable.

Copyright protection in the information environment - with technical and technological capabilities, access becomes more real, more open. Without the consent of the author - copy and use. 2 Copyright Conventions, adopted in the 19th century, were relevant in an industrial society.

Question 25 Goals, objectives and principles of the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Russia

The main goal of the Strategy is to improve the quality of life of citizens. For the first time in the practice of state studies, in an official document that defines the basic parameters of state policy, this is the most important goal for society and a person.

Other goals of the Strategy are: ensuring the competitiveness of Russia, developing all the main spheres of society (economic, socio-political, cultural and spiritual), improving the public administration system based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies.

The main tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the goals set include:

Formation of a modern information and telecommunication infrastructure, provision of quality services on its basis and ensuring a high level of accessibility of information and technologies for the population;

Improving the system of state guarantees of constitutional rights of man and citizen in the information sphere;

Development of the economy of the Russian Federation based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies;

Improving the efficiency of public administration and local self-government, the interaction of civil society and business with public authorities, the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services;

Improving the quality of education, medical care, social protection of the population through the development and use of information and telecommunication technologies;

Development of science, technology and technology, training of qualified personnel in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;

Preservation of culture, strengthening of moral principles in the public mind, development of a system of cultural and humanitarian education;

Countering threats to Russia's national interests, using the potential of information and telecommunications technologies.

The development of the information society in the Russian Federation is based on the following basic principles (principles):

Partnership of the state, business and civil society;

Freedom and equality of access to information and knowledge;

Support for domestic manufacturers of products and services in the field of information and telecommunications technologies;

Promoting the development of international cooperation in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;

Ensuring national security in the information sphere.

PREREQUISITES FOR RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

In Russia, over the past 7-10 years, such factors of socio-economic, scientific, technical and cultural development have been formed that can be considered as prerequisites for the transition to an information society. These prerequisites include: 1.1. Information is becoming a public development resource, the scale of its use has become comparable to traditional (energy, raw materials, etc.) resources. Even today, the volume of sales in Russia of only computer technology and informatics (mainly PCs and peripherals) reaches more than one million pieces a year and is estimated at about 1.5 billion dollars. As world experience shows, the cost of selling a software product is usually equal to or slightly higher than the cost of equipment, and the cost of personal communications, audio and video equipment is usually commensurate with the cost of computer equipment. These minimum approximate estimates total 4.5 billion dollars, which will be about 5% of Russia's GDP in 1997. This value of the total cost of information already has a macroeconomic significance and characterizes the growth in the use of the "information" resource. 1.2. It can be said that the domestic market of telecommunications, information technologies, products and services has been formed and is successfully developing in Russia. The volume of funds circulating in the Russian market reaches 5-7.5 billion dollars a year. 1.3. In general, in the country, despite the economic downturn, the computer fleet is growing, and the development of telecommunication systems and means is proceeding at an accelerated pace. The number of corporate information networks is growing and the number of subscribers of the world's open networks is continuously increasing. The number of Russian Internet users is approaching one million. The national communication network using satellite channels is being intensively expanded. The country is successfully telephonized and the market for mobile communications is growing rapidly. 1.4. Many sectors of the economy, banking and public administration have been largely computerized. 1.5. In public opinion, there is an understanding of the relevance of the task of transition to the information society from the political and economic points of view. This is evidenced by the wide public outcry of the Concept of State Information Policy, which can be considered as a policy to ensure the initial stage of Russia's transition to the information society. 1.6. Today Russia is part of the global political and economic community in a way it has never been in the past. Literally and figuratively, Russia is connected to the rest of the world by cable and satellite communication channels, actively used by hundreds of thousands of cellular and simple telephones, faxes, computers, etc. 1.7. A state structure has been formed and is functioning, which is responsible for the creation and development of the information technology basis for ensuring the transition processes.

THE CONCEPT AND SIGNS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

AND ABOUT- societies in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge. Signs: 1) awareness by society of the priority of I. over another product of human activity; 2) the fundamental principle of all areas of human activity (economic, production, political, educational, scientific, etc.) is I.; 3) I. is a product of the activity of modern man; 4) I. in its pure form is the subject of sale; 5) equal opportunities in access to I. of all segments of the population; 6) safety of IO, I.; 7) protection of intellectual property; 8) interaction of all state structures among themselves on the basis of ICT; 9) AI management by the state, public organizations. 05/28/1999 The concept of the formation of IO in the Russian Federation refers to the characteristic features and signs of IO: 1) the formation of a single information and communication space of the Russian Federation as part of the global information space, the full participation of the Russian Federation in the processes of information and economic integration of regions, countries and peoples; 2) the formation and subsequent dominance in the economy of new technological modes based on the massive use of promising information technologies, computer technology and telecommunications; 3) creation and development of the market of information and knowledge as factors of production in addition to the markets of natural resources, labor and capital, the transition of society's information resources into real resources of socio-economic development, the actual satisfaction of society's needs for information products and services; 4) an increase in the role of information and communication infrastructure in the system of social production; 5) raising the level of education, scientific, technical and cultural development by expanding the capabilities of information exchange systems at the international, national and regional levels and, accordingly, increasing the role of qualifications, professionalism and creativity as the most important characteristics of labor services; 6) creation of an effective system for ensuring the rights of citizens and social institutions to freely receive, disseminate and use information as an essential condition for democratic development.

Russian Institute of Management

Course work

in the discipline "Theory of State and Law" on the topic:

“Information Society: Concept and Trends”

Is done by a student

_________________

reg. room _________________

Specialty: "Jurisprudence"

Moscow

1. INTRODUCTION

2. Main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS

2.1. The concept and essence of information

2.2. Development of ideas about information

2.3. The concept and essence of the information society

2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions

2.5. The emergence and main stages of the development of the information society

2.6. Informatization of society at present

2.7. Information society and power

2.8. Computerization of modern society

2.9.

3. CONCLUSION

4. REFERENCES

1. INTRODUCTION

The information society is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, which the developed countries have entered with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological basis of society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies (ITT).

The information society is a society in which: Information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on top in terms of development rates, in terms of the number of employees, in terms of the share of capital investments, in terms of the share in GDP. ITT are becoming the main means of increasing production efficiency, strengthening competitiveness both in the domestic and global markets. There is a developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of sufficient information resources. This is primarily the education system and science.

There is a redistribution of resources in favor of science and education. In the United States, the so-called accumulated human capital is three times the assets of all American corporations.

Intellectual property becomes the main form of ownership. In the competitive struggle for the world championship, a new factor appears - the level of development of the information infrastructure and industry.

Information becomes the subject of mass consumption. The information society provides any individual with access to any source of information. This is guaranteed by law (military and state secrets are also determined by law) and technical capabilities.

There are new criteria for assessing the level of development of society - the number of computers, the number of Internet connections, the number of mobile and fixed phones, etc.

The legal foundations of the information society are being developed. A single integrated information system is being formed on the basis of technological convergence (the merger of telecommunications, computer-electronic, audiovisual technology).

Unified national information systems are being created (in the USA - in the 80s, in Western Europe - in the 90s).

The information society is formed as a global one and includes: the world "information economy"; single global information space; global information infrastructure; emerging global legal system.

In the information society, business activity flows into the information and communication environment. A virtual economy, a virtual financial system, and the like are being formed, which raises the most important questions about the mechanisms of their regulation and connection with the real, "physical" economy.

2. The main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS

2.1. The concept and essence of information

Often the concept of "information" is used without thinking about the depth of its content, identifying the concepts of knowledge, data, information.

Obviously, the "everyday" use of the term "information" is completely inappropriate when it comes to the theory or theories of information. Often, in these theoretical constructions, the term "information" is filled with different meanings, and, therefore, the theories themselves highlight only part of the facets of a certain system of knowledge, which can be called the general theory of information or "informology" - the science of the processes and tasks of the transmission, distribution, processing and transformation of information.

The emergence of informology as a science can be attributed to the end of the 50s of our century, when the American engineer R. Hartley made an attempt to introduce a quantitative measure of information transmitted through communication channels.

The scientific definition of information is given quite simply, if we assume that information is a dynamic object that does not exist in nature on its own, but is formed during the interaction of data and methods. It exists only as long as this interaction lasts, and the rest of the time it remains in the form of data.

The Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following definition of information. Information (from Latin informatio - "clarification", "exposition"), originally - information transmitted by people orally, in writing or in another way (through conditional signals, technical means, and so on); since the middle of the 20th century, it has been a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton.

Information is one of the basic concepts of cybernetics in the section of information theory. In information theory, mathematical methods are used to study how to measure the amount of information contained in any messages and how information is transmitted.

Information is the product of the interaction of data and methods, considered in the context of this interaction.

Information appears in the process of communication with a certain object. Without communication with the object, obtaining information is almost impossible.

For example, in order to catch the necessary information from a newspaper, it is necessary to read the newspaper itself and draw conclusions, that is, collect and process information. If we just touch the newspaper, we will not get the necessary information.

Communication - transmission of a message from one side to another (who is with whom, through what, what is the content, the effects of communication).

Communication can occur at several levels - between individuals, between social groups, within the same society, between different societies.

Different signs in communication are endowed with different semantic meanings and are presented in the form of codes.

Much of modern communication is organized as institutions that appeal to mass audiences.

Communication is what is transmitted, it is the forms of ownership, the internal structure, the value of the organization, the reaction of the audience.

In our definition, it is important to clarify “…considered in the context of this interaction.” Here are some examples of why this is really important. Books are known to be data stores. They are designed to obtain information by reading. But if you try different books by touch or taste, you can also get information.

Such methods will make it possible to distinguish books made in leather, cardboard and paper bindings. Of course, these are not the methods that the authors of the books intended, but they also provide information, although not complete.

Analyzing the information value of newspapers, magazines, TV shows, we can come to the conclusion that it depends both on the data and on the methods by which they are consumed. It is one thing to carefully watch a TV movie, listening to every word, and quite another to watch it while talking on the phone.

2.2. Development of ideas about information

Despite the fact that the concept of information is very widely used in science and in everyday life, its strict scientific definition did not exist until recently. To this day, different scientific disciplines introduce this concept in different ways. There are three possible approaches here: anthropocentric, technocentric and non-deterministic .

essence anthropocentric approach is that information is identified with information and facts, which theoretically can be obtained and assimilated, that is, converted into knowledge. This approach is currently the most widely used. We can observe its examples, in particular, in Russian legislation.

“Information is understood as information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation”

(Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated January 25, 1995, “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” No. 39 dated February 22, 1995)

essence technocentric approach is that information is identified with data. This approach has become very widespread in technical disciplines. For example, we often come across mentions that “information is transmitted over computer networks”, “information is processed by computers”, “information is stored in databases”. In all these cases there is a substitution of concepts.

The fact is that only data is transmitted over computer networks, computers process only data, and only data is stored in databases. Whether this data becomes information, and if so, which one, depends not only on the data, but also on numerous hardware, software, and natural methods.

In Russian legislation, we do not find clear signs of a technocentric approach, but they are found in the laws of other states, such as Germany. In particular, concepts such as information, access to information, modification of information, about all cases when it comes to the operation of technical systems are presented as data, data access, data modification .

Non-deterministic approach to the concept of information is also found quite widely. It consists in the rejection of the definition of information on the grounds that it is fundamental, as, for example, matter and energy. In particular, we will not find a definition of information in the “Law on State Secrets” and in the “Law on the Mass Media”, although this concept is used in both legal acts.

The absence of a definition of the concept used is not at all an oversight of the legislator. In many cases, the refusal to define information can be considered traditional. So, for example, we will not find a definition of information in such a respected reference publication as the Encyclopædia Britannica. The definition can only be obtained indirectly through the article "Information processing and information systems", which states that "... this term is used in relation to the facts and judgments received in everyday life from other living beings, from the media, from electronic databases, as well as by observing environmental phenomena.”

Both anthropocentric and technocentric approaches are mixed here, after which the definition is reduced to the everyday level. At the same time, an extensive list of literature published over the past 50 years is given, the analysis of which did not give a direct definition.

2.3. The essence and concept of the information society

To begin with, it is necessary to understand exactly what a “post-industrial society” is.

The society in which we live at the beginning of the 21st century is called the information society.

The term "information society" appeared in the United States in the theory of the same name in the 70s of the XX century. So they began to call a society that outgrew the industrial one.

In modern literature, many definitions of post-industrial society are given, but in my term paper I chose, in my opinion, the most complete and accurate definition.

So, between the post-industrial society and the information society, you can put an equal sign, because. modern post-industrial society in its daily activities can not do without information technology.

Information society (Information society) - the concept of post-industrial society; a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are information and knowledge.

Post-industrial society, in turn, is a society in which the service sector has a priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production.

In the social structure of the post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.

The hallmarks of the information society are:

1.) increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
2.) an increase in the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product;
3.) creation of a global information space that provides:

a) effective information interaction of people;

b) their access to world information resources;

c) meeting their needs for information products and services.

The service sector involves the mass service of the population. It was thanks to the emergence of such a sphere as the service sector that the emergence of a global information infrastructure took place, the users of which are the entire information society.

New information technologies are used in almost all areas of activity and have a huge impact on social reality, greatly changing it.

Philosophers associate the main change with the emergence of a new social structure - the information infrastructure.

First of all, let's define the concept of "information infrastructure".

Information infrastructure is a set of means for processing and using information, combined into computer and information networks. Toffler believes that the information infrastructure will become the basis of the social and economic activities of the future, and will also allow any person to receive all the information of interest to him at any time and in any place.

The Global Information Infrastructure (GII) is an information entity that began to take shape in 1995 by a group of developed countries.

The global information infrastructure is being developed as a worldwide information queuing network for the planet's population based on the integration of global and regional information and telecommunication systems, as well as digital television and radio broadcasting systems, satellite systems and mobile communications.

So, the information revolution launched the process of building an information society. Some theorists (for example, Y. Masuda) predict its establishment in developed countries in the middle of the 21st century.

2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions

Until the 16th century, the activity of society was aimed at mastering the substance, that is, the knowledge of the properties of matter and the manufacture of first primitive, and then more complex tools.

Then, in the process of the formation of an industrial society, the problem of mastering energy came to the fore - first thermal, then electrical, and finally, in the 20th century, atomic energy. The mastery of energy made it possible to master the mass production of consumer values and, as a result, to raise the standard of living of people and change the nature of their work.

At the same time, people have always had a need to express and remember information about the world around them.

Several information revolutions have taken place in the history of the development of civilizations.

First revolution associated with the invention of writing. It became possible to disseminate knowledge and preserve it for transmission to future generations.

Second revolution(mid-16th century) was caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed social culture.

Third revolution(late 19th century) due to the invention of electricity. Telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, allowing to quickly transmit information.

Fourth revolution(70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of the personal computer (PC).

The creation of personal computers was predetermined by the growing volumes of information that are difficult to cope with using traditional technologies: paper and pen. This contradiction began to have a negative impact on the growth rate of scientific and technological progress (STP). They began to talk about the "information explosion", calling so the rapid growth of flows and volumes of information.

As a result, as a means for storing, processing and transmitting information, scientific and technological progress offered society a personal computer.

2.5. The emergence and main stages of the development of the information society

In the 1980s and 1990s, philosophers and sociologists developed the theory of the information society. In this work, the efforts of such well-known philosophers in the West as Yoshita Masuda, Zbigniew Brzezinski (some time ago a former adviser to the President of the United States), and J. Nasbitt were combined.

But the theory of the information society of the American philosopher Alvin Toffler (b. 1928) is best known, since his sensational books “Futureshock” (Shock from a collision with the future, 1971), “Ecospasm” (1975), “Third Wave” (1980) we have were translated.

Toffler, like many other Western philosophers, criticized the shortcomings of the industrial society, noted its crisis and signs of transition to a new form of existence, the information society.

Toffler connects the transformation of society into an information society with the information revolution that began in the second half of the 20th century.

The information revolution, as Alwyn Toffler notes, consists of two revolutions:

1) computer;

2) telecommunications.

The telecommunications revolution begins in the mid-1970s and merges with the computer one. The computer revolution begins much earlier and proceeds in several stages.

First big stage covers the years 1930-1970, which is called the "zero cycle". It begins with the creation of the first computers by the American physicist J. Atanasov and the German engineer K. Zuse.

At this stage, in 1951, the first commercial computer UNIVAC-1 was created (it weighed 30 tons, contained 18 thousand lamps and performed 5 thousand operations per second). Second significant stage computer revolution begins with the creation of the first personal computers and their mass production.

The telecommunications revolution is associated with the creation

a) fiber optic technologies;

b) satellite technologies.

The confluence of computer and telecommunication technologies has created a multitude of new products and services on the market. The information and telecommunications industry has now become a key sector of the economy of developed countries.

Developed countries prefer to import consumer goods, but export information industry products, and earn national wealth from their sale.

Information technology is expensive, much more expensive than consumer goods, which ensures that developed countries continue to have a high standard of living, far exceeding that of developing countries.

In addition, leadership in information technology gives them the opportunity to continue to claim political leadership in the world.

For example, the United States is one of the recognized leaders in world politics, controls more than 40% of the information technology trade market.

The United States has mothballed its fossil resources and imports more goods than it exports, but exports more services (especially in the field of information technology) than it imports.

The leadership in the field of informatization of the United States is understandable: 41% of all computers in the world are located there; 40% of families there own personal computers, and 20% - modems, that is, they are Internet users.

Thanks to the merging of the computer and telecommunications revolutions, it became possible to create information networks of enormous proportions, up to global ones. Through these networks, it is possible to transmit, find and process the necessary information much faster.

2.6. Informatization of society at present

Until recently, no one imagined that humanity would be on the threshold of a new era in the development of civilization - information.

Currently, there is an active process of informatization of society.

Informatization is understood as the active introduction of computer technology and new information technologies in various areas of production, public and private life of people.

The information society is a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.

Recently, a new category of culture has appeared - informational. This is due to the fact that in order to live and work in the information society, a person must be prepared for the rapid perception and processing of large amounts of information; he needs to master modern means, methods and technology of work.

In addition, in the new living conditions, the degree of awareness of one person directly depends on the information acquired by other people. Therefore, it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but one should learn such a technology for working with information when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. Thus, a person must have a certain level of culture to work with information.

information culture- the ability to purposefully work with information and use computer information technology, modern tools and methods to receive, process and transmit it.

Being the most important component of culture as a whole, information culture is a product of a variety of human creative abilities.

Information culture is manifested in the following:

In specific skills in the use of various technical devices - from telephone to personal computer and computer networks;

The ability to use computer information technology in their work;

In the ability to extract information from various sources - from periodicals to electronic communications;

The ability to present information in an understandable way and use it effectively;

In knowledge of analytical methods of information processing;

The ability to work with various types of information.

Information culture borrows and uses the achievements of many sciences: cybernetics, computer science, information theory, mathematics, database design theory and a number of other disciplines. An integral part of information culture is knowledge of information technology and the ability to apply it in practice.

Relatively recently, another new information technology has appeared - virtual reality.

Virtual reality (VR) is a highly developed form of computer simulation that allows the user to immerse themselves in an artificial world and directly act in it using special sensory devices that associate their movements with audiovisual effects.

In this case, the visual, auditory, tactile and motor sensations of the user are replaced by their imitation generated by the computer.

The characteristic features of virtual reality are:
- modeling in real time;
- imitation of the environment with a high degree of realism;
- the ability to influence the environment and have feedback at the same time.

A kind of virtual reality can be called a computer game.

Computer game (Computer game) - a game built using the multimedia capabilities of a computer.

A computer game is defined by an algorithm that describes the process of passing it. Computer games are divided into business, developing, educational and entertaining.

In the book “The Third Wave” (under the name of which the information or post-industrial society stands here), Toffler, considering the new characteristics of everyday life that have appeared, notes that in the information society there is a revision of the basic principles of organizing the life of society (or, as he says, “revision of the code of civilization ").

The civilization of industrial society was based on six principles:

1) synchronization;

2) specialization;

3) standardization;

4) concentration;

5) maximization;

6) centralization.

All of them collapse in the information society and are replaced by others that make up the features of the information society:

1) Synchronization. Synchronized with the rhythms of production, the mechanized rhythm of life is replaced by social rhythms - the rhythms of activity not related to the production of things. Social activity itself is becoming more diverse, and its rhythms are also diversifying.

The main types of social activity are those associated with the production of information, in particular, the role of science and education, which feed the development of new technologies, is greatly increasing.

2) Specialization. The production of information is becoming a new way of creating social wealth. This method is based not on physical strength, but on the mental abilities of a person, and they develop in the process of education.

Education in the information society is subject to new requirements, due to the fact that in production now the change of technology is happening very quickly, new types of labor appear, and the old ones disappear completely. In this regard, there is a need to transfer labor resources from one industry to another.

Who can quickly switch from one job to another? - Someone who is not a narrow specialist, but has a good fundamental education. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the labor market in the information society is its despecialization and high educational level.

Toffler makes very curious remarks about the new social role of knowledge. In an industrial society, wealth was expressed in the form of capital (money), in an information society, wealth acquires a new, intangible form - the form of symbolic capital, or information (knowledge). If the industrial society was a society of mass production of durable goods, then the information society, according to Toffler, will be a society of mass production of knowledge.

Knowledge how capital is radically different from money capital: they are:

a) inexhaustible;

b) available to an infinite number of users.

Even money, which was a unit of exchange in an industrial society, in the information society takes the form of information, becomes electronic money - credit cards, the use of which occurs with the help of a computer.

Electronic money is becoming more and more popular. In 1990, there were more than 187 million credit card holders in the world, today, thanks to the inclusion of Russia in the global electronic banking network, their number has increased significantly.

Electronic money - this is, first of all, security in settlements, as well as convenience, ensuring the speed of concluding a major transaction.

Over the past three decades, the term "electronic money" has become widespread, both in foreign and domestic economic practice. There are many scientific works devoted to various aspects of the development of electronic money.

Electronic money refers to both non-cash money and cash. Initially, electronic money in domestic science was understood as new means of payment based on the use of computers.

One of the first to use the term "electronic money" was V.M. Usoskin. In Western circles, the so-called technological approach to the definition of electronic money prevails.

By definition of the well-known Bank for International Settlements, electronic money is a stored value or prepaid products, where a record of the funds or value available to the consumer is stored on a technical device owned by the consumer.

Electronic money (Electronic money - E-money) - in a broad sense - a form of organization of money circulation in the association of information networks.

In a narrow sense - digital money.

digital money(Digitalcash) is an electronic analogue of cash. Digital money can be bought, it is stored electronically in special devices and is at the disposal of the buyer.

Smart cards or special computer systems are used as storage devices.

smart card (Smart-card; Chipcard; Integratedcircuitcard (IC) - a credit card with a built-in microprocessor, which has a high level of protection and the ability to conduct multi-currency payments.

Cash cards are used to exchange electronic money for cash.

cash card(Cash card) - a bank card used to receive cash from cash machines.

Non-cash payment for goods, works, services is carried out by means of a payment card.

Payment card (Charge card) - a plastic card that provides the person using it with the possibility of basic cash payment for goods or services.

There are also discount cards.

Discount card(Discount card) - a special card issued by a commercial organization that provides a discount on the price of goods.

Through discount cards:
- purchases are encouraged; or
- events are stimulated: marriage, anniversaries, etc.

There are other cards, but I have named the most common ones.

3) Standardization. In the information society, there is a tendency towards individualization in everything.

4) Concentration. The principle of concentration of production, which led to the concentration of the population in large cities, will be replaced in the information society by the principle of the optimal combination of large and small, because the main production - the production of knowledge - is not tied to sources of fossil resources.

Computers can be brought anywhere in the world, from anywhere you can enter the information network and become a participant in the production of knowledge (write a book, calculate a project, draw up a report, and so on).

5) Maximization. The principle of maximization, which led to the construction of gigantic plants and factories, huge research institutes, will be replaced (and has already begun to change) by the principle of creating temporary teams to solve special problems. These teams will be able to set a convenient mode of work for themselves.

6) Centralization. The principle of centralization will be replaced by the principle of decentralization and deurbanization (from the Latin urbs - city) - a decrease in the role of cities in public life, since the need for the existence of huge cities (megacities) disappears.

Toffler also notes that in the socio-political sphere and in the field of international economics, information technologies open up completely unprecedented prospects.

Currently, there are all prerequisites for:

1) creating a global economy (the United Europe became the first step in this direction);

2) solutions to social problems.

The openness of information makes a person stronger, and state power more dependent on citizens. Telecommunication networks create opportunities for the direct participation of all citizens in government, which makes it possible to avoid making important government decisions that ignore the interests of citizens or even their minority.

Of course, all the optimistic forecasts that sound in the theory of the information society have as their premise a revision on the scale of the whole of mankind of attitudes towards the goals and objectives of production.

Production must be put at the service of vital interests, and not war. It should develop taking into account the global problems facing, all people of the information society should be characterized by a high level of environmental consciousness.

The main question, the solution of which will determine the development of production, should not be the question “how?”, but the question “why?”.

It is believed that Western countries have already entered the information society, Russia, like all developing countries, is on its threshold.

In his other book, Futurshock, Toffler notes the already manifest features of the new society: the too rapid variability of life, the associated sense of instability of everything that happens, and notes the new problems caused by this, which he calls the word "futurshock". “Transience, novelty and diversity are the hallmarks of the future that shock us,” Toffler wrote. "Futurshock" literally means "future shock". According to Toffler, it manifests itself in the violation of decision-making processes.

People can no longer use the recipes for life created by past generations, they have to create their own.

The ongoing changes concern not only the production activities of people, but also their personal lives, human relations. Permanent relationships (friends, family) become a luxury.

For example, the family has always been a shock absorber, an island of stability. But she is also changing, and no one can say what will happen to her tomorrow.

The family is destroyed

1) new technologies of birth - they change the attitude towards motherhood and fatherhood: mother and father may no longer be the only or unknown ones, or in general - only the mother (cartoon mice, cloning);

2) mobility in pursuit of work;

3) increase in life expectancy: love passes due to unequal development.

Next, we will consider the interaction of the information society with another socially important political institution - the authorities.

2.7. Information society and power

The management of the information society is carried out on the basis of the powers of authority by the system of state bodies.

Power is information not speaking at all. It is those people who can listen effectively and are able to extract valuable information from what they hear and have power.

The famous English statesman and political figure F. Chesterfield said in this regard: “By listening to a person, we instill self-respect in him.”

One of the most meaningful classifications of power is its division in accordance with resources:

- economic,

- social,

- spiritual and informational,

- coercive (political in the narrow sense).

economic power is control over economic resources, ownership of values.

social power involves the distribution of statuses, benefits, privileges.

Spiritual and informational power- this is power over people, carried out with the help of scientific knowledge and information (preparation of decisions, influence on consciousness, including manipulation).

Coercive Power relies on power resources and means control over people through the threat or use of violence (a sign of political power).

As we see from the definition of spiritual and informational power, information is also a tool for managing the modern information society.

In the United States, back in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act was passed. The essence of the law is given below.

The Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA) - in the United States - a law according to which all US federal agencies must provide citizens with free access to all available information, except for that related to national defense, law enforcement, financial and personal documents.

Subsequently, new technologies appeared in the information sphere that are directly related to information, the economy and other important areas of life.

Information sphere(Information sphere) according to the legislation of the Russian Federation - the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information.

The information sphere requires an information environment.

Information environment(formationenvironment, iformationsocietiesenvironment) - a set of technical and software tools for storing, processing and transmitting information, as well as socio-economic and cultural conditions for the implementation of informatization processes.

In the information sphere, even e-government, e-taxes, Internet voting, and much more have appeared.

Let's take a closer look at each of these technologies.

e-government (Electronicgovernment - e-Government) - a public administration system based on electronic means of processing, transmitting and disseminating information.

Electronic taxes(Electronics taxes - e-Taxes) - a technology for processing and transmitting tax statements online.

Internet voting(Internet vote) - voting using the Internet environment. In Internet voting, the voter receives an electronic ballot on a certain website and votes. The authenticity of the ballot is guaranteed by means of a digital signature.

In this regard, the authorities made it easier for their fellow citizens to perform certain actions prescribed by law, such as voting or paying taxes.

The appearance of handling electronic money has led to the emergence of information crime.

Information crime- unlawful actions in the information sphere that violate the rights of an individual, organization or state established by law and cause them moral harm or material damage.

But how to protect information from misuse, how to protect information from information crime?

For this, a special information legislation was developed.

Information legislation(Information legislation) - a set of laws, regulations and other forms of legal regulation in the field of circulation and production of information and the use of information technologies.

Such legislation exists in the Russian Federation. An example is the Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated January 25, 1995.

Just as the Russian legislation provides for the freedom of the individual, so the information legislation has its own, informational freedom of the individual.

Information freedom of the individual- human right:
- receive information necessary for his life, professional activity and development;
- to express their point of view about certain natural or social phenomena;
- share information with other people.

Information here means any information, except for that which is a state secret of the country.

In order to educate cultural professional users in your country, it is necessary to instill in them computer literacy.

Computer literacy(Computer literacy) implies possession of a sufficient set of knowledge and skills to work on a computer.

To achieve these goals, at present, educational institutions, including secondary educational institutions, have introduced subjects for the study of information technology, where future potential information users are taught various computer programs, shells, and the like.

2.8. Computerization of modern society

The process of development of the information society begins with its computerization.

Computerization(Computerization) - the process of introducing computers that provide automation of information processes and technologies in various areas of human activity.

The purpose of computerization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.

Along with computerization, there is a more specific concept of home computerization.

Home computerization(Home computerisation) - the process of equipping households with computer devices. In the Russian Federation, home computerization is an element of the state policy of informatization, focused on meeting the needs of the population for information and knowledge directly at home.

It can satisfy the needs thanks to special search engines.

Information retrieval system (Information retrieval system) - a system that performs the following functions:

Storage of large amounts of information;
- fast search of the required information;
- adding, deleting and changing stored information;
- output of information in a human-friendly form.

Distinguish:
- automated (coputerised);
- bibliographic (reference);
- dialogue (online);
- documentary and factographic information retrieval systems.

Search system (Search engine) - on the Internet - a special website on which the user, upon a given request, can receive links to sites that match this request.

The search engine consists of three components:
-1- search robot;
-2- system index;
-3- programs that:

a) handles the user's request,

b) finds documents in the index that meet the query criteria,

c) displays a list of found documents in descending order of relevance.

As a society can be divided according to interests into different groups (subcultures), so in the information society there is a division into various subcultures.

Subculture(Subculture, from lat.Sub - under + Cultura - education) - a system of values, behaviors, lifestyle of any social group, which is an independent holistic education within the dominant culture.

Subculture arises as a positive or negative reaction to the dominant culture and social structure in society among different social strata and age groups.

Along with the division of society, the reverse process takes place - merging. In the information society, information groups merge into one community with the help of a network, i.e. Society is becoming a network.

network society(Network society) - a society in which a significant part of information interactions is carried out using information networks. Moreover, the composition of this society is constantly replenished with new users.

The main factor increasing the number of users is, of course, the information need of the population of the entire planet.

information need(Information need) - a need that arises when the goal facing the user in the course of his professional activity or in his social and everyday practice cannot be achieved without the involvement of additional information.

Additional information in this context refers to the World Wide Web.

The World Wide Web (WorldWideWeb - WWW, Web) - the main service on the Internet, which allows you to access information on any servers connected to the network. The World Wide Web is organized on the principles of hypermedia.

Under hypermedia(Hypermedia) refers to the technology of presenting information in the form of relatively small blocks associated with each other.

Of course, the World Wide Web allows you to access any information on any servers connected to the network. But in order to get information using the web, you need a device with access to the Internet.

Internet (Internet) - a global information network, parts of which are logically interconnected with each other through a single address space based on the TCP / IP protocol.

The Internet consists of many interconnected computer networks and provides remote access to computers, e-mail, bulletin boards, databases, and discussion groups.

A device is a computer.

A computer (Electronic computer - COMPUTER, Computer) in the broad sense of the word, a programmable electronic device capable of processing data and performing calculations, as well as performing other character manipulation tasks.

There are two main classes of computers:
- digital computers (computers) that process data in the form of numerical binary codes;
- analog computers that process continuously changing physical quantities that are analogues of calculated quantities.

In a narrower (personal) sense Personal Computer (PC, Personalcomputer - PC) - a universal computer designed for individual use.

Typically, personal computers are designed on the basis of the principle of open architecture and are based on microprocessors.

home computer(Home computer) - a household personal computer designed for use in homes and aimed at non-professional users.

A computer is a thing that has a certain value. Therefore, in order to join the information society, it is necessary to purchase a computer.

Any computer consists of two components:

one). Hardware;

2). Software.

Hardware (Hardware)- a complex of electronic, electrical and mechanical devices that make up a system or network.

Hardware includes:
- computers and logical devices;
- external devices and diagnostic equipment;
- power equipment, batteries and accumulators.

Software(Software) - a set of programs: - providing data processing or transmission;
- intended for repeated use and application by different users.

According to the types of functions performed, the software is divided into system, application and instrumental.

Software - according to GOST 19781-90 - a set of programs of the information processing system and program documents necessary for their operation.

Both hardware and software are interconnected. One doesn't work without the other. Each "element of the chain" is necessary, and performs its functions.

The process of acquiring computers by the population is directly related to the social inequality of modern society.

2.9. Information inequality of modern society

Social inequality (Social inequality) - a form of social differentiation in which individuals, social groups, strata, classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.

Consider three main social classes:

one). The rich (i.e. the elite);

2). Middle class;

3). Poor.

All these three social classes make up the concept of society in the broadest sense of the word.

Society(Society) - a set of people:
- United by historically established forms of their relationship and interaction in order to meet their needs;
- characterized by:

1) stability;

2) integrity;

3) self-development;

4) the presence of special social values and norms that determine their behavior.

Society is a human community, the specificity of which is the relationship of people to each other. Society is a product of human interaction.

Society is an integral system of social institutions that perform the functions of regulating economic, political, legal, moral and other relations.

According to many scientists, philosophers, political scientists and politicians, the basis of society was unanimously recognized as the middle class of classical activities, the middle class was unanimously recognized _______________________________________________ the middle class.

It is the middle class that subtly feels any changes in the state and is subject to it to change the situation, if necessary.

Middle class(Middle class) - a class that occupies an intermediate position between the main classes in the system of social stratification.

The middle class is characterized by a heterogeneous position, contradictory interests, consciousness and political behavior.

Distinguish between the old middle class and the new middle class.

old middle class- medium and small owners: small entrepreneurs, traders, artisans, freelancers, small and medium farmers, owners of small manufacturing firms.

New middle class- employees, managers, engineers, professional mental workers, who do not own the means of production and live by selling their labor.

Next, let's compare the ratio of rich, middle class and poor in the Russian Federation and the United States. Since this ratio is constantly changing, we will study the general view of the picture.

Since acquiring a computer and learning how to work on it in the status of a professional requires constant study and retraining, because. scientific progress does not stand still, then the conclusion follows that to join the information society, basically, only the rich and middle class can do it.

In connection with the above, we analyze the situation.

The structure of US society is usually depicted as a quadrangle.

Table No. 1 shows that the middle class is the basis of American society and makes up approximately 40% of the entire society, while the poor and the rich each make up 30% of the entire US society.

Based on these data, we can conclude that at the moment the middle class (40%) and the rich (30%) can actually become an information society.

In total, 70% of US citizens come out. It should be noted that the figure is very high.

The structure of society in the Russian Federation is usually depicted as a pyramid.

Table No. 2 shows the ratio of classes in modern society in our country. It can be seen with the naked eye that the basis of society in Russia is made up of such classes as the middle class and the class of the poor. So, the poor - 45%, the middle class - 45%, the remaining 10% is the elite.

It follows from this that no more than 55% of the entire population of the Russian Federation (45% of the middle class + 10% of the rich) can consider themselves an information society.

Let's compare the indicators obtained during the analysis.

The information society in the United States is 70% of the citizens, while in Russia this society can be characterized with 55% of the citizens of the Russian Federation.

Next, we calculate the number of the information society in the US and the Russian Federation in specific numbers, since the number of people in the countries we compare is unequal.

According to Table No. 3 about Let us limit what part of the total number of the population can be considered informational in these countries. For each of the countries we compare, we will take as a basis the population (according to data for 2006) - 100%.

We get that the number of the information society in the Russian Federation is about 80 million people (145 >< 0,55 = 79,75).

In the United States, however, the number of the information society is much higher, at approximately 190 million people (271 >< 0,7 = 189,7).

So, the information society and potentially ready to become one, in the US is more than two times (2.38) more than in Russia.

The obtained negative result was influenced, first of all, by two factors (problems):

1. Reduction of the population (in 2006, the permanent population of Russia decreased by 561.2 thousand people, or by 0.39%);

2. Half of the country's population living below the poverty line.

As for the first problem, in recent years the Government of the Russian Federation has been actively trying to avoid a crisis in the country caused by these two problems. Various social programs are being created, including material incentives (maternity capital) for mothers for the birth of a second child.

It is not yet possible to track the change in the population and their social quality component, the above social programs were introduced recently.

Unfortunately, the question remains open regarding the second social problem, despite the fact that our country currently occupies a leading position in terms of prices, ahead of New York, Tokyo and London.

3. CONCLUSION

It is obvious that at present we are entering the information era, where the main commodity will be information in its various manifestations.

Receiving undeniable benefits, such as the availability of information, its rapid dissemination, the free exchange of data between people, etc., one cannot but take into account the increased and changed requirements for a person as a member of society.

In the period of transition to the information society, in addition to solving the problems described above, it is necessary to prepare a person for the rapid perception and processing of large amounts of information, mastering modern means, methods and technology of work. In addition, new working conditions give rise to the dependence of the awareness of one person on the information acquired by other people.

Now it is not enough to be able to master and accumulate information on your own, but you need to learn such a technology for working with information when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. This suggests that a person must have a certain level of culture in handling information.

It should be noted that the problem of informatization of society is discussed today by scientists more and more widely. Since obtaining information about what is happening in the country and in the world no longer requires direct communication between people, a person will be increasingly isolated from society, subjected to the illusion of independence from it.

It is necessary to cultivate a sense of responsibility of each person for what is happening in the world, achieving a clear understanding of the interdependence of all people. This task relates, first of all, to the education system and the mass media.

The nature of changes in the social structure predicted by scientists under the influence of informatization in the above areas is as follows:

The number of social groups will grow, which will naturally lead to a decrease in their average size. Modern information technologies provide a real opportunity for a more accurate, operational consideration of people's interests.

The qualitative parameters of social groups will improve in terms of such parameters as the level of education, intelligence, etc.

The new percentages between social groups identified in society according to various criteria will probably look like this:

1) the proportion of people engaged in intellectual work - intellectuals - will increase.

The emergence of a special class of "intellectuals" is predicted. For those who do not want or cannot work intellectually, work is supposed to be in the field of information services, which, as noted earlier, should account for more than 50% in the information society in the structure of employment, or in the field of material production.

2) the number of able-bodied people will increase. Older people will be able to continue working even after retirement, as the working age bar will rise (the body ages before the brain).

The pyramidal socio-economic structure will increasingly give way to a network-like (mosaic) structure. The structure of the network more closely matches the new information technology.

American researchers note that "the convergence of changing social and personal values with new technology and energy-economic needs makes the formation of a mosaic society essentially inevitable."

One of the highest places in the hierarchy of values (along with innovation) is the autonomy of the individual, which is not typical of a traditional society at all.

Personality is realized only through belonging to a certain corporation, being an element in a strictly defined system of corporate relations. If a person is not included in any corporation, he is not a person.

In a technogenic civilization, a special type of personal autonomy arises: a person can change his corporate ties, since he is not rigidly attached to them, he can and is able to very flexibly build his relationships with people, immerse himself in different social communities, in different cultural traditions.

Modern science and technical creativity draw fundamentally new types of objects into the field of human activity, the development of which requires new strategies. We are talking about objects that are self-developing systems characterized by synergistic effects. Their development is always accompanied by the passage of the system through special states of instability, when small random impacts can lead to the emergence of new structures, new levels of organization of the system, which affect the already established levels and transform them.

For free orientation in the information flow, a person must have an information culture as one of the components of a common culture. The growing strength of the flow of information exchange between people has given rise to a new type of culture in which everything is subject to the need for classification, unification in order to maximize compression and increase efficiency in transmission from person to person, whether in person or through the media.

There is the problem of human life and activity in the new society, the form of its existence. Will he live in the "Electronic Cottage" as some futurists predicted, or will the form of life not change dramatically.

Philosopher Alvin Toffler, for example, predicts the birth of the "prosumer" - consumer and producer rolled into one.

During the “first wave” period, most people consumed what they produced themselves. You can call them "consumers". The Industrial Revolution separated the functions of production and consumption, thus giving rise to the producer and the consumer.

At present, the boundary separating the producer from the consumer is becoming less and less clear. The importance of the “prosumer” is growing... In a word, the “prosumer”, who was the dominant figure in the “first wave” society, is returning to society. Of course, it will be a “prosumer”, equipped with modern technology, working in an electronic cottage and leading a modern lifestyle.”

Everyone will have to rethink their life position as an individual, it is clear that there will be a redistribution of life values.

Our future largely depends on which direction modern society will direct the development of scientific and technological progress.

4. REFERENCES:

1. Lecture notes of the RIU teacher on the discipline "Theory of State and Law"

2. Lecture notes of the RIU teacher in the discipline "Philosophy"

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