“My phone rang…” I am sure that none of us can imagine life without communications today. We forget the phone at home and rush back to get it, we can’t find it in our bag or briefcase, and we always get upset. Who brought into our lives a unique technique that helps to connect people at a distance?
Lesson plan:
Is it possible to communicate without a phone?
Yes, you certainly may! People used to live, and they didn’t have any newfangled telephone models, but they transmitted information from each other far beyond their place of residence. The need for communication forced people to invent different ways to “call for a conversation” and tell the news to comrades who are several kilometers away. How it was?
By that time, the first attempts were already being made to create a telegraph capable of transmitting signals over long distances using electricity. The scientists Galvani and Volt were engaged in the basics of electrical engineering, the Russian Schilling and Jacobi made their contribution, who invented transmission codes and an apparatus that converts signals into text.
A little later, in 1837, thanks to the American inventor Morse, an electric telegraph and a special system of codes from dots and dashes, widely known to everyone under the name “Morse code”, appeared.
But even this was not enough for the scientists of those centuries. They dreamed that it would be possible not only to receive a dry text over wires, but also to speak over them!
It is interesting! Archaeologists discovered two pumpkins in the Peru region, connected by a rope to each other and concluded that this design is a thousand-year-old ancestor of the telephone. Indeed, it is very similar to two matchboxes connected by a thread, on which we tried to “call” in childhood.
Who invented first?
The history of the appearance of the telephone is associated with Alexander Bell from America. But he was not the only one who was actively involved in the design idea of transmitting the human voice at a distance. Let's briefly go through the pages of history and trace the path the invention has overcome in the first stages of its birth.
Italian Antonio Meucci
In 1860, Antonio Meucci, a native of Italy, showed the Americans a device that could transmit sound over a wire, but he applied for a patent only in 1871, and to all his questions about the fate of the documents, the company that took them answered that they were lost.
German Philipp Reis
The German physicist Philipp Reis in 1861 presented to the public an electrical apparatus capable of transmitting sound. From him, by the way, his name “telephone” sounded, which we are used to hearing today, which is translated from Greek as “sound from afar”.
His transmitter was made in the form of a hollow box with holes: sound - in front and covered with a membrane - on top. But the quality of sound transmission in Reis's phone was so low that it was impossible to make out anything, so his invention was not accepted by others.
Americans Gray and Bell
Only 15 years later, two American designers Gray and Bell, completely independently of each other, were able to discover how a metal membrane with a magnet, like the eardrum of our ear, can convert sound and transmit it through an electrical signal.
Why did Bell get all the laurels of fame? Everything is simple! On February 14, 1876, he filed his application to patent the invention he discovered - the "talking telegraph" - a couple of hours earlier than Gray did.
I can imagine how upset Gray was.
Bell presented the telephone at a technical exhibition in Philadelphia.
The new technology did not have a call, the subscriber was called by the attached whistle, and the only handset both received and transmitted speech at the same time. The first telephones were forced to generate electricity themselves, so the telephone line worked only at a distance of up to 500 meters.
It is interesting! In 2002, the American Congress made a decision that turned the telephone world upside down: it recognized the Italian Meucci as the true inventor of the telephone.
Phone evolution
Since the first telephone set was presented to the public, inventors and designers have put a lot of effort into making a modern means of communication out of a primitive device.
So, engineers were able to replace the whistle to call the subscriber with an electric bell. In 1876, a switchboard was invented that could connect not only two, but already several telephones to each other.
A year later, the inventor Edison contributes to the development of the telephone - his induction coil increases the distance of sound transmission, and the carbon microphone, which improves the quality of communication, was used until the end of the 20th century. At the same time, in 1877, the first telephone exchange appeared in America, through which those who wanted to call someone were connected to the desired telephone operator number through plugs.
Thanks to the contribution of the Russian inventor Golubitsky, stations powered by a central source were able to serve tens of thousands of subscribers. Remarkably, the first telephone conversation in Russia took place three years after the appearance of the telephone, and in 1898 the first long-distance line between Moscow and St. Petersburg was built.
It is interesting! The first phones were not convenient. It was hard to hear in them, so they came up with special tubes of different sizes and shapes, into which they just had to stick their nose so that the subscriber could understand what the conversation was about. At first they were made separate: one - to speak into it, the second - to listen from it. Then they began to be connected with a handle, like a modern telephone receiver. Telephone sets were made of ivory, mahogany, and cast metal. The cups of the bells were chrome-plated to a shine. But one thing remained unchanged: the case, the tube and the lever on which they hung it after the conversation.
Leaps to Modernity
The inventive world did not stop there. Having received a telephone at home, people wanted to use a modern means of communication already on the street, in transport, to communicate on the way to work or home.
Such communication, not attached to the premises, was initially available only to special services - walkie-talkies, nicknamed "walkie-talkie", or "walk - chat", became a tempting idea for ordinary users. Knowing the secrets of the device, the craftsmen tried to connect the devices to the line using such radio communications. So in the 80s, radiotelephones appeared, operating at a distance of up to 300 meters.
But the main advantage of recent years has undoubtedly been cellular communication, which works from a signal moving from one station to another.
The modern "honeycomb" appeared in 1973 at the Motorola company. Their first-born worked without recharging for no more than 20 minutes and was similar in size to a brick, and weighed as much as 794 grams!
These are now our modern "mobiles" small and compact, able to take pictures, send mail and messages, play music and even think for their owner! They have become real helpers for children and their parents - you can always call and find out how things are going!
It is interesting! Singaporean En Yang is the fastest to write SMS - it takes him a little more than 40 seconds for a message of 160 characters to appear!
Interesting facts about mobile phones
This video contains 23 more interesting facts about our phones. They can complement your project, so look carefully.
Now you know everything about the appearance of the telephone. Make a report and tell your friends, they will be interested! And I say goodbye to you, but do not forget to look into new projects and stay in touch!
Success in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
A mobile phone is a necessity in today's world. A person cannot imagine himself without this device and experiences discomfort, being in “separation” from him. Needless to say, this truly unique invention has not only simplified life, but also dragged humanity into the technological process of progress. It's hard to imagine, but many people remember life without phones. It would seem that only yesterday the communication device was more of an invention of a fantastic genre, but today it is a matter of prime necessity.
Pioneer of the mobile era
Motorola can hardly be called a leader in the mobile phone market. However, it was this company that produced the very first mobile phone in the world. It was a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X model.
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
Released in 1983. Its first development was presented 10 years before this historic moment.
in the US, the story of 1973 is told like a legend. It was then that the inventor Martin Cooper, walking around Manhattan, defiantly made a call to the mobile phone he had created. Witnesses of this spectacle doubted the adequacy of Cooper's condition, mistaking him for being excessively drunk or sick.
What are the characteristics of the device:
- phone memory stored up to 30 numbers;
- the weight of the first mobile phone was 1 kg;
- a fully charged battery provided 1 hour of operation;
- the cost of such a phone was 3995 dollars (it is worth noting that this is the price of a good car in those days).
The modern generation, reading this, will smile sarcastically, but such an achievement was not just a breakthrough, but also the first step towards today's success in this area.
Top 5 Legendary Telephone Inventions
After the world received a mobile phone, many companies began to work in this direction, trying to invent something similar, and even better to surpass the previous creator. As in any field, the success of the invention confirms the mass character. In our case, these are people who used phones. Some models were promising and, as a result, did not fall in love with the public, others were not so publicized, but became real favorites. Consider the most sensational models:
- Nokia Mobira Senator is a car phone. Most mobile devices of those times weighed a lot, so they found their application in cars. This Nokia model had a weight of about 10 kg. She earned her fame in our country due to the fact that it was Gorbachev who used it.
Nokia Mobira Senator
- Nokia 8110 - or more commonly known as the banana phone from the movie The Matrix. It is not known what made this model so popular, a movie or an unusual form. However, this year it returns to store shelves in a re-released version. Its cost is about 120 dollars in our country, the phone is made in black, as well as the original yellow. There is no doubt that it will find its audience in today's mobile world.
Nokia 8110 reissue
- Motorola StarTAC - the world's first clamshell (1996). About 60 million copies have been sold. Such a high demand was due to the ultra-modern and unique design, in addition, the weight of the device was 90 grams, which was also unusual. The price for this model was about 1 thousand dollars, but this did not stop him from gaining such popularity.
Motorola StarTAC
- Benefon Dragon was released in 1998. He, like no other phone, is associated with the era of crimson jackets and the so-called “new Russians”. After all, it was this segment of the population that could afford such an expensive pleasure. It did not differ in special design or attractive appearance, however, in the absence of a choice, it was he who was considered a luxury item. The weight of the phone was 200 grams, the thickness was 2 cm, the functionality is quite simple - calls, a calculator, an alarm clock, a calculator.
- Nokia 3310 - 2000 release. The stories about the indestructibility of this phone do not end now. Over 130 million copies have been sold worldwide. Everything ingenious is simple - this is how you can characterize this phone. Loud speaker, bright screen, easy operation and durability. In addition, everyone has a couple of stories in store, how the Nokia 3310 helped out in hammering nails and cooking chops, how it survived the flood and was reborn from the ashes.
Smart - era
Having learned the convenience of using a mobile phone, the world could not stop there. They began to demand more from a modern gadget: they began to fill it with more and more functions, improve its capabilities, hone its appearance and find new ways to use it. Finally, the time has come when the phone has become not only convenient, but also “smart”. This is a real helper and savior.
"Smart phone" (smart-phone) - combines the functions of a mobile and personal computer.
The world's first famous smartphone - IBM Simon. Its appearance is far from a modern counterpart, but the functionality and idea are undoubtedly repeated. The device, weighing 1 kg, included a telephone function, faxing, e-mail, a notepad, a calculator, a clock, and several games. The gadget was controlled using a stylus, the screen was completely touch-sensitive. The cost of such pleasure was 1 thousand dollars. The device should have been a real sensation. However, he was not appreciated and passed through his fingers. Most likely this is due to the limitation of the technological capabilities of that time, no one believed in a smartphone. In addition, the Internet in those memorable times was not quite in working order, but rather had mythical properties, and the very prospects for the development of mobile communications were not clear to mankind.
World's first smartphone - IBM Simon
In 1996, Nokia repeated its attempt to conquer the mobile world together with Hewlet-Packard, presenting its development to the public - the HP 700LX PDA. Behind him, at the end of the same year, the Nokia 9000 Communicator appeared. A year later, a Taiwanese company known as HTC announced the development of cutting-edge devices that combine the properties of a phone and a PDA. The success of the company was not lightning fast, despite the loud statements and colorful promises. Lish in 2000, they were able to enter the world market and present a wide selection of their undoubtedly high-quality products.
Modern technologies
Making a review of mobile phones, it is impossible not to dwell on the story of the iPhone. Probably, everyone already knows the notorious story of apples, and the incredible story of the creator Steve Jobs. However, the mystery of what lies behind the company's success has not been solved and cannot be completely solved. Whether it was superintuition that made it possible to understand what modern man wants, or whether it was just a coincidence that happened at the right time. On June 29, 2007, IPhone smartphones with their own IOS operating system went on sale. For some six months, the device has gained incredible popularity, while in many ways inferior in performance to many phones. Favorite smartphones are now the standard.
Today's rival Android OS first went on sale in 2008 on the T-Mobile G1 (HTC Dream). What's next? It would seem that smartphones have reached perfection, having surpassed yesterday's computers and phones, becoming an inseparable and accessible companion to a person. Next comes the time for capacity building and marketing gimmicks. A technological sensation is not expected in the near future, and sales are needed. In order to sell, you need to surprise. This is how phones with a wide diagonal appear, combining a phone and a tablet, curved devices, shockproof and other unusual gadgets.
Modern leaders
Global analytical companies annually work to provide data on the leaders of world markets, including mobile ones. According to the results of the first quarter of 2018, Samsung is the leader. During the reporting period, they managed to sell 78 million smartphones, which is 22% of the total. Apple - ranks second, having sold 52.2 million smartphones - 15%. In third place is Huawei with 11%. In the North American market, Apple has always been the leader for many years, occupying 40% of the market.
The market for smartphones and mobile phones has expanded greatly since the introduction of the first telephone. Today, almost anyone can buy a smartphone. The assortment panel is so wide that it allows you to choose a gadget for every taste and budget.
Interesting facts about mobile phones
Using a mobile phone every day, a person does not even know about many unusual things and facts about this gadget:
- The most popular function of a mobile phone is not calls, and not even SMS, but clocks. It is to check the time that a person most often uses the phone;
- the pollution of the mobile phone exceeds the pollution of the handle of the drain tank;
- the text of the world's first SMS message: "Merry Christmas";
- a Florida resident became famous for the largest bill for mobile communications - 201 thousand dollars. Unaware of the roaming charges, she used mobile communications while in Canada;
- a driver talking on the phone while driving is one third slower to react than a driver who is in a state of intoxication;
- In England, an invention was presented - a toilet bowl capable of recharging a mobile battery.
Man has reached the highest heights in the field of technology. The mobile communication niche is now one of the most popular. People have been trying to find something similar for a long time: notepads, alarm clocks, players, watches, calculators and more. The mobile phone is everything. This pocket assistant stores an incredible amount of information about its owner. In addition, the gadget model characterizes the owner as much as possible. Elegance and glamor are preferred by the female part of the population, business people prefer conciseness and functionality, the elderly prefer ease of use. Whatever the choice, the telephone in our time is a necessity that makes a person mobile, operational and open.
Mobile communications in the USSR
We are all used to the fact that mobile technologies and devices come from abroad. And communication standards (for example, GSM), and the phones themselves, and all the equipment of operators - bear the stigma "Made in not-with-us". The USA, Europe, Japan and even China supply us with communications. And somehow it was already forgotten that earlier we ourselves were leaders in this area. At one time, it was in our country that the world's first network of automatic mobile communications was launched. And if not for the attitude of the Soviet leadership, (sabotage?) Perhaps we would now speak not by “nokia”, but by “volemot” ...
Did the USSR have mobile communications?
Such a question may seem strange to many, especially from a generation for which mobile communications are strongly associated with a plastic box with a large color screen, a bunch of buttons and buzzwords such as GPRS, WAP, 3G. Where in the Cursed Scoop (c) could mobile communications come from?
Well, firstly, what is a mobile connection? What is the definition of this term?
Mobile communication is a radio communication between subscribers, the location of one or more of which changes.
Mobile communications can be cellular, trunking, satellite, plus paging systems and zonal SMRS (fixed channel via repeater).
In other words, cellular communications (although this term is probably not familiar to all users of this very type of communication) is just a variation of a broader concept - mobile communications. Moreover, it appeared much later than the first mobile radio systems in general.
In the world, the first mobile communication systems appeared after the First World War. So in 1921, the first radio-equipped police cars began to be used in the United States. But mobile communications of that time were almost completely used in highly specific forms, primarily military, police and all kinds of specialized services. They did not have access to public telephone networks, they were not automatic, so this period can be skipped.
The first mobile communication systems for the average consumer began to appear after the Second World War. However, these were also rather limited systems in terms of capabilities. The connection was one-way (simplex), that is, in the image of military radio stations - you pressed the PTT - you speak, let go - you listen. And the choice of a free radio channel with subsequent connection to the landline telephone network was completely manual. The presence of a control room with telephone ladies and a manual switchboard was an indispensable attribute of such systems.
Those who remember the French film of the 60s "Razin" can remember the episode when the hero of Louis de Funes spoke on such a "mobile phone" from his car. "Hello, young lady, give Smolny!".
From this follows a simple conclusion. The process of calling from a mobile phone should be indistinguishable from a call from a regular phone. This is what will be the criterion for a mobile communication network for widespread use.
So, the world's first fully automatic mobile communication system was created and put into operation in the Soviet Union. And for several years the USSR was the world leader in the field of mobile communications.
"Altai". The first in the world.
See the first US patent 1972!
U.S. Patent 3,663,762 -- Cellular Mobile Communication System -- Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs), filed Dec 21, 1970, issued May 16, 1972 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=3663762 at this link and other patents , later
Work on an automatic mobile communication system called "Altai" began in 1958. In the city of Voronezh, in the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS), subscriber stations (in other words, telephones themselves) and base stations for communication with them were created. Antenna systems were developed at the Moscow State Specialized Design Institute (GSPI), the same place where Soviet television was born. Leningraders worked on other components of Altai, and later enterprises from Belarus and Moldova joined. Specialists from different parts of the Soviet Union joined forces to create an absolutely unique product at that time - automatic mobile communication.
"Altai" was supposed to become a full-fledged telephone installed in a car. It was simply possible to speak on it, as on a regular phone (that is, the sound passed in both directions at the same time, the so-called duplex mode). To call another "Altai" or a regular phone, it was enough just to dial the number - as on a desktop telephone, without any channel switching or talking with the dispatcher.
Realizing this possibility at the then technical level was not easy. There was, of course, no digital communication yet; the voice was transmitted over the air in the usual way. But, in addition to voice, it was necessary to transmit special signals, with the help of which the system itself could find a free radio channel, establish a connection, transmit a dialed telephone number, etc.
It now seems natural to us to simply dial a number on the buttons of a mobile phone. And in 1963, when the experimental zone of the Altai system was launched in Moscow, a real telephone in a car made an indelible impression. The developers tried to make it as similar as possible to the usual devices: Altai had a handset, and in some models even a dialing dial. However, the disk was soon abandoned and replaced with buttons, since it turned out to be inconvenient to turn the disk in a car.
Party and economic leaders were delighted with the new system. Car telephones soon appeared in the ZILs and Chaikas of the upper echelons of the Soviet leadership. They were followed by "Volga" directors of the most important enterprises.
"Altai" of course was not a full-fledged cellular system. Initially, one city, together with the suburbs, was served by only one base station with sixteen radio channels. But for a small number of senior leaders who had access to mobile communications, this was enough at first.
The system used a frequency range of 150 MHz - these are frequencies of the same order as the meter range of television. Therefore, an antenna mounted on a high tower made it possible to provide communication at a distance of up to tens of kilometers.
A similar system in the US, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), was launched in the pilot area a year later. And its commercial launch took place only in 1969. Meanwhile, in the USSR, by 1970, "Altai" was installed and successfully operated in about 30 cities!
By the way, about the IMTS system. There is one very interesting paragraph in the description of this system.
In the 70s and the early 80s, before the introduction of cellular phones, there were "waiting lists" of up to 3 years for those wishing to have mobile telephone service. These potential subscribers were literally waiting for other subscribers to disconnect their subscription in order to obtain a mobile telephone number and mobile phone service.
I translate:
In the 70s and early 80s, before the use of cellular communications, there were "waiting lists", up to 3 years, for those who wanted to have a mobile connection. Potential subscribers were forced to wait until existing subscribers disconnected from the network in order to receive a telephone number and mobile network services.
Queues! Lists! Numbers! Here it is, the Cursed Scoop (c)!!!
Of course, such severe restrictions were caused by a limited number of radio channels. But I specifically draw attention to this so that readers understand that such systems could not be mass-produced purely for technical reasons, and not because of someone's malicious intent.
For this reason, the phones of this system were very expensive (from 2 to 4 thousand dollars) and a minute of conversation cost from 70 cents to 1.2 dollars. Often the phones were rented from the company rather than bought.
And by the way, this system is still in operation in Canada and the United States.
Now in Moscow, Leningrad, Tashkent, Rostov, Kyiv, Voronezh and many other cities (and regions) of the USSR, party and economic leaders could easily talk on the phone from the car. Our country, strange as it may seem to hear now, was confidently leading in the field of mobile communications.
In the 1970s, the Altai system was actively developed. New radio channels were allocated (22 "trunks" of 8 channels each) in the 330 MHz band - i.e. at slightly longer wavelengths than decimeter television, which made it possible to provide a considerable range and simultaneously serve more subscribers. Thanks to the use of the first microcircuits, subscriber stations became more and more compact - although they still remained automobile (it was possible to carry the phone along with the batteries in a heavy suitcase).
By the mid-70s, the geography of the Altai system gradually expanded to 114 cities of the Soviet Union.
Special work on the modernization of equipment had to be carried out for the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Moreover, it was for the Olympics that the base station "Altai" moved to the Ostankino television tower. Prior to that, she occupied the top two floors of a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment.
Links are available only to registered users
The famous building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment. The top three floors in the 60s were occupied by the Altai system equipment, which provides the Central Committee and the Supreme Council with excellent mobile communications.
At the Olympics-80, the communication of the modernized Altai-3M system was used very widely and showed its best side. So, almost all journalistic reports from the competitions passed through Altai. Soviet signalmen became the winners of the Olympics along with Soviet athletes; True, they did not get Olympic medals, but many leading developers received the USSR State Prize.
However, during the Olympics, the limitations of Altai began to appear. Sometimes journalists complained about poor communication; the engineers advised them to rearrange the car a little, and everything immediately got better.
In total, by the beginning of the 80s, the number of subscribers of the Altai system was about 25 thousand.
In order for the wireless telephone to become widespread, further development of the system was required - in particular, the transition to the now familiar use of many base stations covering neighboring sections of the territory. And Soviet engineers were quite ready for this development. Unfortunately, not everything depended only on this readiness.
A VOLEMOT that came too late.
In the early 1980s, specialists from VNIIS and other enterprises were ready to work on a new generation communication system. It was named "Volemot" (short for the names of the cities where the developers were located: Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno, Ternopil). A feature of "Volemot" was the ability to fully use many base stations; during a conversation, it was possible to switch from one of them to another without losing connection.
This feature, now known as "handover" and allowing you to carry on conversations on the move without any problems, made "Volemot" a full-fledged cellular communication. In addition, automatic roaming was supported: the Volemot device, registered in the network of one city, could be used in another. In this case, the same 330 MHz band was used, and each base station could, if necessary, "cover" tens of square kilometers with communications.
Volemot" could become a mass connection for the countryside, a "true friend" of collective farmers, summer residents and tourists. For this purpose, it would have been better suited than the Western cellular systems developed during the same period (AMPS, NMT), since it was easy to operate over a very wide area. But to serve many subscribers in a small area (in the city), Volemot was inferior to AMPS and NMT, however, further development, however, could solve this problem.
Mobile communications could well fit into the Soviet way of life, and into the communist ideology. Initially, telephones could, for example, be installed in villages and summer cottages for collective use and rented out in tourist clubs (for the duration of a trip). Call service from "Volemot" could appear in long-distance trains or buses. And, of course, there was no threat to "state security" - mobile communications without encryption devices are very easy to listen to. Therefore, in the future it could well become available to all citizens of the country.
However, for several years, the Volemot project failed to obtain the necessary funding and the development of the system was very slow. Meanwhile, cellular systems in the West were actively developing and gaining popularity. For the beginning - the middle of the 1980s, the former leadership was lost.
"Volemot" was nevertheless completed by the end of the 1980s and was ready to begin deployment, but at that time the "process had already begun" and there was no longer any talk of the possibility of catching up with Europe and the United States.
Nevertheless, the system was launched in a number of cities in the early 90s and is still in operation, just like Altai. Today their main positioning is professional communications for various services, from taxis to ambulances.
But despite this, a full-fledged cellular communication managed to appear in the USSR. The first operator - Leningrad "Delta Telecom" began its work on September 9, 1991, three and a half months before the collapse of the USSR. This means that work on its installation began six months or a year before this event, when the events that followed in December in Belovezhskaya Pushcha were not predicted even by CIA analysts.
Something interesting. The first cell phones.
Mobile (or rather - car!) phone of the early 80s by Nokia - Mobira Senator. The weight of the apparatus is 15 kilograms.
Mobira Talkman - phone of the second half of the 80s - early 90s. Its weight is only 3 kg.
Motorola's first cell phone, the DynaTAC 8000X, was released on March 6, 1983. Its development cost about 100 million dollars (of that time!).
The phone weighed 794 grams and had dimensions of 33x4.4x8.9 cm. The battery charge was enough for 1 hour of talk time or 8 hours of standby time. He had a memory for 30 numbers and ONE melody.
This phone cost $3995. He has been on the cellular communication market for 10 years.
In the network of America's first commercial cellular company, Ameritech Mobile, the monthly fee was $50, plus one minute of conversation cost users from 24 to 40 cents (depending on the time of the call). A year after its launch, its network had 12,000 subscribers.
Inventor Story by: Alexander Graham Bell
Country: USA
Time of invention: February 14, 1876
The first mention of the transmission of information over a distance is found in the ancient Greek myth of Theseus. The father of this hero Aegeus, sending his son to battle with the monster Minotaur, who lived on the island of Crete, asked his son, if successful, to raise on the returning one, and in case of defeat - black. Theseus killed the Minotaur, but the sails, as always, were mixed up, and the unfortunate father, thinking that the monster had lifted his son, drowned himself. In honor of this event, the sea where the child-loving Aegeus drowned himself still bears the name Aegean.
Further, mankind did not particularly philosophize over the transmission of signals and symbols over long distances. Messengers, both people and birds, have always been the most reliable means of communication. When there were no people who especially wanted to run in any, even the most disgusting weather with all sorts of messages, they simply used their voice, or smoke, or the fire of a fire, or something else conditional.
True, at the end of the 16th century, the Italian scientist Giovanni dela Porta proposed laying "talking tubes" like those used on steamships to connect the captain with the engine room throughout Italy. But this idea, for some reason, did not meet with understanding from his contemporaries.
The French Revolution brought with it a colossal breakthrough in the field of information transmission. In 1789, the mechanic Claude Chappe proposed to the Convention that France be covered with a network of towers with devices installed on them, consisting of planks, clearly visible from a distance. At night, lanterns were lit at the ends of the planks.
The telegraph operator, sitting inside the tower, changed the location of the bars, focusing on the tower, which was within his line of sight. The next telegraph operator copied it and so the message went along the chain from the starting point to the end. By changing the arrangement of the bars, it was possible to get about 200 combinations. The cipher used in the Chappe telegraph consisted of a 92-page notebook, each page of which contained exactly the same number of words. The telegraph operator transmitted the page number and word number. The telegraph operators of intermediate stations, as a rule, did not know the cipher and simply transmitted the combinations that they saw from neighboring stations.
Napoleon was a big fan of the Chappe telegraph and tried to introduce it throughout Europe. The message transfer rate was very high. For example, on the line of the optical telegraph Petersburg - Warsaw, the message went in good weather in 45 minutes. "... A machine built on a hill, through which, by means of various signs, one can announce what is happening." This is how the Russian dictionary for 1818 characterized the telegraph.
Having discovered electricity, scientists for a long time could not figure out where to adapt it. The transmission of information over a distance is the first experience of its useful application. The idea of an electric telegraph first came to the minds of the Austrian military, who, seeing the shortcomings of the Schapp telegraph, namely, dependence on weather conditions, wanted to have something like that. In 1809 Samuel Thomas von Semmering, a member of the Munich Academy, invented something connected by 35 wires corresponding to the letters of the alphabet and numbers. The message arrived in a bath of water, where, when the electrical circuit was closed, gas bubbles were released, through which the message was read.
Such a complex design, in comparison with the Chappe apparatus, somehow did not take root, and the first more or less usable electric telegraph appeared only in 1832. It was invented by the Russian scientist Schilling. Later it was improved by the British Wheatstone and Cook.
In 1837, Morse publicly demonstrated his transmitting apparatus and his telegraph alphabet. The triumphal procession of the electric telegraph around the world began. Within ten years, telegraph lines literally entangled most of Europe and North America. 
The real triumph of the electric telegraph was the laying of a cable along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by the specially built ship Great Eastern in 1866. The telegraph lived happily ever after.
With the invention of radio, Morse code migrated to the air. Until now, despite the massive spread of the Internet, cellular, satellite and other sophisticated communications, there are fans of sending telegrams, both in large cities and in remote villages.
The telephone, probably the main means of communication at the beginning of the 20th century, was born much later than its predecessor, the telegraph. Already when the telegraph became the main means of communication and information transmission, apart from mail.
Meanwhile, many inventors dreamed of a more perfect and communicative method of communication, with the help of which it would be possible to transmit the live sound of human speech or music over any distance.
The first experiments in this direction were undertaken in 1837 by the American physicist Page. The essence of Page's experiments was very simple.
He assembled an electrical circuit, which included a tuning fork, an electromagnet and galvanic cells. During its oscillations, the tuning fork quickly opened and closed the circuit. This intermittent current was transmitted to an electromagnet, which just as quickly attracted and released a thin steel rod. As a result of these vibrations, the rod produced a singing sound similar to that of a tuning fork. Thus, Page showed that it is possible in principle to transmit sound using electric current, it is only necessary to create more advanced transmitting and receiving devices.
The next important stage in the development of telephony is associated with the name of the English inventor Reis. Even in his student years, Reis became interested in the problem of transmitting sound over a distance using electric current. By 1860, he had designed up to a dozen different devices. The most perfect of them had the following form.
The transmitter was a hollow box, equipped with a sound hole in front and having a hole in its upper part, closed by a thin, tightly stretched membrane. On this membrane lay a thin platinum plate, and on top was the point of an elastic platinum needle, which was adapted in such a way that it touched the plate when the membrane was at rest. This contact was interrupted by the vibration of the membrane.
As a result of these transverse touches, the current flowing from the battery through the clamp into the platinum plate and through the needle into the second clamp was closed and opened, from the latter the wire went to the receiver, passed through the spiral and returned to the battery through the clamp and the wire connected to it. Inside the spiral, a thin needle was placed, which was attached at its two ends to two racks resting on the resonator board. Parts formed devices at both stations, intended to let a distant listener know about the start of negotiations.
The reproduction of the sound sung in the trumpet was based on the fact that the iron spoke, being magnetized and demagnetized by an electric current passing in a spiral, began to oscillate; they were felt as a sound corresponding to the sound that was perceived by the receiver, and the vibrations of which set the membrane in motion. The resonance board served to amplify the sound.
Using Reis's phone, it was already possible to transmit not only individual sounds, but also complex musical phrases and even partly human speech.
But the quality of the transmission remained so low that it was often completely impossible to make out anything. The side noises produced by the closing and opening of the circuit drowned out the transmission, and the sounds reproduced by the steel needle were very far from the modulations of the human voice.
For a clear transmission of sound, it was necessary to ensure that the plates, both the sender and the receiver, were driven from their rest position to the extreme position by a current, the strength of which would increase gradually, and that, when decreasing, the current would again pass through the initial rest position.
All these smooth fluctuations in the timbre of sound, which make up the richness of human speech, were completely inaccessible to Reis's phone - the attraction here came on rapidly and remained unchanged for some time, and then completely stopped.
It turned out to be impossible to solve the problem of sound transmission only by closing and opening the circuit.
Another 15 years passed before the Scottish inventor Alexander Bell found a better way to convert sounds into electrical signals.
By profession, Bell was a teacher of deaf and dumb children. From childhood, he studied a lot of acoustics, the study of sound, and dreamed of inventing a telephone. In 1870 Bell moved to Canada and in 1872 to America. Having settled in Boston, he introduced the system of "visible speech" developed by him in the local school for deaf and dumb children. It was a great success, and Bell soon became a professor at Boston University. Now he had a laboratory and sufficient funds to devote himself to work on the invention of the telephone.
Forgetting about sleep, Bell spent whole nights sitting over his experiments. His first experiments replicated Page's work.
In the summer of 1875, Bell and his assistant, Thomas Watson, made an apparatus that consisted of magnets with movable tongues, which were driven by current fluctuations. Various devices were included in the circuit with magnets. Watson and Bell were in neighboring rooms. Watson transmitted and Bell received.
Once, when Watson pressed the button at the end of the wire to activate the bell, the contact went bad, and the electromagnet pulled the bell hammer towards itself. Watson tried to pull it away, as a result of which vibrations arose around the magnet. The movement of the spring produced by Watson changed the intensity of the current and caused oscillatory movements in the spring of the opposite station in Bell's room, and the wire transmitted the very faint sound of the first telephone.
So, quite by accident, Bell discovered that a magnet with a light anchor can be both a transmitter and a signal receiver. After that, it was no longer difficult to transmit and reproduce sound using electric current.
To understand how this happens, imagine a permanent magnet and, in the vicinity of it, a flexible iron plate that vibrates under the action of sound waves.
Approaching the pole of a magnet, it will strengthen its magnetic field, and moving away from it, weaken it. Without going into details, we note that the reason for this will be the same phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. In a plate that moves in a magnetic field, an electric current will occur; this current will create its own magnetic field around the plate, which will be superimposed on the magnetic field of the magnet, either strengthening or weakening it.
Now let's place a coil of wire on our imaginary magnet. When the magnetic field fluctuates in the coil, an alternating electric current will occur, moreover, then in one direction, then in the other direction. By passing the received current through the windings of another magnet, we will influence its magnetic field, which will also either increase or decrease, and exactly repeat all the changes that occur in the magnetic field of the first magnet.
If an iron plate is placed at the pole of this second receiving magnet, it will either be attracted to this magnet under the action of an increasing magnetic field, then move away from it under the influence of its elasticity and at the same time generate sound waves similar in everything to those that set the first oscillation in motion. plate.
Actually, this happened under the circumstances described above. The role of the iron plate here was played by the flexible armature of the magnet. But it was too crude a device, unable to convey many of the nuances of sound. Bell began to look for something to replace him.
A doctor friend suggested that he use a human ear for experiments and got him an ear from a corpse. By carefully studying its structure, Bell found that sound waves vibrate the eardrum, from which they are transmitted to the auditory ossicles. This led him to the idea of making a thin metal membrane, placing it next to a permanent magnet, and thus converting sound vibrations into electrical ones.
It took several months of hard work before the phone spoke. Only on March 10, 1876, Watson clearly heard Bell's words at the receiving station: "Mr. Watson, please come here, I need to talk to you."
Even earlier, on February 14, Bell made a patent application for his invention. Just two hours later, another inventor, Elisha Gray, filed the same application for an identical apparatus. However, the patent was issued in March to Bell, as he was the first to announce his discovery. (Later, Bell had to fight several lawsuits with Gray and other inventors, defending his primacy).
In the end, Bell bought the right to operate the telephone from Gray. At an exhibition in Philadelphia, held in the same year, Bell's telephone became the main exhibit.
Since that time, despite the fact that the first devices were still very imperfect, telephones began to spread rapidly.
In August of the same 1876, there were already about 800 telephones in use, and the demand for them was increasing.
The device of the first devices was very primitive. A permanent magnet in the form of a rod was surrounded at one pole by a short inductive spiral of thin copper wire, ending in two thicker wires, which were connected to the wires with clamps. At one pole of the magnet was placed a plate of soft sheet iron clamped along the edges. Everything was put in 
a wooden frame, which in part had a funnel-shaped hole above the plate, which served as a sound cone. From below, the wooden frame narrowed, since here it contained only a magnetic rod, fixed in its position with a screw, and two wires.
This device could serve as both a transmitter and a receiver. There was such a telephone at the sender's station and at the receiving station.
Their induction spirals were interconnected by means of wires and clamps. When the cone was used as a tube and spoken into it, the plate in front of the pole of the magnet began to vibrate; as a result, induction currents arose in the spiral, the change of which corresponded to sound vibrations acting on the plate. These currents flowed through the wires into the coil of the receiving telephone and caused the membrane to vibrate.
By pressing the cone to your ear, you could hear the voice of the subscriber speaking on the other end of the wire. The induction currents generated by the movement of the membrane were very weak, so stable communication could only be established at a distance of several hundred meters. Further, the voices of the speakers became so quiet that they were drowned in the hum of interference.
It took the work of many, many inventors before the telephone became a reliable means of communication.
In general, Bell's telephone turned out to be more capable of converting current waves into sound waves than vice versa.
Therefore, the discovery of the microphone effect in 1877 by the English inventor Hughes was very important in the history of telephony.
In its original form, the microphone had the following device.
Between two pieces of coal, mounted on a plate, a coal rod with pointed ends was installed. The current from the element passed through this carbon rod and through the winding of the phone. When the horizontal plate, which played the role of a resonator, was shaken, the carbon rod was displaced. At this moment, its resistance to current at the points of contacts decreased, and this, in turn, produced a noticeable increase in the current strength in the telephone. The membrane began to oscillate with a larger amplitude, which caused the initial sound to be amplified several times. Weak ticking, placed on the stand, was perceived in the phone as very loud. Even the crawling of a fly on the plate was reproduced in the form of quite noticeable noise.
Within a few years of Hughes' invention, many different microphone designs emerged.
Microphones that used carbon powder instead of rods were widely used. In this case, the vibrations of the membrane caused either a compaction of the powder or its loosening, as a result of which its resistance constantly changed. The phone connected to the microphone became much more reliable, but it still remained imperfect.
Weak induction currents were unable to overcome the resistance of the transmission wires. It was necessary to somehow increase their tension, without changing the nature of their vibrations.
A witty way out was found by the famous American inventor Edison, who proposed using an induction coil to amplify the voltage.
So the telephone set was supplemented with a transformer.
If you put two coils on the same iron core and pass an alternating current through one of them, then an alternating current is also induced in the second coil. The changing magnetic field created by the first coil induces a current of a certain voltage in each turn of the second coil. The turns of the coil can be considered as current sources connected in series. Then the total voltage on the winding of the second coil will be equal to the sum of the voltages of all its turns. If we want to increase the voltage taken from the second coil, we must increase the number of turns.
Thus, by changing the number of turns on the second coil, we can get a voltage on it that is less, equal or greater than on the first. However, by the same factor that the voltage increases, the current decreases by the same factor, so that their product in the first and second coils remains equal (in fact, due to the inevitable losses in the secondary coil, this product is even somewhat less).
Transformer effect was opened at the same time 
with the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, but since only direct current was used in technology for a long time, it did not find application at first. The telephone turned out to be one of the first devices where the transformer (in the form of an induction coil) gained some popularity.
In the apparatus created by Edison, the telephone and microphone were included in two separate circuits.
The current source, the microphone and the primary winding of the transformer are connected in one circuit, the other coil and the telephone receiver are connected in another.
The principle of operation of this phone is clear: due to the vibration of the membrane, the resistance in the microphone was constantly changing, which is why the direct current of the battery was converted into a pulsating one. This current was applied to the primary winding of the transformer. In the secondary winding, currents of the same shape, but of a higher voltage, were induced. They easily overcame the resistance of wires and could be transmitted over considerable distances. The telephone improved in this way soon became widespread.
At first, the devices communicated with each other in pairs. They did not have switches and calls. To call the subscriber to the device, they simply knocked on the membrane.
Subsequently, Edison introduced electric bells.
In 1877, the first central telephone exchange appeared in New Hay Vienna (USA). The connection order here was as follows. A subscriber who wanted to speak with any person or institution would look for the desired number in the subscriber room and call the central station. When the latter answered, he reported the number he needed, and if this number was not busy, the operator connected him to the required person using special plugs and informed him that the connection was ready. After that, the subscriber turned to the person connected to him. At the end of the conversation, they were separated.
Contemporaries very quickly appreciated the convenience provided by the telephone. Soon telephone exchanges were built in all major cities. At the same time, the demand for telephone sets grew. In 1879, Bell created his own telephone company, which soon turned into a powerful concern.
Within ten years, more than 100 thousand telephone sets were installed in the USA alone, and after 25 years there were already more than a million. Then this figure increased by an order of magnitude.
Bell lived a long life and was able to observe the spread of telephony around the world. He died in 1922, and a kind of moment of silence was honored in his memory: when the coffin with the body of the inventor was lowered into the grave, all telephone conversations stopped. They write that in the United States at that moment more than 13 million phones were silent.
Many other inventors were engaged in improving telephone devices, and by 1900 more than 3,000 patents had been issued in this area. Of these, one can note a microphone designed by Russian engineers M. Makhalsky (1878) and independently P. Golubitsky (1883), as well as the first automatic station for 10,000 numbers by S. M. Apostolov (1894) and the first PBX stepping system for 1000 numbers S. I. Berdichevsky (1896).
Both telephone and telegraph acquired the status of inviolable. Neither wars nor revolutions could interfere with their normal functioning. "Hello, Smolny." "Alee, Winter". The favorite pastime of the commanders of the Red and White armies during the Civil War in Russia was squabbling over the telegraph. You can start by watching Andrey Platonov's stories about the Civil War.
In the twenties of the last century, telephone exchanges, served by telephone operators, are gradually being replaced by automatic telephone exchanges, abbreviated as automatic telephone exchanges. In 1956, the first telephone transatlantic cable TAT-1 was laid. He connected Scotland and Canada. After that, more than 100,000 kilometers of transatlantic telephone cables were laid, including the famous special Moscow-Washington government wire, through which only the leader of the USSR and the American president could communicate.
Although cable, wired telephone communications are more expensive, given the amount of copper buried and buried as telephone cables, it is impossible to calculate its cost compared to radiotelephone communications. However, she is not going to give up her positions.
It would seem that the advent of cellular communications should have put an end to the development of wired communications, but greater reliability and the introduction of new technologies, fiber optics, etc. etc., talk about the survivability of a traditional phone, especially in large metropolitan areas. We must not forget that we use the Internet through the same telephone lines that our grandparents used, and in the center of Moscow, for example, great-grandparents. The telephone, thanks to new technologies, having firmly mastered the ether, has turned from an immovable object into a convenient companion of a modern person.
Even in the myth of ancient Greek times, Theseus was the first mention of how information can be transmitted. Aegeus, the father of this hero, when he sent his son to the island of Crete, to fight the monster Minotaur, asked him to return, in case of success, to raise a white sail on the ship, and in case of defeat - black. Unfortunately, the inventor of the telephone had not yet been born, and the colors were mixed up, and Aegeus, deciding that his son was dead, drowned himself. The sea where he did this was called the Aegean.
Continuation of the story with communication
For some time, people did not pay much attention to solving the problem of transmitting symbols and signals over long distances. For a long time, birds and people remained the most reliable way to provide high-quality communication. When the weather was disgusting and there were no people willing to flee, they used fire, smoke, voice, or other conventional signs.
Although, to be honest, in the 16th century there was a proposal by Giovanni della Porta, an Italian scientist, to use speaking pipes for communication. A similar method operates on ships for communication between the engine room and the captain. So, the proposal to lay such pipes throughout Italy did not meet with understanding, and the first telephone was not invented at that time.
Revolution in France and a breakthrough in communications
In 1789, the mechanic Claude Chappe proposed to the Convention to resolve the issue of communication in the following way: they intended to cover the whole of France with a network of towers and install devices made of planks on them. At the same time, they should have been clearly visible from a distance. At night, lanterns were lit at the ends of the planks. Inside the tower was a telegraph operator, changing the location of the slats. The reference point for him was the tower in the zone of visibility. The telegraph operator sitting in it copied the message and sent it further. And so it went - from the starting point to the end. Approximately 200 combinations could be obtained by changing the arrangement of the bars.
A cipher was compiled, which consisted of a notebook with a volume of 92 pages, each of which had the same number of words. The telegraph employee transmitted the number of the word and page, they did not know the cipher at the intermediate points, but simply passed on the received combinations. Claude Chappe is not yet the inventor of the telephone, but his great admirer, Napoleon, introduced his method of communication throughout almost all of Europe. By the way, the transmission speed was quite high. For example, a message from St. Petersburg to Warsaw took about 45 minutes, if only the weather was normal.
and communication
When electricity was invented, at first scientists could not find a practical application for it. The first experience was the transmission of information over a distance. Austrian scientists, seeing the dependence of the Schapp telegraph on weather conditions, created its electric version. A member of the Academy of Munich Semmering in 1809 invented a device that was connected by thirty-five wires, each of which corresponded to numbers and letters of the alphabet. The message came to a bath filled with water, here the electrical network was closed, during which gas bubbles were released, information was read from them. The design was very complex, it did not immediately take root, only in 1832 was a usable electric telegraph made. It was invented by Schilling, a scientist from Russia, and later improved by the British Cook and Wheatstone. So, gradually, we will get to how it happened, briefly dwelling on important points.
Morse invention
Morse demonstrated his telegraph alphabet and transmitting apparatus to the public in 1837. From that moment on, the electric telegraph began its victorious march around the world. In just 10 years, his lines have entangled most of North America and Europe. His triumph was the laying of a communication cable along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, carried out in 1866 with the help of the Great Eastern ship, specially built for this purpose. When radio was invented, she moved to the air.
And now, despite the mass distribution of satellite, cellular, other sophisticated communications, the Internet, there are people, and there are many of them, who prefer to send telegrams. And not only in villages, but also in big cities. Now we are very close to such a significant date as the year of the invention of the telephone.
When was the telephone invented
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the telephone became the main means of communication. He was born much later than the telegraph, his predecessor. Even at a time when this predecessor was the main one, Philipp Rice, a German scientist, in 1861 invented a device that, using a galvanic current, transfers a human voice to any distance. Fifteen years later, Alexander Graham Bell, a Philadelphia school teacher, demonstrated the first electric telephone at the World's Fair. Remember: 1876 is the date the telephone was invented. But Elish Grey, another inventor, was only a couple of hours late with a claim for the same invention. Therefore, primacy in this matter is purely conditional.
Development of telephone communication
Literally five years later, a new means of communication, which was much simpler than the telegraph, firmly entered human life. Have you seen the photo of the first phone? So, the famous improved this device, and it became a truly household means of communication. And the telegraph was and remains public. There was also a field phone option. Due to the speed of deployment and ease of handling, it has become indispensable for the army and the military.
The first telephone exchange opened in 1878. This means of communication, like the telegraph, acquired the status of inviolable. Neither revolution nor war could interfere with their normal functioning. From films about those times it is clear that one of the favorite activities of the military commanders of both the White Army and the Red Army during the Civil War was quarreling over the phone.
Briefly about the first phone
You have already understood who is the official inventor of the telephone. And what was this first phone like? By the way, the invention happened by chance, like many others in this life. During experiments and experiments, the stuck plate began to act as a primitive diaphragm, and it was already a matter of time to think out what to do next. As a result, Bell's phone became a real sensation at the exhibition.
Although the first apparatus worked only at a distance of up to two hundred meters, with monstrous sound distortions, the transmitting and receiving devices were very primitive. The inventor created the "Bell Telephone Society" and began to actively improve it. As a result, one year later he patented fittings and a new membrane for his device. A little later, I used a carbon microphone (to increase the transmission distance) and powered by separate batteries. A little over a hundred years, almost in this form, the telephone existed.
Development of telephone communication in the twentieth century
How was the further development of the invention, the author of which was Alexander Bell? The telephone, created by him, soon surpassed and began to develop by leaps and bounds. The first transatlantic telephone cable TAT-1 was laid between Canada and Scotland in 1956. And after that - more than a hundred thousand kilometers of such cables. Including - Washington - Moscow, the famous government special wire, for communication between the American president and the leader of the Soviet Union. Nobody else had access to it. Such a wired, cable telephone connection, of course, is much more expensive than radiotelephone, especially if you count the amount of drowned and buried copper, but it is not going to give up its positions. At least because of its greater reliability and the ability to intercept the conversation.
Phone today
Bell - the inventor of the telephone - could not, most likely, imagine the progress that communication has made to date. It would seem that the development of cellular communications should slow down wired communications, but the latter continues to move forward, especially in large cities: thanks, as already mentioned, to its reliability, as well as the introduction of the latest technologies, such as fiber optic communications.
Have you forgotten what wires the Internet is transmitted through? According to the very ones that our grandfathers and grandmothers used to communicate, and in the central part of Moscow - great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers. Thanks to the latest technologies, the phone has mastered the ether and has turned from a stationary object into a very convenient and advanced human companion.
Another version of the inventor of the telephone
Expanding the topic of the invention of this means of communication, one cannot fail to mention one more version, according to which the inventor of the telephone is Elisha Gray, and not Alexander Bell at all. In 2007, a book was published by a well-known researcher, journalist Seth Shulman, in which he wrote that the latter had stolen a competitor's invention and passed it off as his own. The main piece of evidence is Bell's notebook, access to which was very limited until 1976. It turns out, in addition to everything else, that Gray applied for a patent first, but his competitor, thanks to bribery and aggressive lawyers, managed to register a patent earlier. But that's not all.
There is a version that Philipp Rice, a German scientist, can also be considered as the inventor of the first telephone. His device, created in the 1860s, was capable of transmitting speech over a distance, but it worked on a different principle. By the way, Gray began his work as a carpenter, while studying at Oberlin College. Then he experimented with telegraph technology and electricity, invented a hotel notification device, a telegraph switchboard, a letter-printing machine and other devices. He lost the trial for the right to be considered the inventor of the telephone, and Bell has since been considered the first.
Further prospects for the development of communications
The inventor of the telephone, whoever he was, could probably imagine what future prospects the means of communication have. They are a little out of the realm of fantasy, but, nevertheless, they have the right to exist. This is telepathy, or, in other words, the transmission of thoughts over a distance. Back in the seventies of the last century, the Soviet academician Glushkov formulated this perspective. He noted that the thinking process of a person will be sent to a computer, it will remember it, and over time, a complete symbiosis of a machine and a person will turn out. And he was sure that in 2020 full compatibility of the computer and the human brain would be achieved.
Considering how computer communications are pushing traditional means at a distance, the academician's prediction does not seem very fantastic. After all, many fantasies that seemed unrealistic came true. For example, a home that is fully computerized, helmets connected to a PC, transmitting visual sensations. Once it was fiction and Ray Bradbury. Or computer printing at the command of a human voice. When the transmission of thoughts over a distance is demanded, then this issue will also be resolved. It's just that no one really needs it yet.
A little about other inventions of mankind
Although the invention of the telephone is one of the most important, all the inventions of mankind do not end there. Now we briefly list a dozen of the most important of them.
Short biography of Alexander Bell
Since we talked about the invention of the great scientist, we need to briefly outline his biography. He was born in Edinburgh (Scotland), March 3, 1847. Many of his relatives had the profession of professional orators - uncle, grandfather and father. The latter even wrote a treatise on eloquence. Alexander at first also followed their path, graduated from the appropriate school and became a teacher of music and eloquence. He studied for a year at the University of Edinburgh, then moved to Bath (England). In 1870 the family moved to Canada and settled in Ontario. Here Bell continued to deal with the issue of signal transmission through telecommunications, which he became interested in back in Scotland. He created, for example, an electric piano that transmitted music over wires. Soon, in 1873, Alexander became a lecturer in the physiology of speech at the University of Boston. And three years later he received patent No. 174465 for the invention of the telephone. He also worked with light rays, which subsequently contributed to the creation of fiber optic technologies. In 1877 he married Mabel Hubbard, his student, in 1882 he became a US citizen. Died August 2, 1992. In the country for a minute, in order to honor his memory, all phones were turned off.
