Modern mobile phones are significantly different from what they used 20 or even 10 years ago. Photo evidence is attached.
World's first mobile phone: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)
Motorola is not the leader in the mobile industry today, but it is the company that launched the world's first mobile phone. It turned out to be the DynaTAC 8000X. The prototype of the device was shown in 1973, but commercial sales did not begin until 1983. The powerful DynaTAC weighed almost a kilogram, worked for an hour on a single battery charge, and could store up to 30 phone numbers.
First car phone: Nokia Mobira Senator (1982)
In the early 1980s, the Nokia Mobira Senator phone became widely known. It was released in 1982 and became the first of its kind - it was intended for use in a car, while weighing about 10 kilograms.
Gorbachev spoke on it: Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 (1987)
In 1987 year Nokia introduced the Mobira Cityman 900, the first device for NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) networks. The device became easily recognizable due to the fact that Mikhail Gorbachev used it to make a call from Helsinki to Moscow, and this was not ignored by photographers. The Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 weighed about 800 grams. The price was high - in terms of current money, its purchase would have cost the Americans 6,635 dollars, and the Russians 202,482 rubles.
First GSM phone: Nokia 101 (1992)
Nokia phone with a modest 101 index was the first commercially available device able to function in GSM networks... A monoblock with a monochrome screen had a retractable antenna and a book for 99 numbers. Unfortunately, the well-known Nokia tune ringtone was not yet included in it, as the composition appeared in the next model, which was released in 1994.
Touchscreen: IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)
One of the first attempts to create a communicator was a joint development of IBM and Bellsouth. The IBM Simon Personal Communicator phone was stripped of the keyboard, offering a touchscreen with a stylus instead. For $ 899, customers received a device that could call, fax, and store notes.
First clamshell: Motorola StarTAC (1996)
In 1996, Motorola confirmed the title of innovator with the introduction of the first clamshell phone, the StarTAC. The device was considered stylish and fashionable, was compact not only for that time, but also in comparison with modern smartphones.
First smartphone: Nokia 9000 Communicator (1996)
The weight of the Nokia 9000 Communicator (397 grams) did not prevent the phone from becoming popular. The first smartphone was equipped with 8 MB of memory and monochrome screens... When opened, a QWERTY keyboard opened up to the user's eyes, making it easier to work with text.
Interchangeable sockets: Nokia 5110 (1998)
In the late 1990s, companies realized that mobile phones were viewed by customers as not only a means of communication, but also an accessory. In 1998, Nokia released the 5110, which supported interchangeable covers. The phone also became popular thanks to its excellent assembly and good battery life. It featured the famous Snake game.
First camera phone: Sharp J-SH04 (2000)
Sharp J-SH04 was released in Japan in 2000. This is the world's first camera phone. The camera resolution today seems ridiculous - 0.1 megapixel, but then the J-SH04 seemed like something incredible. After all, the phone could be used as a bad one, but still a camera.
Mail is the main thing: RIM BlackBerry 5810 (2002)
RIM introduced its first BlackBerry in 2002. Prior to this, the Canadian manufacturer was engaged in the production of organizers. The main drawback of the BlackBerry 5810 was the lack of a microphone and speakers - a headset was required to speak on it.
PDA Meets Phone: Palm Treo 600 (2003)
Palm has long been considered the main manufacturer of PDAs (Pocket Personal Computer) and in 2003 released the extremely successful Treo 600. The communicator with QWERTY-keyboard, color screen, 5-way navigation key was based on Palm OS 5.
Gaming Phone: Nokia N-Gage (2003)
Nokia has made several attempts to capture the minds of mobile gamers, and not all of them have been successful. The first truly gaming phone is called the Nokia N-Gage. It is similar in design to portable console and was positioned as an alternative to the Nintendo Game Boy. On the front side there are game control keys, which very few people found convenient. The games themselves were recorded on MMC memory cards. The microphone and speaker in the N-Gage is located at the end, so all users looked like Cheburashkas when talking. There were a lot of disadvantages and the project failed.
O2 XDA II (2004)
O2, like Palm, worked hard on the PDA. In 2004, the XDA II model appeared, offering users a slide-out QWERTY keyboard, office applications... The price then bite - $ 1,390.
As thin as a blade: Motorola RAZR V3 (2004)
The best selling clamshell is Motorola RAZR V3. The model attracted attention with subtle and stylish design... The creators drew inspiration from the "old man" StarTAC and, as a result, released a device dressed in a case with aluminum inserts, with a VGA-camera (0.3 Mp), Bluetooth, GSM. After the light, they saw the improved RAZR V3x, RAZR V3i and RAZR V3xx with more high quality camera, 3G, microSD.
First iTunes phone: Motorola ROKR E1 (2005)
In 2005, few people could have imagined that Apple, which specializes in computers and music players, would venture into the mobile industry (and introduce the popular iPhone). The company entered into an agreement with Motorola, and as a result, ROKR E1 was created - a device with support for music iTunes libraries... The buyers' expectations did not come true - few people liked the candy bar with Motorola-design, slow USB 1.1 interface, outdated 0.3-megapixel camera and limited song storage (100 pieces).
Motorola MOTOFONE F3 (2007)
The Motorola MOTOFONE F3 sold for just $ 60. One of the most affordable machines on the market offered an Electronic Paper Display (EPD) display. The advantages include low weight, small thickness.
Simple finger control: Apple iPhone (2007)
The first Apple version The iPhone originally came out in the US in 2007. A touchphone with a 2-megapixel camera, a 3.5-inch touch screen, and a convenient finger-oriented interface supported only second-generation networks. iPhone didn't work with MMS and couldn't record video. In 2008, the iPhone 3G was released, and in 2009 - the iPhone 3GS. The concept has not changed in three years - programs and a user-friendly interface are in the center.
"My phone rang ..." I am sure that none of us today can not imagine life without communications. We forget our phone at home and rush back to get it, we cannot find it in our bag or briefcase, and we are sure to get upset. Who brought into our lives a unique technique that helps to connect people at a distance?
Lesson plan:
Is it possible to communicate without a phone?
Of course you can! People lived before, and they did not have any new-fangled telephone models, but information from each other was transmitted far beyond their place of residence. The need for communication made people invent different ways to “call for a conversation” and tell the news to comrades who are several kilometers away. How it was?
By that time, the first attempts were already made to create a telegraph capable of transmitting signals to long distances using electricity. The scientists Galvani and Volt were involved in the fundamentals of electrical engineering, the Russian Schilling and Jacobi contributed by inventing transmission codes and an apparatus that converts signals into text.
A little later, in 1837, thanks to the American inventor Morse, an electric telegraph and a special system of dots and dashes, widely known to everyone as "Morse code", appeared.
But even this was not enough for the scientists of those centuries. They dreamed that it would be possible not only to receive dry text over the wires, but also to speak over them!
It is interesting! Archaeologists discovered in the Peru region two pumpkins connected with a rope and concluded that this design is a thousand-year-old ancestor of the telephone. Indeed, it is very similar to two matchboxes connected by a thread, which we used to "call" in childhood.
Who invented first?
The history of the appearance of the phone is associated with Alexander Bell from America. But he was not the only one who was actively involved in the design idea of transmitting the human voice at a distance. Let's briefly go through the pages of history and trace the path that the invention overcame in the first stages of its birth.
Italian Antonio Meucci
In 1860, a native of Italy Antonio Meucci showed the Americans a device that could transmit sound over a wire, but he applied for a patent only in 1871, and to all his questions about the fate of the documents, the company that took them answered that they were lost.
German Philip Reis
German physicist Philip Reis presented to the public in 1861 electrical apparatus capable of transmitting sound. By the way, his name "telephone", which we are accustomed to hearing today, which is translated from Greek as "sound from afar", sounded from him.
Its transmitter was made in the form of a hollow box with holes: sound - in front and covered with a membrane - on top. But the quality of sound transmission in Reis's phone was so low that it was impossible to make out anything, so his invention was not accepted by others.
Americans Gray and Bell
Only 15 years later, two American designers, Gray and Bell, completely independently of each other, were able to discover how a metal membrane using a magnet, like the eardrum of our ear, can transform sound and transmit it through an electrical signal.
Why did Bell get all the laurels of fame? It's that simple! On February 14, 1876, he filed his application to patent the invention he discovered - “ talking telegraph"- a couple of hours earlier than Gray did.
I can imagine how upset Gray was.
Bell unveiled the telephone at a tech show in Philadelphia.
The new technology did not have a call, the subscriber was called with the attached whistle, and the only receiver both received and transmitted speech at the same time. The first telephones had to generate electricity on their own, so the telephone line worked only up to 500 meters away.
It is interesting! In 2002, the US Congress passed a decision that turned telephone world: he recognized the Italian Meucci as the true inventor of the telephone.
Evolution of the phone
Since the first telephone set was presented to the public, inventors and designers have made a lot of efforts to make a modern means of communication out of a primitive device.
So, engineers were able to replace the whistle for calling the subscriber with an electric call. In 1876, a switch was invented, which could combine not only two, but several telephones with each other.
A year later, inventor Edison contributes to the development of the telephone - his induction coil increases the distance of sound transmission, and the carbon microphone, which improves the quality of communication, was used until the end of the 20th century. At the same time, in 1877, the first telephone exchange appeared in America, through which those who wanted to call someone were connected to the desired telephone operator's number through plugs.
Thanks to the contribution of the Russian inventor Golubitsky, the stations powered by a central source were able to serve tens of thousands of subscribers. It is noteworthy that the first telephone conversation in Russia took place three years after the appearance of the telephone, and in 1898 the first intercity line between Moscow and St. Petersburg was built.
It is interesting! The first phones were not very convenient. It was hard to hear in them, so they came up with special tubes of different sizes and shapes, into which they just had to stick their nose so that the subscriber could understand what the conversation was about. At first they were made separate: one - to speak into it, the second - to listen from it. Then they began to be connected with a handle, like a modern telephone receiver. Telephone sets made from ivory, and from mahogany, and cast from metal. The bells of the bells were chrome-plated to a shine. But one thing remained unchanged: the body, the tube and the lever on which she was hung after the conversation.
Leaps and bounds towards modernity
The inventive world did not stop there. Having received a telephone at home, people wanted to use modern means communication is already on the street, in transport, to communicate on the way to work or home.
Initially, this kind of communication that was not tied to the premises was available only to special services - walkie-talkies under the nickname "walkie-talkie", or "walk-talk", became a tempting idea for ordinary users. Knowing the secrets of the device, the craftsmen tried to connect the devices to the line using such a radio communication. So in the 80s, radiotelephones appeared, working at a distance of up to 300 meters.
But the main advantage recent years became, undoubtedly, cellular communication, operating from a signal moving from one station to another.
The modern "honeycomb" appeared in 1973 at the Motorola company. Their firstborn worked without recharging for no more than 20 minutes and was similar in size to a brick, and weighed as much as 794 grams!
These are now our modern "mobile phones" small and compact, able to take pictures, send mail and messages, play music and even think for their owner! They have become real helpers for children and their parents - you can always call and find out how you are doing!
It is interesting! A resident of Singapore, An Yan, is the fastest to write SMS - he needs a little more than 40 seconds for a message of 160 characters to appear!
Interesting facts about mobile phones
This video contains 23 more interesting facts about our telephones. They can complement your project, so watch carefully.
Now you know everything about the appearance of the telephone. Make a report and tell your friends, they will be interested! And I say goodbye to you, but do not forget to look into new projects and stay in touch!
Success in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
Telephone communication is the fastest. Television and radio can tell us about the events in the world, because they receive reports by telephone from their correspondents from all over the world. You press a few buttons - and talk to friends who are now in Germany, Australia or Hawaii. But until 1876, when Bell invented the telephone, this was not possible. I had to write letters or send telegrams.
What did I say? “You said,“ Come to me, Mr. Watson. I need to see you. "
Two people - Tom Watson and Alexander Graham Bell - looked at each other in surprise. They are there! The phone is working!
Long-awaited victory
It happened on March 10, 1876 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Watson burst into the room yelling that he had heard Bell's voice on the phone. It was a long-awaited reward for hard work. They managed to transmit articulate speech from transmitter to receiver over the wire.
The victory was not easy. For three years in a row, Bell worked on a project without sleep or rest. He knew that his rival Elisha Gray (1835-1901), a telegraph equipment specialist, was receiving support from large companies. Bell only had two small rooms and one assistant. A few days before his success, Bell learned that the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was also working on this problem in his laboratory.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847 - 1922) assembled the world's first telephone using parts from an electrical shop and the skill of his assistant Tom Watson
Step by step to fame
Bell's competitors hoped to get things done because they knew about electrical engineering. Bell approached the problem from a different angle. He learned well the nature of sound while working at a school for the deaf. It was then that he figured out how to convert sound vibrations into electrical ones. Bell decided to try his idea in practice - and so began his experiments with the telephone.
Bell's family emigrated to America from Scotland when he was twenty-three, and he soon moved to Boston. That was six years ago.
Now - he is not yet thirty - he is on the verge of fame.
Growing difficulties
In July 1876, Bell's telephone company was already in operation. But she had to face unforeseen difficulties. Bell's competitors have sued him. Although he won the case, they did not leave him alone. It was difficult to convince people to install a telephone. In addition, purely technical difficulties arose: how to connect all the telephones to each other.
By 1887, 150,000 telephones were installed in America, and about half of that in Europe. Since then, the expansion of telephone networks has not stopped all over the world.
Noise and crackling
Although the receiver was constantly crackling and noisy and speech was severely distorted, for most people the first phone seemed like a miracle. It was hard to believe that one could speak with a person who is in another city or even in another country. Today we are used to it and can hardly imagine how surprised people were in 1876.
The phone was especially liked by residents of North America, where cities are located much further from each other than in Europe. Thanks to the telephone line stretched over the prairie, they no longer felt disconnected from the world.
Bell lived long enough to see how his invention changed the face of the world. He himself soon ceased to be interested in the telephone, and after 1879 he no longer dealt with it. He spent the rest of his life working on other inventions, but none of them were as successful as the telephone.
Tom Watson later also did not deal with the telephone, he became a successful shipbuilder. And their brainchild, meanwhile, grew and grew stronger day by day.
Facts and events
- The world's first telephone subscriber was Charlie Williams, an electrician from Boston. In April 1877, Williams installed a telephone line between his store and the house where he lived.
- The inventor of the automatic telephone was the owner of a Boston funeral home, Elman Orowger. He suspected that operators were connecting his clients to rival firms, so in 1889 he came up with a way to do without operators. The first automatic communication system was installed in 1892 in Pa-posta, Indiana, USA.
- In 1877, there were 2,600 telephones in the United States. Three years later there were already 48 thousand, and ten years later - over 150 thousand.
- In 1892, Bell made his first long distance telephone call from New York to Chicago, Illinois. The distance between these cities is 1600 kilometers.
- Modern fax machines - machines that transmit a facsimile copy over telephone lines - appeared in the early 80s of the XX century.
Wires around the globe
Alexander Graham Bell spent all free time from his work at a school for the deaf, in two small rooms in downtown Boston that served as his laboratory. There, thanks to a fluke, he found a way to convert sound vibrations into electrical ones, on which the principle of the telephone is based.
The first telephone network - twenty-one numbers - opened in New Haven, Connecticut in 1878. The list of all subscribers fit on one sheet. In 1892, the first automatic telephone station appeared, and dialing discs appeared on telephones. Long-distance communication gradually spread throughout America, although it was not until 1915 that making calls from New York (in the east) to San Francisco (in the west) became possible.
Bell died in 1922. By that time, about 28 million telephones had been installed worldwide. He still found the invention of the radio - the next stage in the improvement of communications. Plans were made to combine radio and telephone so that it would be possible to talk to America from Europe.
However, this became possible only in September 1956, when the transatlantic telephone cable... Direct communication between Europe and America was established only in 1971. With the advent of communication satellites, there are practically no places left on the planet that could not be contacted by phone, and the quality of communication has also improved.
The history of the phone for children is extremely interesting, since today these gadgets are an integral part of life for them. So, the day of the appearance of the telephone can be considered February 14, 1876. On this day, the American scientist of Scottish descent, Alexander Graham Bell, applied to the US Patent Office for his invention. Interestingly, on the same day, but two hours later, another inventor, Elisha Gray, submitted an application for a similar device. Subsequently, the latter tried to sue for the rights to this invention, but lost.
The history of the phone and photos will be presented to your attention further.
"Not Bellom alone" ...
Fifteen years before Bell, in 1860, the Italian Antonio Meucci demonstrated to the Americans a device he had designed for transmitting sound at a distance. However, for unclear reasons, he did not patent it. The documents he submitted in 1871 were mysteriously lost.
And in 1861, the German scientist Philip Reis also invented a device for transmitting sounds. But the quality of transmission in it was so low that the invention was not accepted by the public. But it was he who introduced the term "telephone" from the Greek words "tele" - far and "phono" - sound.
The history of the development of the phone
The apparatus presented by Bell had little resemblance to modern phones... He transmitted only the sound of a voice and very short distance... Only after some time did he manage to improve it, using a new membrane and a Yuza carbon microphone.
Alexander Bell presented his invention to the public for the first time at a technical exhibition in Philadelphia. This is how the history of the development of the telephone began. Then the device did not have a bell, it was the only horn-tube designed for receiving and transmitting speech. The amazed audience heard from the pipe a monologue of the Prince of Denmark from a Shakespeare play, which the inventor himself was reading from a nearby room. The phone was a great success, but the practical benefits were not immediately appreciated. Bella Telephone Company was founded, which after a while turned into a huge prosperous concern.
Bell had to compete with the American inventor Thomas Edison, who in 1878 modified and improved the existing design, in particular, installed an induction coil. This made it possible to increase the distance between subscribers. The American Speaking Telephone Company was formed and began manufacturing telephones, ignoring Bell's rights.
Be that as it may, already in 1877 the first telephone exchange was established in New Hay Vienna. And over the next 10 years, more than 100 thousand phones were installed. 25 years later, there were more than a million of them. Over the years, telephones have improved, the quality of communication has improved. In the 1920s, the first automatic telephone exchanges - automatic telephone exchanges - were installed. Prior to that, telephone operators connected subscribers. And in 1956, the first transatlantic cable was laid, linking Scotland and Canada. Since then, more than 100 thousand kilometers of transatlantic cables have been laid connecting countries and continents.
The history of the emergence of automotive communications in America
Soon after the creation of the telephone, technical and scientific circles began to discuss the possibility of creating mobile devices communication. However, the experiments and studies carried out did not give practical results and this topic was forgotten for some time. At the beginning of the 20th century, radio broadcasting began to develop rapidly, and scientists again returned to the ideas of portable communications.
On June 17, 1946 AT&T company launched the Mobile Telephone Service system of radiotelephone mobile communication. The equipment for it weighed about 40 kg and was installed in the car. It was a radio transmitter, with the help of which it was possible to make a call to a PBX and contact any subscriber of a landline telephone. This line of communication had limited throughput and was very expensive, so it had no commercial success.
However, further research continued not only in America, but also in England, France and the USSR. This was the beginning of the history of the mobile phone.
In particular, in 1957, the Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich registered the copyright certificate for his own development, which he called the radio telephone LK-1. The device weighed about three kilograms, it contained: a dial for dialing, four switches and a microphone. The battery provided the radio phone with 20-30 hours of operation, and the range was 20-30 kilometers. Kupriyanovich's apparatus communicated with city lines through an automatic telephone radio station. And already in 1958, the new model of the radio telephone, together with the battery, weighed only 500 grams. Despite the obvious progress in development, radio phones did not receive mass distribution and remained in the experimental stage.
It is worth noting the Altai mobile communication system created in the 60s with the Soviet Union. Unlike the amateur designs of Kupriyanovich, the Altai system was ordered and financed by the state. It differed from its American counterpart in that it was fully automatic, and the weight of the equipment was only 13 kg. It was first mounted in the trunk, and later on the dashboard of the car. The Altai system was introduced in more than a hundred cities of the USSR, but mobile subscribers could not move more than 60 km from the central station, otherwise the connection was interrupted.
cellular
Mobile communication in modern form appeared only with the advent of a fundamentally new communication technology - cellular communication. This idea was voiced back in 1947, but it was only in the 70s that the employees of the Bell Labs research laboratory, Richard Frenkel, Joel Engel and Amos Joel, were able to implement it. The history of the creation of the phone had a happy continuation, as they developed layouts of transmitting stations and technologies that allowed them to move between cells without interrupting communications.
At this time, two large companies seriously engaged in research in the field of mobile communications. These are AT&T corporation and Motorola company. The first was more concerned with the improvement and promotion of their own automotive communication systems, considering the topic of portable communication devices unpromising. Motorola, on the other hand, focused on the development of compact communication devices with mobility. The company spent 10 years and more than $ 100 million on research.
Finally, on April 3, 1973, Martin Kupper, who led the development team, made a historic landline call from the street. He called Joel Engel of rival AT&T to boast of his success. This day is considered by many to be the day of the beginning of the history of the mobile phone. But still cell phones communication took 10 long years of improvements and bureaucratic red tape before the first of them hit the shelves. Despite the shortcomings and high cost, they have gained immense popularity, especially in the business community. How did the history of the mobile phone develop? More on this later in our article.
Motorola's first mobile phones
In 1928, businessman Paul Galvin from Chicago registered the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, which was engaged in the manufacture of network rectifiers. The company employed only five employees. Several years later, the product range has expanded. The company began producing Motorola car radios. This is how the history of Motorola phones began. Things started to work, the company constantly made research and introduced new developments into production. In 1947, the company changed its name to Motorola Inc. Gradually, they become the leading manufacturers of radio and television equipment. Not surprisingly, it was Motorola Inc that developed and released the first working model of a mobile phone.
This first model was called the DynaTAC 8000X and went on sale in 1984. The first mobile weighed 794 grams and did not function on a single charge. over an hour in the talk mode. It took 10 hours to charge the battery. The novelty was a resounding success. The registration for his purchase was several months in advance. Telephones improved rapidly. Already in 1989, much lighter ones went on sale Motorola models MicroTAC. It was the first flip phone. And in 1996 the Motorola StarTAC, the first clamshell phones, saw the light. Due to the tremendous commercial success, many modifications of this model were released over the next six years. Gradually, Motorola had more and more serious competitors stepping on its heels. The last, for the present a good model became the RAZR V3, which went on sale in 2004. The super-slim body has ensured her success. But it became increasingly difficult to compete in the growing market, and in 2011 the company split into Motorola Solutions and Motorola Mobility. The latter was immediately absorbed by Google, and in 2014 the company's assets were bought by the electronics manufacturer Lenovo.
The Finnish success story of Nokia. Takeoff
How did the history of Nokia phones begin? Finnish Nokia was registered on May 12, 1865 and was a pulp mill. In 1922, the major rubber manufacturer Finnish Rubber Works bought out a controlling stake in Nokia, which bought another company that made electrical cables. It was this acquisition that determined the telecommunications direction for the further functioning of enterprises. For a long time the three companies worked separately, releasing products under a single Nokia brand. The final merger took place only in 1967. In the same year, the corporation created a division that specialized in industrial automation and communication systems. In collaboration with Salora, they are developing high-frequency radio broadcasting technology and creating the ARP cellular standard.
Your first portable telephone Mobira Talkman was released by the company in 1984. It looked a little like a mobile phone. Weighed 4.7 kg and consisted of a transmitter with antenna and battery, and a tube. But three years later, the next model Nokia Cityman turned out to be much lighter and already fit comfortably in the hand. The company gradually switched from the ARP standard to the GSM standard, and in 1992 the first GSM phone Nokia 1011 was produced. New Product Finnish company - Nokia 2100 phone with branded by Nokia call Tune. It is with this model that the company enters the Japanese market, which was previously dominated by local manufacturers. More than 20 million Nokia 2100 have been sold worldwide.
By the end of the 90s, Nokia, thanks to the release of successful new products, became the leader in the mobile communications market. In 1996, the company launched the world's first communicator, the Nokia 9000 Communicator. It has advanced features and a screen high resolution... In 1999, the Nokia 7110 was released, which had access to mobile internet WAP.
Until that time, mobile phones were quite expensive and high-profile, but by the beginning of the 2000s, the market began to need more budgetary and affordable models. Therefore, the Finnish company produces a number of inexpensive phones such as Nokia 3210 and 3310. These models have become the best-selling phones in the world. For example, the Nokia 3310 has sold over 120 million units. This phone had limited quantity functions, but was reliable and convenient.
The fall of the Finnish giant
Over the next few years, the company managed to release many more successful models, both budget and premium line. But the emergence of other, more dynamically developing manufacturers, gradually made Nokia's products little competition. In 2013 Nokia division, which manufactures mobile phones, bought Microsoft... But already in 2016, the other two companies Foxconn and HMD Global, which bought production facilities and the name "Nokia", announced the revival of the brand.
History of Samsung mobile phones
South Korean Samsung founded in 1938 by Lee Byung Chullem, who started by serving his own noodles. The company grew, expanded and in 1960 began to conquer the electronics market. The company began to produce household electronic equipment: TVs, refrigerators, VCRs, etc. With the beginning of the mobile era, a new division of Samsung Telecommunications Corporation was opened, and 10 years later, in 1988, the first cell phone produced in South Korea SH-100. It was then that the history of Samsung phones began.
In 1993, the ultra-light SH-700 for that time appeared on the market, which weighed only 100 grams. In 1996, the company entered the American market, and a couple of years later it was selling its phones in South America and Japan.
Samsung has always paid great attention to the design of its models. Therefore, their products are distinguished by their elegance and original appearance. Among the memorable products of the company, one can recall the first purely female clamshell phone A400. It was very light, beautiful and featured a set of feminine functions, such as calculating calories burned or biological cycle.
The Samsung V200 was equipped with a rotating camera. A revolutionary solution at the time. The company used this mechanism for several of its next models. In 2009, one of the first Android phones, the I7500, appeared. And in 2010, the Samsung Galaxy S came out. So the era of smartphones began. Today the company is one of the leaders in the sale of smartphones and other mobile communication devices in the world.
The history of the iPhone. The beginning of an era
Everyone, for sure, is interested in the history of the creation of the "iPhone" phone, since today it is the "trend of the season". Apple Inc, founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, specialized in the production of computer hardware. Apple gradually grew into a huge corporation, a leader in manufacturing software, electronics and online services.
In 2002 Steve Jobs announced his intention to create a device that would combine the functions of a mini-computer, communicator and music player... And in 2007 he presented the first iPhone model. Distinctive feature there was a new device complete absence keyboard and stylus. The phone could only be operated with the fingers. But there were also disadvantages: lack of access to 3G, inability to record video, etc. But despite this, about 7 million copies were sold.
The developers took into account some shortcomings in the next model, which was released a year later, the IPhone 3G. The phone got access to 3G, GPS and new center for download Apps App Store.
Every year Apple introduces a new, more advanced iPhone model and each time it becomes a landmark and discussed event in the world. mobile technologies... The company not only keeps pace with the times, but is ahead of it. This is what allowed iPhones to become iconic and highly salable devices.
"Watson, Bell says! If you can hear me, go to the window and wave your hat." This phrase, spoken 141 years ago, on March 10, 1876, was the first spoken over the telephone. The speaker - Alexander Graham Bell - became known throughout the world as the inventor of the device.
According to statistics, residents of Russia alone now make 144 million calls a day. And the average person calls on the phone almost fifteen hundred times in one year.
Discord phone
In fact, with the history of the invention of the telephone, not everything is so simple. In the early 1850s, New Yorker Antonio Meucci discovers that electricity supposedly has a positive effect on people's health. He constructs a generator and opens a private practice. One day, Meucci connected the wires to the patient's lips, and he himself went to a distant room where the generator was located. When the doctor turned on the device, he heard the patient's scream as clearly as if he was standing next to him.
Meucci dropped out of medicine and began experimenting with the device. By the early 1870s, he had already created drawings of the apparatus, which he called a telelectrophone. In 1871, the Italian was going to register his invention, but he did not succeed.
According to one version, poor Meucci did not have enough $ 250 to pay the fee at the Patent Office. According to the other, the papers sent by mail were lost somewhere. The third version says that the documents were stolen by order of the Western Union company, for which, by the way, Alexander Bell worked. Another competitor to the "well-known" inventor of the telephone was a man named Elisha Gray. He filed an application with the Patent Office two hours later than Bell - subsequently, a legal battle between the two innovators dragged on until 1893. American Themis ultimately ruled in Bell's favor.
The very first telephone did not have a ring - it was later invented by Bell's assistant, the same Thomas John Watson. The microphone was modified by Thomas Edison. He also thought of starting a conversation with the word "hello", that is, hello ("hello" in English). However, Italians and Japanese answer calls in a different way: the inhabitants of the Apennines say "pronto" ("ready, I accept"), and the citizens of the Land of the Rising Sun - "mosi-mosi" ("speak-speak").
The history of this invention has not been without Russians. In 1895, Mikhail Freidenberg proposed to the world the concept of automatic telephone exchanges (PBX), which connected subscribers to each other without the help of a female operator. The offer turned out to be unclaimed, the profession resisted - and became a thing of the past much later, in the middle of the 20th century.
"Hello, young lady!"
Installation of telephones was rapidly spreading throughout the world. The first city where devices began to appear in the apartments of wealthy people was Boston, where Bell lived and worked. In 1879, the invention "swam" across the Atlantic: a telephone exchange appeared in Paris, and in 1881 it became possible to talk to a friend without meeting him in Moscow, Petersburg, Odessa, Berlin, Riga and Warsaw. By the beginning of the 20th century, the planet began to be entangled with international and intercity lines, and by 1910 there were already more than 10 thousand stations around the world, which served more than 10 million subscribers!
A telephone in those days consisted of several devices with a total weight of more than 8 kilograms! Bell's apparatus itself looked like an iron box with a lever and one or two pipes. In the first case, there was only a speaker in the receiver, but you had to be bent over to talk, in the second, the microphone was installed in an additional horn. This device was accompanied by a signal board that called as soon as the telephone operator called the subscriber. To use the device, it was necessary to pick up the receiver, twist the lever, which gave current and "informed" the typist at the station to start a conversation. This is what a typical dialogue looked like:
To call the subscriber, the "young lady" stuck the plug into the corresponding socket on the panel in front of her. A good telephone operator managed to connect subscribers in less than 8 seconds.
In 1882, three-digit numbering was used in Moscow, while the first subscribers were only 26. Over the next 10 years, the network expanded to 1892 numbers. The numbering has become four-digit. It was very expensive to own a telephone in those years. Payment for a month of use - 250 rubles. For comparison: the monthly salary of a teacher - 25 rubles, a medical assistant - 55. For the cost of installing a telephone, one could buy a complete set of clothes or, for example, two excellent horses.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Swedes, the Ericsson company, began to deal with telephones in Moscow. They presented new model device: the handset took on the usual form with two holes, and instead of a lever there was a usual button, or rather two - for communicating and for hanging up. The Scandinavians were able to reduce tariffs - a month of ownership of the device began to cost 63 rubles.
In 1903, the telephone was installed in the Kremlin. Emperor Nicholas II, who for the sake of such an occasion arrived in Moscow, was presented with an ivory telephone inlaid with gold.
Installation of telephones throughout the country
On January 1, 1917 in Russia there were 232 thousand subscriber numbers, the numbering has become five-digit. During the revolution, Lenin ordered his supporters in the first place to seize the post office, telegraph and telephone exchange... After the victory of the Bolsheviks - already in 1919 - the connection was nationalized. Private telephones were also seized - they were handed over to police stations, military commanders, institutions and enterprises of the city. Communication became a rarity, available only to the party nomenclature and heroes of the Red Army, as well as doctors.
The pre-revolutionary volume of subscribers was restored only by 1923, and through the efforts of the same Swedes from Ericsson, as well as the Germans from Siemens. At the same time, the construction of automatic telephone exchanges began, which did not require the work of telephone operators. The first station in the USSR appeared in 1926 in Rostov-on-Don.
One of the reasons for replacing human labor with a "soulless machine" was secrecy - in an atmosphere of constant spy mania to allow "young ladies" to listen telephone conversations it would be an unforgivable irresponsibility. However, the profession of a "telephone girl" for internal communication finally became a thing of the past in the forties.
The appearance of automatic telephone exchange led to a change in the appearance of the devices themselves - a dial for dialing appeared on them. One of the first such devices was installed, of course, in the Kremlin - it received the nickname "turntable". This word is still used now - to designate a government telephone.
On the disk, in addition to numbers, there were also letters of the Russian alphabet - A, B, C, D, D, E, F, I, K and L. The letter "Z" was absent, since it visually resembled a three. The numbers themselves were A-21-35 format.
In the United States, letter numbering is still used today. Even on the first American phones, there were rows of letters near each number. If you have a "push-button" landline phone, pay attention - they are being written there even now. Even on on-screen keyboard mobile phones still have letters - and they are not intended for dialing SMS at all. This was done for the convenience of memorizing numbers, for example, instead of the long and complicated number + 1-888-237-82-89, the combination 1-888-BEST BUY is used.
In Russia, this tradition did not take root due to the similarity of the pronunciation of Russian letters. Until the mid-1960s, telephone numbers in the USSR contained both numbers and letters, and then the latter were abandoned.
Officially the first conversation on mobile phone took place in 1973 in New York. But there is a version that the world's first wireless devices appeared not at all in the USA, but in the Soviet Union. Back in 1961, TASS reported that a radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich had developed a sample of a telephone that could transmit voice by radio to a base station located no further than 25 kilometers. The device weighed 500 grams and could work in standby mode for 20-30 hours. It looked like a box with a number plate, a pair of toggle switches and a plug-in tube. The owner of such a device had to either hold the body in one hand and a tube in the other, or hang the box on his belt.
The author of the invention writes in the magazine "Young Technician": "Wherever you are, you can always be found by phone, you just have to dial the known number of your radio phone from any city phone (even from a pay phone). call, and you start a conversation.If necessary, you can dial any city telephone number, call ambulance, fire or emergency vehicles, contact home ... "
Alas, after 1965 no one else wrote about this invention, and Leonid Kupriyanovich himself began to develop medical equipment.
The Altai apparatus is another matter. This system of full-fledged mobile communications was deployed in Russia in the early seventies. But the telephones themselves did not resemble our usual cell phones: a large box - a kilogram under 5–7 - with a tube. It was problematic to carry this in hand, but the devices were equipped with the cars of the special services and the party nomenclature. The era of "Altai" ended in the 21st century, in 2011.
Mobile at the price of "Mustang"
On a clear day on April 3, 1973, a middle-aged man named Martin Cooper left the office. Motorola in Lower Manhattan (New York). In his hand he was holding a strange object of light beige color. Moving away from the building, he pressed some buttons on it.
Almost immediately, a bell rang at the headquarters of rival Bell Laboratories - the phone rang in the office of the head of the research department, Joel Engel. Picking up the phone, he heard Cooper's voice: "Do you know where I'm calling you from? I'm calling you from Manhattan, from the world's first cell phone." In his memoirs, the researcher could not give Engel's answer, but he said: he clearly heard him grit his teeth.
It took 10 years to "fine-tune" the device - Motorola DynaTAC 8000X appeared on the free sale only in 1983. The device weighed about a kilogram and was 25 centimeters high. In talk mode, it worked for 35 minutes and charged for 10 hours. The price was astronomical - more than $ 3500, but despite this, a line of buyers lined up for the phone. For comparison: for $ 6,500 in the US you could buy a brand new Ford Mustang.
Full-fledged cellular communication in the form in which we know it came to Russia in 1991. Data transmission was carried out via the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) standard, and the most popular phones were Finnish Nokia. In terms of their technical characteristics, they were inferior to the Motorolas - they weighed about 3 kilograms. The price was also biting - with the connection the device cost $ 4000, and a minute of conversation cost $ 1.
By this time, Motorola MicroTAC 9800X has already been released overseas - a phone with a hinged cover that fits in the palm of your hand.
AGE OF GSM
By 1993, four mobile communication standards were in effect in Russia at once: NMT (Delta Telecom operator), D-AMPS (BeeLine, which was then spelled that way - in Latin letters), the already mentioned Altai and GSM (MTS and a little later Severo -Western GSM "). The last one won - so far Voice connection it is transmitted using this format.
At this time in the UK, 22-year-old Sema Group employee Neil Papworth was testing the possibilities GSM standard... The engineers were already able to implement the ability to identify the calling line number and a service that allowed this feature to be blocked. But in his free time, Papworth was engaged in other work - he tried to achieve the ability to transfer not only voice, but also text over mobile lines. And in December 1992 he succeeded: the world's first SMS was sent ( Short message Service - short message service). The text is simple and straightforward: "Merry Christmas!" The inventor was sure that his brainchild would be used exclusively for sending service messages, but it turned out differently: in 2015, 20 thousand SMS were sent every second in the world.
Telephone sets at this moment began to decrease in size. Displays, on the other hand, have grown. If in the first "Motorola" there was only one line on the screen, then on the Nokia 2110 released in 1994 there were already three of them. This device has become to some extent a cult - an alarm clock, calculator, stopwatch and SMS function are integrated into it. When a call was made, that phone played the well-known Nokia Tune, which was installed in a standard package on all devices of the Finnish company.
This phone turned out to be very popular in Russia - and even earned the glory of "mobile for the new Russian".
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From Java to AppStore
Almost all the functions we are used to have appeared in phones at the turn of the century. In 1999, the devices learned to access the Internet using the WAP protocol. At the same time, web developers attended to the creation mobile versions- no pictures. In the same year, a phone appeared that used two SIM cards. True, switching between them had to be done manually. In 2000, mobile phones played MP3 tunes, photographed and even caught signals. GPS satellites... In 2002 Siemens released the SL45 model with Java technology... On this phone it was possible to download third party applications... Mostly games, but also melodies.
The design of the phones tended to be miniature - some models were created as ladies' ones. As a result, such "babies" as Samsung SGH-A400 or Panasonic GD55 appeared - the size of a matchbox. Moreover, both of these models quietly went online, even if they only had a monochrome screen.
The world's first smartphone is considered to be Nokia 9210, announced in 2002. It was equipped with a rare operating system(OS) Series S80. Subsequently, it, as well as other OSs from Nokia S40 and S60, became part of the common Symbian OS, which was installed on their products not only by the Finns, but also by Motorola, SonyEricsson, Siemens, Panasonic, Fujitsu, Samsung, Sony, Sharp and Sanyo. The presence of the "operating system" made it possible to create a more user-friendly interface and work in multitasking mode.
In January 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone to the world. The smartphone from Apple was not the first device with a touchscreen function (that is, it was possible to operate it by touching the screen with your fingers), and even less the first touchscreen phone. But this model, due to its wild popularity, made smartphones the way we know them now: big screen and a minimum of buttons. The device with the apple on the back has an alternative "operating system" - iOS. In a year, the third player will appear, which now occupies almost 80% of the market - Android OS.
The last revolutionary change was the circuit wireless charging battery. She appeared back in 2009, but gained popularity only in 2015. Another innovation is the AppStore and GooglePlay, which emerged in 2010. You can also add here NFC technology which allows you to pay by touching the terminal with your phone.
All other characteristics of phones have evolved. Let's take the built-in cameras as an example - the first of them had a resolution of 0.3 megapixels, and now you can find devices with 41 megapixels on the market. The latest trend is a double flash. The Internet has also accelerated - if on the first phones with WAP, downloads occurred at a speed of 10 kilobits per second, but now, with LTE technology, it is already measured in gigabits.
The design, in turn, has simplified: after the riot of form factors in the 2000s, now the absolute majority of models are a familiar rectangle with a thin body. After miniaturization, phones began to grow again - up to a seven-inch screen diagonal!
Experts interviewed by TASS argue that smartphones are unlikely to change their appearance, but they have every chance to squeeze laptops and cameras out of the market.
Leading analyst of Mobile Research Group Eldar Murtazin believes: phones will turn into full-fledged portable computers to which you can connect external monitor, keyboard and mouse. They will have a large volume random access memory(there are already eight-core processors with more than 4 GB of RAM). With the advent of the 5G standard (data transfer at speeds up to 7 Gb / s), people will begin to abandon Wi-Fi.
Murtazin believes that the "dependence" of people on telephones will also increase. Will be a thing of the past bank cards and magnetic passes: they will be installed directly into the phone (there are already such technologies). Perhaps the YotaPhone experiment with two screens will be repeated: "Everything else, for example flexible displays, is exotic, and it is unlikely that they will be massively on the market."
