Computer equipment. Computer equipment

The presentation in the essay will be structured as follows: first, it is necessary to characterize the essence that is hidden under the concept of “computer technology”. Next, consider the classification of computer technology that exists at the moment.

Computer technology is a complex concept that describes the entire range of manufacturedcomputer systems , from small handheldto heavy dutysupercomputer . Recently, this concept is often used to generalize the peripheral andoffice equipment and sometimes even accessoriesfor different typescomputers, otherwise described asHardware . However, most often, when talking about computer technology, they mean the computers themselves or a separateequipment, which works in conjunction with computers and provides some additional functionality (seal or scanningdocuments, Access to networks, failure protectionfood etc.).

The concept of computer technology includes not only hardware, but alsosoftware , installed on this type of devices and providing support for performing their basic functions. In practice, the devices themselves and those working on themprogramsare considered within it as components of a single hardware-software complex.

Hardware and software complex - hardware and software tools that automate the execution of a set of tasks and ensure the functioning of electronic information resources and information systems.

Computer equipment can be divided into the following groups:

computers directly. This group of equipment includes supercomputers, mainframes, clusters, servers, workstations, personal computers, laptops, PDAs. Consider each type of computer separately:

A supercomputer is a computer that is significantly superior in its technical parameters to most of the existing computers. Currently, it is customary to call supercomputers computers with huge computing power (“number grinders” or “number gnaws”). Such machines are used to work with applications that require the most intensive calculations (for example, weather and climate forecasting, simulation of nuclear tests, etc.), which, among other things, distinguishes them from servers andmainframes (Englishmainframe) - computers with high overall performance, designed to solve typical tasks (for example, servicing largedatabasesor simultaneous work with many users). Sometimes supercomputers are used to work with a singleapplicationusing allmemoryand all processors of the system; in other cases, they provide a wide variety of applications. The most economical type of modern supercomputers ispersonal supercomputer GPU-based. Through the use of architectureCUDAGPUs are used as calculators. Installed in a desktop PC, graphics computers can provide up to 4 teraflops of power at each individual workplace. An example of graphics adapters for buildingpersonal supercomputers are calculatorsNVIDIA Tesla. Personal supercomputer allows researchers to solve resource-intensive tasks without resorting to massive cluster systems, significantly speeding up work.

Cluster - group computers, united by high-speed communication channels, representing a single machine from the user's point of view. The following groups of clusters are identified:

High availability clusters. Created to ensure high availability of the service provided by the cluster. The redundant number of nodes included in the cluster guarantees the provision of service in the event of a failure of one or more servers. The typical number of nodes is two, which is the minimum number resulting in increased availability. A lot of software solutions have been created for building such clusters. In particular, foropenvms, GNU/Linux, FreeBSD And Solaristhere is a free software projectLinux-HA.

Load distribution clusters. Their operating principle is based ondistribution of requests through one or more input nodes, which redirect them for processing to other, computing nodes. The initial goal of such a cluster is performance, however, they often also use methods that increase reliability. Such structures are calledserver farms . Software (SW) can be both commercial (openvms, MOSIX, Cluster, Platform LSF HPC, Sun Grid Engine, Moab Cluster Suite, Maui Cluster Scheduler) and free (Linux Virtual Server).

Computing clusters. Clusters are used for computational purposes, in particular in scientific research. For computing clusters, significant indicators are high processor performance on operations on floating point numbers and lowlatencyinterconnecting network, and less significant - the speed of I / O operations, which is more important fordatabases And web services. Computing clusters make it possible to reduce the calculation time, compared to a single computer, by dividing the task into parallel executing branches that exchange data over a connecting network. One of the typical configurations is a set of computers assembled from publicly available components, with the Linux operating system installed on them, and connected by a networkethernet, Myrinet, InfiniBandor other relatively inexpensive networks.

Distributed computing systems (grid). Such systems are not usually considered clusters, but their principles are largely similar to cluster technology. They are also calledgrid systems. The main difference is the low availability of each node, that is, the inability to guarantee its operation at a given point in time (nodes connect and disconnect during operation), so the task must be divided into a number of independent processes. Such a system, unlike clusters, does not look like a single computer, but serves as a simplified means of distributing calculations. The instability of the configuration, in this case, is compensated by a large number of nodes.

Server - hardware dedicated and / or specialized for the execution of service software on it (includingserverscertain tasks). A server is a computer selected from a group of personal computers (orworkstations) to perform some service task without the direct participation of a person. The server and workstation may have the same hardware configuration, because differ only in the participation in their work of a person forconsole.

Workstation - a set of hardware and software designed to solve a certain range of tasks. The term "workstation" refers to a computerlocal area network towards server. Computers in the local network are divided into workstations and servers. At workstations, users solve applied problems (work in databases, create documents, make calculations). The server serves the network and provides its own resources to everyonenetwork nodes, including workstations.

Personal computer, personal computer -a computer, designed for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs of a large number of people. Created asCalculating machine , the computer, however, is increasingly being used as a tool for accessingcomputer networks .

Notebook - portablePersonal Computer , which combines typical PC components, includingdisplay, keyboardand pointing device, andrechargeable batteries . Laptops are small in size and weight, the battery life of laptops varies from 1 to 15 hours.

A personal pocket computer (PDA) is a portable computing device that has a wide range of functionality. The English name Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can be translated into Russian as “personal digital assistant”. The PDA is often referred to as a handheld because of its small size. PDAs were originally intended to be used as electronicorganizers.

To computer peripherals include printers, plotters, terminals, scanners, uninterruptible power supplies. This type of device is quite well known to the public, in addition, our modern life is simply unthinkable without them, as well as without personal computers. We confine ourselves to a very brief description of each of the devices.

computer terminal - input / output device, workplace on a multi-user computer,monitor from keyboard.

A computer printer is a device for printing digital information onto a hard medium, usually paper. Refers to computer terminal devices.

A scanner is a device that, by analyzing an object (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object. The process of obtaining this copy is called scanning. Most scanners use CCD-based photosensitive elements to convert images into digital form.

Plotter - a device for automatic drawing with great accuracy of drawings, diagrams, complex drawings, maps and other graphic information on paper up toA0or calque. Graph plotters draw images with a pen (writing block).

Uninterruptible power supply - an automatic device that allows the connected equipment to work for some (usually short) time from the UPS batteries, in the event of a power outage.electric current or when its parameters go beyond the permissible norms. In addition, it is able to adjust the parameters (voltage, frequency) power supply. Often used to ensure smooth operationcomputers. Can be combined with various types of power generators.

Network equipment includes devices whose purpose is to support the possibility of data transmission over computer networks. Such devices include routers, switches, modems. traffic from one connected device to all others, the switch only transmits data directly to the recipient. This improves network performance and security by removing the need (and ability) for the rest of the network to process data that was not intended for them.

Modem - a device used in communication systems and performs the function of modulation and demodulation. The modulator implementsmodulationcarrier signal, that is, changes its characteristics in accordance with changes in the input information signal, the demodulator performs the reverse process. A special case of a modem is a widely used peripheral device forcomputer, allowing it to communicate with another computer equipped with a modem viatelephonenetwork (telephone modem) orcablenetwork (cable modem).

In conclusion, I would like to note that the possibilities of modern computer technology are changing very quickly, there is a rapid development of computer systems, something that seemed impossible in the past is being realized now. The range of tasks in which this type of technology can be used is constantly expanding, but in addition, the principles of operation of computer devices are also changing.

Computer equipment, communication equipment and organizational equipment make up the technical support of personnel management information systems.

The means of computer technology form the basis of the entire complex of technical means of information systems and technologies and are intended, first of all, for processing and converting various types of information used in management activities.

Classification by purpose. According to this principle, there are:

· Mainframes (large computers);

Minicomputer;

· Desktop personal computers;

· Workstations;

· Servers of initial and high level;

· Supercomputers.

Mainframes (Mainframe). These are multi-user computing systems that have a central unit with high computing power and significant information resources, which is joined by a large number of jobs with minimal equipment (video terminal, keyboard, mouse). They are used to solve problems that require the processing of very large amounts of data; such computers can serve entire sectors of the national economy.

minicomputer. Computers in this group differ from large computers in their smaller size, lower performance and cost. Such computers are used by large enterprises, scientific institutions, banks.

Personal computers (PC). PCs are used to solve the problems of automation of enterprise management, individual user work.

Workstations designed for engineers and users of desktop publishing systems, where you need to work with complex graphics.

Entry and high level servers. One or two processors are installed on the entry-level server. An entry-level server can support a small local network (up to 40 users). High-level servers usually have from two to eight processors, at least two power supplies. Servers contain large amounts of operational (more than 4 GB) and disk memory (6 TB or more).

Supercomputers. They are used to solve problems in the field of meteorology, aerodynamics, seismology, various military research, atomic and nuclear physics, plasma physics, and mathematical modeling of complex systems. The performance of supercomputers is measured in trillions of floating point operations per second, the so-called teraflops.

Classification according to the PC99 specification. Starting from 1999, an international certification standard, the PC99 specification, began to operate in the field of personal computers. In accordance with this classification, the following categories of personal computers are distinguished:

· Consumer PC (mass PC);

· Office PC (office PC);

· Mobile PC (mobile, portable);

Workstation PC (workstation);

· Entertainment PC (entertainment PC).

Size classification. Personal computers can be classified by standard sizes: Desktop; portable (notebook); pocket (palmtop).

Household appliances are appliances that are used by a person at home and perform a variety of functions.

1) Facilitation of monotonous and routine work.

3) Providing a person with convenience.

According to their purpose, household appliances are divided into several groups.

Household appliances - classification

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1) Kitchen appliances - refrigerator, microwave, mixer, blender, toaster, food processor, etc.

2) For cleaning - vacuum cleaner, steam cleaners.

3) For clothes care - iron, washing machine, sewing machine.

4) To maintain the temperature regime - heater, fan, air conditioner.

5) Measuring - scales, watches, thermometers, etc.

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6) Caring - razor, hair dryer, epilator, etc.

7) For entertainment - TV, music center, etc.

Household appliances are appliances, appliances that a person uses at home. There are several types of kitchen appliances - dishwasher, electric meat grinder, refrigerator. entertainment - audio equipment, TV, etc. cleaning - washing machine, vacuum cleaner. computing - computer, calculator.

The technique that is used in everyday life, for example:

• Climate technology, such as air conditioning;
• Measuring instruments, such as scales;
• Kitchen appliances, such as refrigerator, mixer, stove;
• Computer technology, such as a calculator;
• Appliances for the care of clothes, for example, an iron;
• Cleaning equipment, such as a vacuum cleaner;
• Appliances for the care of appearance, for example, a hair dryer;
• A number of other equipment, such as telephone, camera, television, etc.

An even more detailed list of what applies to household appliances can also be found here.

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Appliances

Household appliances - appliances used in everyday life. Designed to facilitate household chores, to create comfort in everyday life. It is classified by significance (necessary, desirable, can be dispensed with), by size (small household appliances and large household appliances), purpose, etc.

Types of household appliances

Measuring instruments

• scales, steelyard
• clock, timer, alarm clock
• thermometers - medical, indoor, outdoor
• barometer
• weather mini station
• medical pressure gauge tachometer

Computer Engineering

Kitchen appliances

• Food preservation
  • Fridge
  • freezer
  • Wine cabinet
• Mechanical restoration
  • Mixer
  • Blender
  • Meat grinder
  • Food processor
  • bread slicer
• Heat treatment
  • Kitchen stove
  • Gas stove
  • Electric stove
  • Induction cooker
  • Oven (oven) (gas or electric)
  • Microwave
  • bread maker
  • Multicooker
  • Grill
  • waffle iron
  • crepe maker
  • Freezer
  • Double boiler
  • Roster
  • Toaster
  • fryer
  • egg cooker
  • air grill
  • yogurt maker
  • Electric boiler
• Preparation of coffee, tea and drinks:
  • coffee machine
  • coffee grinder
  • Coffee maker
  • Electric kettle
  • Potter
  • Juicer

Clothing care

• washing machine
• dryer
• ironing machine, ironing machine, ironing board
• sewing machine

Cleaning the house

• vacuum cleaner, washing vacuum cleaner

Other technique

• fan
• dispenser
• Radiator
• air conditioner
• air ionizer
• steam cleaner
• Dishwasher
• kitchen hood
• electric water heater
• lighting technology
• household power tool
• electric garage doors

Entertainment electronics

Modern

• DVD player
• home theater
• Music Center
• Player
• household equalizer
• household amplifier
• acoustic systems
• Digital camera
• Digital video camera
• Game console
• a printer

obsolete

Communication, broadcasting

• television
• Plasma panel
• Projector
• broadcast radio receiver
• subscriber loudspeaker
• telephone sets - landline, radiotelephone, mobile
• pager

For appearance and health care

• epilator
• tongs, electric curlers
• massager
• inhaler
• electric shaver
• curling iron

Classification

• white appliances - what is in the kitchen (washing machine, food processor, refrigerators)
  • 1. Small household
  • 2. large household
• black - what is outside the kitchen (TVs, players, home cinemas) is more focused on entertainment
  • 1.Audio-Video

Smart Home Appliances

• intelligent dishwasher;
• intelligent washing machine;
• smart TV;
• internet air conditioner;
• Internet-connected coffee machine;
• internet fridge;
• robot vacuum cleaner.

Disused household appliances

• gramophone, gramophone
• samovar (coal)
• Primus
• kerogas
• kerosene lamp

• amateur movie camera
• household movie projector
• overhead projector, filmoscope
• black and white TV

see also

Notes

1. Appliances- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2. New Nespresso Zenius coffee machine.

• Add illustrations.

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See what "Household appliances" is in other dictionaries:

HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES - equipment and appliances that facilitate housekeeping due to its mechanization. These devices and devices were not developed within the framework of any particular kit or in accordance with some kind of plan that provided for some ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Intelligent home appliances - (smart home appliances) a new class of home appliances, as a rule, having a built-in single-board computer and equipped with artificial intelligence, automatically working according to a pre-developed program or according to commands given from ... ... Wikipedia

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audio, video and household appliances - audio, video and household appliances ... Russian spelling dictionary

technique - noun, f., use. comp. often Morphology: (no) what? technology, why? technology, (see) what? technique, what? technology about what? about technology area of ​​​​activity and various devices 1. Technology is the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman activity, which ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Dmitriev

technique - a set of means for the implementation of production processes and maintenance of non-production processes of society. The main purpose of technology is to facilitate the work of a person, increase the efficiency of his efforts, expand his capabilities and knowledge, ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

TECHNIQUE - (from other Greek art, skill, skill) is a set of various devices, mechanisms and devices that do not exist in nature and are manufactured by man to meet sociocultural needs. With the help of technical systems ... ... Philosophy of science and technology: thematic dictionary

Household chain saw - - household chain saw. [GOST R (ISO)] Term heading: Tools Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives, Roads, Automotive equipment ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Technique - (from the Greek téchne art, skill, skill) a set of means of human activity created to carry out production processes (See Production) and serve the non-productive needs of society. In T. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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REFRIGERATING TECHNOLOGY - a branch of technology covering the issues of heat removal from objects or volumes that need to be maintained at temperatures below ambient temperature. Heat, by definition, is energy, the transfer of which is due to a temperature difference; ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Books

• Appliances, . Develops in a child: attentiveness, imagination, reaction, visual perception. The game is aimed at the development of spatial and logical thinking, attention, memory. With the help of cards in ... MoreBuy for 75 rubles

Other books on request "Home Appliances" >>

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What about household appliances

Without modern household appliances, we can no longer imagine life. It facilitates the work of the housewife in housekeeping and cooking, serves for entertainment and performs many useful tasks.

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Household appliances are the achievements of science, they use the most advanced developments. You can buy them in specialized stores or online, for example, at http://e-bazza.com/. The latter option is preferable, because this way you can purchase the necessary equipment without leaving your home and save time.

Classification

As already mentioned, such a category of goods as household appliances includes those that make household work easier.

It is divided according to purpose:

• for the kitchen - a refrigerator, an electric meat grinder, a dishwasher, a stove, a bread machine, a toaster, a mixer;
• measuring equipment - thermometer, scales, watches;
• for cleaning and cleaning - a steam cleaner and a vacuum cleaner;
• climatic - air humidifier, fan, air conditioner;
• for clothes care - iron, washing machine;
• other - lighting fixtures, televisions, computers, heaters, etc.

And that's it - not the whole list!

Huge assortment

All household appliances are divided into necessary and those without which it is quite possible to do. So, if food goes bad without a refrigerator, so it is necessary, then the dishes can be washed by hand, without any machine.

When buying a particular device, buyers pay attention to the characteristics it needs. That is, if the kitchen is large, then the equipment is chosen more dimensional than for a small room.

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Manufacturers take into account the needs of users, which is why the range of products is so huge. Here is a TV - they come with large and small screens, fixed on a special holder on the wall or on a stable stand.

Now built-in appliances have become very popular, supporting the design of the kitchen and saving space.

Any technique works with the help of electricity, so it is placed next to the outlets or they are specially installed in the right place. But there are stand-alone models that have their own power source - a screwdriver, etc.

Modern household appliances are increasingly equipped with electronics and therefore it can more and more function without human intervention. This creates additional comfort. Now it is quite possible to control a vacuum cleaner and a coffee maker from a distance, sitting in the living room watching TV.

Conspiracy theory. "Appliances":

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Gradually, a technique that can be dispensed with, the transition to the category of a necessary one. And where are the criteria - what is necessary for whom? Some people can't live without a coffee maker. Some people don't drink coffee at all. And computers - where do they belong? It seems to me that this division is conditional and inaccurate.

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Varieties of household appliances

Today it is almost impossible to imagine a house in which there would be no electronic or mechanical human assistant, which facilitates the solution of many long and routine works, or speeds up the process of necessary actions. And all these assistants are united by one name - household appliances.

All types of this technique are usually classified:

• by significance (either it is extremely necessary, or simply its presence is desirable);
• by size (small and large);
• by purpose (it is determined for what purpose it is necessary to purchase the goods).

Most often, people believe that household appliances are limited only to kitchen appliances and familiar refrigerators and irons. But, in fact, this is a completely wrong opinion. Because there are many varieties of technology used in everyday life.

Measuring

• weather mini-stations;
• medical manometers, tachometers;
• various thermometers and barometers;
• familiar to many timers, alarm clocks, clocks and scales.

Computing

• calculators;
• smartphones;
• computer technology;
• tablets.

Kitchen

This includes not only refrigerators, meat grinders, blenders, coffee grinders, but also dishwashers, stoves, ovens and wine cabinets, electric boilers and even hoods, not to mention a variety of little things that are not always needed and not for everyone (for example, a waffle iron, or a yogurt maker )

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climatic

In addition to well-known fans and air conditioners, it includes a variety of heaters, heating radiators and modern air ionizers.

Cleansing

A Kvazar steam cleaner was also paired with a familiar vacuum cleaner today.

clothing care

Modern washing machines and irons share their duties with ironers, dryers, and sewing machines.

health care

Here you can find hair dryers, electric curlers, epilators, razors, massagers and other devices.

Communications and Broadcasting

In her list you can see TVs, phones, plasma panels

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For fun

In addition to everything listed, do not forget about power tools, lighting and water heaters, and in a private house - about gates that open with an electric drive.

That's it. Household appliances surround a person everywhere, and its development does not stand still. Therefore, recently one can observe the emergence of unique "smart houses" that are simply created for a comfortable human life.

Household appliances, one of the classifications

Household appliances in general are appliances that are used in everyday life to perform various tasks and to facilitate human labor. She can even do a lot of work for a person. Another plus of modern household appliances is that they are simple and convenient. Even for those people who absolutely do not understand any household appliances and, in general, the technical side of life. Her classification is different, but including in size - small household appliances and large household appliances.

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What is meant by small appliances?

When you are faced with the question of what household appliances you should have, especially for the kitchen, you need to remember that they should be safe and convenient. Because mainly in the kitchen they will be engaged in cooking, as well as washing and cleaning, and a large number of other important activities. Therefore, there is a need for especially safe equipment for the home.

What is included in small household appliances for the kitchen? We do not mean, for example, a stove. Electric or gas. This is standard for almost every apartment. And besides, it refers to large household appliances.

Small household appliances are found mainly in the kitchen. It includes a coffee maker, electric kettle, juicer, microwave oven, electric knife and many other items. Moreover, they actually appear at the speed of light. Therefore, it is better to approach the choice wisely, and not buy everything in a row. You can, for example, make a list of what you definitely need in your kitchen, and what you would like, but wait or what will turn out to be completely useless, and which makes life much easier if this home appliance is available.

There is still a point, at least in order to save time and nerves for yourself and your household, to get acquainted with various catalogs in which household appliances are presented. And look in them for what you need and what is included in the list of essentials. You can also search on the Web, on the site of stores. The main thing is that the site should be with high-quality illustrations. For example, in our store, not only high-quality photos of the presented assortment, but also prices that tend to go down (yes, this happens). In addition, household appliances can be delivered to any point in Russia, and much more. If you seem to have made a choice, but you have any questions, do not be afraid to contact the sellers.

They are here not only to take money and return change. They are also there to answer questions. In particular, the subject of which is large household appliances.

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In this case, your kitchen will become a constant source of joy for you, and small and large household appliances will not be noticeable.

What is meant by large household appliances?

Large household appliances are, for example, a dishwasher, a heating cabinet for storing vegetables, an air conditioner, hobs, a refrigerator, a gas or electric stove, and much more.

Large appliances are selected in the same way as small household appliances. It is also recommended to make a list of what you cannot do without, and what you can do without. Then it is recommended to look at different options from the first part of the list.

It is desirable, and both small and large household appliances are related to this, and so, it is desirable that there are photographs from different angles. Set a price ceiling for yourself. If you purchase a product from an online store, pay attention to the reviews of their products.

If possible, you can follow the exhibitions of household appliances. For example, IFA, and adopt the trends reflected in it.

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If you want directly strictly in color, choose built-in models of large household appliances. Or play with contrast. If you definitely cannot buy colored built-in home appliances, choose steel-colored ones. Or white. Depends on what color your kitchen walls are.

What household appliances can not do without?

First of all, it is a refrigerator. Why? And because at any temperature, products tend to deteriorate. In winter, you can store it on the balcony, but what about in the summer? Therefore, the refrigerator is in the first place among those household appliances that are needed in the first place.

A gas or electric stove is the second most important item that home appliances should include. It doesn’t matter what it is, in addition to the above types, there is also induction or ceramic. You won't end up eating groceries from the store. You can, of course, replace the gas stove with a microwave. Also an option. But for the main part of the people, it will never replace the stove.

Household appliances that are desirable in every apartment

Iron. This piece of small household appliances appeared in ancient Greece. In our time, of course, he has changed a lot, but so far they haven’t come up with anything better for ironing clothes. Is it possible to imagine life without this piece of technology? Can. For example, take things to dry cleaning, where they will be ironed as well. Or buy only crease-resistant clothes. Still, without an iron, it's somehow difficult.

Television. Many people of our time do not watch TV, that is, they do not have this household appliance in the house. But there are still fewer of them than those who watch TV. It is especially difficult not to watch it if there are children in the house. For most of them, TV is part of the entertainment every day.

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Computer (as an option - a laptop). It is not worth talking about the need for this household appliances. If only because, while reading this article, you use a computer. Almost everything is possible if you have a computer connected to the Internet.

A vacuum cleaner. In particular, this household appliance is relevant if you are a big lover of carpets. Especially if you have a furry pet. And especially if you have children. Here it is simply impossible to imagine your life without a vacuum cleaner. You can, of course, do without it. But every day you can be seen with a broom in your hands.

Instead of output

We can hardly imagine our life without the joys of technological progress. That's just the eyes run up in such a variety of proposed options. Therefore, everything must be approached wisely and not grab the first proposed household appliances.

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Household appliances: what is it and where to buy it?

Most often, women (and not only them) are helped by various household appliances, which is one of the achievements of modern science. That is, to put it simply, household appliances greatly facilitate and also speed up the work of women in household chores. All people try to help their family as actively as possible in resolving household problems in the house, but one cannot do without appliances. Where do you usually buy household appliances? Usually it is bought in specialized stores, or in retail outlets where there is a corresponding department, or in online hypermarkets, like appliances.wikimart.ru and others. In addition, online hypermarkets in some cases are more convenient than a regular trip to the store, since in this case there is no need to leave the house. It will also be possible to view the entire price list and descriptions for each of the devices using any browser and an active Internet connection.

What about household appliances?

As described above, household appliances are those appliances that are designed to facilitate the work of household chores. It can be classified both by significance, and by size and purpose, etc.

The types of household appliances include:

• measuring instruments (scales, clocks, thermometers, barometers, alarm clocks, etc.);

• kitchen appliances (dishwasher, refrigerator, freezer, mixer, meat grinder, stove, slow cooker, bread machine, double boiler, etc.);

• clothing care equipment (washing and drying machines, iron, sewing machine, ironing board, etc.);

• computer technology (calculator, tablet computer, personal computer, laptop, smartphone);

• cleaning equipment (vacuum cleaner, steam cleaner);

• equipment that maintains the microclimate (fan, air conditioner, etc.);

• other equipment (electric heater, lighting equipment, etc.).

Consequently, household appliances have firmly entered our everyday life, thereby facilitating various kinds of work.

computer information.

General information about traces of crimes in the sphere

The main sign that traces belong to crimes in the field of computer information and determine the carriers of such traces is their formation as a result of the use of computer technology.

According to their functional purpose, computer equipment is divided into:

1) hardware (Hard Ware);

2) software tools (Soft Ware).

Computer hardware are technical means used for data processing; mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment used for information processing purposes. These include:

1) Computer (electronic computer, computer).

2) Peripheral equipment,

3) Physical carriers of magnetic information.

Computer (electronic computer. COMPUTER - a set of technical means designed for automatic processing of information in the process of solving computational and information problems. Computers can be classified as:

1) Supercomputers - computers and computing systems that are unique in terms of the purpose of creation, speed, memory size, designed to solve particularly complex problems;

2) Large computers - stationary computing systems with a large number of various peripheral devices that are equipped with computer centers.

3) Mini - computers, micro - computers, personal computers - computers intended for individual use, as a rule, desktop or portable equipment, complexly consisting of a system unit with an external memory device and

a drive on a flexible storage medium, a display (monitor), an information input device (keyboard), which provides data entry and setting commands for information processing.

To solve forensic problems, computers should be distinguished:

(1) in terms of size: a) stationary mainframes, i.e. permanently installed in a specific room and having the ability to work only in this room; b) "desktop" small-sized PCs, i.e. personal computers that require only a table for installation and that can be easily moved from room to room depending on the needs of the user; c) portable PCs (knee PC - laptop, notepad PC - notebook, pocket PC.), i.e. portable computers, ranging in size from a briefcase to a notebook, providing, due to compact battery power supplies, the ability to work with them anywhere; d) small-sized computers included in mechanical and / or technological systems (controlling flights, movement, production process, etc.);

(2) By the presence or absence of: a) peripheral devices; b) means of communication or inclusion in a computer network;

(3) By location and main task solved in networks: a) end-user computer; b) the computer of the network administrator or system operator; c) a computer that acts as a "storage" database; d) a computer that controls the technological process offline; e) a computer acting as a mail "server".

In the practice of investigating computer crimes, one often has to deal with personal computers (PC, PC). However, it can be:

A stand-alone personal computer, i.e. not included in any computer network and not have telecommunication systems, i.e. devices that allow the use of radio, telephone and satellite communication systems. This is a versatile single-user machine;

An element of a computer system - a complex in which at least one computer is an element of the system or several computers make up the system;

Enter into a local area network that connects a number of computers located in the same local area. Such a zone may be limited to one or more nearby buildings or one organization. In this case, information is transmitted in the form of a continuous signal over cables, the length of which can reach several kilometers;

Enter into a computer network, which is an unlimited set of software-compatible computers interconnected by telecommunication lines. In "global networks" the issue of compatibility of different computers is solved by creating special relay devices in such a way that users of various software do not have any inconvenience when interacting.

Periphery equipment - equipment that has a status subordinate to the computer, which ensures the transfer of data and commands between the processor and the user with respect to a specific central processor, a complex of external computer devices that are not directly controlled by the central processor. The most common types of such equipment are:

A printer (printing device) is used to display information contained in the computer's memory and reproduce it on a physical medium (paper, film, etc.) in a form accessible to human perception.

The manipulator is an additional device for entering information. Together with the keyboard, it improves the user experience with a number of dialog programs where you need to quickly move the cursor around the screen to select menu items or highlight screen fragments. One such manipulator is the mouse.

Scanner - a device that allows you to enter images into a computer in the form of text or graphic information.

Modem - a device for exchanging information with other computers through the telephone network. They can be internal (inserted into the system unit) and external (connected as a separate device).

Fax modem - combines modem and fax image sharing capabilities with other fax modems

and conventional telefax machines.

Physical carriers of magnetic information - devices designed to store information used when working with a computer.

The main one is a hard disk drive (hard drive). It is designed to permanently store information used when working with a computer. The hard drive is inside the computer and is not removable. If it is necessary to obtain information from such a disk, it must be copied to other media.

The amount of information stored on a hard disk depends on its capacity. Information about this disk can be obtained from technical or reference documentation, which describes the standard sets of various types of PCs. Accurate information about the technical parameters of a particular computer is displayed on the monitor when the machine is loaded or at the special request of the user.

It should be remembered that when storing application packages on a hard disk, the information on the programs itself (which is usually of interest to the investigator) is most often contained on external storage devices. However, in a separate form, separately from each other, neither the package itself nor digital (text) materials can be used.

Hard drives do not provide privacy if more than one user is using the computer. In this case, various ciphers and passwords can be used to access the programs.

Floppy Disk Drives (FDDs) are another widely used type of storage media. To work on such a drive, floppy disks (HD) are used - floppy disks.

Floppy disks are designed for long-term storage of programs or arrays of information that are loaded into computer memory as needed. With their help, information is backed up (copied), data confidentiality is ensured, data is transported (moved in space), and information is disseminated (replicated). The essence and device of diskettes are the same. They distinguish-

in size, appearance and decoration.

Another type of storage media are magnetic tapes. They have not received sufficient distribution in professional computers, since the time of access to information on them is much longer than on floppy disks. Most often, this type of drive is used to duplicate other drives and store archived information. This type of storage is called a streamer.

In recent years, another type of magnetic information storage devices has been widely introduced - optical disk storage devices. To use them, the computer must be equipped with a special device - an optical drive.

The principle of operation of optical drives is based on the use of a laser beam to write and read information in digital form. According to their functional characteristics, GCDs are divided into three categories:

Not writeable (read-only);

Write-once and read-multiple;

With the possibility of rewriting.

In order to improve the reliability of information storage, other types of computer information carriers are also being developed. Among them:

Memory on cylindrical magnetic domains (CMD);

holographic memory.

However, these media have not yet received wide distribution.

Computer software- represent objective forms of representation of a set of data and commands intended for the functioning of computers and computer devices in order to obtain a certain result, as well as materials prepared and recorded on a physical medium obtained in the course of their development, and the audiovisual displays generated by them.

These include:

1) Software, which is a set of control and processing programs designed for planning and organizing the computational process of automating programming and debugging programs for solving applied problems, consisting of:

System programs (operating systems, maintenance programs: drivers, shell programs, auxiliary programs - utilities);

Application programs (a set of specialized programs) designed to solve a certain class of tasks, for example, text editors, anti-virus programs and systems, unauthorized access protection programs, spreadsheet processors, database management systems (DBMS), graphic editors, computer-aided design systems (CAD) ), integrated systems, accounting programs, process control programs, workstations (AWPs), libraries of standard programs, etc.;

Tool programs (programming systems) consisting of programming languages: Microsoft Visual C ++, Pascal, Borland Pascal, Microsoft Visual Basic, Clipper, Delphi, etc., and translators - a set of programs that provide automatic translation from amorhythmic and symbolic languages ​​into machine codes.

2) Machine information (information on a machine carrier) owner, user, owner.

In the most general form, software means are descriptions perceived by a computer and sufficient to solve certain tasks on it. For the preparation of programs, artificial languages ​​are used, called programming languages. Usually, a computer accepts and executes programs written using one specific language, which is the computer's machine language. A machine language is a language that consists solely of the characters "O" and "1" and is necessary for the computer to directly execute instructions and commands. However, today the use of special programs can provide an opportunity for a particular computer to understand other programming languages ​​- by translating texts written in these languages ​​into texts in machine language. Thus, it is possible to use any programming language if there are means for their implementation on a given computer.

Peripherals include all external additional devices connected to the computer system unit through special standard connectors.

This computer equipment, physically separated from the system unit of the computing system, has its own control and acts both on the commands of its central processor, and is equipped with its own processor and even an operating system. Designed for external preparation and modification of data, input, storage, protection, output, control and transmission of data via communication channels.

Computer peripherals are divided by purpose:

Data output equipment
Monitor (Display)		Equipment for visual display of text and graphic information converts digital and (or) analog information into a video image.
a printer		Equipment for printing of different scales and applications.
Speakers/headphones (headset)		Equipment for reproduction (output) of sound.
Plotter (plotter)		It is used for automatic drawing with high accuracy of drawings, diagrams, complex drawings, maps and other graphic information on paper up to A0 size or tracing paper. Graph plotters draw images with a pen (writing block). The purpose of plotters is high-quality documentation of drawing and graphic information.
Projectors, projection screens/boards		A projector is a light device that redistributes the light of a lamp with a concentration of light flux on the surface. Screens for projectors, hand-held wall-mounted are easy to use, reliable and fairly inexpensive. Interactive whiteboards - a large touch screen that works as part of a system that includes a computer and a projector.
Data entry equipment
Scanner		It is intended for the analysis and digitization of various objects (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object.
Keyboard		The keyboard refers to the standard means of a personal computer for entering data using the keys. Used to enter alphanumeric (character) data, as well as control commands.
Mouse		Mouse manipulators. Mouse movement on a flat surface is synchronized with the movement of a graphic object (mouse pointer) on the monitor screen. There are wired and radio, optical and laser.
Graphics tablet (digitizer)		Are intended for input of the art graphic information. Such devices are convenient for artists and illustrators, as they allow them to create screen images with familiar techniques developed for traditional tools (pencil, pen, brush).
Data storage equipment
Flash Drives / External HDDs		Memory devices that use either flash memory or an external hard drive as a medium, connected to a computer or other reader via USB (eSATA). The main purpose of external drives is to store, transfer and exchange data, backup, load operating systems, and more.
Zip drives, HiFD drives, JAZ drives		In terms of their characteristics, they are similar to small-capacity hard drives, but unlike them, they are replaceable. The technology has not received wide distribution, for economic reasons (cost per 1 Mb of data).
Communication equipment
Modems		Designed to exchange information between remote computers via communication channels, commonly called a modem (modulator + demodulator). ADSL modems are currently the most widely used, allowing data to be transmitted over cable networks of low categories (telephone lines) over long distances at high speed.
Passive network equipment		Equipment not endowed with "intelligent" features. Cabling system: cable (coaxial and twisted pair (UTP/STP)), plug/socket (RG58, RJ45, RJ11, GG45), repeater (repeater), patch panel. Mounting cabinets and racks, telecommunication cabinets.
Active network equipment		By the name, active network equipment refers to some of the "intelligent" features of network equipment. These are devices such as a router, a switch (switch), etc.