When the first TV was invented. Plasma for huge and expensive TVs

In 1880, independently of each other, the French scientist M. Leblanc and the American V.E. Sawyer formulated the principle of transmitting images at a distance. To implement this idea, a scanning mechanism and an energy converter (light to electrical) were required. The mechanical device was invented by P. Nipkov in 1884 and was named after its inventor - the Nipkov disk. In the disc, 50 cm in diameter, 30 small one-millimeter holes were made, which were evenly spaced in a spiral. With one revolution of the disk, all parts of the image pass through the holes, as a result, the whole picture is obtained. The appearance in 1907 of the electronic television receiver was preceded by the invention of K.F. Brown electron tube. In October 1906, a student of the inventor - M. Dickmann received a patent for a Brown tube as a device for displaying pictures (visual information). At the beginning of 1907, Dieckmann demonstrates the first television receiver, the scan rate of which was only 10 frames per second, and the screen size was 3 × 3 cm.

In July 1907, Professor of the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg B.L. Rosing announced that he had created a cathode-ray tube with a magnetic scanning mechanism. The invention was demonstrated to a scientific audience in May 1911. In a Rosing cathode-ray tube, the image was formed by deflecting the beam using a magnetic field. The tube had a system for modulating the beam in terms of the brightness of the glow, which was performed by a capacitor. With this unfolding, the number of "lines" increased a lot. In 1908, the Armenian scientist O. Adamyan invented a two-color apparatus that transmits images, which contributed to the emergence of black-and-white television. In 1918, he demonstrated an installation that displays a black and white picture on a screen. In 1925 he patented a device designed to display a color image as a result of mechanical rotation of a disc with 3 holes. Electro-mechanical TVs with a mechanical disc Nipkov was first produced by the Baird Corporation, founded by the Scottish engineer D.L. Byrd. This happened after his successful demonstration of the moving picture in 1925.

In 1931, a student of B.L. Rosinga - V.K. Zvorykin creates an electron tube with a mosaic photocathode - an iconoscope. In 1934 he creates an electronic television system, the resolution of which was 240 lines per frame, in 1935 the resolution increased to 343 lines. Thanks to his invention and the prototype of the receiving CRT, created a little later, the beginning of the serial production of electronic television receivers was laid. Until the end of the twentieth century, cathode ray tube televisions were produced, the design differences of which affected the image quality. The end of the 90s of the last century was marked by the creation of large projection televisions with CRTs. With the advent of devices with a liquid crystal (LCD) screen at the beginning of the XXI century, the production of the same types of TVs began. Together with the LCD, television receivers with plasma screens were released. There are TVs with a display of 80 cm or more (diagonally). LCD TVs, the matrix of which is made of an array of LEDs, have become very popular. On October 28, 2008, the first laser TV appeared.

Soviet television began its activities in 1931, it was then that a television broadcast took place for the first time. But it was black and white television.

Let's find out in what year the first color TV in the USSR was put on the shelves, and find out what brand it was. And this is Rubin-401. The first color TV in the Soviet Union. It was released in 1967 and was based on the French SECAM technology.

Although experimental development began much earlier, test TVs were demonstrated in 1951.

The colors were faded, and you could watch the broadcast in a darkened room. But over time, the screen size has noticeably increased, as well as improved clarity and contrast.

It all started with the production of simple units. Soviet designers of the Comiterne plant presented a test black and white version B 2... The receiver was equipped with a special plastic lens.

And the name of the color TV built in the States was CBSRX - 40. It was mechanical. It was a compact product, and the size of either side did not exceed 14 cm. In America, this technique did not immediately become popular. Much depended on how much the TV cost, since the early developers wanted to sell their invention very dearly.

The Soviet Union tried not to be inferior to the United States in anything. And therefore, the emergence of new technology in the two countries occurred almost simultaneously. E Taps for color TV production:

1. In 1950, a picture tube was invented with electron guns, which were located at a certain angle in relation to each other. The device was equipped with electronic sweep variation. Three beams appeared from the cannon and accumulated in the mask. Then they penetrated the screen, where they glowed in different colors.
2. In 1954, Westinghouse in America offered the H840SK15 for sale. Out of 500 devices, only 30 were sold, since the price was quite high - $ 1295.
3. Serial production in the States was launched in 1954. The RCA CT-100 model was equipped with a 12 "screen. 5,000 copies were sold for $ 1,000. Then came the screens, 15, 19 and 20 inches.
4. In 1965 he created the Temp and Rainbow models.

In the 70s, all sorts of programs decorated in color began to appear in America. This made it possible to significantly reduce the cost. And in 1967 in the USSR it was also possible to watch the program in Secam standard color.
After Rubin 401, Rubin 714 was produced. This technique was based on lamps. The 714 featured a large screen. The diagonal value reached 60 cm. This device was not convenient due to its heavy weight.

The following models were popular in the USSR:

1. Model B 2 1931. The release on a large scale lasted from 1933 to 36. The screen parameters were 16 * 12 mm. Initially, this was not an ordinary device, but a set-top box that was connected to a special radio operating in the medium wave range.
2. In the late 1930s, American technologies were also used in the USSR. Several models were tried to create under license from the States. But they were not put into production, as the war prevented them.
3. The legendary KVN - 49 enjoyed special love of the people, it was in his honor that the famous program was named. It was developed at the Research Institute of the city of Leningrad. It gained popularity for its non-standard hinged lens that magnifies pictures.
4. In 1957, they began to make equipment under the general name Rubin. The Rubin 102 device could show up to 12 TV channels. It provided connectors for tape recorders. The popular model was the Rubin 714.
5. Dawn 307 is known to be even more popular. A total of 8 million models were sold. Black and white equipment has been produced since 1975.
6. Other well-known options include the Record of 312.
7. Horizon TV has been produced at the radio equipment plant since the 80s, in the city of Minsk. A similar unit was a scarce commodity.
8. The Electron plant offered excellent technology to consumers. In the 80s, Electron C 382 was produced on its territory, which was distinguished by excellent clarity of pictures, good technical indicators and modern design.

How TV was invented

Attempts to produce a television set began in the 19th century by the mechanic Paul Nipkov. The ability to transmit pictures over long distances arose in 1880.

During this period, the models were of the electromechanical type. Nipkov designed a special disk that allowed him to scan pictures.
Then, in 1895, Karl Brown of Germany created a picture tube, which is known as the Brown tube.

The scientist underestimated his brainchild, but in 1906 another scientist, Max Dieckmann, acquired a patent for this tube and used it to broadcast the picture. A year later, he created a television receiver with a 30 * 30 mm screen and with a scan rate of 10 frames per minute.

In the 1920s, Britain's John Loughgy Brad used the Nipkow disc to create a mechanical device that could function without sounds, but provided a complete picture without distortion.

He was able to broadcast footage using a different color filter.
The first experience of television transmission was made by Rosing Boris Lvovich. This was done in 1911. This development was an electronic type television receiver.

He managed to create a picture on the CRT screen. 17 years later, a student of the inventor Vladimir Zvorykin in the United States came up with a machine with a mechanical version of the sweep.

In 1923 he was granted a design patent. It was television based on electronic technology. The release of equipment equipped with a cathode - ray tube was launched in America in the late 30s.
Television developed at an intensive pace in the Union. In 1932, samples were made for trial -B 2.

It was a mechanism with the simplest structure and a small screen measuring 3 * 4 cm. The production of television sets in the USSR began a year earlier than in the USA - in 1938.

The ATP 1 model was designed, in the case of which there were 9 electronic tubes. The release of a more advanced design was prevented by the war.
As for color TVs. In 1940, scientists from America presented the Triniscope system, in which pictures from three picture tubes were combined with the colors of a phosphor glow. In the USSR, such developments were started in 1951.

What was the name of the first TV in the USSR

If you do not touch on test developments, the first serial color TV was the Rubin 401. But even before it, the Raduga apparatus was created at the Kozitsky plant, and the Temp 22 at the radio plant in Moscow.

They were designed about 4 thousand pieces, but they were not provided for sale.

The first broadcast in color for public viewing took place on November 7, 1967, thanks to agreements between France and the Soviet Union. The French technology was called Segam.
Consumers especially loved the Rubin 714 brand with a large diagonal.

By the end of the 1980s, more than 50 million TV sets were sold in the USSR. During this time, inventors were working on new models of technology.
This is how the television apparatus was arranged at this time:

1. Inside the case, on the left side, there was a main unit with settings, a radio channel, and a transformer.
2. On the right were the scans with lamps.

The device was designed for the meter range. A special attachment was created for decimeter channels. Then SKD blocks were produced.

A new stage in the creation of color TVs was the transition to transistors, which were assembled from microcircuits.

Interesting video on the topic.

Despite the fact that the TV is not a luxury item, you need to remember when and by whom it was invented. We owe the emergence of a modern device to scientists all over the world. Thanks to them, this device has become a familiar thing in every home.

The creation of the TV was preceded by the following important discoveries:

1. Physicist Huygens discovered the theory of light waves.
2. Scientist Maxwell proved the presence of electromagnetic waves.
3. Experiments with television systems began when the scientist Smith discovered the possibility of changing electrical resistance.
4. Alexander Stoletov demonstrated the effect of light on electricity. He developed an "electric eye" - a similarity to today's photocells.

Together with this research, scientists around the world studied the effect of light on the chemical composition of elements and discovered the photoelectric effect. People learned that the image can be seen using electromagnetic waves, and that this image is transmitted. By that time, the radio had already been invented.

Speaking about who invented the first television, one cannot name only one surname, because many people participated in the development and evolution of television. The history of receivers transmitting sound and image begins with the creation of the Nipkow disk, which scans the picture line by line. It was invented by a technician from Germany Paul Nipkov.

Karl Brown developed the very first picture tube and called it "Brown's Tube". However, this invention was not patented and not immediately used to transmit the picture. Several years passed until viewers saw a television set, the height and width of the screen of which were 3 cm, and the frame rate was ten per second.

British engineer John Loogie Byrd invented a mechanical receiver that works without sound. Although the picture was clear enough. Later, the scientist created the Baird company, which for a long time produced televisions on the market in the absence of competition.

Who is considered the creator of the TV

The first TV was created thanks to Boris Rosing. With the help of a cathode ray tube, he received a tele-picture of dots and figures. It was a big step forward, which allowed the first electronic television receiver to appear. The beam was swept in the tube using magnetic fields, the brightness was controlled by a capacitor.

The physicist's business was continued by his student Vladimir Zvorykin, who patented the invented television using electronic technology in 1932. It is believed that he created the first television.

The famous engineer was born in the Vladimir province. He studied in Russia but later emigrated to the United States. Zvorykin opened the first electronic television station in the capital, having signed an agreement with RCA. He owns more than a hundred patents for various inventions, the scientist has a huge number of awards. He died at the end of the 20th century, after his death the documentary film "Zvorykin-Muromets" was shot.

Today in Moscow and Murom you can see memorials in honor of the "father of television". One of the streets in the city of Gusev and the award for achievement in the television sphere are named after him.

The emergence of television in the USSR

The earliest experience of broadcasting television in the Soviet Union took place in April 1931. Initially, the screenings were carried out collectively in certain places; in each family, television sets began to appear later. The first TV set created on Nipkov's disc was produced by the Leningrad plant "Comintern". The device looked like a set-top box with a 4 x 3 cm screen and was connected to a radio receiver. The inventors of the Soviet Union began to assemble mechanical models of devices on their own, and the first televisions appeared in homes. Instructions for assembling such televisions in the USSR were published in the magazine "Radiofront".

At the beginning of the 20th century, the first broadcasts of a program with sound appeared. For a long time there was only one channel - the First. During the Second World War, the work of the channel was interrupted. After the end of the war, an electronic TV appeared, and soon the Second Channel began broadcasting.

Making a color TV

Not everyone knows when the first color TVs appeared, which have long been in every family. Attempts to create a device with a color screen have been made since the days of mechanical broadcasting devices. For the first time, Hovhannes Adamyan presented his research in this area; he patented a two-color device for transmitting signals at the beginning of the 20th century.

If we talk about when the color receiver was invented, then the work of John Loughie Byrd should be noted. In 1928, he assembled a receiver that transmitted images one by one using a three-color light filter. He is rightfully considered the creator of the color TV.

The world's first full color TV was invented by the Americans in the middle of the 20th century. These devices were manufactured by RCA. Even then, they could be freely purchased on credit. In the Soviet Union, a color TV was introduced a little later, despite the fact that the development of the device began under Zvorykin. It was "Ruby", which later became a mass television.

There is no unambiguous answer to the question “who created the TV set”. However, based on the prevailing views and available facts, Vladimir Zvorykin is considered to be the founder of television. If we talk about the year in which the television was invented, then it is considered 1923, when Zvorykin applied for a television patent.

Today TV is a part of our life and the norm, new models of devices are being created that are absolutely different from the first TVs. Their screens are measured in tens of centimeters. Broadcast quality has increased dramatically and has become digital. Over the past 20 years, television has made great strides forward, and, for sure, it will continue to develop. And for all this I need to say thanks to the one who invented television.

At the end of the last century, the UN finally proclaimed World Television Day. Now every year on November 21, media workers, journalists and everyone who has anything to do with this field of activity celebrate their professional holiday. Television Day is a holiday not only for journalists, but also for ordinary TV viewers.

2016 was the 20th Television Day. It was widely celebrated all over the world, because today it is almost impossible to find any state that does not have television broadcasting on its territory. It has already become one of the most effective means of influencing a person in modern society. Today, there are more than one generation of people living in the world who simply cannot imagine their life without TV.

Who invented the TV

More and more often, viewers are wondering who and when invented the first television. The question of what year this happened is also of interest, because the invention of the television completely changed the usual way of life of millions of people around the world.

It is not so easy to answer this question unequivocally, because many people have made an invaluable contribution to the invention of TV. Without their developments, other scientists would not have been able to obtain patents for their inventions.

The history of the invention of the TV

Previously one could only dream of transmitting an image over a long distance. There have been many attempts to create something similar to TV in the past, however, only the German physicist Heinrich Hertz managed to make a truly valuable contribution to the creation of television. Then the Russian scientist Stoletov substantiated the possibility of obtaining an image through a cathode-ray tube. This tube, in turn, was developed by another scientist. This is a physicist from Germany K. Braune.

So who invented the television? The very first television system was the invention of Paul Nipkov. This German engineer managed to develop such an unusual device back in 1884. It was his invention that laid the foundation for the creation of the device, which today is called a TV. Nipkov managed to create a disc that allowed converting an image into electrical impulses. The controversy about who invented television and when is associated with the complex technical design of televisions. In addition, many elements of modern television were invented by different people.

Chronology of events

Already in 1895, Nipkov's compatriot Karl Brown invented the very first picture tube. Then Brown's apprentice managed to obtain a patent for a special tube, after which he used his mentor's invention to transmit the image. Brown's apprentice was named Max Dieckmann. It was he who was the first to introduce a television set with a small screen to the general public. Then a scientist from Great Britain, John Brad, managed to invent a television set that works without sound. This was enough to announce the beginning of a new scientific and technological revolution.

A little later, the Russian engineer Vladimir Zvorykin, who emigrated to the United States after the October Revolution, patented his unique invention, which was called television. The development of Zvorykin was based on the developments of many other scientists, physicists and engineers, but it was he who managed to combine all the inventions together.

The models of the first TVs were specific and had a lot of shortcomings, but over time, scientists and engineers managed to solve a lot of problems and make these devices more perfect.

How television works in the 20th century

In the Soviet Union, already in 1939, a full-fledged TV appeared. The very first television set in the USSR worked on the Nipkov disc. It boasted a 3 x 4 cm screen. The TV set was produced in Leningrad and looked like an ordinary set-top box. In order to use the device, it was necessary to connect this set-top box to a radio channel.

Moreover, the famous Soviet magazine about technology and science, Radifront, published a unique instruction that allowed everyone to make a TV set on their own. It was not so easy to get the components for a new TV, but many were ready to do anything in order to become the proud owner of a TV.

Who invented color television

There were many attempts to convey a color image, but only Hovhannes Adamyan achieved success. Several decades of hard research were not in vain. In 1908 he managed to obtain a patent for his invention.

Despite this, John Brad became the recognized creator of color TV. He was also the inventor of the mechanical receiver. In 1928, he managed to assemble a device that could transmit images of red, blue and green.

The biggest breakthrough in the development of TV came after the end of World War II in the United States. It was during these years that TV production appeared throughout the country. After the American industry switched from civil production to military production, it made an invaluable contribution to the development of the television industry. Already in 1940, a system called Triniscope was introduced.

The history of television in Russia

In the Soviet Union, a lot of time and attention was devoted to the development of television, because it was TV that was one of the key mouthpieces of the propaganda of the Communist Party. Color TV appeared in the USSR somewhat later than in the USA. In the USSR, a similar device was created only in 1951, so only in 1952 Soviet viewers saw the very first test color TV broadcast.

The history of Russian TV goes back more than one decade. From the very beginning of its appearance, it gained a truly popular popularity. Whole families gathered behind the screen of miraculous devices.

In 1951, the Central Television Studio was organized. After that, the first thematic programs began to appear:

• Musical.
• Baby.
• Literary and dramatic.

During these years, the programs were broadcast only live. Then a new broadcast format appeared. More and more often films, social and political programs, reports, concerts began to appear on television. Then young and talented journalists and announcers came to the Central Studio, whose names are inscribed in the history of Russian television in golden letters: Nina Kondratova, Igor Kirillov, Nonna Bodrova, Yuri Fokin, Damir Belov.

Announcers have made television a full-fledged means of communication. Many viewers even answered their greeting before the news broadcast. In 1968, the Vremya program appeared, which is still the country's main information program. Television soon became color television.

New technologies of Soviet television

Television continued its rapid development and already in 1959 satellite television appeared in the country. The picture quality has been constantly improving. In recent years, many countries have switched to digital broadcasting. It allows you to watch TV programs in the highest possible quality.

How old is television

So how old is television? To answer the question of how old television is, you need to study history. The first transmission of a moving image was performed in 1923. This was done in the United States. It is from this time that the history of television can be counted. It turns out that today television is already 95 years old.

Television Workers Day is celebrated on November 21 both in Russia and in other countries of the world. November 21st is considered International Television Day.

Interesting Facts

The creation of television was accompanied by a lot of interesting events. This applies not only to the history of world television, but also to domestic. For example, the project of the famous Ostankino TV tower was invented overnight.

• The very first round-the-clock broadcasting channel is the American CNN. The company broadcasts not only in English, but also in other languages ​​(German, Spanish and Turkish).
• The tallest television tower is located in Japan. Its height is 634 meters.
• Today, TV advertising has become commonplace, but it used to be something completely unique. Paid advertising appeared back in 1941. In those years, a ten-second video cost the customer $ 9. It was an advertisement for a watchmaker.
• The most famous TV commercial is for the Macintosh. The author of the video is the famous Hollywood director Ridley Scott. The video was ordered by Apple. This video cost $ 900,000 to be a record at the time.
• When the TV was black and white, the presenters wore green lipstick. The fact is that it stood out more during the transition of the image through various camera filters. Red lipstick looked too faded on the TV screen.

First public screenings

On May 9, 1907, the first telecast was shown. At the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg, one of the scientists (Boris Rozgin) managed to display an image of four white lines on a black screen.

Already in the 30s, television became electronic. In 1938, the very first television center appeared in the country. Then there was a break in the history of Russian TV. The Great Patriotic War is to blame for everything. The first telecast came out only on the eve of Germany's surrender. This significant event took place on May 7, 1945. Already on December 15, the television center began regular broadcasting. This was a great achievement for post-war Europe. The USSR even surpassed France and Great Britain.

On April 1, 1903, a note appeared in one of the German newspapers, in which it was reported that "tonight in the brewery of the castle there will be a demonstration of an interesting apparatus called the oculariophone, which is a combination of a telephone, a gramophone and a biographer." Visitors to the pub were promised to use the apparatus to show scenes from a comic opera being performed in the city theater. The April Fool's joke was quickly figured out, and the burghers, drinking in beer beer, talked about the stupidity of newspapermen who could not think of anything more believable. Before the invention of the television (or the transmission of the first television picture), there were 8 years left.

At that time, the telemaster service was not yet in demand. But if now it suddenly breaks down, you can quickly and inexpensively call a service center specialist.

TV is a mechanical toy and its history

The history of the creation of the television begins with a report on the transfer of a light spot at a distance, presented in 1877 by the French Senlec, the Portuguese Adrian de Pavia and the Italian Carlo Mario. The selenium photocell, which changes its electrical resistance depending on the illumination, controlled at a distance the glow of an electric bulb, the brightness of which changed in proportion to the illumination of the selenium photocell. Immediately, the idea of ​​a scoreboard was born - the predecessor, consisting of 10 thousand bulbs, arranged in 100 rows of 100 bulbs in each row, connected by 10 thousand lines with a transmitting camera of 10 thousand selenium photocells. The idea was not implemented due to the technical difficulties that arose.

In 1879the idea of ​​how to do without 10 thousand lines connecting the transmitter and the receiving screen was made public... The number of lines was reduced to one - the selenium photocell was proposed to be sequentially drawn along all points of the transmitted image, and at the receiving end of the line, a pencil moving synchronously with the photocell had to be pressed against a sheet of white paper with a force proportional to the illumination of the corresponding point at the transmitting end of the line, leaving prints of different intensities ...

In 1880it was proposed to "feel" the points of the picture by means of a rotary switch, which also made it possible to dispense with one communication line... But the technical capabilities did not allow moving a single selenium photocell at a speed sufficient to transmit at least 12 frames per second. The technical problem was elegantly solved by the German inventor Paul Nipkov, but, as it turned out, too early, the invention of the television had not yet taken place. In his words, the idea to decompose the image into dots and lines by means of a rotating disk with holes applied in a spiraling spiral came to him in 1883.

A selenium photocell collected the light leaking through the single hole in the disc, currently overlapping the image, and converted it into the brightness of the light bulb at the receiving end of the line. The light from which through a disk with holes, similar to the disk at the transmitting end, and rotating synchronously with it, created a light spot on the screen, the brightness of which corresponded to the brightness of the spot on the transmitting side. With a sufficiently fast rotation of the disks on the screen, due to the inertia of human vision, the transmitted image was recreated.

In 1884Nipkov received a patent for an "electric telescope"... Nipkov had a chance to see the embodiment of his idea "in hardware" 44 years later, in 1928 at a communications exhibition. 7 years later, in 1935, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the inventor, the Telefunken company presented Nipkov with a real electronic TV set.

Nipkov's disk remained on the television transmitting camera until 1943, but on the receiving side it was replaced by a new miracle device - a cathode tube, which marked a new stage in the history of television. In the cathode tube, the electron beam emitted by the incandescent cathode was deflected horizontally and vertically by electromagnets, and, falling on a glass screen covered with a fluorescent composition, illuminated a bright dot on it. By moving the point synchronously with the rotation of the Nipkov disk, it was possible to transmit the image. However, the inventor of the cathode ray tube, the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun, did not care about the transmission of an image over a distance; he considered his tube a successful means for demonstrating the shape of alternating currents.

In Russia, the physicist A.G. Stoletov, who discovered the laws of the photoelectric effect (the phenomenon itself was discovered by the German physicist Heinrich Hertz). The device was supposed to be called "Telectroscope". Further development of television is also associated with Russia. Physicist Boris Lvovich Rosing was a student of the inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popov, and at the Artillery School in St. Petersburg he was acquainted with the military engineer Konstantin Dmitrievich Persky, obsessed with the idea of ​​transmitting images over a distance. We owe Persky the enrichment of the vocabulary with the word "television", and Rosing with the invention of the television.

Rosing became interested in the idea of ​​transmitting images through a Brown tube in 1902, and already in 1907 he patented the "Electric Telescope"... On the transmitting side, Rosing decomposed the image into elements by means of two rotating mirror cylinders offset from one another, and the current through the windings of the electromagnets deflecting the electron beam on the receiving cathode tube was generated by magnets connected to the rotating cylinders.

In 1911Rosing Demonstrates His First Workable Imaging Device... The transmitted image, 4 white stripes on a black background, was very clear. But Rosing was not satisfied with the mechanical scanning of the image in the transmitting camera, and he made a proposal to use the cathode tube as a transmitter. This idea was realized by Rosing's student Zvorykin.

Creation of the first electronic televisions and image transmission

Since 1913, electronic tubes began to be produced on an industrial scale, but they did not have a big impact on the history of the development of television, television continued to remain mechanical.

In 1925for the first time, the image of a person was broadcast on television - the Scotsman John Byrd for half a crown persuaded the 15-year-old apprentice clerk to sit in front of the blinding light of the transmitting camera, and watched in the next room a very clear image of the face... Byrd's devices were assembled from the materials found at the dump, with Nipkov disks in the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

The first television set for the general public went on sale in the United States in 1927, completing the history of the first television. Mass regular broadcasting began in 1934 in Germany, and in 1936 in the UK. In the USSR, the first mechanical television appeared in 1932.

The history of television: television becomes fully electronic

The next stage in the history of the creation of the TV is associated with the name of the engineer Zvorykin.... Muromchanin Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin completed his education as an electrical engineer in 1912, and emigrated to America in 1919. In 1920 he joined Westinghouse in Pittsburgh. He set himself ambitious plans - to embody the idea of ​​his teacher Rosing and to use an electron beam to decompose the transmitted image. His work resulted in the invention of the iconoscope in 1923, for which a patent was received in 1938. As a receiving tube, Zvorykin used the so-called. "Kinescope", or Brown's tube. The first purely electronic apparatus was created in the laboratory he headed in 1936, and in 1939 a model for mass production was released.. The era of mechanical television is over.

There was little to do - to increase the sensitivity of the transmitting tubes (with low-sensitivity iconoscopes, the temperature in the transmitting studio reached 40-50 ° C from the operation of lighting devices), and to improve the clarity of the image. The sensitivity was increased due to the effect of secondary photoelectron emission, and the image quality was increased by sequential transmission of even and odd lines, which increased the frame rate (half frames) to 50 per second, and the resulting picture was already perceived by the eye as stable.

In the United States in 1932, television broadcasting was already carried out from 35 experimental stations, but regular programs were broadcast only in New York.... The number of image lines was still low. The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcast at 25 frames per second, the image was decomposed into 180 lines. A new impetus to television was given in 1948, when in Germany the television standard, which was soon adopted in other countries, was proposed with a decomposition into 625 lines, which has survived to the present day.... In the United States, the standard for decomposition of 525 lines was gradually established. By the mid-1950s, television sets were already in 27 million American homes.

Zvorykin continued to work on increasing the sensitivity of the iconoscope, and by 1939, together with Harley Yams and George Morton, he had invented the supericonoscope. Even later, Harley Yams and Albert Rose created a more sensitive orticon. All these devices used the photoelectric effect discovered by Stoletov, later called the external photoelectric effect. Since 1949, researchers have been working on applying the "internal" or semiconductor effect to television.... The vidicon, invented in 1949, worked already in normal lighting conditions. In 1965, an even more modern semiconductor transmitting tube, the plumbicon, was created, which found application in the transmission of color television programs. In the USSR, the KVN-49 cathode-ray TV for the mass consumer has been produced since 1949.

On July 21, 1969, 530 million people around the world watched the first man landing on the moon on their television screens. It was, of course, another triumph in the history of television.

A rainbow appears on the TV screen

The era of color television began in 1954, when, again, the first color television was created in the Zvorykin laboratory. In the 60s, standards for color television systems appeared - NTSC in the USA, SECAM in France and PAL in Germany. In the USSR, color televisions began to be produced since 1967.

In the 60s, electronic tubes were replaced with semiconductor transistors.... The first all-semiconductor TV was manufactured in 1960 by the Japanese firm Sony. Devices are getting smaller and screens are getting bigger. In the future, the industry is switching to microcircuits, all the electronic filling of a modern television receiver can be accommodated in one microcircuit.

And finally, the flat-screen dream of the engineers is coming true with LCDs and plasma panels. Analogue TV channels are being replaced with digital ones, and analogue TV broadcasting will soon be canceled. This is not the end of the TV story - there are still many undisclosed possibilities of this type of communication ahead.

Modern history: common brands of budget TVs

Designed for an undemanding viewer who gets acceptable quality for little money. It was the Akai company that released the world's first models with an on-screen menu and remote control from a remote control.

A typical representative of an inexpensive class, produced mainly for sale in Russia and the CIS countries. Models with LCD screens are mainly produced.

Produced by the DNS holding and sold in the company's retail stores. Both budget devices and those that satisfy the most sophisticated requests are produced, but all models are distinguished by high reliability. Some models support Smart TV - the integration of the Internet and digital interactive services into televisions and digital television receivers.