It is rather difficult at first glance to answer the question of who invented the TV, since the history of the TV as a technology had two branches of development based on different principles - an electromechanical TV (mechanical) and an electronic one. Often, in response to such questions, economic, political and ideological interests are always squeezed in, from which everything becomes even more confusing. But still, let's try to understand in more detail the personalities and personalities that contributed to the development of television and the invention of the television.
As a rule, you can find the following names that are credited with the invention of the TV: Baird, Rosing, Zworykin, Kataev, Persky, Nipkov, Takayanagi, Farnsworth. Let's try to understand these names and what contribution each of them made to the invention of the TV.
Nipkow Paul Julius Gottlieb
Technician and inventor from Germany. He is best known for the fact that in 1884 he invented a disk called the “Nipkow disk”. The disk made it possible to mechanically scan objects so that information about them could later be transmitted to the receiver. The disk was an ordinary rotating circle with holes in a spiral. Rotating, he allowed to read the object line by line. Nipkow did not invent the television, but he did invent an important component for mechanical television.
Schematic representation of the Nipkow disk
Persky Konstantin Dmitrievich
He was a teacher in the cadet corps of St. Petersburg, had the rank of captain of artillery guards. In 1900, he spoke at the IV International Electrotechnical Congress with a report "Television through electricity", where he first used the term "television" ("television"). Since the report was read in French, many do not even think about the fact that the term was essentially coined by Russians. But Persky has nothing to do directly with the development of the TV.
Baird John Logie
By the 1920s, as signal amplification made television more practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird used the Nipkow disc in his prototype video systems. On March 25, 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of television images of a silhouette in motion at the Selfridge department store in London. Since human faces did not have enough contrast to show up in his primitive system, he broadcast an image of the head of a talking ventriloquist doll named "Stooky Bill", whose painted face had more contrast. By January 26, 1926, he presented for the first time the transmission of an image of a human face in motion, via radio, which is considered the first television transmission in the world. In 1927, he made the first broadcast transmission in the world, transmitting a signal between London and Glasgow over a distance of 705 km.
Rosing Boris Lvovich
Rosing was a Russian physicist, teacher and inventor. He understood the dead end of the path of development of mechanical television, so he began his research by introducing an inertialess electron beam into the television system, thereby opening up an alternative path for the development of television communications. His main merit was not even that he proposed a new method of transmitting images at a distance, which was still very imperfect, but that this method of transmission set the development vector for all television systems of the future, including modern ones. Rosing's system had no mechanical parts. It is because of this fact that Rosing should be considered the main inventor of the electronic television. This priority was also secured by a patent in 1907, which were recognized in a number of leading European powers, such as Germany, the USA, England. And in 1911, Rosing created a prototype kinescope that took the simplest images, which became the world's first television transmission of electronic television.
Scheme of the television system of B. L. Rosing, developed in 1907. Above - a transmitting device, below - a receiving cathode-ray tube.
Campbell-Swinton Alan Archibald
Alan Campbell-Swinton was a Scottish electrical engineer who was Rosing's main competitor in developing the theoretical foundations for electric television. Campbell-Swinton, like Rosing, understood that mechanical television was limited in its development due to the limited number of scan lines, resulting in poor picture quality and flickering pictures. In 1908, he wrote an article for the journal Nature, where he outlined his view of "electric vision". In the same year, he wrote another article "Remote Electric Vision", where he outlines the principles by which he proposes to create electric television. In 1911, he gives a speech in London, where he theoretically describes a system of remote electric vision using cathode ray tubes, both at the receiving and transmitting ends, which did not fundamentally differ from Rosing's scheme. True, he never managed to conduct successful experiments to create such a system in the future. In 1914, he conducted a series of not very successful experiments in collaboration with G.M. Minchin and J.K.M. Stanton.
Takayanagi Kenjiro
On December 25, 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi of Japan demonstrated a 40-line resolution television system using a Nipkow disk scanner and a cathode ray tube. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University, on the Hamamatsu campus in Japan. By 1927, Takayanagi had improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unsurpassed until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to render human faces in halftones. His work influenced the later work of Vladimir Kuzmich Zworykin.
Farnsworth Philo Taylor
Farnsworth is an American television inventor. His contribution was that he invented a special transmission device called the "image dissector", which did the same as the Nipkow disk in a mechanical system, it allowed the image to be broken down into electrical signals. He also managed to build the world's first fully electronic television system, which he demonstrated in 1928 to the press, and in 1934 he demonstrated this system to the public.
Farnsworth image dissector
Kataev Semyon Isidorovich
Kataev was a Soviet inventor and scientist who developed Rosing's ideas in the practical part. He was a competitor to another inventor of Russian origin, which will be discussed below, Zworykin. Both inventors tried to develop Rosing's idea about the use of CRT in television. But tubes are different. The Germans at this time were strenuously trying to develop a CRT with gas focusing, that is, they used gas in a tube to focus cathode rays. Kataev, on the other hand, took a different path and began to develop a CRT with magnetic focusing. The result of his work was the so-called. "radio eye" - an analogue of Zworykin's iconoscope. His invention Kataev S.I. tested in 1931, and in 1933 received a patent for it in the USSR. Later, when Zworykin and Kataev showed each other their inventions, Zworykin noted that the radio eye surpassed his iconoscope in some respects.
Zworykin Vladimir Kozmich
Zworykin was also a Russian inventor and student of Boris Rosing, although after the revolution he did not have a good relationship with the new Soviet government, and he emigrated to the United States, where he continued to develop the ideas of his teacher. In the West, Zvorykin is considered the inventor of the television, but, of course, this cannot be considered for the many reasons that we have already noted above, although it is also difficult to overestimate his contribution to the development of television. Unlike Kataev, Zworykin followed the path of creating a CRT with electrostatic focusing. The thinking of Kataev and Zworykin was diametrically opposed, which gave rise to such a difference in approaches and inventions. If Kataev, as a real theorist, first decided to invent a transmitting tube, and only then a receiving tube, then Zworykin did the opposite, since instead of a transmitting one it was possible to use a transmitter built like a Nipkow disk. In 1935 V.K. Zworykin received a US patent for his invention, although he arranged demonstrations of his invention as early as 1926. Until the 70s of the 20th century, televisions with magnetic focusing were more common, since for a long time it was not possible to obtain a CRT with electrostatic focusing that was not inferior in quality. But it was with the advent of the iconoscope that electronic television became a reality in full measure.
RESULTS
As mentioned above, one should distinguish between electromechanical and electronic TVs. The mechanical TV appeared in parallel with the electronic one, so it cannot be considered a predecessor, rather a dead end branch of development. It was severely limited in terms of picture quality and resolution, unlike the CRT TV. Therefore, all names associated with a mechanical television can be excluded from the contenders for the invention of the television in the form in which we know it. Thus, Nipkow, Baird and others did not invent the electronic television.
On the Internet, you can often find the thesis that Kataev filed his patent application before Zworykin and formally it would be more correct to consider him the inventor of the TV, but in fact Zworykin invented his iconoscope earlier, but due to bureaucratic red tape, his patent was considered for a long time. In fact, this is generally unimportant, since both of them were students of Rosing, and Zworykin repeatedly confirmed Rosing's priority in the invention of television, therefore it was Rosing Boris Lvovich, obviously, who should be called the inventor of the television. He foresaw the future of electronic television long before everyone else, and was an active popularizer of this idea.
Since ancient times, mankind has dreamed of transmitting images over distances. We all heard fairy tales and legends about magic mirrors, plates with apples and the like. But more than one millennium passed before this dream came true.
The first televisions suitable for mass production appeared in the late 30s of the last century. However, this was preceded by several decades of hard research and many brilliant discoveries.
How it all started
The era of television began after the discovery of the photoelectric effect. First of all, the internal photoelectric effect was used, the essence of which was that some semiconductors significantly changed their electrical resistance when illuminated.
The first to note this interesting ability of semiconductors was the Englishman Smith. In 1873 he reported on his experiments with crystalline selenium. In these experiments, selenium strips were placed in sealed glass tubes with platinum inlets. The tubes were placed in a light-tight box with a lid. In the dark, the resistance of the selenium strips was quite high and remained very stable, but as soon as the lid of the box was removed, the conductivity increased by 15-100%.
Smith's discovery soon became widely used in television systems. It is known that each object becomes visible only if it is illuminated or if it is a source of light. Light or dark areas of the observed object or its image differ from each other by different intensity of light reflected or emitted by them. Television is just based on the fact that each object (if you do not take into account its color) can be considered as a combination of a large number of more or less light and dark points.
In 1878, the Portuguese professor of physics Adriano de Paiva in one of the scientific journals outlined the idea of a new device for transmitting images over wires. De Paiva's transmitter was a camera obscura, on the back of which a large selenium plate was mounted. Different sections of this plate had to change their resistance in different ways depending on the illumination. However, de Paiva admitted that he did not know how to perform the opposite action - to make the screen at the receiving station glow.
In February 1888, the Russian scientist Alexander Stoletov conducted an experiment demonstrating the effect of light on electricity. Stoletov managed to identify several regularities of this phenomenon. He also developed the prototype of modern photocells, the so-called "electric eye". Later, many other great scientists were engaged in similar studies, including F. Lenard, J. Thompson, O. Richardson, P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezhaev. But only Albert Einstein in 1905 was able to fully explain the nature of the photoelectric effect.
Parallel to these studies, many others took place, which eventually played an equally important role in the history of the creation of televisions. For example, in 1879, the English physicist William Crookes discovered substances that can glow when exposed to cathode rays - phosphors. Later it was found that the brightness of the glow of phosphors directly depends on the strength of their irradiation. In 1887, the first version of the cathode ray tube (Kinescop) was introduced by the German physicist Karl Brown.
By the end of the 19th century, the very idea of television no longer seems to be something absurd and fantastic. None of the scientists no longer doubts the possibility of transmitting images over distances. One after another, projects for television systems are put forward, for the most part impossible from the point of view of physics. The main principles of television were created by the French scientist Maurice Leblanc. Regardless of him, similar works are created by the American scientist E. Sawyer. They described the principle that the transmission of an image requires its rapid frame-by-frame scanning, with its further transformation into an electrical signal. Well, since the radio then already existed and was successfully used, the issue of transmitting an electrical signal was resolved by itself.
In 1907, Boris Rosing managed to theoretically substantiate the possibility of obtaining an image using a cathode-ray tube, previously developed by the German physicist K. Braun. Rosing also managed to put it into practice. And although it was possible to obtain an image in the form of a single fixed point, this was a huge step forward. In general, Rosing played a huge role in the development of electronic television systems.
In 1933, in the United States, Russian emigrant Vladimir Zworykin demonstrated an iconoscope - a transmitting electron tube. It is generally accepted that V. Zworykin is the father of electronic television.
Mechanical TVs
The first mechanical scanning device was developed in 1884 by the German engineer Paul Nipkow. This device once again confirmed the validity of the statement regarding the simplicity of everything ingenious. His device was a rotating opaque disk, up to 50 cm in diameter, with holes applied along the Archimedes spiral - the so-called Nipkow disk (sometimes in the literature Nipkow's device is called an "electric telescope").
Thus, the image was scanned with a light beam, followed by signal transmission to a special converter. For scanning, one photocell was enough. The number of holes sometimes reached 200. On the TV, the process was repeated in the reverse order - to obtain an image, again, a rotating disk with holes was used, behind which was a neon lamp. With the help of such a simple system, an image was projected. Also line by line, but at a sufficient speed for the human eye to see the whole picture already. Thus, projection televisions were the first to be created. The quality of the picture left much to be desired - only silhouettes, but the play of shadows, but nevertheless, it was possible to distinguish what exactly was being shown. The Nipkow disk was the main component of almost all mechanical systems of televisions until their complete extinction as a species.
TV goes mainstream
In 1925, the Swedish engineer John Baird managed to achieve the first transmission of recognizable human faces. Again using the Nipkow disk. Somewhat later, he also developed the first television system capable of transmitting moving images.
The very first electronic TV suitable for practical use was developed at the American research laboratory RCA, headed by Zworykin, at the end of 1936. Somewhat later, in 1939, RCA also introduced the first television designed specifically for mass production. This model was named RCS TT-5. It was a massive wooden box, equipped with a screen with a diagonal of 5 inches.
At first, the development of television went in two directions - electronic and mechanical (sometimes mechanical television is also called "short-line television"). Moreover, the development of mechanical systems took place almost until the end of the 40s of the 20th century, before it was completely replaced by electronic devices. On the territory of the USSR, mechanical telesystems lasted a little longer.
the USSR
In parallel, the development of televisions took place on the territory of the Soviet Union. The first experimental television broadcast took place on April 29, 1931. Since October 1 of the same year, TV shows have become regular. Since no one had TVs yet, collective viewings were held in specially designated places. Many Soviet radio amateurs begin to assemble mechanical models of televisions with their own hands. In 1932, when developing a plan for the second five-year plan, much attention was paid to television. On November 15, 1934, a television broadcast with sound was broadcast for the first time. For quite a long time there was only one channel - the First. During the Great Patriotic War, broadcasting was interrupted, and restored only after it ended. And in 1960, the Second Channel appeared.
The first Soviet TV set put on stream was called B-2. This mechanical model appeared in April 1932. The first electronic TV was created much later - in 1949. It was the legendary KVN 49. The TV was equipped with such a small screen that for more or less comfortable viewing, a special lens was installed in front of it, which had to be filled with distilled water. In the future, many other, more advanced models appeared. However, the build quality and reliability of Soviet TVs (even the latest models) were so low that they became the talk of the town. The production of color televisions in the USSR began only in the middle of 1967.
Color television
Although the color television system was developed by Zworykin in 1928, it was not until 1950 that its implementation became possible. And even then only as experimental developments. It took many years for this technology to become publicly available.
The first commercially available color TV set was created in 1954 by the same RCA. This model was equipped with a 15 inch screen. Somewhat later, models with diagonals of 19 and 21 inches were developed. Such systems cost more than a thousand US dollars, and therefore were not available to everyone. However, if desired, it was possible to purchase this equipment on credit. Due to the difficulties with the ubiquitous organization of color television broadcasting, color television models could not quickly replace black and white ones, and for a long time both types were produced in parallel. Uniform standards (PAL and SECAM) appeared and began to be implemented in 1967.
Development of television
The rapid development of television in the second half of the 20th century led to the fact that several generations have already grown up who cannot imagine life without a TV. The quality of broadcasting has increased significantly and has become digital. TVs themselves have already ceased to be perceived as "boxes", because flat LCD and plasma models have appeared. Screen sizes are no longer measured in a couple of tens of centimeters. Television has become the norm.
In the beginning, radio tubes were replaced by semiconductors - the first television based on semiconductors was developed in 1960 by Sony. In the future, models based on microcircuits appeared. Now there are systems when the entire electronic filling of the TV is enclosed in a single microcircuit.
"The Evolution of Things": The History of TV
The development of television played a significant role in all socio-political events of the 20th century and directly contributed to the overall scientific and technological progress. The huge contribution of researchers to the creation of new ways to quickly transmit high-quality images has led to the creation of modern computers and mobile communications.
Now almost every phone can be used to communicate via video with minimal image delay. However, just a hundred years ago, the statements of researchers about their successes could raise doubts about their mental adequacy.
It is difficult to say who created the first TV in the world. The invention of television was made possible by a combination of successful research conducted in the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on these studies, various image transmission systems have been developed.
Prerequisites for the advent of television
The purpose of the first image transmission devices was purely practical. Such devices gained fame only when the device was used by the police to transmit a portrait of a criminal.
It is impossible to determine exactly in what year the first TV was created and the process of technology development was launched. Fantasts begin to anticipate its appearance long before the release of the first working models. It was possible to achieve the result only thanks to the huge number of discoveries and inventions carried out in the world at the same time.
In 1880, the scientist Porfiry Bakhmetiev proposed a promising technology for transmitting images over distances. It was proposed to decompose the picture into its constituent elements and send it to the receiver in the form of separate signals; and then using a special device to assemble together.
Perhaps the first television set was created in 1884. Then Paul Nipkow invented a device for scanning an image and then displaying it on a screen.
The so-called "Nipkow disk" is covered with holes in a spiral arrangement on the surface. Through them, the lens transmitted light - only one point, with the help of one lamp. That was enough for Nipkow's device. The accelerated rotation of the disk caused the spots of light to merge into a single image. This technology works due to the inertial feature of the perception of the human eye, the ability to add the residual glow perceived by the eye into a single picture.
The disk had a significant drawback - it gave too small an image. In order for the first televisions to create a picture with an area of \u200b\u200bno more than the surface of a matchbox, a “Nipkow disk” was required, reaching 40 centimeters in diameter.
This technology has not received widespread distribution and has not entered the ordinary life of citizens. It wasn't until 1924 that the eccentric scientist John Logie Baird made public his working model of the first mechanical television built using the Nipkow disc.
The system gave an image at a speed of 5 frames per second, in 30 columns. The researcher was encouraged and invested in the further development of the project. In the following years, the frame rate was increased, and color image transmission technology was added. Baird was the one who invented the television in its mechanical variation and made significant contributions to other areas of research.
The developments of John Byrd were most actively used in the USA until 1936. Beginning in 1937, the mechanical television was completely supplanted by electronic picture transmission systems. Baird made a huge contribution to the history of the development of television and actively contributed to the dissemination of technical achievements in this area. After the mechanical television fell into disuse, Baird contributed to the evolution of electronic television systems. In particular, back in 1939 he demonstrated the ability of cathode ray tubes to transmit a color image, and in 1944 he introduced an electronic color screen of his own design.
Invention and use of the CRT
To understand how television is arranged, it is worth starting with ELP. An electron gun is a special projector that sends beams of electrons to a receiving device. The electron gun scans a photosensitive target. The target accumulates electrical charges received from the image projected onto it.
The use of the electron gun to transmit images played a large role in the development of television.
IMPORTANT! The cathode is an electrode, a conductor of electricity, which is part of the design of the electron gun. A photocathode is a negatively charged cathode. A photocathode is made using light-sensitive compounds that conduct electricity well. When a photon, or quantum of light, hits the photocathode, electrons are released. The principle of operation is based on the external photoelectric effect, the discovery of which is attributed to Heinrich Hertz. A photocathode differs from a conventional cathode in a high quantum yield of photoelectrons per absorbed photon.
In the 1850s, cathode rays were discovered. These electron beams propagate light from the cathode emitter due to the accelerated transfer of electrons to the phosphors.
Phosphors are special substances that have the ability to absorb and give off light. Phosphors react to light not because of the accompanying heat, but due to the reaction to the absorbed electronic energy. The technique of interaction of cathode radiation with phosphors subsequently began to be actively used in electron-beam devices. Phosphors are applied from the inside onto a transparent tube. The tube receives energy from the cathode emitter and begins to glow. This technology was used to create different types of television tubes and other types of cathode ray devices.
The most famous and popular device of the cathode-beam type is the kinescope.
Until the 90s of the last century, this cathode ray tube was widely used in the production of monitors. The kinescope converts the received electrical signals into light. It has an electromagnetic deflection type. The beam, appearing on the surface covered with a phosphor, causes a glow and forms part of the final picture.
The prototype of the kinescope was created by Boris Rosing in 1911.
Rosing was the one who came up with the rationale for the principle of operation of the CRT and demonstrated how an image can be transmitted by progressive transmission of light. However, Vladimir Zworykin is considered to be the real inventor of television.
In 1923, while in the US, he created a patent application for a television operating only on the electronic principle. In 1929, the first kinescope designed by Zworykin appeared - a high-vacuum tube for receiving images. In 1931 Zworykin patented the iconoscope, a special transmitting tube. The origins of the creation of the iconoscope go back to the experiments of 1911, conducted under the direction of Rosing. Zworykin was engaged in the development of tubes with electrostatic focusing. They were a fresh alternative to German devices that carried out "gas" focusing.
In the 1940s, Zworykin initiated color television of the kind that would conquer the world for the next half century. He divided the light beam into green, blue and red. We can assume that it was Zworykin who invented the TV in its modern form.
In 1933, the Kozitsky plant launched the production of serial B-2 televisions. The Leningrad-made product had a wooden case and a screen size of 4x3.
On the case there were regulators that controlled the pulse frequency, amplitude and motor. The built-in motor set the rotation of the Nipkow disk. This model was a relatively small application to the radio. Sound reception could only occur when another device was connected to receive radio waves, configured to operate on a different frequency.
The first television sets in the USSR, the B-2, sold out quickly, despite the significant price of 235 rubles. Models were often offered to be assembled on their own from a purchased set of parts.
The development of electronic televisions in the USSR began in the 1930s. In parallel with Zworykin, a Soviet citizen Kataev Semyon filed a patent application for a kinescope.
Kataev's electromagnetic tubes had a magnetic focusing principle. The design of such a tube was simpler, because the focus system was located outside the instrument. Focus on such tubes was transmitted using magnetic coils. It was not until the 1970s that tubes with electrostatic focusing were comparable in quality to Kataev's tubes. The qualitative lag was due to the fact that tubes with magnetic focusing, unlike tubes with electrostatic focusing, used all the current coming from the cathode.
In 1936, the supericonoscope device, or the Shmakov-Timofeev tube, saw the light. Two researchers, after whom the device is named, invented a special design of the device. The tube used an electron-optical method to transfer the image from the photocad to the target. The so-called "secondary emission" forced the metals to actively release electrons during the enhanced bombardment of their surface by the primary particle flow. This technology made it possible to accumulate a charge and project electrons onto a target.
The supericonoscope was so effective and popular that British and German companies wanted to produce similar products. They applied for a patent, but the Soviet Committee for Inventions denied it.
When television became color
When did color televisions appear? The beginning of three-component television broadcasting can be noted in 1900. The idea was proposed by engineer Alexander Polumordvinov. And in 1925, a Soviet inventor of Armenian origin, Hovhannes Adamyan, received a patent for a three-component television system using the Nipkin disk.
In this system, the green color was obtained by matrixing directly on the TV. Two types of signals were received: red and blue. The idea was adopted by the Americans and on its basis, by the 40th year, a convenient and practical television system appeared.
After the Second World War, Americans began to dynamically develop color for civilian needs. The first color televisions produced very dark pictures and were astronomically priced. Color was achieved by combining three kinescopes in one apparatus at once. In each of them, the phosphor shone in a separate color.
To create a working model of a color TV and accessories for it, Baird used a kinescope with three electron guns and a mosaic phosphor.
His system was called Telechrome. Electrons from each spotlight went to a layer with a phosphor of a separate color.
The American company RCA made a great contribution to the development of television. American developments in this area have supported many scientists. In the 50s of the XX century, RCA contributed to the creation of the following technologies:
- deltoid technology. The most effective way to direct electron beams turned out to be the "shadow grating" - the invention of Werner Flehig. Also referred to as "shadow masking", the technology is still in use today. Invar metal mesh has round holes that let light through. The smaller the distance between elements of the same color, the greater the resolution of the device.
- In addition, the aperture grille has become widespread. Light is applied to a phosphor organized into thin .
IMPORTANT! The first color TV in the USSR, which received mass distribution - "Rubin-401". Was released in 1967. Before him, color TVs were very rare and were not produced in series.
Progress does not stand still
The basis of the most common modern TVs:
- Liquid crystal matrix. Liquid crystals were discovered at the end of the 19th century. Crystals fill a gap in a package of glass or polymer panels.
- plasma matrix. Cells filled with gas. Located between glass surfaces facing each other.
Holographic television is currently being developed. But before the completion of work on this project and the widespread distribution of the final versions of the projectors is still far away.
Now there is a TV in every home, but attempts to transmit the image and sound over a distance were crowned with success not so long ago. Sound transmission became possible after the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio, but the electromagnetic radiation that allows you to broadcast images was tamed later, let's find out who invented the TV.
The essence of television broadcasting is converting light waves into electrical signals with subsequent transmission of electrical signals over a communication channel and decoding information in the reverse order - from electrical impulses to pictures.
The inventor of the camera obscura back in the Middle Ages was able to turn light into an optical pattern. And the transformation of light into electricity became possible with discovery of the chemical element selenium in 1817. It was possible to practically use the properties of the “lunar” mineral in 1839. The first step towards television was taken. The idea of converting an electrical signal into a light signal was realized in 1856, when I. G. Geisler invented the inertial tube, which converted electricity into an optical image using a conductor gas.
In 1875, Bostonian George Carey introduced first TV prototype– a mosaic structure consisting of gas discharge tubes. Almost simultaneously, in the period from 1877 to 1880, three scientists from different countries at once published a scheme that involved signal transmission in turn. Among them was our compatriot - Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetiev, the inventor of the "telephotographer". The Russian scientist presented a completely achievable idea, according to which, before transmission, the image was divided into separate parts, and after receiving it was restored into a single picture. In 1889 Professor Stoletov invented the photoelectric cell., after which, in 1907, B. L. Rosing created the patented principle of inverse conversion of electrical signals into an image using a cathode ray tube. Since then, this invention has been actively used in the design of the television apparatus. Without Boris Rosing, who was able to get a picture consisting of dots and shapes, the appearance of the first electronic television apparatus would have been impossible.
Vladimir Zworykin
After summing up the theoretical basis, which gives an understanding of the essence of phenomena and the possibility of controlling signals of different nature, as well as the emergence of a number of inventions, the world has approached the emergence of special devices, intended for television broadcast.
There is no single answer to the question of who is considered the inventor of the television. Attempts to implement the process of converting light waves into electrical waves with subsequent restoration of the optical image were made by various scientists and inventors.
In 1884 German scientist Paul Nipkow created the first device for opto-mechanical beam sweep- the so-called "Nipkow Disk". In fact, the instrument was an electronic telescope reading the image line by line.
Using the idea of a talented German student, John Logi Baird was able to get picture on the screen of the receiver. January 26, 1926 members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain observed for the first broadcast. Despite the fact that the image was very generalized and fuzzy, and there was no sound, it was still television. The scientist was not deprived of a commercial vein: Byrd's company began producing televisions.
The first kinescope was invented by Karl Brown. Subsequently, the glass "Brown Tube" became part of the television receiver.
Follower and student of Boris Rosing Vladimir Zworykin invented and patented the electronic television system in 1932. To a certain extent, the scientist can be called the inventor of the first television.
How did the first TV work?
First TV proposed by John Baird, worked on the basis of the Nipkow disk. The device was a large rotating disk with holes located from the outer circumference to the center (along the Archimedes' spiral). The size of the broadcast picture was directly proportional to the size of the disk in the bounding box. The number of holes corresponded to the number of lines on the TV screen. The Nipkow disk rotated, moving the perforation, as a result of which a single image was divided into lines. The design had technical limitations that did not allow the translator screen to be enlarged. It was not possible to increase the number of holes indefinitely: the more the disk is covered with perforations, the smaller the size of the holes that should transmit light to the photocell. Eventually, the screens of the first television receivers were tiny - only 3 x 4 cm.
Small-line television made it possible to broadcast a television signal on long and medium waves, thanks to which they could “catch” a signal from Moscow even in Europe. But using the Nipkow Disk did not allow you to enlarge the screen even up to the size of a standard photograph - in this case, the translator had to be equipped with a huge two-meter disk. But the principle of electronic television, proposed by Vladimir Zworykin, was limited in frequency, since the picture was divided into a huge number of elements, the transmission of which would take up all the power. It was The decision was made broadcast television signals on ultrashort waves with a range of less than 10 meters. Ultrashort waves propagate in a straight line, like light pulses.
Zworykin's TV worked on a different system. The apparatus was based on inventions patented by the scientist - an iconoscope (transmitting cathode-ray tube) and a kinescope (receiving tube that reproduces an image). In the late 1920s, the idea of electronic television spread throughout the world.
The first TV in the USSR
First TV broadcast in the expanses of the Soviet Union took place in April 1931 of the year. At that time, domestic TVs were not yet produced. The first TV in the USSR appeared later, as the authorities did betting on radio broadcasting, since it was believed that such a method of transmitting information effective in terms of propaganda. Nevertheless, Nipkow's paper discs were being produced in the USSR at that time. Television signals were broadcast on long and medium frequencies. The sound was transmitted separately, the picture was transmitted separately.
Domestic craftsmen quickly mastered the wisdom of assembling television receivers. Cardboard perforated disc complemented by a neon lamp, ensuring signal reception and imaging on miniature screen. A radio receiver was purchased to receive the sound signal. Schemes for assembling home-made TVs were published in the Radiofront magazine.
Later, the Leningrad enterprise Komintern began the production of domestic televisions operating according to the Nipkov system. The device resembled a set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen for connection to a radio receiver. TV broadcasting became regular. For a long time in the territory of the USSR broadcast only one channel - the First, whose work was interrupted during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, the principle of electronic television began to be used, the first kinescope television receiver was produced. The second domestic television channel began broadcasting.
First color TV
The ideas of the first color television and the transmission of a color image were developed in parallel with the implementation of the concept of black and white television broadcasting. Same John Baird in 1928 he guessed to build a three-color filter to your television set. The images were transmitted through a light filter one by one. It is likely that the principle used by Baird was based on the proposal of Alexander Polumordvinov, who in 1900 applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system, Telefot. The inventor also proposed to combine the perforated Nipkow disk with multi-colored filters.
In 1907 Hovhannes Adamyan patented two color television system with simultaneous color transfer. Later, the scientist came up with a scheme for the serial transmission of three color signals. Adamyan's reamer was equipped with three series of holes covered with red, blue and green filters. This idea was later implemented by John Baird. The disadvantage of the scheme was incompatibility with black and white television.
The first true color television was produced in America in the 1920s. RCA devices could be freely bought on credit.
Later it turned out that the developers were ahead of the needs of the public: at that time, the viewers were quite satisfied with the black-and-white picture. The idea of color television returned after the end of the Second World War.
The first color TV in the USSR
Research on color television in the USSR continued in 1947. November 7, 1952 Leningrad television successfully conducted an experimental broadcast color television broadcast.
In 1954, Soviet scientists developed the OSKM television broadcasting standard, and already in 1956 the same Leningrad television center aired the first film with a color image. The signal reception quality was tested on domestic black-and-white devices.
Since October 1, 1967, color television broadcasting in the USSR has been conducted using the SECAM standard. In 1977, domestic television broadcasting is broadcast in full color.
In the Soviet Union, their own color television apparatus was released later, although development began back in the time of Zworykin. In 1953, domestic enterprises produced Raduga TVs based on Nipkow discs with color filters. After the transition to the principle of electronic television, the updated Rainbow and the Temp-22 model were released.
The first domestic mass television with a color image was called Rubin.
Who Invented the Plasma TV
In July 1964, University of Illinois professors D. Bitzer and G. Slottou developed the first prototype of a modern plasma TV. At that time, the technology did not arouse much interest. The theme of the plasma device returned with the advent of digital television. The inventors investigated the properties of the plasma. By that time, it became clear that the kinescope broadcast system needed to be replaced - electronic TVs did an excellent job of transmitting video, but a fundamentally new solution was needed to broadcast computer video graphics.
The first device was equipped with only one cell. Modern televisions are equipped with millions of pixels.
In 1999, the world saw Panasonic's 60-inch Plasma TV. At that moment, TVs became much thinner than the devices of previous generations.
With the advent of liquid crystal screens, plasma TV technology has somewhat suspended its development. The demand for "plasma" has decreased.
TVs seem to have been around for ages. When the first color TV devices appeared, advanced signal transmission standards and color broadcasting - you will learn about everything from our article.
Long way: how old is color TV?
The history of the development of television began in the 19th century, and it is too early to put an end to it.
AT 1884 Paul Nipkow patented the Electric Telescope, one of the first in the world. Color film is known from 1896 of the year.
AT 1938 Werner Flechsig patented the principle of operation of a color kinescope, and the method for transmitting a color image was developed by Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena in 1940 year.
In European cinemas, color films appeared in 1941 , the first of these were "Women are still the best diplomats" and the film by Hans Alber "Munchausen".
AT 1953 In 1999, the NTSC standard for black-and-white television broadcasting was expanded in the United States - it received the ability to transmit color, namely, "color" was added to "brightness".
August 30 1953 For the first time in its history, NBC showed a color broadcast of "Kukla, Fran and Ollie" through the NTSC standard for the first time in its history. The first full-fledged color broadcast was the opera Carmen, shown on October 31 1953 of the year.
Only in 1962 year, the European PAL standard was patented, which began to be used with 1967 of the year. It uses the YUV color rendering model, where Y is the brightness that black and white can reproduce, and UV is the color signals.
AT 1956 year began the development of the French SECAM standard, which debuted at the beginning 1960 -s.
The development of many standards was not the result of a lack of scientific ties between states, but became part of politics: France wanted to protect itself from imports in all areas and develop its own cultural landscape. And in the Soviet Union, an alternative SECAM system was introduced, only conditionally compatible with the French one, in order to minimize political and technical influence from the West.
When did color televisions appear in our homes?
Model "Rubin-401" In the USSR, color televisions entered mass production in 1967 year - these were the legendary Rubin-401 and Rubin-714. November 7 1967 years on Soviet television showed the first color program - p arad on Red Square in Moscow. Color models received mass distribution only by the end of the 1990s.
The peak of sales of color TVs in Europe fell on the Olympic Games 1972 of the year and the FIFA World Cup 1974 of the year. By this time, about 90% of all television broadcasts were in color, and about fifty percent of European families had a color TV at home.
The introduction of color TV broadcasting was subsidized by GEZ (Central Service for the Collection of Charges for the Use of Television and Radio Channels).
The history of the development of color television is not over at all, because there are more colors in nature than a modern TV can show. Some devices and formats expand the displayed . The most current development trends in the TV market are higher resolution pictures (4K and 8K) and immersive sound (Auro-3D, Dolby Atmos, Higher-Order Ambisonics, or NHK 22.2).
Other areas of development: "smart" TV with Smart TV applications, IPTV, interactive TV (iTV), Pay-per-View (Pay TV broadcasting system) and Video on Demand (Video on demand). However, TV device manufacturers are not going to stop, and this is wonderful.
