Staying on top is the main factor in the IT world. At the same time, choosing the best language from more than 600 unique programming languages ​​is not an easy task.

And to help you with that decision, we've compiled a list of 10 programming languages ​​you can learn in 2018. To decide on suitable language programming for your project, you need to assess the needs of the project.

List of programming languages:

1. Swift

Per last years Swift has become more popular than Objective-C. It is a programming language for developing native applications for iOS or Mac OS. It can also be said that it is the programming language with the greatest potential to change the future. Native apps have been found to outperform cross-platform mashups, while the SpriteKit engine makes it easy to create 2D games. In fact, Swift builds on the successes of C and Objective-C, but without the compatibility restrictions.

A major role in the development of Swift was influenced by such programming languages ​​as Ruby and Python. It is considered user-friendly and fun to use. Swift is a high-level multi-paradigm language developed by Apple for iOS. If working with Apple products is your goal, then this is the language for you. Swift is a statically typed language. This means that Xcode checks your bugs for you, so they're easier to track down.

Swift has an edge over the competition as it also has an automatic reference counter (ARC), a well-known feature that manages application memory usage in real time, etc. Using this language can give you an advantage because iOS apps are often more beneficial than Android apps.

2 Go

Go is the language of 2009, the era of multi-core processors, while languages ​​like Python and Java appeared in the years of the single-threaded development environment. That is why the Go language takes multitasking into account and works according to it. Instead of well-known threads (Thread), which in most languages ​​take up a lot of memory (for example, in Java it is 1 MB per thread), Go has goroutines that “eat up” only 2 KB of memory. You can create at least a thousand or a million goroutines, and this will practically not affect the operation of the application.

Fast startup times, using memory only when needed (segmented but extensible goroutine stacks), and other advantages make Go extremely popular for multi-threaded tasks. Without exaggeration, this is the server language of the future, and in 2018 it will definitely not give up its positions.

3 PHP

PHP is ubiquitous thanks to WordPress. 80% of sites with more than 10 million users use PHP. Examples of such sites are Facebook and Wikipedia. PHP does not have any strict rules for writing code, and it is also flexible in its solution. various problems. PHP is a great choice for web developers as it is a server-side scripting language for both Worldpress and Facebook.

In most cases, learning PHP for web development is the key to success, as knowing it allows you to create amazing dynamic websites. You can use PHP for various web projects. It's a fairly simple open source language with good support for many databases, as well as numerous tools and different directions to use.

4. C++

C++ was created in 1983 as an alternative to C and immediately gained well-deserved popularity. Its main feature is the predefined classes. Microsoft Windows and Google Chrome are the most famous examples projects created in C++. This list can replenish the projects of Adobe and Amazon. Given language programming remains in demand to this day, because it has a powerful toolkit that can be adapted in various areas, such as finance, banking, games, communications, electronic payment systems, retail and much more.

Knowledge of C++ will allow you to write games and complex commercial systems with ease, along with simple applications. It is one of the most powerful programming languages ​​that provides quite a few useful features.

5.Python

This language is the future, and this is not an exaggeration. First, it is easy to understand and use: Python is gradually being introduced into curriculum, everywhere displacing its obsolete Pascal and other "wooden" languages. Secondly, this neural networks: if a developer hits machine learning, then he immediately turns his attention to Python. Why? Yes, it’s just that this PL has acquired a sufficient number of libraries focused on neural networks (Ruby loses a lot in this regard).

High-quality frameworks, a huge amount of learning materials, a friendly community, ease of coding: all this makes Python a truly competitive language that is unlikely to lose ground in the coming 2018.

6.JavaScript

JavaScript has become the most used programming language in the world, according to statistics compiled by the Stack Overflow Developer Survey, which covered an audience of more than 64,000 developers from 173 countries. It provides the ability to create interactive sites and is one of the main web technologies along with HTML and CSS, since most browsers can use JS in one form or another.

JavaScript great language to start your journey in web development. This PL is suitable for creating interactive sites on the Internet. AT recent times JavaScript has expanded, and now you can write in it mobile applications, games, and desktop applications. This definitely influenced the popularity of the language.

7 Java

Java is one of the most practical programming languages ​​to learn. Its popularity cannot be overestimated as most (90%) Fortune companies use Java to develop backend systems and desktop applications. Cross-platform is achieved thanks to the JVM.

AT Java, as in many modern languages, including C++, Python, etc, the principle of object-oriented programming (OOP) is used. Java is mainly used to create server applications and mobile software. Also this the basis of native applications for Android. This language is extremely popular among developers, although it is likely that Kotlin may soon take all the popularity in terms of mobile applications.

8.C#

Developed by Microsoft, this multi-paradigm general purpose programming language has been used to develop applications on the Microsoft platform. C# is an object-oriented language that is used to develop applications based on the .NET frameworks. And, if this is your market, then C# is the best language for building native applications for the Microsoft platform. It is also the recommended language for developing games using the Unity Game Engine.

The priority of the developers of this language was its simplicity, and since it is a language high level, it is more like English than the others. C# allows the developer to focus on the algorithm rather than the implementation details, because complex constructs are abstracted into it.

You can write anything in C#: web services, mobile software, server applications, and so on. And while experts say demand for C# is falling, Xamarin refutes these claims, as it turns out that the platform makes it easy to build apps for Android and iOS.

9. Kotlin

Kotlin is developing rapidly and has a number of advantages. Among them:

• brevity of the programming language;
• Java compatibility;
• supported by Google;
• the community is growing.

It is quite possible that applications for Android devices will soon be written exclusively in Kotlin, so those who want to develop in the direction of mobile development are strongly recommended to take a closer look at this PL.

10. Rust

In 2016, Rust ranked first in the "what developers love most" poll on Stack Overflow. Rust turned out to be a programming language that developers really appreciate (79.1% of votes). The open source development language developed by the Mozilla Foundation works as a low level.

The most interesting thing here is that Rust focuses on secure code(i.e. objects are controlled by the programming language from start to finish). Although there is no inheritance in it, there are abilities (traits) and structures. This YaP is universal and is based on three pillars: ergonomics, speed and safety.

Choosing the right programming language is very important, so really think about what you are going to use it for.

In January 2016, Russian Minister of Communications Nikolai Nikiforov said that in two years the country would need a million programmers to develop domestic information technologies. However, according to various estimates, 350-400 thousand work in this area so far, and another 42.5 thousand specialists graduate annually. TJ tried to figure out what will happen in the Russian IT industry in the near future, how the approach to industry education will change, and how the Russian programming industry differs from world standards.

The material was prepared with the support of the company.

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Why does Russia need a million programmers?

“The strategy for the development of the information technology industry in the Russian Federation for 2014-2020 and for the future until 2025”, approved by the government three years ago, states that the development of the IT industry is necessary for the transition to a new post-industrial technological structure of society.

The implementation of this strategy will reduce the dependence of the country's economy on raw material exports by increasing exports of IT products, improve the overall investment climate in Russia and increase labor productivity. The strategy is also expected to provide information security and a high level of the country's defense capability - due to the creation modern means response and prevention of global information threats.

The document considers two scenarios for the development of the industry until 2020 - the base one with an increase in the industry by 51% (240 billion rubles) and the forced one with an increase of 130% (350 billion rubles). The forced scenario is recognized as the most preferable and will potentially lead to the creation of 700,000 jobs for IT specialists. The shortage of these personnel, including those that arose due to the demographic failure in the 1990s, will hold back the development of the industry.

What are the forecasts for the implementation of the strategy for 2018?

Confused by the problem of shortage of personnel, the Ministry of Education of Russia over the past two years has increased the number of budget places in universities for IT specialties in universities by 70% (up to 42.5 thousand), and even, together with the Ministry of Labor, included in 2015 IT specialties in state-funded regional programs for the retraining of specialists from other industries.

But this is not enough: the predicted number of trained IT specialists by 2018 is approximately 150,000. At the same time, only 15-20% of graduates are immediately ready to start working.

The shortage of programmers is felt not only in Russia, but throughout the world (look at what is happening in California). The figure of a million specialists voiced by Nikifirov is needed in order to be able to somehow measure progress.

The “fashion” for the profession plays to the benefit - in the 90s and early 2000s it was not fashionable to be a programmer among young people, but now it is quite a popular occupation.

Programming and robotics for children in Russia are gaining popularity: special classes are opening in secondary schools, private courses are appearing where you can bring a child from the age of five.

Eight million students participated in the second Hour of Code IT career guidance educational campaign this year, a million more than last year.

I realized that I want to do programming at a computer school. As a child, I really wanted to enroll in a radio club, but my mother did not find it anywhere nearby, but she found a school.

“It is necessary to get children interested in information technologies at school and continue to lead the children, motivate, entertain. We should not lose sight of those who want to engage in IT professionally, - says the Minister of Communications Nikiforov, - Significant efforts of the state and the business community are aimed at this today.

Who will help the state?

Only lazy people do not talk about the low quality of university programs in IT specialties today. This is noted even in the development strategy of the information technology industry in Russia: “For a significant number of professions in demand, training of specialists is carried out in insufficient quantities or is not carried out at all, in particular, in such areas as system architecture, project management and Internet marketing.”

In order to train a million IT specialists, you need to start with the formation of an adequate basis in universities, and this is more difficult.

Perhaps the interaction between business and education will play a positive role, but companies are still afraid to come to universities for specialists - the bureaucratization of the process, and most importantly, the lack of the necessary practical knowledge, is a big obstacle on this path. In the region, you cannot come and say: “We are ready to take three front-enders.” The university simply does not understand what a “frontender” is.

Evgeny Potapov, CEO IT Summa

After school, I studied a lot on my own, for a long time choosing where to enter: cybernetics at a technical university or mathematics at a classical one, in the end I chose mathematics.

Neither at the mathematical faculty, nor, according to friends, at cybernetics, there was a sufficient level of teaching programming. Higher education focuses on theory and gives a broad outlook, in contrast to secondary special education, which helps to master one specialty.

In my case, I had to learn programming myself. When you are self-taught, it is very easy to miss or not understand some basic things, but in a team like you, there is a more intensive exchange of knowledge, you can always discuss incomprehensible things, learning is more efficient and faster.

Ivan Sidorov, IT Summa project manager

"Ultra-rapid development of information technology development requires continuous self-learning from specialists," the strategy says.

Interestingly, the document contains a whole paragraph stating that for the self-development of specialists “it is necessary to develop distance education in IT, as well as the large-scale inclusion of courses in Russian in the most popular global online learning systems”, adjusted for the mandatory development of Russian learning platforms (“ since the model of commercialization of some of the most popular foreign platforms involves the sale of information about students to foreign commercial companies”).

However, the priorities for improving the quality of education in the industry do not say anything about plans to develop such online platforms.

University or courses?

Private companies are also investing in the training of specialists. Major players in the IT market (Yandex, Mail.ru, Kaspersky Lab, 1C, Microsoft, Kontur, Acronis, Intel) recruit and train interns, hold contests and competitions for students and young professionals. Despite the fact that, according to HR portals, the labor market in IT has grown 18 times since 2006, there is a catastrophic shortage of specialists: mobile developers, information security specialists, cloud technologies and big data.

Since internships and courses are taught by experienced practitioners, university programs are becoming less and less attractive. For example, you can get a mobile developer specialty in online courses, complete an internship and find a job in less than a year, which is impossible in four years of study at the university.

The eternal dilemma - what should the university teach: fresh knowledge (which will become irrelevant in a couple of years) or the ability to learn (turn of mind). The first can provide a lot of specialists in the short term, the second - to improve the quality of these specialists.

The problem will be solved by dividing education into technical courses (where practical specialists are trained) and higher educational institutions (training engineers with a fundamental basis). As long as only engineers are graduating, there will be an acute problem of personnel shortages - after all, such people are difficult to train and there are very few of them.

Any potential coder who already knows what a programming language is, sooner or later begins to ask the question: "What is the best way to write programs?" This problem is relevant for both beginners and experienced IT specialists, because with the development of information technology, the priorities of programmers also change. Many codes that were popular 10 years ago are hopelessly outdated today. Therefore, you need to choose the best programming language based not only on its current demand, but also on tomorrow's prospects.

"Well young fighter”, which is offered by ProgStudy IT Academy, will help you navigate the differences between different languages ​​and understand which direction will be the most interesting, promising and profitable for you.

First, let's understand what a programming language is. It is a set of commands with which a person gives a computer a specific task. To date, more than 8 thousand sign systems have been invented that allow you to communicate with a PC. Many of them are known only to a narrow circle of developers, while others are used by programmers around the world. Good specialists can know more than 10 programming languages ​​and successfully use them to solve various problems.

The choice of programming language depends on the tasks that you are going to solve.. For example, HTML and CSS are great for creating static web pages, while JavaScript is required for developing interactive resources. Creating full-fledged sites is impossible without learning PHP, Python or Ruby, and mobile applications are developed by coders who know Objective C (for iOS), as well as Java and C ++ (for Android).

What is the best language?

The same problem can be solved using different tools. In one language, the program is the shortest, in the second - readable, in the third - fast and productive.

Experienced coders choose a programming language based on the following criteria:

• estimated code size and execution time;
• the speed of the program;
• the possibility of expanding the functionality in the future;
• compatibility with the platforms on which the program will work;
• community language support.

The last factor is extremely important when writing any program. Even the most experienced coder encounters difficulties in the process of work, which can be solved by browsing through a mountain of literature or simply by asking a question on a thematic forum. Learning a language that most colleagues know is much easier than understanding the intricacies of rare codes.

The lightest programming language

Many novice programmers choose to learn a language based on its simplicity. This greatly saves time and resources spent on studying, and among employers, easy languages ​​are sometimes in no less demand than complex ones. Having mastered simple codes, in the future it will be easier for you to understand technical nuances more advanced language constructs.

On the status the easiest programming language» today claim:

• PHP– compatible with all servers and platforms, supports many types of databases, different high performance and is used in 65% of the most popular sites;
• Python- an extremely simple and functional language that almost any IT academy offers today: it allows you to create software, games, websites, as well as work with graphics and databases;
• javascript- provides programmatic access to interactive applications of web pages, making sites more functional and brighter.

Ease of learning is a relative concept, so each coder should choose the easiest programming language for himself.

The highest paying programming language

According to the website rabota.yandex.ru, the level of salaries of Russian programmers of the most popular specialties distributed as follows.

Coders who know the main types of programming languages ​​that are designed to develop mobile applications for iOS can count on a good salary: Objective-C and C ++ in Russia and Swift in the West. Traditionally, high salaries are given to specialists who customize 1C accounting for the needs of enterprises, Java programmers who develop applications for Android, as well as SQL experts working with databases.

The most popular programming language

The popularity of the chosen language among employers will allow you not only to quickly find a well-paid job, but also not to worry about your financial future for at least another 5 years. According to research from the github.com website, popularity of programming languages distributed in the world as follows.

In Russia, the situation is somewhat different. The title of "Most Demanded Programming Language" is divided among themselves by:

• Javascript is a scripting language built into all major browsers and designed to create multimedia effects, pop-ups, and even games;
• PHP - allows you to work with databases, as well as create complex content for web pages;
• 1C is the main programming tool when working with the 1C:Enterprise accounting program.

Types of programming languages

The right choice of tools is the key to the success of any work.. This is also true for coders: choosing to perform a task correct language, a specialist can save a lot of working time and get the best result.

The classification of programming languages ​​is quite complicated, and the object-oriented areas are the most in demand today.

There is another classification that divides languages ​​into groups, depending on:

• language level: low (Assembler), medium (C, C++) and high (Haskell);
• type of processed information: computational (Haskell, Python) and symbolic (C, C++, Perl);
• purposes: for administration (Perl), server (PHP), client (Javascript), declarative (HTML), universal (Algol, Fortran);
• language generations: machine ( binary languages processors IBM-PC and ARM), system (Assembler), high-level languages ​​(Basic, Fortran, PHP), visual (FoxPro) and intellectual (C ++).

The classification of programming languages ​​allows you to understand their purpose and functionality, however, does not help novice coders choose the best programming language for themselves. This can only be done in practice, by trying to work in different systems and opting for the area that suits your goals, objectives and expectations. ProgStudy IT Academy provides this opportunity to everyone.

After completing the "Young Fighter Course", you will be able to understand in which area you want to develop and finally decide on the choice of programming language.

The number of vacancies in IT shows incredible dynamics. According to the portal HeadHunter, from January to August last year, demand was rather negative. But, gradually increasing, IT vacancies by April 2016 amounted to 40% of total number for Moscow and more than 50% - for St. Petersburg. Continuing the theme of professions of the future, we discussed with experts how the IT sector is developing and how the requirements for specialists are changing.

Station wagons in the past

The notion of an IT specialist as an untidy system administrator who sets up computers in the office is far in the past. The market requires team players, highly skilled data automation and security specialists, application developers and other code geniuses. The top 5 promising and growing IT professions, according to HeadHunter research, are headed in descending order by Big Data specialists, web analytics, mobile game developers, cloud solutions developers, and infographic designers.

Market experts are sure that universal fighters will have a hard time in the future. Employers need masters of their craft, endowed with in-depth knowledge in a narrow field.

Between a universal IT specialist from the past and an IT specialist in demand on the market today, there is a huge gap, Ilya Vislotsky, Head of the Stack Group Client Solutions Architecture Center, is sure.

“Modern technologies have become so advanced and complex that one person is no longer enough to master them, so professionals in individual IT areas are emerging. At the same time, an ordinary employee should understand IT no worse than that universal IT specialist from the past. Today, everyone should be “a bit of a programmer,” emphasizes the expert.

The demand for ENI sysadmins is not going anywhere, but people who dream of serious incomes, according to executive director"FreshDoc.ru Document Constructor" by Andrey Tushev, you should pay attention to the web development industry. “It is in the web that a real shortage of personnel is now observed, this market is overheated, it is growing at a gigantic pace. As a result, high demand for skilled workers, high wages and good prospects professional growth,” the expert sums up.

Who is waiting for the market

Representatives of the IT-sphere on the issue of the professions of the future literally gush with ideas and remind that one should take a closer look at the list from the "Atlas of New Professions" - this is already a foreseeable future. IT ceases to be a closed independent system: a harmonious merger with other areas is a more than relevant issue today.

“We live in an era of convergence of everything and everything: technologies, knowledge, different subject areas,” emphasizes Yury Kim, director of the ANO Center for Assessment and Development of Project Management. - The most sought-after specialists are not just coders, system administrators or others technical professionals. The top class is recognized as specialists who, in addition to the technical side of the issue, also know the substantive, meaningful.

The top class is recognized as specialists who, in addition to the technical side of the issue, also know the subject, content.

According to Yuri, these are people who understand not only how to create a program, set up a system, but also the conditions in which the product will be used: who is the client, why did he come, what does he want. The ability to take this into account at every step, quickly change the product or the result of work to meet the customer's tasks - that's what is expected from highly qualified specialists.

If we consider the issue in more detail, Valery Andreev, Deputy Director for Science and Development of IVC, suggests paying attention to the market's need for programmers who have the ability and desire to create products that are an alternative to existing ones. “Specialists who understand network services and work with network equipment are in demand. There is a steady demand for information security professionals. It has become more difficult for vendors to work, but it is assumed that this is temporary. But for developers, now is the time, and in a broad sense. Such modern universities do not graduate, they are brought up for a long time and are expensive, ”the expert argues.

Experian Marketing Director (Russia and CIS) Natalia Frolova, based on a study conducted by her company in 2015, notes the formation of a new profession, due to the growing volume of accumulated data. “Until recently, the main job of centralizing the data management strategy fell on the shoulders of the CIO. However, companies are already starting to introduce new position- Data director. This is not so much about a specialist of a “different profile”, but about a huge new front of work for an IT specialist.”

Development helps to check how correctly a person has chosen a field in IT, whether he really likes it.

But there is no better way to get acquainted with the IT sphere than development, the IT director of the IT outsourcing department, the head of the Competence Center for Import Substitution and open source company ALP Group Pavel Rytsev. “You can try your hand at developing a mobile or web application, or you can take part in finalizing an OpenSource solution, at the same time mastering the skills joint decision complex tasks in a team. Development helps to check how correctly a person has chosen the field in IT, whether he really likes it.”

Enough space for everyone

To get into IT, there is no need to become a software developer or an information security specialist. In this matter, the experts are more than hospitable - there will be enough interesting tasks for everyone.

Work in IT has ceased to be a place of employment only for representatives of technical specialties, confirms the commercial director of Ringostat Konstantin Chervyakov. “In Russia, there are more and more startups, SaaS services, product technology companies that need sales managers, account specialists, designers, content marketers, etc.

e. That is, the IT sector now fully employs a large number of people in a wide variety of professions.”

Work in IT has ceased to be a place of employment only for representatives of technical specialties.

And whether there will be. One way or another, all high technologies find application in the consumer segment, and this again expands the boundaries of the profession and the sphere as a whole.

"Marketers will come up with new concepts like 'Big Data'," cloud services', 'Internet of things' and others. This leads to the emergence of new segments, technologies, solutions that will need to be “served” (in the broadest sense of the word), and which will require resources,” says Timur Vekilov.

My world - my rules

The expectation-reality conflict in the hiring process for technology companies is expected to escalate.

This is partly why, according to Timur Vekilov, talented guys are selected in advance.

The next rating of the most popular programming languages ​​for March 2018 has been published

“These are physics and mathematics classes, specialized schools at physics and technology and technical universities, and preparatory courses, optional studios. There are also “interest clubs” in higher education institutions, where promising students are patronized big players IT-market, invite to practice”.

The market responds adequately to the growing popularity of the IT sector among women. If earlier it was something unusual to meet a female programmer or tester, now the ratio of specialists in many startups reaches 50/50,” notes Dmitry Grigoriev.

It won't be like before

Each of the experts confirmed the departure from the universal model for the development of the industry. The only thing that many warn against is not to chop off the shoulder.

Pavel Rytsev categorically does not recommend going into IT just because it is right, promising, there is more money, etc. “IT is a constant readiness for a solution a large number both typical and extremely non-standard tasks. it constant search a delicate balance between the needs of the client and the resource costs of the company to meet them. The choice must be made very carefully and be sure to check with practice, ”concludes Pavel.

materials

Most in-demand programming languages ​​in 2016

The Coding Dojo programming school analyzed ads on the world's largest job aggregator indeed.com, ranking the top most in-demand programming languages ​​in the world in 2016.

Topping the list is SQL, a "structured query language" used to create, modify, and manipulate data in an arbitrary relational database managed by a corresponding DBMS. Database technologies (MySQL, PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server) are used by both international corporations and small businesses and government agencies. In fact, almost every computer and person with access to technology eventually comes into contact with SQL. For example, all Android smartphones and iPhones have access to the database SQL data ite, and many of the most popular mobile apps developed by Google, Skype or Dropbox use it.

The global technology community recently celebrated the 20th anniversary of the object-oriented language Java programming.

Most in-demand coding languages ​​2018

It is one of the most widely spoken languages, with 9 million developers and 7 billion devices using it.

With Java and frameworks based on it, developers can create scalable web applications for a wide range of users. Java is also the main language used to develop native Android apps for smartphones and tablets.

The popularity of Java among developers is due to the simplicity and reliability of the language, which ensures long-term compatibility of products written in it. In the coming years, we should not expect the decline of the Java era, on which the sites of IT giants LinkedIn.com, Netflix.com and Amazon.com are built.

3.JavaScript

Almost any modern site uses elements of JavaScript - this prototype-oriented scripting programming language. It is most widely used in browsers as a scripting language for making web pages interactive, as well as in building user interfaces with one of a dozen popular JavaScript frameworks. For example, in recent years JavaScript has been widely used as the basis for Node.js, a server-side technology that makes real-time communication possible, among other things.

C# is a relatively new object-oriented programming language that dates back to 2000 and is the main language for developing on Microsoft platforms and services. Whether it's development modern web applications using Azure and .NET, Windows "device" applications, or powerful business desktop applications. C# is the evolution of C and C++ predecessors and is the fastest way to use everything Microsoft has to offer. In addition, it is also one of the main languages ​​for developing games on the Unity engine.

5.Python

python- high level language general-purpose programming focused on improving developer productivity and code readability. Web applications, user interfaces, data analysis, statistics - whatever problem you have to find a solution for, Python is likely to have a suitable framework.

This is a great choice of language for both beginners and experienced programmers. Python has recently supplanted Java as the main initial language programming, with the help of which students are initiated into the world computer science. For example, 8 out of 10 computer science departments in the US and 27 out of 39 top universities use Python to teach programming to students.

Academic popularity has seen Python increasingly used in recent years as the go-to tool for processing gigantic amounts of data in almost every industry.

The NASA and Reddit sites are written in Python.

The heir to the "ancient" C, C++ is an ideal choice for developing powerful "desktop" software, games with the function hardware acceleration, as well as applications for PC, consoles and mobile devices requiring large volume memory to work. C++ creator Björn Stroustrup has been keeping track of applications written in the language since 1983. These include Adobe and Microsoft applications, MongoDB databases, significant Mac part OS/X.

The brainchild of Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf, PHP was created as a set of tools needed to save personal page(Personal Home Page) creator. Today, PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that, along with databases (such as MySQL), is heavily used to develop web applications.

Most of the sites focused on large amounts of data are developed on PHP. It is also the underlying technology behind powerful content management systems like WordPress.

8. Ruby on Rails

ruby- dynamic language open source programming with a focus on simplicity and productivity. Its main scope is the development of web applications. Ruby on Rails is a framework written in Ruby that provides web application integration with a web server and a database server.

Among the advantages that make Ruby on Rails popular among small startups and global corporations is development speed (code capacity and a wide selection of third-party libraries).

Ruby on Rails has been used to create such popular sites as Twitter, SoundCloud, Airbnb, Basecamp, GitHub, Hulu.

9. Swift

In the summer of 2014, at the WWDC conference, Apple introduced its own Swift programming language as a replacement for the long-standing Objective C. Swift earns points from developers for its security (it is difficult to inadvertently introduce critical bugs into it) and modernity. Another key factor- "expressiveness" of the language, when to get the same result in Swift you need much fewer lines of code than in Objective-C.

Analysts predict the progressive growth of Swift in the coming years. Now this technology is used by LinkedIn, Lyft, Vimeo, Pixelmator and other companies. There are even rumors that Google is considering switching from Java to Apple's programming language when developing applications for Android.

Such a variety of high-level programming languages ​​appeared relatively recently. Back in the fifties of the twentieth century, for programming computers, they used directly machine code (a set of ones and zeros). The key disadvantage of this approach to programming was the difference in the encoding of different computers, making it necessary to re-write the same program for a computer from another manufacturer.

The next level of development of programming was the emergence of assembly languages, where mnemonic expressions began to be used instead of machine code.

The most popular programming languages ​​2018 in the world

The code written in assembler was translated into machine code special program, also called assembler. Macros were not executed in the first versions of assembly languages. And the written programs still worked on computers of one manufacturer.

The emergence of high-level programming languages ​​radically changed the situation. The use of a translator that translates the source code written by the programmer into a character set understandable by the processor of a particular type of computer made it possible to use the same program on different types of computers.

Modern programming languages ​​are very different from those used by programmers in the fifties. All these years, the development and improvement of programming principles was considered priority work for many companies.

Therefore, the ideas that arose in the 50s, supplemented and developed in the 60-90s of the last century, have now been embodied in beautifully implemented high-level programming languages.

Vivid competition in the information technology market allows only the most productive and easy-to-use languages ​​to stay in trend.

In the twenty-first century, programming is needed everywhere: from setting up a coffee maker to modeling the most complex rocket blocks. And modern programming languages ​​allow you to cope with all the tasks.

What programming language to choose to learn?

The idea that a good programmer should know several programming languages, and, if necessary, quickly learn other languages, is not voiced for the first time. Having delved into the principles of, say, object-oriented programming, you can really quickly master several programming languages. But where to start?

Front end development

This is one of the easiest solutions. The number of vacancies for qualified front-end developers traditionally exceeds the number of applicants. Also, the JavaScript that front-end developers need to be proficient in is much easier to learn than most programming languages.

The popularity of the programming language

By the number of open vacancies, the most popular languages ​​are Java and C (in different variations). Traditionally, it is recommended to start learning with C. Since the study of this language gives an understanding of the syntax and semantics of all languages ​​​​of the C group. Having studied the basics of C, it is quite easy to switch to C # C ++ or Java.

Aim for the future

Here the opinions of analysts differ. Many studies suggest that the future lies with machine learning, Python and its derivatives. Others talk about the benefits of languages ​​for web development, in which caching and pre-compilation of plugins leads to a significant reduction in the response time of the program (PHP). Still others insist that Java and its derivatives will remain the most popular language for a long time to come.

One thing is obvious - in our age of smart things and interactive entertainment, programmers who are proficient in any programming language will always be in price.

Learn, improve, become high-class professionals! Know that your knowledge and skills will always be adequately appreciated.

The most widely used programming language in the world

Computer technology exalts scientific and technological progress, continues to evolve and offers modern programmers improved ways to work with databases. The most common programming language, SQL, allows you to find the required information without much time.

By studying common programming languages, it becomes obvious that the leaders in the race are PHP and SQL. In the first case, open codes allow you to use the language HTML scripts, which is especially relevant for web development. As for SQL, this programming language allows you to quickly work with any size of the database.

General information about the programming language

For the first time, this programming language was talked about back in 1970, but at that time it was only a component of the DBMS. For 14 years of practice, the SQL programming language has been defined in a separate category, has expanded its capabilities. Working with countless media, working with SQL provides convenient formatting tables, control and editing of records within the study of the database.

Over time, the possibilities of this information-logical language only expanded, and the acquisition of new properties allowed SQL to become an independent unit of computer technology. At universities, students study this programming language, create trial databases. In fact, this is a set of computational functions, instructions, operators. The study of DBMS has become part of the university program, and therefore students of higher educational institutions I had to deal with the possibilities of SQL in practice.

Key features

SQL is based on queries that are sent to the database in every line of the programming language. In turn, this is necessary to change its parameters, request valuable information, and make adjustments to existing "repositories". To understand how this programming language works, you need to pay attention to the following types of database queries. It:

— a request for the required information package;

- a request to make adjustments to an existing database;

— request to delete information;

- requests for adding new information to already recorded data;

- access to the DBMS.

Rating of programming languages

Since all the information of this programming language is enclosed in tables, the adjustment occurs exactly table values. Thus, with knowledge of SQL, you can correct the work of not only tables as a whole, but also its individual segments - rows or columns. When storing a large amount of information, this is very convenient, since access is available on an ongoing basis with the introduction of the required requests.

In one line, you can write from one to three operations (queries), which greatly facilitates the user's work with a particular database.

It remains only to add that in the world of fierce competition, the most common programming languages ​​have not lost their powerful positions, they are still being actively studied by programmers. When working with databases, SQL is an integral part of successfully entering, correcting or deleting information.

The annual TIOBE Index for January 2018 has been released, which identifies the most popular programming languages ​​of 2018. We tell you which languages ​​are included in the top 10, in what area they are used and what tasks they perform. We figure out which programming language to learn in 2018. Go for it!

Everything can be coded in Perl - from desktop programs and servers in telecoms to antediluvian sites. The open source language is even in the firmware of routers and many commercial products. Often used in web development and bioinformatics. But Perl is losing ground - Python has come to bioinformatics, and sites write more in Java. In general, not the most promising language for studying.

9 PHP

PHP is widely used thanks to WordPress. 80% of sites with more than 10 million users use PHP. PHP does not have strict rules for writing code, and it is also flexible in solving problems. PHP is a great choice for web developers as it is the server-side scripting language for WordPress.

Knowledge of PHP for a web developer is a big plus on a resume because it allows you to create beautiful dynamic websites. You can use PHP for various web projects. It's a fairly simple open source language with good support for many databases, as well as numerous tools and different directions to use.

8. R

First of all, R is a programming language for statistical data processing and graphics, but at the same time it is a free and open source software environment that can be found in any Linux distribution.

R is used wherever work with data is needed: in statistics, "primary" analysis (graphs, contingency tables) and mathematical modeling.

// Index of popularity of programming languages ​​according to the TIOBE study

7. Visual Basic.NET

Think about it, they even write something on it. It is considered a copy of C / C # - it solves the same tasks, the syntax is a little simpler. Nobody advises to study it if you want to develop in the direction of software development or applications. But apparently, the age of fintech and all these “blockchains” has made itself felt, because in the banking industry VBN is a real must-have.

6.JavaScript

According to Stackoverflow (Stack Overflow Developer Survey) JavaScript has become the most used programming language in the world. It provides the ability to create interactive websites and is one of the core web technologies along with HTML and CSS since most browsers use JS.

JavaScript is a great language to start your web development journey. Suitable for creating interactive sites on the Internet. Recently, JavaScript has expanded, and now you can write mobile applications, games, as well as desktop applications on it. This definitely influenced the popularity of the language.

5.C#

A multi-paradigm general-purpose programming language developed by Microsoft for building applications on own platform companies. C# is object-oriented and is used to develop applications on .NET frameworks. If you plan to develop in creating native applications for MS - C# will help you.

And in the development of games on Unity, you can’t do without C # at all, infa weaving.

A cool plus of the language is its simplicity, it is more like English than others. C# allows you to focus on the algorithm and not on implementation details, because complex constructs are abstracted into it.

Anything can be written in C#: web services, mobile software, server applications, and so on. And while experts claim that demand for C# is falling, Xamarin refutes these claims, it turns out that the platform makes it easier to create applications for Android and iOS.

Great language for beginners - easy to understand and use. Schools with a focus on programming for children have long introduced Python into the curriculum in place of the obsolete Pascal.

Python has several applications: statistical computing, neural networks and machine learning, and even web development (Django). This language has acquired a sufficient number of libraries focused on neural networks, unlike Ruby.

Quality frameworks, lots of learning materials, friendly community, ease of coding: all this makes Python a promising and competitive language.

Invented in 1983 as an alternative to C and became popular. Its main feature is the predefined classes. Microsoft Windows, Google Chrome, Adobe, Amazon are familiar projects created in C++. This language is still in demand by employers because it has powerful tools and can be adapted in various fields.

Finance, games, communications, electronic payment systems, retail - knowledge of C ++ allows you to write games and complex commercial systems along with simple applications.

TOP 10 most popular programming languages ​​in the world

It was created in 1972 so that programmers could write in the operating room. UNIX system, she is still alive and popular. C refers to low-level languages ​​and works at the “machine level”, which speeds up the process of processing information and allows you to write code for hardware (microcontrollers, processors). It works on almost all computing platforms. Dropbox, eBay, and Spotify use C programming, and the entire Linux OS is written entirely in C.

1 Java

A practical and promising programming language to learn. 90% of Fortune companies use Java to develop backend and desktop applications. Valued for cross-platform thanks to the JVM.

Java works on the principles of object-oriented programming and is used to create server applications and mobile software. Also actively used to write native applications for Android. Java is popular among developers, although it is likely that mobile applications will become more written in Kotlin.

Together with the TIOBE Index for January 2018, the GitHub PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language study was released. According to GitHub, the top five are Java, Python, PHP, JS, and C#. The results of the two studies are very different, but at least they agreed on one thing - Java topped the top ten most popular languages. Yuhuh!

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Software developers are in huge demand nowadays. In some companies, even apprentice programmers receive high salaries. IT companies compete with each other for talented staff.

And the cadres, in turn, are fighting for a place in the sun. The success of both will depend on how well they manage to keep abreast, be in trend, use promising technologies and programming languages. To understand what to focus on and in what direction to go, software developers and their employers study various studies and popularity ratings - whether it's business models or the same technologies and programming languages.

However, some players in the IT market turned out to be enterprising and created projects dedicated to ranking and trends. For example, this week GitHub published its own ranking of the 15 most popular programming languages. Of course, popularity was measured by the number of GitHub pull requests over the past year.

GitHub currently has 5.8M active users, 331K organizations, and 19.4M repositories.

no. 15 - TypeScript:

The language owes its appearance to Microsoft. It is designed as a web application development tool that extends JavaScript capabilities. The main developer of the TypeScript language is Anders Hejlsberg, who previously contributed to the creation of Turbo Pascal, Delphi and C#. TypeScript 2.0 will be released soon.

no. 14 - Swift:

Language of own preparation - from the Apple company. It was created for iPhone applications in 2014. However, Swift has managed to gain popularity in such a short time.

Taxi service Lyft rewrote its iPhone app in this language and reported a "huge jump" in performance.

A new app has just been released. Swift Playgrounds is the easiest way to get familiar with the Swift language. By at least Craig Federighi, Apple's senior vice president of software, is convinced.

no. 13 - Scala:

This programming language was released in 2001. Big companies like Airbnb and Apple have picked it up. In their opinion, it is easier and faster to write applications for their needs on it than on the boring Java language.

Originally Scala, which supports the object-oriented and functional paradigms, was created with the expectation of translation into Java and .NET bytecode. Over time, the Scala translator to JavaScript code, Scala.js, also appeared. However, in May 2016, it became known that the Scala Native project is creating a compiler that promises to speed up the execution of applications written in this language.

no. 12 - Objective-C:

People liked the original C so much that it had followers. In particular, some of them were inspired by the creation of Objective-C, which appeared before the public in 1983. Of course, new ideas and elements of the Smalltalk language were added to it, but the letter C crowns its name for a reason.

Objective-C especially spread among developers under Apple platforms. While he holds these positions, but Swift threatens to press the descendant of C in the near future.

no. 11 - Shell:

This is the ugly duckling among other members of the list: Shell is not so much a language as a command interpreter for performing certain actions on UNIX family operating systems. Its scripts are used, for example, to automate software updates. It contains standard constructs for loops, branches, function declarations, and so on.

no. 10 - Go:

It was developed internally by Google. Initial development of Go began in September 2007, with Robert Grismer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson directly designing it. The language was officially introduced in November 2009.

The Go language was developed as a systems programming language for creating highly efficient programs that run on modern distributed systems and multi-core processors. It can be seen as an attempt to create a replacement for the C language.

During development, special attention was paid to ensuring high-performance compilation. Go programs compile to object code (although an interpreter is also available) and do not require a virtual machine to run.

no. 9-C:

This is the language that is now trying to find a replacement. The C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It is the forerunner of such programming languages ​​as C++, Java, C#, JavaScript and Perl. For this reason, the study of this language leads to the understanding of other languages. The C language is used to develop low-level applications, as it is considered the closest to hardware, second only to assembler.

no. 8 - C#:

C# belongs to the Microsoft programming language family and was developed in 2000 and became part of the first release of the .NET framework. The C# language combines the robustness of C++ with additional features Java. Therefore, if you know Java well, you can easily switch to C# and vice versa.

The C# language allows you to develop almost any application that is related to visual studio IDE.

no. 7 - CSS:

Cascading Style Sheets (cascading style sheets) - formal description language appearance a document written using a markup language.
It is mainly used as a means of describing, designing the appearance of web pages written using languages HTML markup and XHTML, but can also apply to any XML document.

no. 6 - C++:

The C language lacked work with objects. To solve the problem, C++ was developed in 1986, which is one of the most widely used languages ​​in the world. Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Winamp, and the Adobe product line were developed with C++. In addition, some modern games and operating systems were developed in C++ due to fast processing and compilation. In addition, C++ developers are in huge demand in the job market.

no. 5 - PHP:

PHP is one of the most widely used languages ​​for developing dynamic websites. PHP was developed in 1995 and is a server-side scripting language, which means that PHP code is processed on the server, and the end result is received by the user in the form of plain HTML.

PHP open language development, so thousands of modules have already been written that can be modified to the required functionality.

However, detractors are on the alert: Jeff Atwood. the founder of Stack Exchange, once wrote that PHP is not even a programming language, it's a bunch of pieces of functionality that are not related to each other.

no. 4 - Ruby:

Ruby is a simple and readable programming language for developing web applications. Developed by Yukihiro Matsumto in 1995, the Ruby framework has been used to develop Github, Scribd, Yammer, Shopify, and Groupon. Ruby combines some of the features of Lisp, Pearl and Eiffel. Ruby has good market labor and developers get decent.

no. 3-Python:

Python is another high-level programming language and is often considered the most easy language, due to its simplicity, readability and syntax. Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum in 1991. Python has not been used as widely in the past, but has become especially popular in recent years thanks to Google's investment. There are currently some very well known and trusted sites running on python, especially pinterest.com, instagram.com and rdio.com. Like PHP, Python can be used to develop web applications.

no. 2 - Java:

Java was developed by James Gosling in 1990 at Sun Microsystems. Java further enhances the capabilities of the C++ language. The peculiarity of Java is that it is the first purely object-oriented programming language. Java was developed on the principle of WORA (Write Once Run Anywhere or “Write Once, Run It Anywhere”). It's about Java portability. You only need to compile the Java source code once, then run it on any machine with JVM (Java Virtual Machine) installed and then use it.

no. 1 - JavaScript:

Server-side scripting languages ​​are ideal for developing complex web applications, but each such task places a heavy load on the server. Therefore, the developers delegated some of the functions to the client side and used JavaScript. JavaScript is a programming language that runs in the client browser and processes commands on the end user's computer instead of the server's, resulting in less server load and faster application performance. JavaScript was developed by Netscape and there are hardly any sites that don't use it.

The growth in popularity of the language is indicated as a percentage. Its place in the ranking is determined by the number of user pull requests. The rating reflects the popularity of using programming languages ​​in repositories.

According to GitHub, JavaScript, C#, and Go saw double the audience growth. And the audience of Swift and TypeScript grew by 3.5 times.

The TIOBE index distributed places a little differently: in the first place was Java language, followed by C, C++, C#, and Python. And the leader of the GitHub rating here takes only 6th place.

Over the past decade, the list of professions has lost almost 20% of profiles, and the average staff of large companies has decreased by more than a quarter. If not the first, then the second is entirely the merit of computer technology.

Computers are the future. But to create a brighter future, they must work without fail. This is what programmers are responsible for. Their task is to maintain the operability of automated systems. That is why the demand for such a profession is beyond doubt. An IT specialist is in short supply today, he will be in demand in 10 years, without him a business will not be able to function after half a century.

Types of programmers and their income

Yes, it's a wide profile. Speaking of an IT specialist, one can mean experts in various fields. The advantage is that young people can master each of the relevant areas with us (college / university). What are the options?

• System programming (creation of tools / conditions for the functioning of the operating system used, the internal network of the company).
• Application developer (application programming). These are the creators of online games and software for business needs (to purchase goods, order services).
• Web programmer - developer of Internet resources (websites, catalogs, online stores, customer and subscriber databases).
• Expert in telecommunications and communications.
• System administrator or IT generalist. Forms and controls the efficiency of the IT infrastructure of the enterprise.
• Programmer 1C.

Separately, we can single out experts in servicing all kinds of "robotic" systems - coffee machines, customizable medical equipment, video surveillance systems (information technology in instrumentation). Another large group of specialists are administrators/programmers of startups and social networks.

According to statistics, web programmers remain the most in demand for Runet. Full-time generalist IT specialists are indispensable for large companies. Third place in the top 3 list (about 22% of open vacancies) is occupied by application developers and network administrators.

Demand for programmers in Russia

According to data for 2016, less than 400 thousand specialists are involved in this area. By 2018, the number of vacancies will exceed the number of employed programmers by at least twice (800+ thousand).

The total annual number of IP faculty graduates is less than 45,000 people. With today's shortage (almost 900,000 open vacancies) and an increase of 45,000 young experts per year in 2 years, the lack of IT experts will increase to 1.2–1.25 million people.

De facto, the problem of employment for yesterday's college student who knows 2-3 programming languages ​​is not worth it. But there is a threat of closing vacancies by foreign applicants (PRC, India). Therefore, the question of education for obtaining a prestigious position for representatives of the programming profession is open.

Prospects abroad

In terms of wages, the Russian labor market is losing to the Western one. The average rate of a full-time programmer is 75-82 thousand rubles (capitals) and 55-60 thousand (regions). Abroad, the minimum bar in the presence of work experience starts from 3.75 thousand dollars a month. There is no maximum average level- 6-7 thousand dollars / month.

But high pay is not the main reason for an enthusiastic expert to study English language and audition for Google's IT department. In the largest American, European, Chinese companies the future of progress is being decided. That's what the most exciting thing about the profession of a programmer is the chance to change the way the world works.