Analyze an article from the Internet ( theoretical material) . Complete the task.
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1. How do you understand the term “global information society”? What positions correspond to it?
2. What tasks did Russians have to solve at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries?
3. What is “national self-identification”? What factors influenced it?
Task 2. Fill out the table “Changes in the social structure.”
Task 3.Describe the impact post-industrial society on youth and culture in the 90s - 2000s. What “innovations” were “mastered” by Russians in the early 2000s?
Theoretical material
The cultural and spiritual space of Russia, its cultural appearance in a post-industrial society
Russia's entry into the era of liberal reforms is characterized by a profound upheaval in the cultural, spiritual and moral spheres of public life. The centralized control system and the unified, strictly top-down policy in this area have disappeared. The Constitution of the Russian Federation recognizes “ideological diversity” and “no ideology can be established as a state or mandatory ideology.” The sharp reduction in government funding has seriously affected the state of affairs in culture.
The cultural and spiritual space and the cultural image of the new Russian society were formed in the process of destruction of the Soviet cultural and spiritual space. This process is due to Russia's entry into a post-industrial society.
In 2006 in St. Petersburg, at the first Russian Cultural Congress, a tendency was noted towards the creation of a global information society, the definition of conditions that correspond to the interests of the people of the planet, and not just the “golden billion”, with the help of the capabilities of global culture to move towards this goal. Resources are contained in the ecological understanding of the modern social network. This system is a network system. Each element of the network is created by all other elements and expresses its content. The entire system can only be understood with an adequate understanding of it basic elements in their unity.
· the global network of organizing sociocultural reproduction should be based on the same models;
· a person’s parameters cannot fail to correspond to the properties of the network.
The Russians needed to solve three problems:
1) master new connections, functions and relationships characteristic of the information society;
2) identify yourself in world history;
3) develop a national idea (a goal uniting society).
The first task was solved by using cultural theories and technologies, and demonopolizing methodological approaches. The other two tasks were solved by lifting bans and destroying the Soviet system of spiritual values, traditions and norms.
The complexity of the tasks makes it difficult to identify clear time frames for solving each one. The search for a solution to the first problem occurs mainly in the first stage (1992-2000). The second and third tasks at the second stage (2000-2009) were solved more purposefully and purposefully. More attention was paid to the formulation of state interests in the field of culture. Many historical problems had to be solved by political means.
In 1992-2000 the process came down to the fact that the functions of culture and power in reality ceased to coincide. Culture has ceased to be understood as a support for power and as a means of preserving power itself. This was facilitated by the disappearance of prohibitions. The symbols of Soviet power, expressed in the names of cities and villages, were rejected by the population. St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Velikiy Novgorod. The historical banner of Russia, the tricolor, is recognized as the national flag. New Russian authorities actively supported these processes. In October 1993 it was created State Commission for the reburial of the remains of the royal family. In July 1998, a solemn reburial ceremony took place in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
The process of changing the cultural appearance of Russians marked the beginning of the formation of a new model of collective self-identification and the role of personal position in it. This process fell into two stages. In 1992-2000 anti-communism often replaced the absence of one's own positive position. The defense of Russia's national interests was rhetorical; concern for the state was understood in a geopolitical context. But everyone experienced the collapse of the Soviet empire painfully. Communication with relatives, friends, and work colleagues became difficult. The largest ethnic group in the country, the Russians, experienced the collapse of the USSR. They invested a huge amount of effort and made countless sacrifices in the construction of the Russian empire. Cultural, educational, and intellectual resources were spent to preserve the vast territory during the Soviet period. Since the beginning of the 2000s. there was an understanding of the need to form a model of a new Russian statehood and to specify national interests.
In 1992-2000 a positive model of national self-identification (“we are good, kind, cultural, etc.”) stabilized society and ensured a relatively high level of tolerance. However, there was also a negative model (“they are bad, evil, aggressive, etc.”). The negative model contributed to the formation of xenophobia. Elements of positive and negative self-identification models coexisted. They formed a complex value complex of mass and individual consciousness.
Factors from different sources influenced the formation of the value complex of consciousness.
1. Open borders made you rich personal experience knowledge of life, culture, spiritual values of other countries.
2. The positive experience of recognizing “others” was hampered by a decline in living standards, first commercial failures, and lack of experience in conducting this kind of personal activity.
3. The abilities and talents of most of the new owners were difficult to use. The traditional factor of proximity to power as a mechanism for accessing privileges, called “crony capitalism,” remained.
4. Migration of the population from the CIS countries, moving from prosperous regions (North, Far East, Chechnya), departure abroad of those who took advantage of the gullibility of the average person.
5. Terrorist actions contributed to the formation of xenophobic emotions.
All factors contributed to the preservation of the remnants of the imperial-Soviet psychology. It turned out to have a strong tendency towards consolidation “by contradiction”, in the face of some enemy. The low-income population is primarily affected by this trend. “Enemy” acquired a pronounced ethnic character. Its appearance was concretized by terrorist acts and the identification of “persons of Caucasian nationality” in the general mass. The image of the enemy was exploited by the media by various political groups. The former with the goal of achieving income and increasing their ratings, the latter with the hope of getting votes in elections. At the state level, the problem was taken very seriously.
The emerging structure of social stratification turned out to be unusual for Russian culture and the spiritual life of Russians.
1. The usual structure of dividing society into workers, peasants and intellectuals was breaking down. Society began to be divided into lower, middle and upper classes.
2. The division was based on new characteristics: the division of society according to income, living conditions, and psychology.
3. New features came into conflict with the cultural archetypes of both pre-revolutionary Russian and Soviet culture. Russian culture has traditionally been built on the ideal of justice. Soviet ideology exploited the idea of equality.
4. The system of political manipulation of power by a monopoly ideological instrument has been destroyed. A complex conglomerate of new, partly vulgarly understood, ideas and theories was taking shape. It complicated the perception of new rules and relationships. In the mass consciousness of Russians, the ideology of Marxism-Leninism was replaced by liberal theories on which the information society was based. But the ideas of Orthodox thinkers also had a serious impact. In them, a spiritually filled life was contrasted with vain businesslike activity as the essence of entrepreneurship.
5. The morality of the majority of Russians was not reconciled with the fact that the property criterion in practice was achieved not as a result of talent and abilities, but as a result of the use of unresolved problems of legislation, the lack of clarity of new rules of life, and their direct violation.
The process of new structuring was painful, but most effective among the intelligentsia. The criterion for differences was not the usual level of education, but property. Errors in economic reforms and new criteria for distinction led to a painful conflict among her. Processes have emerged that have brought many into the category of “new poor”. But the first oligarchs also came from this environment. The middle class was predominantly formed from it.
A unique situation has arisen: one of the main problems of post-Soviet reforms has been the high starting level of education of the entire society and, as a consequence, an inflated level of expectations. It became a psychological hindrance in the new living conditions. Sociologists have started talking about the revival of a “culture of poverty” in Russia. This “culture of poverty” was part of the Soviet tradition (somewhat overcome during the Brezhnev period). Political discussions contributed to the polarization of the psychology of Russian society into those who formed an attitude towards the authorities as an anti-people government, and those who tried to “ride” the time, to understand the essence and meaning of the current changes.
Mass consciousness refused to recognize the results of privatization as legitimate. Political leaders on the left insisted that true spirituality was incompatible with business. Communists and “soilists” were especially active. Parties on the liberal spectrum did not realize that mass consciousness needed realistic confirmation of the ideas of liberalism. In everyday life, the Russian needed a concrete explanation of the specific connection between rising oil prices, liberalization of the currency system and his personal interest. The liberal parties and their political strategists did not know how to work with mass consciousness: to create productive technologies of life: faith in themselves, in their cause, in their country.
As a result, the professional intelligentsia was taken beyond the scope of intellectual active and effective actions. Private entrepreneurship in all spheres of cultural life was established under difficult conditions.
The creative elite turned out to be psychologically unprepared for the intellectual modernization of the country and lost their previously enormous social status. It was overlooked that young people who received secondary education and, especially, graduated from universities, including foreign ones, in post-Soviet times, began to live in a different reality.
Complex and contradictory relationships between business and society began to form in the minds of young people the image of an entrepreneur not only as a person with a lively mind, energetic, independent, with a strong will, but also with a creative streak, natural courage, the ability to take risks, and at the same time remaining internally free . Images of Russian entrepreneurs from economic, sociological, cultural training courses They are just beginning to migrate into new literature, into films by directors of a new generation.
In 2002-2005 a series of films appeared: F. Yankovsky (“On the Move”), R. Prygunova (“Loneliness of Blood”), A. Strizhenov and S. Ginzburg (“Fall Up”), A. Teachers (“Walk”), P. Lungina (“Oligarch”). They raise the problem of the price that the younger generation pays for success in life. But young people are looking more closely not at legalized bandits and billionaire oilmen, but at the career of the domestic “Bill Gates.” They are more interested in the type of owner of a company promoting mobile communications, Internet provider networks, etc. Cinema is not yet ready to program him as a winner, but is approaching the real life prototype of a Russian entrepreneur, both metropolitan and provincial (A. Popogrebsky and B. Khlebnikov "Koktebel"). Literature and art are painfully searching for approaches to understanding the essence of modern entrepreneurship.
For the first time in Russian history, it was not the great Russian literature that suggested examples of what should be, but electronic technologies that reproduced the image of existence and objectified it.
Serious support in the development of new features, connections, functions and relationships characteristic of the information (network) society, especially by young people, was provided by the computer, mobile communications and the Internet. In April 1994 The international organization Inter NIC has registered the top-level domain RU. This event became the official recognition of Russia as a state represented on the World Wide Web. In 1997, the number of Internet users was only 108,590 people. In 2002 4 million Russians used the Internet. Large portals appeared: Rambler, Yandex, Port.Ru, List.Ru, etc. The monthly audience of each portal amounted to hundreds of thousands of visitors and was approaching a million.
Websites have appeared with up-to-date information about new scientific technologies, healthy lifestyle, about AIDS and terrorism.
In 2007, the Odnoklassniki website brought together young people exchanging information about their successes in their new life. Modern information technologies are also actively used by the church.
The Internet penetration level by 2004 was 10-15% in Russia as a whole and about 40-50% in Moscow. The Runet audience accounted for 13% of the country's population. According to the FOM, in the spring of 2005, 17.6 million, in 2007 - 35 million Russians used the Internet.
Since 1993, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of computers purchased. By 2000, it reached 5 million units. By 2000, Russia's lag behind Europe in the basic supply of computers had already become uncritical. Users had 6.2 million personal computers in their hands. In 2009, we can talk about mass home computerization. It serves effective tool development and satisfaction of various social and personal Needs of people and is considered as a necessary stage in the formation of the information society.
In two or three years, the Russians mastered the pager. But the adoption of cell phones, primarily by schoolchildren and students, broke all records. Russians react keenly to the emergence of new technologies and see mobile phone options as effective opportunities for communication and a way to master a changing world. In 1993 Only officials had mobile phones high level. In subsequent years, their number doubled annually. According to the Gazeta newspaper, in August 2004, Russians used 54 million mobile phones, in October - already 65 million. In 2005, 126 million people used mobile communication services. In 2008, Russia took second place in the world in the number of mobile phones, overtaking the United States, and in large cities many had two or more SIM cards.
In February 2001, the Prime Minister signed a decree on the development of the federal target program “ Electronic Russia" State power sought to become as competitive as public or market institutions
The main problem was the person using the latest technology and the purpose for using it. During the period under review, Russian society has not yet formed a unifying goal, because communist and liberal social guidelines are multidirectional and alien to each other in essence. These landmarks did not strive and could not find a field for interaction. They created a bizarre mosaic of cultural and spiritual space. The mosaic is complicated by the search through the use of national cultures with their own archetypes
Modern Russian liberals sought to increase the ideological and moral potential acquired during the years of perestroika. They relied mainly on the ideas of Russian philosophers exiled in 1922, in particular N. Berdyaev, that “class struggle is the original sin human society" While theoretically correct, these assessments did not correspond well with the results of economic reforms. “Shock therapy” already by 1993 had revealed the deepest problems in key idea liberalism - personal freedom and the ability to use it. As the poet E. Yevtushenko summed up, “we did not know what freedom was in general, we idealized freedom. We imagined, for example, freedom of speech as the magic key to prosperity. But it turned out that this is not at all true.”
In Soviet culture, the national foundations of the cultures of all nationalities and Russian culture were driven underground. In the course of heated discussions and searches, national cultures were intensively overgrown with ideas from different historical periods. The cultural and spiritual space in the Russian expanses was filled with myths and stories of the distant, not always real, past.
In 1992-2000 The peoples of Russia were looking for ways out of the state of shock, trying to actualize the past in the present. In the cultural and spiritual space of Russia, against the background of the Chechen war, separatist manifestations in a number of subjects of the Federation (Yakutia-Sakha, Tatarstan), a crisis of ideas about a single, albeit not always happy, past has emerged, making it difficult to find a unifying goal. By 2000, the intellectual resource of updating the past had exhausted itself, changing the focus of public attention. Understanding historical experience, social scientists, politicians, philosophers and historians in 2001-2009. focus their discussions on the ideological foundations of the new Russian state. Campaigns to study “blind spots” were relegated to the realm of academic research. Society's attention is shifting from past grievances (the colonial past, repressed peoples, the tragedy of collectivization, etc.) to the implementation of reforms that began in 2005 in the social and educational spheres. National programs set the goal of increasing personal responsibility for the choices made by everyone, understanding the new image of Russian statehood, and clarifying the areas of responsibility of the authorities and the rights of citizens.
The cultural image of Russians 2000-2009. is a continent dynamically sprouting both cultural elements of the information society and elements of traditional religions and ethnic cultures of the peoples of Russia.
The culture of technogenic civilization carries new values and establishes new social relations. Russians are in the difficult process of searching for a recipe for formal and substantive criteria for entering this civilization. This - the main problem, recipes for solving it are urgently sought. The psychology of Russians is beginning to become accustomed to tolerance and to pass the aesthetics of life changes through the filters of mass consciousness.
The spiritual and ideological moods and well-being of Russians are enriched by the experience of the interaction of value criteria serving the information society and each individual with his own national archetype. Chains of complex relationships begin to form. The spiritual elite, like society as a whole, is increasingly beginning to intersect with the powers and behavior of administrative apparatuses created by the legislative visa. Since 2000, this process has been developing flexibly as a process of relations between the elite and central and peripheral centers of power. There is a process of interaction, interdependence, and mutual use.
Russia is moving towards an information society, developing its own invariant. Russians do not want to recreate either a planned economy or a secret police state. The previously familiar unified system of preferences no longer remains. During the period of major reconstruction, Russian society is reforming its cultural system. Society begins to perceive the specific nature and function of culture itself, its difference from Soviet culture, when one ideology determined public and individual mentality, one literary or artistic direction shaped public consciousness. The regulatory ideology and policy of the party was replaced by “information power.” Intensive intellectual work is going on in society. The attitude towards historical and national values and cultural phenomena. They both confront and coexist in the cultural and spiritual space, without losing the function of spiritual wealth, acquiring pragmatic and commercial features, the appearance of means of communication.
The report on practical work should be a summary compiled during the study of the educational material and answers to Control questions; filled table.
Modern achievements in the development of information and communication technologies contribute to the formation of completely new economic, social and cultural relations in people’s lives, which are described by the single concept of “global information society”.
We can speak with complete confidence about the emergence of an all-encompassing electronic environment for economic activity, which is called the “global network economy” and is defined as an environment where a company or individual located at any point in the economic system can contact any other company or individual at a lower cost. to work together, to trade, or to exchange ideas. The unfolding progress in the formation and expansion of the network economy is due, firstly, to the ongoing development and rapid spread of information and communication technologies, as well as the constant reduction in prices for their acquisition and use, which increases their availability. Secondly, there is a significant movement of various types of socio-economic activities into the electronic environment, which today represents thousands of types of businesses. 18 It should be noted that here you can successfully compete even with generally recognized giants, since the computer economy provides unique opportunities to resist monopolies and large firms.
Significant changes due to the introduction of information and telecommunications technologies are occurring in the following three economic institutions: trade, finance and labor relations.
E-commerce today is a rapidly developing business sector. Almost 60 million Europeans made online purchases between November 2001 and April 2002, according to research firm GfK Group. About 58.5 million buyers are residents of Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. eMarketer estimates that revenue from ecommerce in Europe alone by 2004 will amount to about 180 billion dollars. The total volume of online sales in the UK in May 2002 amounted to $776 million. This figure is 10% higher than in April, when the same sales volume was estimated at $674 million. Overall, between May 2001 and May 2002, volume growth online sales in the country amounted to 92.2%. 19 This is due both to the interest of the population and to the interests of trading organizations.
On the one hand, the traditional list of services for the population is regularly updated with new electronic types of financial and entertainment services: online store, electronic auction, various real estate transactions via the Internet, banking and personal finance management, interactive television, video/music on demand , video games and more. The high demand for these services is ensured by faster and relatively easier access to them, as well as affordable costs.
According to comScore, in the second quarter of 2002, consumer spending on online purchases in the United States rose 41% year-over-year to $17.5 billion. Online travel spending rose 46% to $7.8 billion. billion dollars. Sales volumes of other groups of goods and services increased by 28% and reached $9.7 billion. Among groups of goods not related to travel, sales of computer equipment have the highest rate - $2.3 billion. In second place South Korea rose to rank in the world in terms of the relative number of online shoppers: about 30% of Korean Internet users bought goods and used services in this way in the first quarter of this year. The most popular items among Korean Internet users were clothing, furniture, and cosmetics. Third place after the USA and South Korea Today Germany ranks by the number of online buyers, where the most popular product categories are books - 33%, CDs - 24%, clothing - 21%, electronics - 19%, cinema and theater tickets - 14%. 20
On the other hand, the use of Internet technologies expands opportunities and improves the quality of coordination of business activities, allowing, with minimal financial costs and the absence of infrastructural barriers, to maximize the product sales network. Today, companies have the ability to conduct video conferences and virtual presentations that provide the greatest audience coverage; create your own “showcases” on the WWW, where potential buyers can not only obtain complete information about the company, the services and products it provides, but also express their opinion on this matter. This, in turn, allows companies to establish feedback with customers, identify the most popular services and products, and coordinate their activities accordingly. And, finally, reasonable costs for connecting to the Internet from almost anywhere made it possible to reduce the limiting geographical factors of joint business activities, which allowed, first of all, large international corporations to save significant money on moving employees between offices. The presence of various electronic payment systems has provided an opportunity to win on, perhaps, the most important thing in business - time.
Today, almost all the largest banks have their own Web sites, and the number of banks that conduct their business primarily via the Internet is constantly growing. New programs in this area are being actively developed and implemented, allowing us to serve clients more quickly and efficiently. The latter, for example, can contact the bank by telephone or the Internet and clarify the status of their account, as well as use the services provided. The demand for such offers is steadily growing. For example, according to a report from the Canadian Bankers Association, the number of Canadians using online banking services has almost doubled over the past two years. About 16% of Canadians already prefer online banking, and about 60% of Canadians hope to start using such services in the next 2-3 years. A study by the Wahlen agency showed that in Germany today 45% of Internet users maintain their bank accounts via the Internet. 21
The information society places an increased demand on many information-rich products and services, the transmission of which has become possible through electronic networks. The most important resource - intelligence - turned out to be extremely mobile in network conditions. This creates favorable conditions for the development of remote labor relations, otherwise known as telework or remote work. According to some data, in Europe in 1997 the number of teleworkers amounted to more than 2 million people, and in the United States - about 11.1 million. There are estimates that already in 2003, about 20% of the workforce will use teleaccess. 22 The main socio-economic advantages of the massive use of telework are expressed in the reduction of transport problems, general movements and associated environmental pollution; the ability to get a job in almost any area of the world, which reduces the level of overall unemployment; expanding employment opportunities for people with health limitations, for example, those that prevent them from moving. With the help of the Internet, these people can fully work, study and communicate.
The development of information and communication technologies brings significant changes in the political life of society. Firstly, it becomes possible for a maximum number of people to quickly access the texts of bills at the stage of their preliminary development, as well as to a large amount of analytical information on this matter. Secondly, the fundamental innovation lies in the ability of every citizen, at a relatively minimal cost, to address an audience of unlimited composition and express his opinion on a particular issue.
A living example is the communication of the head of state V.V. Putin with Russian citizens live on the main Russian TV channels ORT, RTR and radio stations Mayak and Radio Rossii, which took place on December 24, 2001. The broadcast was organized in the form of a teleconference between the Kremlin studio and the Ostankino television center and mobile stations in regional centers of the country. Those wishing to ask pressing questions to the President on the air “live” only had to be near one of these television stations. According to the Presidential Press Service, by the beginning of V.V.’s speech. Putin received about 2 million questions live on air, and in the middle of the day the number of calls per second increased to 40.
Today, almost all government departments have their own “pages” on the Internet, which ultimately helps to improve democratic procedures, increase the political activity of the population, and establish a more effective dialogue between the state and the public.
Studying the issues of emerging global changes in order to develop appropriate recommendations and programs that would accelerate the formation of a global information society and smooth out the negative components of this process has a rich tradition in line with the concepts of post-industrialism. The concept of “information society” first appeared in the second half of the 1960s. The invention of the term “information society” is attributed to the professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yu. Hayashi. The main characteristics of a knowledge society have been identified in reports submitted to the Japanese government by a number of organizations: the Economic Planning Agency, the Computer Development Institute, and the Industrial Structure Council. The titles of the documents themselves are indicative: “Japanese Information Society: Themes and Approaches” (1969), “Policy Contours for Promoting Informatization of Japanese Society” (1969), “Plan for the Information Society” (1971). 23 In these reports, a highly industrialized society was defined as one where the development of computerization will give people access to reliable sources of information and relieve them of routine work, ensuring a high level of automation of production. At the same time, significant changes will directly affect production itself, as a result of which its product will become more “information-intensive,” which will lead to a significant increase in the share of innovation, design and marketing in its value. The production of an information product, rather than a material product, according to the authors, will be the driving force of education and development of society.
Very quickly, post-industrial issues become one of the leading ones in Western political science. The main emphasis in research of this time is placed mainly on the need to improve the means of obtaining, processing and disseminating information and the results of their use in the economic sphere. This was due to the rapid development and convergence of information and telecommunication technologies, which entailed revolutionary changes in the global market. The humanitarian aspects of the formation of a new society, in particular social problems, began to be actively studied only as a result of the realization that the observed qualitative leap in the development of information technology gave rise to a new global social revolution, in no way inferior to the revolutions of the past in terms of the power of its impact on human society.
A significant impetus for further development The ideas of the global information society were inspired by the publication in 1973 of the book by American sociologist D. Bell “The Coming Post-Industrial Society. Experience of social forecasting." 24 In it, the author divides the history of human society into three main stages: agricultural, industrial and post-industrial. The scientist sought to outline the contours of a post-industrial society, largely based on the characteristics of the industrial stage. Like T. Veblen and other theorists of industrialism, he interprets industrial society as a society in which the main goal is the production of the maximum number of machines and things. An essential feature of the post-industrial stage is, according to D. Bell, the transition from the production of things to the development of the production of services related to education, healthcare, research and management.
The central role of theoretical knowledge becomes essential for decision-making and coordination of the direction of change. “Any modern society lives through innovation and social control of change,” writes D. Bell. - It tries to anticipate the future and plan. It is the change in awareness of the nature of innovation that makes theoretical knowledge decisive.” 25 Movement in this direction will gain momentum through a kind of convergence of science, technology and economics. The American scientist considers knowledge and information not only an effective catalyst for the transformation of post-industrial society, but also its strategic resource.
This book caused a general resonance and interest in the issues raised in it. Since its publication, numerous works have appeared devoted to understanding the historical boundary at which humanity finds itself.
One of the most interesting and developed philosophical concepts of the information society belongs to the Japanese scientist I. Masuda. The basic principles and features of the future society are presented in his book “The Information Society as a Post-Industrial Society.” 26 The foundation of the new society will be, in the author’s opinion, computer technology, the main function of which he sees as replacing or significantly enhancing human mental labor. The information technology revolution will quickly transform into a new productive force and will make possible the mass production of cognitive and systematized information, new technologies and knowledge. The “frontier of the known” will become a potential market; the possibility of solving pressing problems and developing cooperation will increase. The leading sector of the economy will be intellectual production, the products of which will be accumulated and distributed using new telecommunication technologies.
Paying special attention to the transformation of human values in the global information society, I. Masuda suggests that it will be essentially classless and conflict-free, it will be a society of harmony with a small government and state apparatus. He writes that unlike an industrial society, whose characteristic value is the consumption of goods, the information society puts forward time as a characteristic value.
The famous English scientist T. Stoner argued that information, like capital, can be accumulated and stored for future use. In a post-industrial society, national information resources will become, as he believes, the largest potential source of wealth. In this regard, every effort should be made to develop, first of all, a new branch of the economy - information. Industry in the new society, in terms of overall employment indicators and its share in the national product, will give way to the service sector, which will primarily represent the collection, processing and various types of provision of the required information. 27
With the development of electronic media and information technology in scientific circles, there is an increasingly active discussion about the functions and role of information in the life of society, and trends in the formation of a global information society. Two names of particular interest here are Marshall McLuhan (Canada) and Alvin Toffler (USA). I would like to immediately note that the approaches they presented in their research received both very positive and far from flattering assessments from traditional science and the public in general.
A distinctive feature of M. McLuhan's views is the fact that he considers information technology as the main factor influencing the formation of the socio-economic basis of the new society. Telecommunications and computer networks will play the role of a kind of nervous system in the formation of a “global embrace”, where everything turns out to be so interconnected that as a result, the formation of a “global village” occurs.
Speaking about the prospects for the development of mass communications in the information society, McLuhan repeatedly emphasizes the tendency to strengthen the active role of the mass media. Mass communication as a structurally formed sphere of society's life is seen by him in the near future, on the one hand, as part of it, and on the other, as a mysterious force that has ever-increasing power over this society.
Another theorist of the information society, E. Toffler, offers his own scheme of the historical process. In his book “The Third Wave,” he identified three waves in the history of civilization: the first wave was agricultural (until the 18th century), the second was industrial (until the 50s of the 20th century), and the third was post-industrial (starting from the 50s). “The immediate historical frontier is as profound as the first wave of change set in motion ten thousand years ago by the introduction of agriculture,” he writes. The second wave of change was brought about by the Industrial Revolution. We are the children of the next transformation, the third wave.” 28 The latter emerged as a result of the unfolding information revolution.
Post-industrial society, in his opinion, is characterized by such features as deconcentration of production and population, a sharp increase information exchange, the prevalence of self-governing political systems, as well as further individualization of the individual while maintaining solidary relations between people and communities.
Toffler contrasts traditional cumbersome corporations with small economic forms, among which he especially highlights individual activity in the “electronic cottage.” The latter is presented by the author as follows: “Radical changes in the sphere of production will inevitably entail breathtaking social changes. Within the lifetime of our generation, the largest factories and institutions will be half empty and turned into warehouses or living quarters. When one day we get technology that allows us to equip every home with an inexpensive workplace equipped with a “smart” typewriter, and maybe also a copy machine or a computer console and a telecommunications device, then the possibilities of organizing work at home will increase dramatically.”
The turn of the 1980s/90s can be designated as the beginning of a new stage in the development of ideas of a global information society. First of all, this period is associated with the results of research by Peter Drucker and Manuel Castells. P. Drucker, a famous American economist, one of the creators of modern management theory, took an active part in discussions in the early 70s. However, he made his direct contribution to the formation of a new look for existing concepts of post-industrialism later, publishing the book “Post-capitalist Society”. 29 The core of Drucker’s concept is the idea of overcoming traditional capitalism, and the main signs of the ongoing shift are considered to be the transition from an industrial economy to an economic system based on knowledge and information, overcoming capitalist private property, the formation of a new value system of modern man and the transformation of the national state under the influence of globalization processes economy and society. The modern era, according to Drucker, is a time of radical restructuring, when, with the development of new information and telecommunication technologies, humanity has a real chance to transform capitalist society into a knowledge-based society.
M. Castells uses the global economy and international financial markets as the main features of the emerging new world order as the starting point for his reflections. His fundamental research, “The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture,” is devoted to a detailed analysis of modern trends leading to the formation of the foundations of a society that he called “networked.” 30 Based on the fact that information by its nature is a resource that penetrates through all sorts of barriers and borders more easily than others, he views the information era as the era of globalization. At the same time, network structures become both a means and a result of the globalization of society. In his book, the author repeatedly draws the reader’s attention to the fundamentally important point that information and the exchange of information have accompanied the development of civilization throughout the history of mankind and have been of particular importance in all societies. At the same time, the emerging new society is being constructed in such a way that the collection, analysis and transmission of necessary information have become "fundamental sources of productivity and power."
Over the past decade, the topic of the global information society has been repeatedly addressed by domestic scientists, who have developed their own definitions of the new society. So, A.I. Rakitov wrote in his works of the late 80s that the transition to an information society involves the transformation of the production and use of services and knowledge into the most important product of social activity, and the share of knowledge will constantly increase. The main goal of the information society is to provide legal and social guarantees that every citizen of society, located anywhere and at any time, will be able to obtain all the information necessary to solve pressing problems. In his opinion, the main criteria of the information society can be the quantity and quality of information available for processing, as well as its effective transmission and processing. An additional criterion is the availability of information for every person, which is achieved by reducing its cost as a result of the development and timely implementation of new telecommunication technologies. The key to the successful functioning of the economy of a post-industrial society will be its information sector, which will take first place in terms of the number of workers employed in it. 31 Taking this into account, the development, first of all, of this sector will significantly accelerate the integration of a single country into the global information society.
G.L. Smolyan and D.S. Chereshkin in the approach they developed includes the following as the main features of the new society: the formation of a single information space and deepening the processes of information and economic integration of countries and peoples; the formation and further dominance in the economies of countries that have advanced most far towards the information society of new technological structures based on the massive use of network information technologies, promising computer technology and telecommunications; increasing the level of education by expanding the capabilities of information exchange systems at the international, national and regional levels and, accordingly, increasing the role of qualifications, professionalism and creativity as the main characteristics of labor services. 32 At the same time, the concept pays special attention to the issues of information security of the individual, society and the state in the emerging society and the creation of an effective system for ensuring the rights of citizens and social institutions to freely receive, distribute and use information.
The famous scientist Nikita Moiseev believed that without free access of all people to information, it makes no sense at all to talk about building an information society - “a society of collective intelligence on a planetary scale.” However, this most difficult socio-political problem, in his opinion, can hardly be solved within the framework of modern “appropriating” civilizations, in which most people are not always ready to share knowledge, although this is vitally important for everyone else. A change in the scale of values and mentality is necessary. “The information society is a stage in human history when the collective mind becomes not only the support of the development of Homo sapiens, but also the object of targeted efforts to improve it.” 33
One of the fundamentally important characteristics of the turn of the 1980s/90s is that, starting from the first half of the 90s, most American and European researchers and specialists in this field began to focus on the role and significance not so much of the information itself in various fields life, how much knowledge and unprecedented acceleration of its growth. If in the 70s of the last century the volume of total knowledge of mankind doubled every 10 years, in the 80s - once every 5 years, then by the end of the 90s it doubled almost every year. This state of affairs has given rise to a number of new definitions of a highly industrial society, including such as “Knowledge Society”, “Knowledgeable Society”, etc.
Summarizing existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “global information society”, we can say that currently it is understood as:
a new type of society, emerging as a result of a new global social revolution, the basis of which is the explosive development and convergence of information and telecommunication technologies;
a knowledge society in which the main condition for the well-being of every person and every state is knowledge obtained through unhindered access to information and the ability to work with it;
a global society in which the exchange of information will have no temporal, spatial or political boundaries; where, through scientific data processing and knowledge support, smarter and more informed decisions will be made to improve the quality of life in all its aspects;
a society that, on the one hand, promotes the interpenetration of cultures, and on the other, opens up new opportunities for self-realization for each community.
The formulation of the problem of legal support for personal information security is associated, first of all, with the conditions for the formation of a state of personal security from internal and external threats in the global information society.
In this regard, within the framework of a separate paragraph, the essence of the modern information society is explored through the prism of creating favorable conditions in it for the development of the individual, the realization of the entire range of his interests.
Globalization as a process implies the creation of a single information space, characterized by high, full-fledged information exchange. Globalization as a process originated in the 70-80s of the last century, and the term “globalization” itself, which appeared in 1985 thanks to the works of the American sociologist Robertson R., has been steadily associated with the concept of “information society” for several years now.
The statement of Professor B.S. should be recognized as accurate. Ebzeev that in reality global development is becoming more and more uneven. Global competitive confrontation is intensifying, in which instruments of political-economic, informational and military influence are actively used, and the negative consequences of the globalization process and the benefits resulting from it are spreading in different ways.
A prominent representative of modern global studies A.N. Chumakov, who pays great attention to the issue of terminological content of the concept of “globalization,” defines it as a process of universalization, the formation of unified connections and relationships at the planetary level in different areas public life. The process of globalization acts both as a phenomenon and as a phenomenon when it is perceived as an objective reality, which is characterized by a closed global space, a united world economy, universal ecological interdependence, global information communications and which, as such, cannot be ignored by anyone.
Turning to the issue of defining the very concept of “global information society”, it is necessary to note that in general terms it seems possible to understand a society of a new type, providing qualitatively new opportunities for the use of global information networks, information and telecommunication technologies in all spheres of human life, ensuring benefits for all subjects information relations. In turn, A.I. Khimchenko formulates a definition of the concept of the information society in the context of globalization, including it among the provisions put forward for defense as a society of a completely new type: civil, social-democratic, providing, on the basis of the primacy of law and the implementation of information security at the international level, fundamentally new opportunities for the exercise of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, interaction between states and their associations, international organizations and public associations, individuals and legal entities for the purpose of improving the quality of life of people, providing access to existing civilizational knowledge, helping to equalize “digital” and other inequalities between states through the development of information resources and information technologies, the creation and use of global information networks and systems as means of communication, including the Internet.
In relation to the development of the information society, the key dominant is, of course, global communications, leading to the emergence of other, global problems.
The phenomenon of globalization, being decisive in the 21st century, contributes to global information integration in all major spheres of our life. We agree that the understanding of the information interconnectedness of all people who inhabit and will inhabit the Earth is strengthening, regardless of their cultural component, race, religious views and political beliefs. This is an absolutely important humanitarian and civilizational phenomenon, determined by the dynamics of the development of global informatization of society.
It is no coincidence that M.N. Marchenko in the monograph “State and Law in the Conditions of Globalization”, considering the methodological problems of understanding state and legal phenomena in the conditions of globalization, the issues of the relationship between the state and civil society, the state and business, as well as the problems of legal and socio-political responsibility of business, in Chapter 3 emphasizes attention to the evolution of views on human rights under the influence of the process of globalization.
Globalization trends, characteristic of the current stage of development of the information society, pose ever new challenges for the legislator. Processes associated with globalization are today actively stimulated by the development of information and communication technologies.
The opportunities associated with the increased number of communication platforms in the modern information environment stimulate the emergence of a huge and dynamically increasing volume and traffic of information. The information producer not only makes information available to every member of the information society, but actively uses all possible channels information communication, influencing the individual. Information communication channels are also being improved, expanding the choice of means and technologies of influence.
Competition in the global information sphere generates the intensity of information flows, provoking their aggressive specificity in relation to the information consumer. Information flows actively influence the individual, shaping the image and public opinion, as well as provoking the individual to respond.
The most important attributes of an individual in the modern global information world are becoming a set of personal information that cannot be reliably protected by technical and software. Personal information of a person in the environment inevitably accumulates and is recorded. It can be subject to distortion and supplemented by false information that harms the individual in terms of his reputation, image, violation of secrets, etc. The individual in the modern world is deprived of local security in a macro-scale environment that has no state, linguistic, cultural, and, often, ethical boundaries .
The shift in interpersonal communication, as well as communication with society and the state, into the environment generated by developing information and telecommunication technologies creates mild conditions personal vulnerability in the global world.
Globalization of the information society is a macro-scale, diverse, but contradictory process of increasing the unified component in all global systems: socio-economic, political and legal, etc.
The impact of globalization processes on the legal aspects of ensuring information security in the context of the information society requires careful study, given that the dynamically developing information and communication processes of globalization are accompanied by such attributes as speed of spread, speed of response and intensity.
Following from the above, the actualization of the needs of the global society for objective, reliable and timely information about social, political and economic processes is one of the key features of the modern dynamics of globalization, the full-scale implementation of global information systems, therefore the legal support of information security is of utmost importance, since it has the strongest impact on the legal and political systems of states and on the process of development of the information society in Russian Federation.
The inclusion of a particular state in the process of globalization implies, first of all, a clearly formulated in conceptual documents focus on this state information policy in terms of its strategic goals - the development of an open information space, including through integration into the global information space, the development of an information society, improvement of national information legislation, including taking into account trends in international information policy.
It is the processes of globalization that bring the problem of ensuring information security to a new level of relevance as a
domestically and - especially - at the international level.
A.V. Karyagina notes that the information policy of the Russian state is contained in the “Concept of State Information Policy of the Russian Federation” and is the ability and ability of subjects of political relationships to influence the consciousness, psyche of people, their behavior and activities through information and information technologies in the interests of the state and civil society. In the general understanding, this is a special sphere of people’s life activities associated with the accumulation, reproduction, and dissemination of information in the interests of the state, society, and people, and is aimed at implementing an effective, meaningful dialogue between them. For the Russian Federation, this area is associated with: 1) the dynamics of the development of civil society; 2) implementation of a constructive dialogue between the state, the media and society; 3) recognition of the presumption of public availability of information for citizens and their protection information rights; 4) targeting the effective formation of an information space, which includes the free circulation of information, access to it, accumulation, production and distribution; 5) creating favorable conditions for public trust in information coming from government institutions and civil society institutions; 6) formation of effective communication capabilities for the exchange of information between countries, etc. .
The author's turn to studying - for research purposes - theorists of global studies contributed to obtaining interesting results. In particular, the Soviet philosopher, one of the founders of Russian global studies I.T. Frolov back in 1980 focused on the problem of man and his future (emphasis added by the author), which are the core, the core of the entire system of global civilizational problems, since these problems are undoubtedly related to man. Man, his system of needs and the formation of his future are the so-called “reference point” from which they start in determining the social and humanistic dependence of global problems and their solutions. The human problem, according to Frolov and his future, is definitely an independent global problem.
It is surprising that even then I.T. Frolov in his works, including the monograph “Global Problems and the Future of Mankind” (1982), not only pointed out global problems and the dialectics of their interrelation, but also defined the problem of the future of man himself. The conclusions of I.T. presented in our study. Frolov, in relation to the global problems of the information society and the role of man, the individual in it, have acquired a new meaning and are more modern than ever.
The information society has developed and is developing gradually. As V.A. noted earlier in his works. Kopylov, “according to the concept of Z. Brzezinski, D. Bell, O. Toffler, popular among foreign authors, the information society is a type of post-industrial society. Analyzing social development as a “change of stages,” proponents of this concept of the information society combine its formation with the dominance of the so-called “fourth” information sector of the economy, which follows the three main sectors - agriculture, industry and the service economy. The opinion of these authors is based on the assertion that capital and labor, as the core of an industrial society, give way to information and knowledge in the information society. According to the logical opinion of academic researchers in the information law sector of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “systematic development of the information society is possible only with legal regulation of the mechanisms for realizing the rights of citizens in the information sphere.”
Based on the above, the following characteristics of the information society can be identified:
1) The presence of a high degree of development of information technologies and their massive and intensive use by people, business structures and government and local authorities;
2) An unconditional effect for citizens and organizations as benefits from the use of information technology due to:
a) implementation of free and equal access to information resources;
b) development of information systems and databases;
c) implementation innovative technologies and, as a result, increasing the efficiency of state and municipal government with the obligatory condition of ensuring the information security of the individual, social groups and society as a whole.
I.L. Bachilo focuses on the issue of synthesis of information and civil, and, consequently, legal society.
THEM. Rassolov sees the structure of the information society as two-level, including:
Interests and values;
Individuals, territory and social structures.
Wherein important factor formation of the information society are public relations or information relations. Schematically it looks like this:
Interests + values
Total: information relations.
At the same time, information relations evolve into special conditions, in the information environment. Such an environment, according to P.W. Kuznetsov, may be favorable, i.e. when the conditions (environment) for the implementation of information rights and interests create the most optimal comfort for the subject. And vice versa, when such conditions make it difficult to realize information needs, creating an environment of discomfort for the subject, then the information environment is unfavorable and may even be aggressive.
The problem of the relationship between the individual and the state has always been and remains one of the conceptually important ones in law. At one time Pavel
Ivanovich Novgorodtsev, discussing the crisis of modern legal consciousness, proposed “entering into a discussion of the very principle of personality.”
Speaking about the need to find the boundary between the rights of the individual and the state, P.A. Novgorodtsev rightly noted: “Not only the requirements arising from the acceptance of personality, but also the very concept of personality in our time seems different and incomparably more complex than in the era of Rousseau.” To paraphrase a famous legal philosopher, let us assert that the concept of personality in the era of the information society has become more complex than ever before, and the electronic state opens up both new opportunities and serious problems for the individual, among which ensuring information security is the number one issue.
Analyzing Hegel's philosophy of law, G.F. Shershenevich agreed - “personal interests cannot be ignored, should not be suppressed, but the main thing is to bring them into agreement with the interests of the whole.” Indeed, one cannot but agree with Hegel, who wrote: “It has been said more than once that the goal of the state is the happiness of the citizens; this, of course, is true: if they don’t feel good, if their personal goals are not achieved, if they don’t find that achieving them is possible only through the state, then the latter stands on feet of clay.”
Any development proceeds, according to Hegel, according to a certain pattern: a statement or proposition (thesis), the negation of this statement (antithesis) and, finally, the negation of the negation, the removal of opposites (synthesis). In synthesis, the thesis and antithesis seem to be reconciled with each other, from which a new qualitative state arises. However, one should not think that in this third moment the first two are completely destroyed. Hegelian sublation means overcoming as much as it does the preservation of thesis and antithesis, but preservation in some higher, harmonizing unity.
Taking into account the current state of mutual relations between society and the state, as well as the state and each member of society, while based on Hegel’s ideas about the laws of development of nature and society, we will make an attempt to substantiate the concept of the dialecticity of the modern information society, its inconsistency “in itself.” Many processes in the information society are in a dialectical relationship and interdependence, and these connections are complex and contradictory. The application of dialectics to the phenomenon of the information society, according to the author, is due to the following:
1) the inertia of the information society, its unwillingness, due to objective and subjective reasons, to fully accept the products of scientific and technological progress;
2) while developing and improving, the information society is moving, however, not in the direction of reducing all kinds of threats, but, on the contrary, both the number and intensity of such threats are constantly increasing. The information environment is in constant development, movement, not static, and in this development there are obvious vulnerabilities and risks;
3) an excessive amount of information avalanche-like leads to the fact that a person is not prepared to perceive it. As a consequence, the appearance of “internal filters”: at the level of automaticity, a person “filters” it even before perceiving information, highlighting what is necessary and important for himself;
4) the problem of the reliability of the information received is becoming more urgent. In the same row is the problem of overloading information flows with harmful, prohibited, and misinformation;
5) unevenness, imbalance of implementation
information technologies (for comparison: unlike electronic, paper document flow has been formed for centuries). As a consequence, there is distrust in the processes of introducing e-government, providing government and municipal services V in electronic format;
6) information technologies used to automate processes do not have a finished form and are in a constant process of refinement and replacement with more modern ones. Hence the formation of a perception of existing solutions in the field of process automation as temporary;
7) the information society in the context of globalization, based on trans-borders, elevates the possibility of anonymity on the network and, in turn, the identification of subjects of information relations to the rank of fundamental issues.
The condition for the successful, effective development of the information society is the fullest possible “inclusion” of each subject of information relations, each individual, member of the information society, in all processes of informatization, awareness by the individual as a subject of the information society of the opportunities and advantages opened up as a result of the introduction of information and telecommunication technologies.
This task is feasible only in a situation where the state provides the most important component of the information society, the “second side of the coin” - personal information security. The current level of ensuring personal security in the information sphere is a direct limiting factor that slows down the processes of introducing information technologies and the development of the information society in all its manifestations.
The interests of an individual in the information sphere lie in satisfying all his possible needs - ensuring the right to access information, the possibility of citizen participation in law-making activities, including through the development of electronic democracy mechanisms, the possibility of receiving state and municipal services in electronic form, in the implementation of the right to protection using e-justice mechanisms, etc.
Meanwhile, the processes of introducing information technologies and the development of the information society in all its manifestations are directly hampered and are often not supported by citizens due to the lack of effective mechanisms and guarantees to ensure personal security.
Information and telecommunication technologies, developing and, as a result, becoming more complex, often lead to a situation of unpreparedness of subjects of information relations, primarily numerous Internet users, to resist modern cyber attacks. Moreover, the result of such cyber attacks, as a rule, is not at all harmless: for example, the recently appeared malicious software a new type (so-called implant programs), according to Kaspersky Lab experts, are capable of providing a hacker with complete control of a mobile device, and, accordingly, access to all information about the owner, including his location at one time or another, battery charge level, the fact of replacing the SIM card, the ability to turn on the camera, microphone to record the victim’s actions, remember the used Wi-Fi access points... Such targeted (not mass!) attacks are, of course, directed at users of specific interest - political, financial, etc. .P.
The problem of the possibility of legal regulation by modern legislation of the right to “digital oblivion” (“the right to be forgotten”), the implementation of the right to integrity in the conditions of developing information relations on the Internet privacy, the ambiguity of resolving the issue of storing personal data of Russian citizens by foreign Internet services. These are only some of the questions that cause numerous discussions today.
What is the situation with the possibility of providing a favorable information environment in the conditions of modern Internet communications and cross-border Internet relations?
The Internet forms a global information space and serves as the physical basis for the World Wide Web (WWW) and many other data transmission systems (protocols). The Internet is a network of interconnected computer systems and a number of different computer services. Giving Bekhman G.’s capacious characterization of the modern information society, E.V.
Talapina supports the view that globalization and the Internet are in a triple relationship.
In 2016, the Internet turned 47 years old. On October 29, 1969, the word “LOGIN” was transmitted (on the second attempt) from the University of California computer to Stanford University.
Discussions continue over the main question: what is the Internet?
There are many approaches to defining the concept of the Internet. In Russia, the term “Internet” is used in numerous regulatory legal acts, but there is no legal definition of the Internet.
I.L. Bachilo calls the Internet the sphere of a continuous information and communication process, which creates conditions for the circulation of information in electronic form in an unlimited space through interconnected computer networks, and the exchange of information resources of any subjects (consumers) in order to obtain and accumulate knowledge or implement electronic transactions of subjects in different areas of realizing their interests, rights and responsibilities.
The specifics of the Internet are predetermined by the peculiarities of cybernetic space, which, according to I.M. Rassolova, refers to:
1) lack of geographical boundaries;
2) anonymity in cyberspace;
3) the ability to evade control (Network users can “exit” the regime defined by national law in order to avoid detection of the offenses they have committed... Subjects of crimes try to carry out their criminal activities in the freest areas of the Internet, i.e. outside the judicial jurisdiction of their own states (for example, in zones .com, .net, .org, .ag, .sc)
4) hierarchy and structural zones (the Internet represents a spatial structure that includes a hierarchy of various participants: domain name registration institutions and many intermediaries distributed in an asymmetric way (Internet providers, trade information intermediaries, etc. All of them provide information consumers with access to information sections and Web contents);
5) growing interaction, interactivity and dynamism;
6) the presence of interactive information connections (the Internet is characterized by a huge number of electronic connections and communications. One of the characteristic elements of this environment is a network agreement).
In the legal literature, there are four regulators of legal relations on the Internet (the behavior of network participants). Behavior in this area can be regulated by the following types of regulators:
Directly by law;
Social (corporate) norms;
Laws of market and competition;
Technical standards.
Due to the fact that the Internet and relations within the Internet are developing much faster than the legislator manages to create the corresponding legal structures and formulas, currently the regulation of a large part of relations is based on business customs, “Internet customs”.
Currently, discussions are ongoing regarding the advisability of adopting a separate law on the Internet in Russia, and this is due, first of all, to the certain specifics of Internet relations.
Among their features:
1. Special subject composition. Internet relations can arise between special entities (communication operators, providers, network developers, international organizations responsible for the development of Internet protocols, etc.).
2. Subjects of Internet relations may be located in different countries, and their activities may be regulated by the laws of different countries.
3. Internet relationships are impossible without the use of information and communication technologies and networks. They have information content, i.e. develop about information on the Internet. The object of these relations is not all information, but only information processed in cyberspace.
4. Internet relations are highlighted at the present stage of development of society, state and technology... for the purpose of automating the management of various information systems, in our case a complex cybernetic system - the Internet.
V.A. Kopylov important feature global information space called the absence of geographical and geopolitical borders of participating states, as a result of which there is a “clash” and “breaking” of national level legislation in countries that have these networks. Internet - as noted by V.A. Kopylova - represents a completely new human environment, a new environment for the functioning and interaction of the individual, society and state. This information environment is often called virtual, implying that information, as the main object of this environment, is not a physical object and cannot be touched.
About the new quality virtual environment, Professor Yu.M. writes and reports at conferences about virtual personalities in virtual space. Baturin, discussing the endless reflection of virtual subjects.
Let us present a number of statistical data.
According to the Public Opinion Foundation (survey results from early 2016), 87% of Russians surveyed believed that, in general, the invention of the Internet has brought more good than bad to people. To another question, 53% answered that their lives would change significantly if they suddenly will be deprived of the opportunity to use the Internet. As positive aspects of the Internet, 60% of respondents noted - “a lot of useful and publicly available information”, 31% - “wide opportunities for communication between people”, 8% - “entertainment, new forms of leisure”, another 8% - " fast access to information", 7% - "new opportunities for work, study", 6% - "broadening your horizons", 4% - "the possibility of remote purchases, paying bills" (you could select several answers).
In turn, survey data from 2017 indicate the dynamics of the structure of the Internet audience: at the end of spring, the daily Internet audience (who answered that they went online in the last 24 hours) amounted to 61% of adult Russians, weekly - 68%, monthly - 70%.
A peculiarity of modern times is that today there is a large increase in interest in the Internet from the elderly population. The “maturation” of the web audience is observed not only in Russia. According to Roiworld, American youth are leaving en masse social network Facebook. Teenagers are not happy that their parents are now increasingly using the services of the popular portal.
It is obvious that the Internet today has firmly entered into modern life almost every person. However, there are still many unresolved problems in this area. Let's look at some of them.
First of all, according to the remark of I.L. Bachilo, for the development of legal support, the task of finding incentives to attract Internet resources to those areas of the citizen’s community that are most effective in improving the level and quality of life, teaching the latest technologies and helping to improve the level of education and the quality of knowledge is being updated.
Of course, among the problems modern Russia- the problem of digital inequality. Among those that do not lose relevance problem - protection personal data on the Internet. The anonymity of Internet relationships also predetermines the presence of the problem of establishing the identity of the subject of Internet relationships, i.e. identification problems.
To enter into some Internet communication relationships, subjects must be identified in a certain way. “Many Internet resources and Internet services require the completion of a user identification procedure as a condition of their use. Often, for activities in the virtual space of the Internet, a person creates his own or fictitious virtual image or virtual face. By analogy with a real person, a virtual person has his own “name”, under which he acts both his visualization (avatar, photograph, drawing) and signatures in the ID card of this virtual identity - password. It should be noted that in Lately The idea of real personal identification - “Internet with a passport” - is increasingly being discussed.
Since the subject of a virtual relationship is determined by only two parameters (username and password), virtual persons and real people do not correlate with each other as one to one. Thus, one user can have several virtual faces, and, at the same time, several real people can stand behind one virtual face. The main problem that arises in such a situation is that it is difficult to identify a real person who performed an action in virtual space, standing behind a virtual person, and it is even more difficult to procedurally prove this connection. Electronic signature technology also does not provide for the presence of clear identifiers of the identity of a real person directly associated with him and inalienable from him.
In order to solve the problem of developing an approach to legal support information security of the individual in the Russian Federation, we will dwell on the concept and features of information resources being developed today, meaning by them arrays or individual documents, other visually perceptible information objects, which accumulate information (information) generated according to a certain attribute or criterion. A number of classifications of information resources can be distinguished on various grounds.
For example, based on the question of the subject matter, informational resources, which are the property of the state, may be under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and relevant government bodies. According to paragraph “and” of Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal information and means of communication are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Objects of information resources may also be under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities.
Among the latest examples of state information resources planned for the creation is a unified state register of data on the country's population, about which on July 26, 2016 a public statement was made by the Chairman of the Government D.A. Medvedev. The named project by 2025
Subject to its successful implementation, it is intended to improve the provision of public services in electronic form. When creating state resources of such a scale, the issues of access to them, information security, and information security become extremely urgent.
The main approach to the classification of information resources is the criterion for user access to them; in this regard, information resources can be open (public) or with limited access. Public information is provided freely by virtue of a direct indication of the law in cases where a citizen exercises his constitutional and other rights granted by law. In turn, documented information with limited access is divided into classified as state secret and confidential. This distinction, in particular, is noted in paragraph 4 of Art. 29 of the Constitution: “List of information constituting state secret, is determined by federal law."
Confidential information is such information, access to which is limited in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The list of such information was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1996 No. 188.
One of the controversial issues is the possibility of limiting the dissemination of information via the Internet. Analyzing the UN recommendations on limiting the rights to access information on the Internet, concluded in the 2011 report, D.E. Petrov draws a conclusion about the main principles formulated in it, on which the
legal structures for limiting the dissemination of information on the Internet: restrictions are implemented as a last resort, and are exactly the same as those adopted for information distributed outside the Internet; a clear procedure and conditions for the restriction must be established; a decision on the restriction can only be made in court; the legislation must provide the necessary guarantees against abuse; an exception is possible only in relation to children
pornography.
To implement a mechanism for restricting access to resources on the Internet containing legally prohibited information, a Unified Automated Information System was created. Single register domain names, site page indexes in information
telecommunications network “Internet” and network addresses that allow identifying sites in the information and telecommunications network “Internet” containing information the distribution of which is prohibited in the Russian Federation.
Global character information development, the formation of a transnational information infrastructure gives rise to many new and difficult problems related to ensuring personal security. The solution to many of them is possible only by improving the relevant national legislation, as well as multilateral international cooperation, consistent promotion
proposals capable of placing sources of threats to this security under international control.
By challenges and threats to the information security of an individual we mean potentially possible actions, events, processes, phenomena that have a destructive impact on the psyche and consciousness of the individual, leading to harm to the interests of the individual in the global information society.
Security threats in the global information society are indeed increasing. Let us highlight the most “sore points” that cause concern and lead to awareness of the need to develop an effective mechanism to counter them, primarily through legal measures.
Let us make an attempt to characterize the main pain points (in the opinion of the author) of the global information society in the context of the challenges of our time, among which we will highlight:
1. Destructive influence on various audiences - elements
propaganda;
2. Culture clash trends;
3. Economic freedom;
4. Excessive activation social mobility,
information alienation and zombies;
5. Problems of law enforcement in conditions of cross-border information relations.
1) Destructive influence on various audiences - elements
propaganda.
The emergence in recent years of “pulse terrorism”, based on the propaganda of extremism on the Internet, creates a threat to states whose societies are not able to control and identify on their territory those individuals who are susceptible to such propaganda. The ability to create and control thematic groups with full communication makes such a threat especially dangerous.
Propaganda of ideas alien to a particular society and interference in political processes on the territory of states are also destructive.
2) Clash of cultures.
Intense communication between representatives of different ethnic groups and carriers of different cultures, coupled with the aggressive promotion of mass, unified culture, gradually erases the boundaries between people, depriving them of a unique identity, national characteristics, and adherence to territorial traditions.
The contact of cultures exacerbates conflicts, promotes unification into aggressive groups, and contributes not only to the emergence of aggression, but also to the possibility of managing it in the global information space.
The modern information environment favors intensive ethnogenesis, interpenetration, and the unification of different cultures. This contributes to the aggravation of contradictions and conflicts in the new, mixed world. The threat to the identity of peoples from more “successful” neighbors increases social and political tension and creates conditions for the cultivation of national and religious fundamentalism and extremism.
Information overload of the environment and its “litteriness” stimulate a strong decrease in the effectiveness of traditional mechanisms of state contact with citizens in the process of fundamental processes of the formation and functioning of state power: the electoral process, public relations, the state’s use of the media. To maintain the effectiveness of public administration, new approaches to managing social, political and economic processes are needed and, possibly, the creation of new structures (or reformatting of old ones) for this.
The disappearance of the self-identity of individual nations leads to a new global identity, and this gives rise to even more serious global conflicts, since not everyone is ready to part with the fundamental, basic values of their people in favor of a global civilization, which is based on the inevitable dominance of one of the nations. Hence the emergence of large aggressive terrorist structures that use the information environment to promote their ideas and coordinate actions, regardless of the density of residence of like-minded people and the distances between them.
Globalization determines the formation of life attitudes and values among the younger generation, which can disrupt ties with previous generations and cultural foundations that have developed in the territory of their residence. The incompatibility of traditions and characteristics of individual cultures forms a negative attitude towards another culture as such. There is a trend towards global unification and mixing, as well as overcoming all existing barriers and abandoning traditional values, rejecting existing foundations.
3) Economic freedom.
An example of this is the emergence of electronic money, digital currencies, which are not issued by any bank, which initiates the threat of the growth of the shadow economy and the loss of control of financial state structures. In this regard, influencing it is an unsolvable task today, since the digital currency itself cannot be withdrawn in the process of making payments between the parties to the transaction, such currency is not subject to “freezing” or seizure due to the fact that the flow of digital currency itself is characterized by uncontrollability. Hence, in the absence of a central regulator, it is impossible to fully keep records of suspicious financial activities. Digital currency can be (and has already been) used for the purpose of money laundering, fighting government power and supporting terrorism in various parts of the world.
The main problem of digital currency is its uncontrollability, and, as a result, the lack of development of a complex of legal regulations. It is this feature that makes digital currency attractive to criminal organizations. The most striking example of this is the online trading space “Silk Road”. According to media reports, about $1.2 billion of illegal transactions were carried out on this site.
4) Excessive activation of social mobility. Information alienation and zombies.
The Internet is transforming from a means of information communication into a kind of parallel virtual reality, which is trying to replace physical reality. As J. Baudrillard rightly noted, “an overdose of information leads to misinformation.”
The modern information environment nullifies the boundaries of national territories, the boundaries of national legislation, as well as state economic influence and control. Application of legislation on television advertising, limiting, for example, advertising of alcohol, tobacco in certain time days, or prohibiting such advertising cannot be applied to satellite broadcasting, since it is impossible to clearly determine the boundaries of signal reception. And advertising legislation in neighboring small countries may differ greatly from each other.
So, the global, transboundary nature of information -
telecommunication technologies leads to the scale of offenses in the information sphere, which, in turn, leads to a significant violation of the rights and interests of the individual. The significance of risks and threats can cause serious damage in the implementation of individual interests in the global information society, which is confirmed by: identification problems, the possibility of falsifying online voting results, the possibility of technological failures in the process of developing elements of electronic parliament, mechanisms of electronic democracy, the possibility of unreliable databases, insecurity of information confidential nature and personal data in the provision of state and municipal services in electronic form, the potential danger of unfair use of personal data in the process of developing electronic justice mechanisms, the problem of dissemination of illegal, harmful content that directly threatens human health, disorienting personality, defamatory materials by electronic media , the possibility of theft of information used in Internet banking systems, data loss as a result of malicious attacks while working on the Internet.
Among the obvious threats to the global information society: the deployment of large-scale information wars, the realities today- this is an information danger to the individual in the context of the militarization of the global information space, including as a result of the use of information and psychological influence on the individual consciousness of psychologically vulnerable groups in the information society, the dissemination of extremist and manipulative materials.
In the conditions of the global information society, which, despite all its “advantages,” leads to a considerable number of problems - social, economic, political, etc. - the success of solving many of them exclusively through international interaction is obvious.
The information society acts as a type of social system that is not only more promising and optimally organized in terms of technological development, but also more humanely oriented. At the same time, the culture of the information society is distinguished by a number of deep-seated contradictions that are associated with its very nature.
1. The basis of the information society is knowledge and information - this was already defined in the concept of D. Bell, which also determined the main vectors of the meaningful transformation of industrialism - the leading importance of intellectual technologies and a qualitatively new way of organizing the technological sphere, the reorganization of the cultural sphere and its reorientation towards intellectual priorities, formation of a knowledge industry.
2. One of the features of the culture of the information society is a change in the structure of production (from goods to services), which affects the social structure and personality characteristics
3. The culture of the information society is characterized by the fact that such forms of communication between people (their symbol was E. Toffler’s “electronic cottage”) that are not connected by personal contacts in the sphere of consumption of goods and services become widespread practice here - this applies to both the production sphere and the leisure sphere . Referring to Qvortrup's study of this problem, the author provides data that allows us to distinguish three categories among workers via telecommunications: a) people who replace work previously performed in a traditional production setting with work at home (telecommuters); b) “self-employed persons working on-line from home”; c) “persons who take additional work home from their office
4. The generally accepted thesis is that the main characteristics of the culture of the information society are its features such as demassification, personalization, and individualization. In addition, it should be noted that those processes that many of the theorists of post-industrialism and postmodernism designate as personalization of personality, in reality act as processes of individualization not of creative processes, but of consumption processes. And in this case, a huge selection of goods, services and methods of carrying out activities is set by power structures, and consumption organically fits both into the scheme of emancipation and personalization of the individual, and into the procedures for the total management of this person and his needs. At the same time, protest behavior and the desire for self-expression, according to A. Touraine, replace its creative development.
5. One of the theses of information theory is the assertion that in a society based on knowledge and information, there is objectively a quantitative growth of managerial, professional and technical strata, which represent the core of the new structure.
Meanwhile, an analysis of the social structure of the knowledge society indicates that this trend is not the only one. The process of active development of the sphere associated with complex technologies is accompanied by the growth of unskilled occupations in the service sector at the lower levels of the social ladder. Moreover, in absolute numbers, these jobs make up a significant share of both the post-industrial and information social organism.
7. Objectively, the dominance of information is an essential feature of the information society. Information becomes a source of value, since products that have concentrated the embodiment of powerful intelligence, knowledge and skills have a higher image than those based on wasteful use of energy resources, and the group of people producing them is the intellectual elite of society. “Intellectual capital”, which becomes a theoretical category, is a new source of wealth for organizations, and corporations that make full use of the creative potential of their employees their priority, as shown by statistics on investments in tangible and intangible assets cited by T. Stewart, become the most successful.
8. Researchers often call the information society “good” or “fair” (J. K. Galbraith), without meaning the desire for equality in income distribution. The authors note that the desire not just to have money, but to surpass others in the process of earning it, is a criterion for the highest social achievements and the most important source of social prestige. This, of course, does not reduce the need for awareness of the need to control the distribution of income.
9. The dominant strategy in cultural enrichment, associated with the potential of new communication technologies, can positively influence the development of human resources and act as a system of spiritual and intellectual development.
10. In the information society, the most effective way of communication is the network. The dominance of precisely those information systems that are more consistent with the effectiveness of economic and social management is determined by the objective logic of capital development, the basis of which is the desire for economic efficiency. Converting any information into a digital format - including that which was previously not amenable to codification - tactile, olfactory, gustatory - is, of course, the most optimal and universal way of transmitting it.
11. The information society overcomes both the industrial stage of social development, which was based on innovation and the scientific and technological revolution, and the previous pre-industrial stage, based on tradition.
12. Information society based on the latest technologies, can allow humanity to create a more efficient economy and solve many of the global problems of our time.
The concept of "information society" is included in the world scientific and socio-political terminology system. Now there are numerous definitions of the phenomenon “information society”: it is called industrial, postmodernism, knowledge society, scientific, telematic, post-oil. Modifications of the concept of “information society” in different countries demonstrate socio-political, public, scientific prospects for its development: “national information infrastructure” (NIIA), “information society” (Council of Europe), “information highway” (Canada, Great Britain). Considering the importance of creating and developing the information society, on March 27, 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution (A/RES/60/252), which proclaimed May 17 as the International Day of the Information Society.
Information society is an information-based society (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 1997).
In the global socio-political space, attempts have also been made to determine its essence, in particular: the information society - complex concept, in which economics, science and culture are complementary factors, and the main success is associated with the synergy of all components.
The most important resource for the development of society is people, their intellectual, creative, and spiritual abilities. Today, the most limited and expensive resource is knowledge and competence. The task of society is to create conditions for the realization of the potential of every person with the help of information, knowledge, information and communication technologies.
Often the information society is identified with one of its elements, for example, informatization (as in the Presidential decree) or offshore programming. But this is a very narrow approach. The information society has many components, and each country can implement its own strategy based on its own culture, history, capabilities and resources.
(Interview with the President of the Information Society of Ukraine Foundation A. Kolodyuk of the Expert magazine
The information superhighway is more than the Internet. It is a series of components that includes the totality of public and personal, high-speed, limited and deployed networks that exist today and will appear tomorrow.
(“The First Information Superhighway,” National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council. NMAC Report, 1996)
The concept of “information society” was updated in the United States by Senator A. Gore during the presidential campaign of 1991-1992 pp. In Europe, it was enshrined in the European Commission's Information Society Action Plan and finally entered the international lexicon at the 1995 Global Information Sustainment Summit.
The first four principles, which became fundamental in the creation of a global information infrastructure, were formulated by A. Gore at a meeting in Buenos Aires in 1994:
o personal investment and healthy competition are the best ways to ensure development;
o regulation must be flexible, such that it rejects what is outdated and at the same time remains faithful to the main ideals of technical and applied sciences;
o access must be open;
o universal communication must be guaranteed.
These provisions were reflected in the documents of the European Commission, and the terminology was slightly changed. The European Commission preferred the deadlines "information infrastructure" and the "information superhighway" as opposed to the concept of "information society".
A thorough approach to the theory of the information society was proposed by the Japanese scientist Yneji Masuda. According to his theory, society emerges based on computer technology. The role of the human factor is either replaced or significantly enhanced by intellectual work. Telecommunications technologies should become the leading sector of the economy. The greatest value in society will be time, unlike an industrial society in which preference is given to the consumption of goods.
I. Masuda presented the disagreements between the information, industrial and agricultural societies in the form of a table.
|
Social processes, institutions, structures |
Agrarian society |
Industrial society |
Information society |
|
|
Structure production values |
Production is based on subsistence farming |
Production of capital goods |
Production information (computers) |
|
|
Character production values |
Efficient reproduction of subsistence farming, extensive farming |
Material production, efficient use natural phenomena and resources |
Production of knowledge, systematization of various natural science and social functions |
|
|
Basis of production |
Increase in agricultural production and manual labor |
Production of material assets, goods, energy, vehicles |
Replacement of intellectual labor, production of information, communications, knowledge |
|
|
Social structure |
Man is tied to the earth |
Dependence on means of production |
Human dependence on society |
|
|
Production and social interactions |
Forced labor |
Wage labor |
Contract job |
|
|
Peculiarities social structures |
Closed rural community, stable, traditional, patriarchal economy |
Over-urbanized, dynamic society built on free competition, supporting public well-being |
Network balanced society and conditions created for the development of human creative abilities |
|
|
Normative values |
Laws of nature, human dependence on nature, satisfaction of basic (life) needs |
Satisfying material, sensory and emotional needs |
Creation of knowledge, satisfaction of various social needs |
|
|
Spiritual values |
Theological Society |
Human-oriented materialistic society |
Socially oriented society with the development of high technologies Managed democracy, fulfilling its mission is a priority value, a society of trust |
|
|
Ethical values |
The Spiritual Advantage and the Law of God |
The will of democracy, respect for human rights and private property rights |
||
From the table above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
o information does not disappear during its consumption or transmission;
o it is impossible to convey only part of the information without changing its essence;
o information has the ability to accumulate; when it increases, a qualitative leap in knowledge occurs;
o Computer techologies increase the possibilities of self-reproduction and self-dissemination of information.
Information in the information and communication society becomes the main resource for the following reasons:
o if information can be concentrated, then with the help of technology it can be more easily processed;
o if information can be dispersed, then it does not need to be stored in one place and can only be used for the purposes for which it was originally acquired;
o circulation of information means that more people can work with it at the same time;
o technology " feedback“increases the “citation index” of information, allowing it to be processed from the inside in order to extract new valuable characteristics and create gigantic databases that are inaccessible without the use of the same technologies (principles highlighted by I. Masuda).
In the information and communication society, the concept of man is changing. The following components are of particular value:
o effective personality (a person who is armed with knowledge of information technology);
o highly productive team (that uses computer technology in its activities);
o integrated enterprise (a corporation that owns a complete internal information structure);
o extended enterprise (intercorporate computer networks linking several different organizations);
o business activity in the internetwork environment (parameters determined by D. Tapscott).
On the one hand, all of the listed features of the information and communication community and its members imply greater efficiency of the information process and all aspects of the development of society, on the other hand, these same features determine previously unprecedented possibilities for manipulative influence on the individual.
1. An unprecedented opportunity to control each individual has emerged. And if this control falls into the hands of groups with destructive intentions, it becomes possible total control over society.
2. The Internet does not just expand civil society, it creates a new quality for it, fundamentally changes the nature of the relationship between citizens and the government, depriving the government of one of its main resources - the monopoly on information. Every citizen on the Internet has the opportunity not only to consume information, but also to distribute IT. Thus, the hierarchical models of social organization that were characteristic of the information revolution are changing.
3. The problem of regulating e-democracy arises. Of course, the issue of regulation is perceived in a negative way. But the fact is that a real alternative to controllability and regulation of processes in the field of information technology can only be chaos. And this chaos in transnational Internet networks can have various negative consequences.
4. The Internet opens up the possibility of absentee participation in politics, when a person becomes a member of a kind of “couch party”: while remaining in the comfort of home, in real time he willingly delves into and emotionally reacts to the news feed, but cannot do almost anything practically important using the keyboard .
5. Thanks to the Internet, a significant amount of materials is distributed, the consumption of which leads to the devaluation of spiritual values and a decrease in the moral and creative potential of the population.
The vector of research in the information and communication society has shifted from the analysis of society to the analysis of the anthropocentric factor. Scientists find a number of explanations for this:
o in the information society, new forms of communication began to emerge more often, rather than methods of processing and storing information, as a result of which a new information and communication order emerged and Western values began to be implanted throughout the world (A. Belinskaya)
o a mosaic culture begins to emerge in society (snatched from a certain historical or cultural context) and a mosaic identity appears (sometimes consisting of opposing identities that contradict each other), which is spreading thanks to new forms of communications, including media (S. Turkle)
o The Internet is beginning to play an increasingly important role in these processes. Gradually, a transformation of communicative experience occurs, the main characteristic of which is the constant need to complete, construct a communicative situation - the image of a partner or partners in communication (A. Goroshko)
o the role of “cold” media is increasingly increasing (M. McLuhan)
o there is a problem of trust in information transmitted via a computer. Therefore, communication, and not information, becomes the sensory core of the information society (A. Goroshko).
