During the fermentation of tobacco, a complex complex of changes in its chemical composition and water-physical properties occurs. This significantly affects its appearance, smoking qualities and technological properties. During fermentation, the light green that remains on the leaves after drying disappears. Dark greens take on brown-brown and olive shades. In the main color, dark tones (orange, red, brown) are somewhat enhanced. Instead of a raw, herbaceous smell, a specific pleasant tobacco smell appears. These changes noticeably even out the color of the tobacco, improve its color qualities and aroma. Changes in the chemical composition of tobacco during fermentation (the formation of melanoidin and the destruction of pectin substances, amino acids and nicotine, qualitative changes in resins and essential oils) improve its taste and aroma: the strength decreases, tobacco becomes softer when smoked, and loses some bitterness. Simultaneously, the fermentation of the tobacco improves the aroma properties of the smoke and the flammability of the tobacco increases.

Fermentation conditions of tobacco

To put it simply, we need to create conditions under which the fermentation of tobacco will take place at a temperature of 50-55 degrees and a humidity of 60-70%. I do this, sprinkle dried and pressed tobacco leaves from a spray bottle with water and honey (one teaspoon per 200 ml), one zilch for each leaf. Then I put it in two garbage bags and put it on a couch under the mattress. After that, the oven is flooded and the tobacco is gradually heated. The stove is heated every other day, for 7-10 days. Then the leaves are taken out, dried, if they are still wet, and put away for rest or smoked right away. You can also use jars instead of bags, but the humidity should be slightly reduced. The sheet should not be damp to the touch, but it should not break when bent. If condensation has formed on the walls of the can, you will need to dry the tobacco. This method is good for villagers who still have Russian stoves.

Types of tobacco fermentation

You can use ovens with a heating temperature within 50 degrees. The whole process is the same as on the oven, only it is more convenient to ferment in cans.
If there is no stove, and the wife does not give the oven, then we wait for the heating season and use or make a fermentation cabinet. As heating elements in the cabinet, you can use incandescent lamps, electric rugs and experimentally achieve a temperature of 50-55 degrees. To distribute the heat in the cabinet evenly, put a cooler from the computer. It is better to make the cabinet from non-combustible material. During fermentation, it is better to lay the leaves in jars whole (not chopped).

As . To do this, we take a double film sleeve, place a container with water or several containers in it and place it inside the casting of tobacco in boxes and wrap both edges of the sleeve as tightly as possible. We ventilate slightly every three days. In good hot weather, the process will take about two weeks. The downside of this fermentation is that the tobacco will have to be fermented using this method next year, unless of course you live in the south. You can use the same type of greenhouse by hanging tobacco under the ridge. The process in the greenhouse will take longer than in the sleeve.

Fermentation of tobacco at home is not suitable for everyone, for some reason, and therefore the easiest way is to do nothing with tobacco. After a year or two of storage, he himself will take on smoking qualities. Fermentation in tobacco takes place constantly, and the difference in its taste depends only on time. The older the tobacco, the better its smoking qualities, provided it is stored airtight.

fermentation of tobacco in the microwave

There is another way to process tobacco: microwave fermentation of tobacco. But this method is more suitable for quick softening of tobacco, the number of cycles and power are selected empirically, experimenting with small batches. Also, this method can slightly reduce the strength of the tobacco. But in the end, the microwave will still not give the desired result. I tried it, I was not particularly impressed with the result, maybe you will like it.

Non-fermentation tobacco varieties: Kentucky Barley, it has no sugar and can be smoked immediately after drying. The jubilee new 142 of it is said to have been done before. But, it is better to give any tobacco a rest for 2-3 months.

Buy tobacco

If you want to buy ready-made tobacco, where can you buy it.

How I cut my tobacco

Windows 10 - Includes a new feature called Network Reset that will quickly return the default network settings for all network adapters on the system. It can be very helpful to reset your network settings if you are having connectivity issues, especially after removing malware.

Network Reset will remove and reinstall all network adapters, as well as install other network components back to their original settings. You may need to reinstall other networking software after this, such as VPN client software or virtual switches.

Open the settings WinKey + I and press Network and Internet

Click on State

On the status page, there are several links to correct your network configuration. One of them is the diagnostic package "Network Troubleshooter", which runs a network scan on your system, will suggest fixes if needed.

If for some reason the "Network Troubleshooter" does not find any errors and cannot fix your connection, you must Network reset.

Since Network Reset resets all NICs to their original settings, Winsock, etc. If you have a custom network configuration, please write down your settings. Also, write down your Wi-Fi configuration and associated passwords before resetting. After that, press the button Reset Now.

Click the button Yes... Windows 10 will reset the network adapters and reset Winsock.

Note: Windows10 will automatically restart after 5 minutes.

Previously, the user had to run these commands manually to clear the network adapter configuration and reset Winsock.

• netcfg -d
• netsh winsock reset

Now you know how to do a Network Reset in Windows 10.

In the instructions on this site related to problems with the Internet, such as, and in others, among the solutions, there is always a reset of the Windows network settings (DNS cache, TCP / IP protocol, static routes), usually using the command line ...

Windows 10 Update 1607 introduces a feature that simplifies the steps to reset all network connections and protocols, and lets you do this, literally, with the push of a button. That is, now, if any problems arise with the operation of the network and the Internet, and provided that they are caused precisely by incorrect settings, these problems can be solved very quickly.

Reset network and Internet settings in Windows 10 settings

When performing the steps described below, keep in mind that after you reset the Internet and network settings, all network settings will return to the state they were in when you originally installed Windows 10. That is, if your connection requires you to enter any parameters manually, you will have to repeat them.

To reset network settings, network adapter settings and other components in Windows 10, follow these simple steps.

After pressing the button, you will need to confirm the reset of the network settings and wait for a while until the computer restarts.

After rebooting and connecting to the network, Windows 10, as after installation, will ask you if this computer should be found on the network (i.e. your public or private network), after which the reset can be considered complete.

Note: The process removes all network adapters and reinstalls them on the system. If you previously had problems installing the drivers for a network card or Wi-Fi adapter, there is a chance that they will recur.

Resetting network adapter settings

Right-click on the network icon in the notification bar. Select. Next, in the new window, click on Change adapter settings... A window with to the Internet will open.

If you need to change the parameters for connecting via a network cable, then right-click on the adapter Ethernet... If for a Wi-Fi connection, then the connection Wireless network... Select item Properties.

In the new window, you can set automatic receipt of addresses for this adapter (by selecting the Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically check boxes), or set static addresses.

After making changes, do not forget to apply the settings by clicking on the button Ok.

Restart your computer and try to connect to the internet.

Instructions for Windows 7

In Windows 7, everything is done exactly the same as in Windows 8. It would be possible not to write separately for the seven, but let it be.

Right-click on the network icon, then select the item Network and Sharing Center... Then click on AND Changing adapter parameters, and again, right-click on the adapter whose properties we want to change. In the menu, select Properties... Like this:

Highlight the item Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP / IPv4) and click on the button Properties... Specify the required IP and DNS, or set them to automatically receive, and click Ok.

Configuring automatic acquisition (or setting static) IP and DNS on Windows XP

Press Start and open Control Panel... Then, select Network and Internet Connections.

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We see the network connections that are available on our computer. Right-click on the desired connection and select Properties.

Highlight item Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) and press the button Properties.

As in the two systems that I wrote about above, we set the necessary parameters for obtaining IP and DNS. Either automatic receipt, or we set static addresses and click Ok.

sfc / scannow

HKLM \ SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ LanmanServer
HKLM \ SYSTEM \ ControlSet001 \ Services \ LanmanServer
HKLM \ SYSTEM \ ControlSet002 \ Services \ LanmanServer

Sometimes, it happens, the Internet connection settings get confused or simply does not want to connect to the network (does not receive an IP address via DHCP). Similar problems can occur as a result of the operation of some malicious programs (viruses). You can torture those for a long time. support from your provider or call a specialist at home. You can try to fix the problem yourself.
There is a special program for resetting TCP / IP in Windows NT (2000 / XP / Seven) operating systems. netsh.exe.

netsh.exe- (Network Shell) allows you to configure the network parameters.

Some dirty viruses will get into WinSock and dirty.
Symptoms:

• The download speed of files over TCP is very low (while over UDP it can download quickly);

• When you turn on the computer for a while, a couple of minutes, the Internet works fine, but then it disappears completely (the speed drops to 0);

• The Internet works and the download speed is normal, but the uploaded file turns out to be broken because it is not downloaded completely (most likely the virus intercepts some of the packets during transmission, but sends a notification to the source about the successful receipt of all packets).

In addition to viruses, you can also "break" your Internet connection (or you can "shut down" yourself)

Some examples:

• The computer does not receive an ip-address automatically (via DHCP);

• IP addresses are pinged but not pinged by name;

• The computer receives an IP address of this pattern 169.254. *. *;

If the viruses are cleaned, then you can proceed with the recovery. ATTENTION! The following procedures will reset the network settings. I highly recommend rewriting the settings.
What would reset Winsock:

If the first command does not solve the problem, you can reset the TCP / IP stack to "factory" settings:
In the same place on the command line, enter the command:

netsh int ip reset c: \ resetlog.txt

In this case, the reset log will be saved in the root of the C: \ drive; if you omit the c: \ prefix, the log will be saved in the current directory. After that, you should restart your computer.

After using this command, the following register branches will be reset to the "factory" ones:

SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ Tcpip \ Parameters \
SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ DHCP \ Parameters \

You can use these commands together one after the other. By the way, they also dump the DNS cache.
About DNS Cache Issues: For example, the site has moved to another hosting, as a result, its IP address has changed. And since you have not quite fresh data in the cache, when you enter the name of the site, you will be taken to the old IP address, where the site is no longer there.

In order not to reset all settings, try the command ipconfig / flushdns If it doesn't help, use netsh int ip reset resetlog.txt- this is guaranteed to help and reset everything related to network connections.

Reset the TCP / IP and Winsock protocol stack.

One of the components of a computer's Internet connection is a built-in instruction set called TCP / IP. Sometimes TCP / IP is damaged (consequences of some viruses, installation of incorrect network card drivers, etc.). If you cannot connect to the Internet and you have tried all of the solutions to this problem, it is possible that TCP / IP is the problem.

Since TCP / IP is a component of the Windows kernel, it cannot be removed. However, you can reset TCP / IP to its original settings using the NetShell tool ( netsh).

Signs:
a) I can't connect to the Internet, or

There are a lot of Internet problems in Windows 10. What you just will not find in the comments to various articles on our website. I have already written many instructions for solving various problems that Windows 10 users most often encounter. And for almost every problem or error, I would advise you to reset your network settings. This very frequency procedure is a solution to many different, and sometimes even incomprehensible problems.

In Windows 10, you can reset the network settings through the settings. This opportunity appeared after the installation of update 1607. Previously, resetting the DNS cache, TCP / IP protocol settings, etc. could only be done through the command line, using special commands. In principle, this can be done now by executing the necessary commands, but you can make everything much easier by clicking on one button in the settings.

Resetting the network (internet) settings itself will completely clear all network settings and reinstall the network adapters. Wireless adapter (if any), and network card. Simply put, after resetting the network settings and rebooting, everything related to the network and internet connection will be cleared to factory settings. To the state that was immediately after installing Windows 10.

This method can help solve a huge number of errors. Among which:, an error, when, or an error appears in Windows 10. Only on condition that the problem is in your computer, and not at the Internet provider, or in the Wi-Fi router.

Moreover, resetting network parameters can be useful in case of problems that users encounter in the process of distributing Wi-Fi in Windows 10. I advised this method in the article. Only there I showed how to reset TCP / IP parameters via the command line.

An important point! As I wrote above, this procedure will completely remove all Internet connection parameters and network settings. If you have some kind of Internet connection configured, then you will need to configure it again. If you yourself cannot, then see the article:. In any case, you need to be prepared for the fact that after the reset the problem remains, or even worse.

How to reset internet and network settings in Windows 10?

Everything is very simple here. Open "Start" and go to "Options".

Go to the "Network and Internet" section.

On the "Status" tab, click on "Reset Network".

Click on the "Reset Now" button.

We confirm the reset by clicking "Yes".

The computer will restart.

All network settings will be reset to factory defaults. If you had problems connecting to a Wi-Fi network, then try to reconnect. If the Internet is connected directly to the computer, and you need to configure the connection (PPPoE), then create it. Or try starting the hotspot if you had problems with just that.

Wi-Fi is a wireless network between laptops through which you can exchange files from a distance, play computer games with friends and neighbors, and also connect to Wi-Fi points in cafes and subways.
The range of the Wi-Fi signal is about 100 meters of line of sight, without obstacles and about 15 meters passing through the stone walls of a residential building.

These figures may vary depending on the model of the device built into your laptop Wi-Fi.

Using a wireless network will solve all the problems associated with laying network cables between multiple users. Previously, in order to connect 3 or more computers, you had to purchase Switch or Hub devices, using a Wi-Fi wireless network, you do not need to connect other additional devices. Configuring the settings for creating a wireless network is fairly simple and does not take much time. On each operating system, the location of the options for configuring the network is different, so we will consider the method for setting up Wi-Fi in the newest Windows 7 operating system, which is most often used on laptops.

Before you start entering the settings for creating a network, you must make sure that the device is turned on. To do this, in the Control Panel window - & gt, Network and Internet - & gt, Network Connections, you can see the wireless network connection adapter. If the sign of the wireless network connection is colorless, you must right-click on it and enable the adapter.

The same thing needs to be checked on all laptops to which we want to connect. Now you need to register the same workgroup name on all machines. The default names can be, MSHOME, and WORKGROUP. Select any name and write it down on all machines in the computer properties (right mouse button on the My Computer icon). After that, go to the section Control Panel- & gt, Network and Internet- & gt, Network and Sharing Center. On the left side of the tab, you see the following subsections: `` Manage wireless networks '', `` Change adapter settings '', `` Change advanced sharing settings ''. First, in the subsection “Changing adapter parameters”, in the properties of the wireless adapter, write “Internet Protocol version 4 (TCP / IPv4)”. In the properties of this protocol, enter the IP address: 192.168.0.1, where the last digit `` 1 '' denotes the number of your laptop in the wireless network and it should not be repeated by other users. On the second laptop, enter the IP address: 192.168.0.2, on the third, enter the IP address: 192.168.0.3 and so on, changing only the last digit of the IP address. In general, the meaning of these numbers may be different (for example: 010.010.010.1, 144.123.34.1), but for an illustrative example, we will use the one proposed above. Next, click in the Subnet Mask field and get the standard 255.255.255.0. we do the same on other laptops. So, we have entered the necessary parameters and can start creating a new Wi-Fi network. When the device is turned on, in the lower right corner, next to the volume control, you can see the current connections as well as Wi-Fi networks that are in range.

To create a new network, on the first laptop, in the subsection “Managing wireless networks”, select “Add” and “Create a network profile manually”. In the window that appears, enter the profile name, `` Security type '', - & gt, No authentication and put two check marks on `` Start this connection automatically '', and `` Connect if the network does not broadcast. '' After creating a network, other users will see the name of your network in the lower right corner of the taskbar, among the current connections. Having connected by double clicking on it, you will be on the same network and you can start sharing files. To exchange files, you need to open access to folders and files on your laptop. To do this, on the required folder in the properties, selecting the tab `` Access '', by clicking on share, you will see a window in which you need to select `` ALL '' - & gt, `` Add '', - & gt, `` Shared ''.

To check the operability of the network and quick access to files of other users, it is necessary to register 192.168.0.2 in the address line of any open window to enter the second computer, 192.168.0.3 to the third & hellip, 192.168.0.10 to the tenth. You will not be able to access files of other users of the wireless network if they have no shared access to any folder. Wi-Fi wireless networks are already widely used so you can easily connect to other open networks that you can catch with your Wi-Fi device.

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1.Connecting a computer to the ZyXel Keenetic Lite router:

Before setting ZyxelKeeneticLite, You plug the router's power adapter into an electrical outlet, connect the provider's cable to WAN the router interface, and one of LAN ports, connect the yellow patch cord with the network card of your computer. Then you need to change the settings TCP / IP from the network card to automatically obtain values(DHCP client). This can be done as follows:

Windows XP: Start - Control Panel - Network Connections - (right-click on) Local Area Connection (if there is no "local area connection" icon (see Figure 1), then this indicates either that it has been renamed, or the driver is not installed on the network map.) - Properties - Internet Protocol(TCP / IP) -Properties- further see fig. one

rice. one

Windows 7 : Start -> Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> (left column) Change adapter settings -> (right click on) Local Area Connection -> Properties -> Internet Protocol version 4-> Properties->further see fig. 2

rice. 2

After that open your browser (Opera, Internet Explorer, Mozilla, ...), in the address bar, go to: http://192.168.1.1, a window should appear:

fig. 3

username: admin, password: 1234

2. Configuring the WAN interface (the part of the router that "looks" towards the provider):

3. Setting up wi-fi connection:

Router setup:

Network name (SSID) - the name of your wi-fi network. An arbitrary name written in Latin letters, for example, as in the figure MY_ZyXEL_WiFi.

Network key (ASCII) a password you have randomly invented (written in the English layout), which you need to write down in the future, it will come in handy. Click Apply. Configuring the wi-fi router is now complete. It remains to configure the wireless card of your computer (laptop).

Setting up a wi-fi card:

WindowsXP: Start - Control Panel - Network Connections.

Windows 7 : Start -> Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> (left column) Change adapter settings.

Make sure you have the "Wireless Network Connection" icon (if there is no icon, then this either indicates that it has been renamed, or the driver is not installed on the wi-fi card.)

If you have Windows XP:

Next, you need to understand which application in Windows XP is responsible for connecting to WiFi networks. It can be a special utility from the manufacturer Wi-Fi a module that comes with the wireless adapter driver, or maybe Windows itself. The fact is that such special utilities intercept control over the wireless communication module from the operating system, then Windows XP just won't see wireless WiFi networks, about which the system will not hesitate to inform you:

In principle, it is possible to return control of wireless networks back to the operating system. , for this you need in the window in Fig. click on the link on the left Change advanced parameters... Then open the tab “ Wireless networks"And check the box there "Use Windows to configure the network " :

click "OK".

To connect to your wireless network (MY_ZyXEL_WiFi) from a wi-fi router in Windows XP You need to go through the following path: Start- (settings) - Control Panel - Network connections- then double click on the icon Wireless network connection... Next, choose from the list of networks yourand double-click on it with the left button, see fig.

Then Windows XP will ask you for a password to connect to a wireless wi-fi network (see fig.). Here you need to specify which is used for the security of the wi-fi network in your router. Enter the key, its confirmation (that is, the same key is entered at the same time) below and press To plug.

The setup is complete.

If you have Windows 7:

Click on: Start -> Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> (left column) Change adapter settings ->"Wireless Network Connection":

Then right click on , select the item "Connect / Disconnect" :

In the list of found wireless networks, find and highlight your network - MY_ZyXEL_WiFi. Then we press the button "Connection" .

In the next window, you must enter the one that was invented when setting up wi-fi in the router. Enter the key and press the button "Ok" .

Upon successful connection "Wireless network connection" will look like this.

The setup is complete.

Check with your browser. Is the internet working. If the Internet is working, then as a result of the configuration you have received a configured router with a secure wi-fi channel.

Sometimes you need to reset the adapter. To accomplish this task, you need to enter the network connections section. This is done in the following order: you need to go to the control panel from the "Start" command menu. Using the search system, find the adapter, then in the section for managing shared access and networks, select the "Show network connections" item. Right-click on the adapter icon and select the "Disable" command before resetting the wireless network parameters. If you need to enter or confirm the administrator password, enter the password or confirm.

By clicking on the right mouse button on the network adapter icon, you need to select the power-on command. When prompted for an administrator password or confirmation is required, enter the password (confirm). The network adapter is now returned to the default settings. You can read about how to connect the DVR to the network in the corresponding section of this website. Now that the parameters have been changed, you should try to connect to the network again. You can also use a dedicated network troubleshooter to verify that the adapter is working correctly.

The sequence of actions is as follows: you need to open the troubleshooter. To do this, with the right mouse click, you need to select the network icon located in the notifications, press the troubleshooting command. Information on how to send a message over the network and other useful tips are available to visitors to this site. If, after performing the steps to reset the network adapter and update the drivers, the Network Troubleshooter still indicates that there is a problem with the adapter, you should still replace the adapter.

To launch the configuration engine, simply double-click the D-shaped icon in the notification area of ​​the taskbar. In the future (when it is indicated that by default you need to use the "native" utility for configuration), in order to start the standard mechanism for configuring the adapter, you will need to open the properties window of the wireless connection (see Fig. 15.1), in which you can configure it. Here you can also set the parameters of the adapter itself.

To change the adapter parameters, click the Configure button - the properties window of the wireless adapter will open, containing several tabs with parameters and useful information.

Let's go to the Additional tab, which contains the parameters that affect the operation of the device in the network (Fig. 15.22).

Rice. 15.22. Contents of the Advanced tab

Of the parameters that may need to be adjusted, the following can be noted.

Network Toure - the mode in which the network will function. There are two options available: 802.11 Ad Nose (Ad-Hoc mode) and Infrastructure (Infrastructure mode).

SSID is a unique identifier for a network used to create a group of computers that can work together. The SSID can be any phrase or set of numbers and letters. The main thing is that you can then repeat it when you configure another wireless adapter, access point, router and other wireless equipment designed to work in a group.

Using the Native Tuning Engine

To configure your wireless adapter using the native utility, you need to make some additional changes.

Going to the Wireless networks tab, you need to uncheck the Use Windows to configure the network box (Fig. 15.23), after which the utility supplied with it will be used to configure the wireless adapter.

Rice. 15.23. Uncheck the box Use Windows to configure the network

To test this, double-click the D icon in the notification area of ​​the taskbar to open a Setup window with five tabs. By default, the Link Info tab opens, containing information about the current connection: network mode, wireless standard used, current connection speed, SSIDhap. (fig.15.24).

Rice. 15.24. Link Info Tab

Device operation parameters are controlled on the Configuration and Advanced tabs. In addition, you can configure the settings for connecting to all found APs on the Site Survey tab. Let's take a closer look at them.

If it is not clear which type of cipher to choose, then it is better to provide this to the access point itself and set the Cipher Type field to Auto.

If you do not plan to have a RADIUS server on your wireless network, but still want to take advantage of WPA, select WPA-PSK as the Authentication parameter. In this case, it will also be necessary to determine the type of cipher and specify the encryption phrase.

Reducing transmitter power

As you know, to transmit data over the air, each wireless device is equipped with a receiver and transmitter of radio waves. The radius of the wireless network depends on the power of the transmitter, and the quality of signal reception depends on the sensitivity of the receiver. Since radio waves are an uncontrollable thing and you can never predict who can receive them, a good option for network protection is to select such a transmitter power, which is quite enough to cover all network devices. This can cut off all ill-wishers who can "get attached" to the network, for example, behind the wall of a neighboring house or in a car in the parking lot next to the office.

Another plus of such an enterprise is energy savings, which is critical for laptop computers and devices.

To select the signal strength level, you need to launch the access point configuration utility and go to the Wireless tab (Fig. 15.34).

Rice. 15.34. Adjusting the transmitter power

This tab contains the Tx Power field, where you can select the following values: Full, Half, Quarter, Eighth, or Min.

It is not worth setting too low power at once, as this can "cut off" the connection with some remote computers. Therefore, reduce the power gradually, but do not set the one at which the threshold operation of the device is observed, since under certain conditions the signal may weaken even more, which, again, will lead to the shutdown of some remote computers.

Chapter 16

Network configuration in Windows XP

As practice has shown, the Microsoft Windows XP operating system is used much more often than other operating systems. Good security and fault tolerance, ease of use, ample opportunities and much more - all this is popular with users. Since this operating system is used for networking, you need to know and be able to install and configure protocols, services, and so on. You should also be able to create shares, connect and use them.

Join a domain or workgroup

First of all, you need to configure the network settings, for which you need to use the IP addressing information on the network and the name (s) of the workgroup or domain.

To get started, set up a domain or workgroup by right-clicking on the My Computer icon and selecting Properties from the menu that appears - a system properties window will open (Figure 16.1) containing several tabs.

Rice. 16.1. Contents of the Computer Name tab

We are interested in the Computer name tab, where in the Description field you can change the description of the computer, which will be displayed in the Explorer window next to the name of the computer on the network.

There are two ways to join a computer to a domain or workgroup: simple and complex. At the same time, the simple path is suitable for users who have already encountered this kind of action more than once. The hard path is replete with rather confusing steps and incomprehensible words, so novice users often prefer the easy setup path. On the other hand, if you already have all the necessary data for registration on the network, then it is better to choose the first option, since it is more understandable. On the Computer name tab, click the Change button - a window will open (Fig. 16.2), in which you will need to specify the necessary data.

Rice. 16.2. We specify the name of the domain or group

For example, if there is a domain on the network, you will need to indicate that the computer is a member of the domain and enter the domain name. Otherwise, you need to designate that the computer belongs to a workgroup and provide a name for the group. However, first of all, if necessary, you should change the name of the computer under which it will be visible on the network.

If a domain system is used, then after clicking the OK button, a window will appear asking you to enter the login and password of the user who has the right to connect to the domain (Fig. 16.3). This means that this user must already be registered in Active Directory. If you are not registered yet, you can connect to the domain using any other account, for example, ask the network administrator for this service.

Rice. 16.3. Connecting to the domain

If the entered data is correct, then in a few seconds you will find yourself in the domain, which will be evidenced by the corresponding message (Fig. 16.4).

Rice. 16.4. Successful connection to the network domain

If you are connecting to a workgroup, then no additional windows will appear, and as a result, a message will appear that you have connected to the group with the specified name.

To fully enter a domain or group, you need to restart the computer, which will be indicated by the inscription at the bottom of the window (see Fig. 16.1).

Configuring the protocol and checking the connection

By setting up a connection to a domain or group, you prepare the computer to join the network workgroup, but nothing more. If the network has static addressing, then you will not be able to fully log into it and work. To do this, you will have to additionally configure the IP protocol.

First of all, you need to open the properties window of a network connection, for which you need to right-click on the Network Neighborhood icon located on the Desktop, and select Properties from the menu that appears - a window with a list of network connections will appear (Fig. 16.5).

Rice. 16.5. List of network connections

Note

If there is no Network Neighborhood icon on the desktop, then select Start> Control Panel and double-click the Network Connections icon in the window that opens.

The number of network connections may vary depending on how the computer was connected to the network or another computer. For example, network connections are created automatically if a Bluetooth adapter is connected, Internet access via a modem is used, or the user connects to another computer using any kind of connection. Therefore, do not be surprised if, after opening the Network Connections window, you see several network connections, including inactive ones.

Note

If no network devices were connected to the computer and no connections were made to other computers, then there will be only one network connection in the network connections window.

If you right-click on an active network connection and select Properties from the menu that appears, the properties window for this connection will open (Fig. 16.6).

Rice. 16.6. Properties of the selected network connection

To configure an IP protocol, you need to find it (Internet Protocol (TCP / IP)) in the list among other protocols and connection services and double-click on it or click the Properties button - the protocol properties window will open (Fig. 16.7).

Rice. 16.7. Configuring the IP address, subnet mask and other parameters

The IP address and Subnet mask fields are used to enter the IP address and subnet mask.

If a DNS server is configured on the network, set the switch to the Use the following DNS server addresses position and enter the IP address of the DNS server in the Preferred DNS server field.

If a DHCP server is configured in a network with a domain and addresses are issued automatically, then you must set the switch to Obtain an IP address automatically.

In principle, this is where the protocol settings can be completed, since they are quite enough for normal operation in a local network. If required, you can also add gateway (router) addresses, if any, to allow access to network segments with different addressing. To do this, use the Advanced button and enter the required IP addresses using the Add button.

After connecting your computer to the network and adjusting the network settings, you may find that after restarting your computer, you will not be able to connect to it. This could be due to a network configuration error or a physical network error, such as an improperly crimped cable, a broken cable, a faulty port on a hub or switch, etc.

The easiest way to test connectivity is to use the system ping utility.

First of all, you need to open a command prompt by going to Start> All Programs> Accessories> Command Prompt and typing the following in the line: ping 192.168.0.1 (Figure 16.8).

Rice. 16.8. Successful command execution

Attention!

The example shows the address of the network domain as the address. You can also enter any other address that is used on your network, such as the address of the switch to which you are connected.

If a physical connection with the specified address exists, that is, the cable is not damaged and the equipment is working properly, then the result will be positive. By default, the program sends only four packets to the specified IP address, which is quite enough to check the connection. In the presence of communication, the response time in this example is less than 1 ms. A situation is also possible when this indicator fluctuates in a wide range. This means that there is a connection, but it is far from the most stable and fast, which, in turn, means too long a segment or the presence of collisions in the network. In this case, you can try plugging the cable into a different port on the hub or switch.

If there is no connection with the specified device, then the result will be negative (Fig. 16.9).

Rice. 16.9. Failed command execution

In this case, check the following:

Subnet mask;

Workgroup or domain;

Correctness of the installation of the network card (use the Device Manager);

If the network card is not integrated, then the contact in the adapter slot or port (if a USB adapter is used);

Operability of the adapter (the connection indicator on the rear panel should be on);

Correctness of crimping the connectors on the cable;

The status of all ports used to connect the computer.

Access to file resources

Regardless of whether your network is a peer-to-peer or a server-based network, sooner or later you will need to set up shared access to some folders on your hard drive. Of course, if the network is server-based, then it is better to resort to using a file server. However, if it is impossible or impossible to upload the necessary files to the file server, then you will have to set up the general access to the computer.

To make the computer's file resources publicly available, Windows XP has a special service that starts automatically when a network card is installed. All you need to be able to do is create a resource correctly and configure access rights.

First of all, open an Explorer window. In the Windows XP system, public access is installed separately for each folder, so you need to immediately decide which folders you need to give to network users to be torn apart.

Having selected the folder that you want to share, you need to right-click on it and select the Sharing and Security item in the menu that appears - a window containing several tabs will open.

The Access tab is used to control access. Depending on whether you are connected to the domain or not, the contents of this tab may vary. Let's consider both cases.

Without using a domain(fig.16.10).

Rice. 16.10. Configuring access to a file share on a network without a domain

The Network Sharing and Security area is used to control access to the network. To share a folder, you must select the Share this folder check box. If the resource is to be changeable, then be sure to check the Allow file changes over the network box. After pressing the 0K button, the operating system will begin to change the access rights to the folder, which will be evidenced by the appearance of a small window with animated content.

Using a domain(fig.16.11).

Rice. 16.11. Configuring access to a file share on a network with a domain

On the Access tab, which is open by default, you need to set the switch to Share this folder and specify access rights to this resource by clicking the Permissions button. By default, access to the folder is open to all users with the same rights - read only (Fig. 16.12).

Rice. 16.12. List of users who have access to the resource

If you are tired of this, then you do not need to perform any more actions. If you want to configure different permissions for individual users, then click the Add button - a window for adding users from the domain will open (see Chapter 14, section "Configuring access to file resources", Fig. 14.29).

To stop sharing a resource, in the windows for accessing file resources (see Fig. 16.10 and Fig. 16.11), uncheck the Share this folder option and set the radio button to Stop sharing this folder, respectively.

Similarly, you can set general access to any number of folders.

Access to printers

Often someone needs to print information but does not have a printer at hand. If you are connected to a network and have a printer, then you can be a real savior if you share it. Moreover, this is not difficult to do. The main thing is not to overdo it with print permissions.

First of all, run the Start> Control Panel command, click on the Printers and Faxes icon, right-click on the printer and select Sharing in the menu that appears (Figure 16.13) - a window with several tabs will open.

Rice. 16.13. Access tab in the printer properties window

To configure access to the printer, use the Access tab, the contents of which may also differ depending on whether you are connected to a domain.

So, if the domain system is not used, then it is enough to check the Share to printer box and specify its name.

If a domain is used on the network, then you need to set the switch to the Shared access to this printer position and enter a name under which this printer will be displayed in the network environment. In addition, here you can specify that the printer information should be added to Active Directory by selecting the Add to Active Directory check box.

Note

Information from Active Directory is sometimes required when connecting a network printer. However, the most commonly used option is direct connection to a computer, so the checkbox Add to Active Directory is not so important and critical.

If you need to configure access rights to the printer, then go to the Security tab.

By default, everyone can use the printer, with one limitation - users will not be able to manage other people's print jobs. You can also assign different rights to users by first adding them to the printer's user group (how to do this, see Chapter 14, section "Configuring access to file resources").

This completes the printer sharing setup.

Suppose you recently found out that on your network - corporate, office, or “home” - there is a computer on which there is a shared folder with a batch of new films, and you really want to watch them. So what's the deal?

Open File Explorer and select the Network Neighborhood option on the left side of it. Knowing the name of the required computer, find it in Network Neighborhood and select it. In this case, in the right part of the Explorer window, all the resources that this computer gives to the general use will be displayed.

Presumably the movie folder will be named Video. Right-click on it and in the menu that appears, select Map network drive - a window for connecting a network drive will open (Fig. 16.14).

Rice. 16.14. Connect a network drive

In this window, you are asked to select a drive letter under which the contents of the selected Video folder will be displayed. If you want this drive to be connected every time you log on to Windows, then select the Reconnect at logon checkbox.

That's all - enjoy watching your favorite movies.

Connecting to a network printer

If you need to print any information, and the printer is not connected to the computer, then it is not necessary to run with a disk to a neighbor, if there is a network between your computers. It is enough to connect its printer as a network printer. Of course, provided that the neighbor's printer is shared (see the section "Sharing printers" above in this chapter).

The easiest way to connect a network printer is as follows. Open Network Neighborhood in Explorer and move the mouse pointer to the computer that is sharing the printer. Then double-click on the printer on the right side of the Explorer window or right-click on the printer and select Connect from the menu that appears (Figure 16.15).

Rice. 16.15. We connect a network printer

The printer will then be connected.

Chapter 17

Setting up a network in Windows Vista

The Windows Vista operating system begins to take root on users' computers, and it is no longer possible to stop it. Anyone who has a sufficiently powerful computer, even just for the sake of interest, puts this system and tries to work with it. Those who have been using this system for a long time are used to it and are not going to part with it.

If you have any version of Windows Vista, you need to know and be able to connect a computer to a network and learn how to use shared resources and make your resources public.

Connecting to the network and configuring the protocol

It is worth saying that as soon as you plug a network cable into your computer and turn on your computer, Vista immediately detects the network and stores information about it. However, she will not want to connect to it right away and will offer to go through a certain connection path. Now let's talk about everything in order.

First of all, run the Start> Control Panel command, find the Network and Internet icon and click the View network status and tasks link - a window will open (Figure 17.1), which displays the current connection status to the found network. It also contains mechanisms for configuring access to file resources of the computer and its printers.

Rice. 17.1. Network and Sharing Center

The next step is to configure the IP protocol by specifying the computer's IP address, subnet mask, DNS server IP address, etc. Of course, if you are using a network with dynamic allocation of addresses, then such a setting may not be necessary.

If the setting is still needed, then in order to change the specified parameters, you need to follow the Manage network connections link - a window with a list of network connections will open.

Clicking on the required connection with the right mouse button, select Properties from the menu that appears - the properties window of the selected network connection will open (Fig. 17.2).

Rice. 17.2. Properties of the selected network connection

Unlike a similar window in Windows XP, this window contains many more protocols and services, but this does not change the case.

We will be interested in the position Internet Protocol version 4 (TCP / lpv4), double-clicking on which will open the IP-protocol settings window (Fig. 17.3). Having on hand all the necessary data, we enter them in the appropriate positions.

Rice. 17.3. Enter the required data

After entering the data and clicking OK, you can fully join the domain or workgroup.

Configuring network discovery

Although the network connection is already configured, you still cannot see the computers on the network. To make this possible, it is necessary to additionally configure the network environment.

You need to return to the dialog box for managing networks and sharing (see Fig. 17.1) and click the button with the arrow opposite the words Sharing and network discovery - this item will expand, and two parameters will appear. To allow the computer to see other machines on the network and, in turn, allow it to see itself, set the switch to Enable network discovery (Figure 17.4) and click the Apply button. The service will start its work, which will be indicated by the green indicator on. next to Network Discovery.

Rice. 17.4. Enabling the Network Discovery Service

This completes the network configuration.

If, after setting up the operating network, you cannot get into the network, then it means that you entered incorrect data when setting up the protocol, or there is some kind of physical damage.

The connection with the server or other device on the network is checked in the same way as in the Windows XP operating system (see Chapter 16, section “Protocol setting and communication check”).

Configuring access to file resources

By default, even if you are already connected to the network, the ability to access your resources is blocked, which is done for the sake of increased system security.

To share a file share, you need to do the following.

Run the command Start> Control Panel> Network and Internet> Network and Sharing Center - a window will open (Fig. 17.5), in which you should click the button with the arrow opposite the File Sharing inscription.

Rice. 17.5. Setting up file sharing

As a result, the required section will expand, resulting in two parameters. To activate the file sharing function, you need to set the switch to the Turn on file sharing position and click the Apply button - this function is activated, which will be indicated by the green light of the indicator next to the File Sharing inscription.

Let's take a look at how to set up sharing for a specific folder.

Using Explorer, locate the folder you plan to share. By clicking on it with the right mouse button, in the menu that appears, select the Shared item - a window will open (Fig. 17.6), which displays the users and groups who have access to your resource.

Rice. 17.6. Add access rights

By default, no one except the owner of the computer has access, but this is very easy to fix. For example, when you open the list, you can select the Everyone group, which will allow everyone to see your access. To add this group to the list, use the Add button.

It is not clear why, but the creators of Windows Vista do not allow setting rights in this window more clearly than choosing one of the access options: Reader, Co-author, or Co-owner. However, you can do this later. By default, a group or user is added with Reader rights. If you already know in more detail what each of the options means, then you can change access rights right here by right-clicking on a group or user.

After clicking the Share button, the system will perform some manipulations, as a result of which the general access to the folder will be opened, which is indicated by the appeared window (Fig. 17.7).

Rice. 17.7. The folder is now shared

If you need to configure the rights of some users more precisely, then you need to use Explorer again by right-clicking on the required folder and choosing Properties from the menu that appears, a window will open in which you should click the Additional access button (Fig. 17.8).

Rice. 17.8. Setting up additional access

As a result, a window will appear (Fig. 17.9), in which you can configure permissions for each of the users and groups who are allowed access to this folder.

Rice. 17.9. Configuring Access Permissions

Before configuring these rights, please note that you can limit the number of simultaneous connections. This parameter will come in handy when you see a noticeable slowdown of the computer, which means abuse of the resource. In this case, simply reduce the number of simultaneous connections to a minimum, for example, to two or three people.

To configure permissions for specific users or groups, use the Permissions button - a window will open (Fig. 17.10) containing a list of all users who are allowed access to this resource.

Rice. 17.10. Configuring permissions for each position

To add new users, you need to click the Add button. For the process of adding users, see Chapter 14, section “Configuring access to file resources”.

There are several ways to disable access to a shared folder. For example, uncheck the box Share this folder (see Figure 17.9) or click the Share button (see Figure 17.8) - a shared window will open (Figure 17.11), in which you will need to select the Stop access option.

Rice. 17.11. Disable access to the folder

Setting up access to printers

As with file shares, printer sharing is also provided in two steps. First of all, you need to activate the corresponding feature and only then add the rights to use the printer.

Click Start> Control Panel> Network and Internet> Network and Sharing Center. A window will open (Fig. 17.12), in which you need to click the button with the arrow opposite the Use shared printers, set the switch to Enable sharing to printers and click Apply.

Rice. 17.12. Allowing Printer Sharing

The system will configure the necessary settings and enable printer sharing, as indicated by a green light next to Using shared printers.

The next step is to set up access rights. To do this, open the Printers group, right-click on the required printer and select the Shared item in the menu that appears (Fig. 17.13).

Rice. 17.13. Select the item Sharing

As a result, a window with printer settings will appear (Fig. 17.14), open on the Access tab. If the computer is not connected to a domain, the content of this tab is blocked and becomes available only after clicking the Configure Sharing button. After using this button, you can change the network name of the printer.

Rice. 17.14. Printer settings window

If the computer is connected to a domain, then the contents of the tab are active and the necessary changes can be made immediately.

On the Security tab, you can add or remove users who can use the printer, as well as configure their rights (Figure 17.15).

Rice. 17.15. Configuring user and group rights

To configure the rights, it is enough to check or uncheck the corresponding checkboxes located at the bottom of this tab. To add users, use the Add button (for the process of adding users, see Chapter 14, section "Configuring access to file resources").

Connecting to a file share

The process of connecting to a file share is very simple and has several options. Most often, Explorer is used for this.

So, if you need to temporarily connect to a network folder in order to open a file or rewrite a movie, it is enough to open the Network group in the left part of the Explorer and mark the required computer. In the right part of this window, select the desired object and simply drag it using the mouse button and holding down the Alt key.

If you plan to use this file share all the time, then it will be easier to connect it as a network drive so that you do not look for this computer and data on it every time.

Right-click on the required folder and select Map network drive in the menu that appears (Fig. 17.16).

Rice. 17.16. Select the item Map network drive

As a result, a window will open where you need to specify the drive letter that will be used to connect the network resource (Fig. 17.17). In addition, to always automatically map the drive at logon, you must select the Recover at logon check box.

Rice. 17.17. Specifying the connection parameters of the network drive

Connecting to a printer

A network printer in Windows Vista is connected in the same way as in Windows XP.

You need to open Explorer, right-click on the printer and in the menu that appears, click the Connect button or double-click on the printer's image.

Since some of the computers on the network with the Windows Vista operating system are still too small, it may be necessary to manually install the printer drivers to connect the printer. You will have to look for a printer driver for Windows Vista.

Chapter 18

Connecting the network to the Internet

Connecting a local network to the Internet is a matter of time, and, as a rule, this time comes very quickly. The fact is that the main and main source of new information is the Internet, so connecting it to a local network is absolutely justified. In addition, almost all "home" networks are created precisely in order to first of all charge for using the Internet, and only secondly - for everything else.

The Internet is a network - a global network, which began with the unification of several computers, and ended in millions and the pinnacle of success in the development of the network, therefore, to consider its organization and capabilities is one of the obligatory tasks of this book.

A little about the Internet

What is the Internet? More than two decades ago, work began on the creation of an experimental ARPAnet. The idea came from the US Department of Defense. The main task that was set for the developers was to achieve network resilience to any damage.

At that time, a "cold war" was waged between the United States and the Soviet Union, which at any moment could develop into a third world war. Considering that aerial bombardment can affect and destroy vast industrial (and not only) areas, the network developed by scientists was supposed to ensure uninterrupted operation. It was supposed to achieve this by preserving the operability of at least one of the computers, which could be connected with the help of another computer.

The communicating computers (not just the network itself) were also given the responsibility to ensure that communications were established and maintained. The basic principle was that any computer could communicate with another as an equal with an equal. The development of a standard for such a network was undertaken by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The idea of ​​the network was clear, and everyone, including many of the computer hobbyists, embarked on its development, which was possible due to the long delays in the adoption of the standard. Gradually, the software that served the network was improved and distributed. Many users began to use it. Gradually, the network was taken under control, and everything became strictly standardized.

A little later, the World Wide Web (WWW) appeared - the "World Wide Web", and everyone rushed to conquer the vastness of the Internet.

Countless resources of various nature have turned the Internet into an informational mechanism of unprecedented power. Its development prospects are unforeseen, which is even more attractive.

The Internet is rapidly integrating into life and will sooner or later reach 100 percent.

To become a member of the club of Internet lovers, you need very little - desire and money. The global network is such a well-functioning mechanism that even an inexperienced user can work in it. Why not give it a try and you might like it?

Internet access options

To use the Internet, you need to connect to it, that is, get access. To do this, you will have to conclude an agreement with one of the providers (an organization that has direct access to the Network).

There are primary and secondary providers.

Primary providers are large organizations that have a high-speed terrestrial or satellite channel on the Internet, which allows them to receive and transmit data at a speed much higher than the speed of a conventional modem, for example, over 100 Mbps. Only large companies with one or more servers serving their websites and databases can afford access to such a channel.

Secondary providers - as a rule, small organizations that have entered into a channel lease agreement from the primary provider to them. The speed of such a channel depends on the level and quality of the equipment owned by the secondary provider. As a rule, it does not exceed 10 Mbps. Access to the secondary provider's channel is usually several times cheaper than access to the primary provider's channel. This is due to the fact that the channel speed is quickly consumed due to the large number of connections and, as a rule, an ordinary user gets a channel with a speed of up to 1-2 Mbit / s.

Today, the most popular options for connecting to the Internet are:

Using an analog-digital modem;

Using an xDSL modem;

Through a dedicated line;

Through frame relay;

Via a wireless modem;

Through cable TV.

Since sooner or later a local network, whatever its scale, will have to be connected to the Internet, it is worth at least briefly considering each of these options.

Connecting using an analog-digital modem

As follows from this type of connection, to connect to the Internet, that is, to an Internet provider, a conventional analog-digital modem is used, which appeared already a good ten years ago. For more information on modems, see Chapter 6, Section "Modem".

Once upon a time this method of connection was the most profitable and simplest - it was enough to purchase a modem, configure the connection properties - and you were already on the Internet. Today this method is also common, but it is already beginning to lose ground.

To connect to the Internet provider, a telephone cable available in every home is used, which is intended for communication through the telephone. To receive your signal, the provider is forced to keep on his side a similar modem, which is designed, roughly speaking, for a point-to-point connection (this is why the name “session connection” or dial-up access is often encountered). This means that in order to simultaneously serve hundreds of users, the provider must have at its disposal a hundred lines and a hundred modems (pool modems). However, this is not the worst thing yet. The main disadvantage of a modem connection is its low speed, which, given the current methods of organizing resources on the Internet, does not provide a good display speed. Plus, you don't even have to think about watching live video, listening to internet radio, chatting via webcam, instant messenger, etc.

As mentioned earlier, the theoretical speed of such a connection is no more than 56 Kbps. Nevertheless, this method of connection is often used when the existing analog telephone line does not allow the use of more advanced data transmission technologies.

The organization of Internet access using an analog-digital modem is suitable only for a local network with two or three computers, no more, otherwise you will only get an adrenaline rush from indignation at the low speed.

Connection using xDSL modem

As in the case of analog-digital modems, a regular telephone line is used to organize Internet access using an xDSL modem. However, due to a completely different signal transmission technology, the data transfer rate is much higher than the speed achieved with a conventional analog-to-digital modem. So, most often, for example, at home, a speed from 64 Kbps to 512 Kbps is used. In this case, the speed can be adjusted within a fairly wide range, and in both directions, that is, for the transmission and reception of information.

Today the most widespread are ADSL modems, the main advantage of which is high data transfer speed and free telephone line for use. So, the maximum data rate for ADSL 2+ modems is 24 Mbit / s, which, you see, is enough for any needs. Even if the speed is only 1 Mbit / s, then you can easily listen to the radio, watch movies and exchange information at high speed in a short time.

The use of an xDSL modem for organizing Internet access is quite often practiced in local networks of the enterprise or large office level. Nothing prevents them from being used in "home" networks, however, as practice has shown, in this case, other options are used, for example, a dedicated line.

Leased line connection

A leased line, no matter what type it is - telephone cable or fiber-optic, allows you to connect directly to the provider's equipment, so you can be sure that the line is used in full and only by a specific user.

The data transfer rate depends on the equipment used. If fiber is used as a carrier, then nothing prevents the exchange of data at a speed of 10-100 Mbit / s.

The disadvantage of connecting using a dedicated line is the high cost, which makes its use possible only for enterprises and large organizations. Nevertheless, a dedicated line is very often used in "home" networks, as it allows you to get guaranteed access to the Internet regardless of many conditions.

Frame relay connection

Frame relay connections have been around for a long time. The main meaning of such a connection is to dynamically change the speed depending on the needs of users, that is, the minimum data transfer rate is initially determined, which then automatically changes depending on the conditions. The maximum data transfer rate can be approximately 2 Mbps, depending on the quality of the line.

This method of connection is often used in enterprises to organize communication with remote areas. This method is not always suitable for Internet access. So, in the case of "home" networks, the line load will almost always be 100%. Therefore, it is more profitable to take a dedicated line with a certain data transfer rate: albeit more expensive, but of better quality.

Wireless Modem Connection

Recently, the use of radio air for data transmission is practiced more and more often. The advantages are obvious: fairly high speed and, most importantly, mobility.

To connect to the Internet, you just need to install a directional antenna and a radio modem by connecting it to your router. The data transfer / receive speed can be quite high, for example 2 Mbps. However, it can fluctuate, since it has a direct dependence on the distance to the provider and weather conditions.

Also, do not forget about the satellite Internet, since it also implies the use of radio air, only at much higher frequencies. Connecting to the Internet via satellite has a number of features that prevent it from gaining great popularity. The first and most important drawback is the high cost of such a connection, since to use such an Internet you will need to purchase an expensive satellite dish and a special modem. Distinguish between symmetric and asymmetric satellite Internet.

The first of them involves the use of cheaper equipment, but also requires an additional terrestrial connection to the Internet. This is due to the fact that a simple satellite dish allows only receiving data, while another type of communication is required to transmit information.

Asymmetric Internet is devoid of such a drawback, but the cost of satellite equipment in this case exceeds all reasonable limits. Nevertheless, the use of the asymmetric Internet is the only option for connecting remote and isolated villages to the Internet.

Another disadvantage of satellite Internet is that the response time is too slow. This means that even with a connection with a speed of, for example, 2 Mbps, you receive information with a delay.

Another option for wireless connection is using existing GSM networks, that is, networks serving mobile phones. In this case, it is enough just to connect the mobile phone in any available way to the computer (cable, infrared port, Bluetooth), configure the connection in a certain way and use its modem to access the Internet. At the same time, the data transfer speed does not stand up to criticism, therefore, such a stationary method of connecting to the Internet is rarely used.

Consider using wireless technology to connect your local area network to the Internet carefully and only if other connection options are not satisfactory.

Cable TV connection

Another thriving way of connecting to the Internet is by using existing television cable systems. A television is a device that can be found in almost any home, and very often cable television is used to watch programs. Its advantages are obvious: a large number of programs for every taste and for every viewer.

Using an existing television cable to transmit data from the Internet is quite tempting and effective, since it does not require the organization of separate wire lines. The data transfer rate is quite high and can reach 30 Mbps. Nevertheless, the use of a cable connection is justified only at home, and for organizing an Internet connection for a local network, even a small one, this method is absolutely not suitable.

Sharing the Internet

There are several proven mechanisms with which you can connect a local network to the Internet.

The general idea behind connecting a network to the Internet is simple. It is enough to organize the connection of one of the computers and teach it to "share" this connection with other users. Using a computer for these purposes is quite convenient, since it allows you to visually adjust the permissions.

Also, for these purposes, you can use a router with a modem connected to it, which is more profitable, since it eliminates an unnecessary "weak link".

The implementation of this idea is complicated only by the fact that it is necessary to organize control over the use of the Internet by other computers and monitor the security of their connection.

For an office network consisting of more than 20 computers, a separate computer is usually set up - an Internet gateway, to which a high-speed modem is connected, the necessary software is installed, and which is intended only to serve the users connected to it.

If it is impossible to select a separate computer, then you can use any other one in use. Of course, in this case, some additional requirements must be imposed on it - at least it must be constantly turned on, not to mention the fact that it is necessary to exclude the situation of "freezing".

Using standard Windows XP components

Let's consider how to organize general Internet access using the capabilities of the Microsoft Windows XP Professional operating system. This situation is common in small offices and small home networks. To share the Internet, use a special Internet Connection Sharing service called ICS (Internet Connection Sharing).

To carry out our plans, the computer that will act as the main one must already have a configured connection to the Internet of any type, through which the general access to the global network will be organized.

Attention!

It is impossible to use standard tools for organizing a shared Internet connection when the computer is located in a local area network with a domain. This means that you will have to use additional software to carry out your plans.

Let's choose the simplest way - we use the Network Setup Wizard, to start which you need to open the Network Connections window (for which, run the Start> My Network Places command and click on the Show network connections link) and click on the Set home network or small office network link.

As a result, a window will open telling you what you can use the Network Settings Wizard for (Fig. 18.1), including, for example, for organizing a general connection to the Internet.

Rice. 18.1. Network setup wizard

After clicking the Next button, the following window will open, which gives advice on how to prepare for the selected actions in advance. In particular, it is suggested to check if the network card and modem are installed and working. In addition, it is recommended that you connect to the Internet, which is not necessary at all, as you can do this later by checking the result of sharing.

Rice. 18.2. Network connection detected

In this example, there is one wired network connection that temporarily does not work because the network card is not connected to the network. This is for the purpose of testing the master. As you can see, he detected the connection and asked to check it or connect the cable, which can be done later by creating a share, so we will select the Ignore disconnected network equipment checkbox.

If there were more than one connection in the list, then the wizard would suggest choosing one of them, which will be responsible for connecting the computer to the local network. In the next window, the wizard will offer to select a connection method (Fig. 18.3).

Rice. 18.3. Choosing a connection method

There are several possible options depending on what you want to configure. If you need to make this computer responsible for connecting to the Internet and provide other connections to the global network through it, then you should choose the first option: This computer has a direct connection to the Internet. Other computers on the network connect to the Internet through this computer.

If a computer with Internet access already exists on the network and public access is already configured on it, then you need to select the second option: This computer is connected to the Internet through a gateway or through another computer on the network.

The third option is a more difficult path, so it will not be considered in this book.

Let's say you chose the first option. In this case, in the next window you will be asked to specify the connection responsible for connecting to the Internet (Fig. 18.4).

Rice. 18.4. Choosing a connection

After selecting a connection and clicking the Next button, the following window will open, in which you need to specify the name of the computer and its description. If you need to make changes to the previous selection, then use the Back button.

In the next window you will be asked to name the group and add a description of this computer. For computers to be able to access the Internet, they must belong to the same group as the computer with Internet Sharing configured.

As the name of the group, you can use the current name of the group in which the computer is located, or give a new one.

Rice. 18.5. Resulting information

After completing the configuration, a window will open (Fig. 18.6), in which you need to select the last item. To configure the rest of the computers, that is, to include them in the created group, the Network Configuration Wizard is also used.

Rice. 18.6. Finishing the work of the wizard

For other computers to be able to connect to the Internet, they will need to configure the IP protocol a little. So, you need to register the IP address of the gateway, which in our case looks like 192.168.0.1. For more details on setting up the protocol, see Chapter 16, section “Setting up the protocol and checking the connection”.

Using Kerio WinRoute

Using assistive software to share the Internet is a worthwhile move. Its main advantage is controllability and control. In addition, such programs contain all the necessary mechanisms to ensure the functioning of public access to the Internet. Kerio WinRoute is one such program.

Before installing this program, you should understand that in order to separate the traffic of the local network and the Internet, a configured Internet connection is required. As a rule, this applies to both office and "home" networks; an additional network card is used to create such a connection. Although it is entirely possible that any type of modem will be used. When installing the program, you will need to specify the device that is used to access the Internet, otherwise the traffic will be calculated incorrectly.

The program is not large, but nevertheless combines powerful mechanisms for providing general Internet access and maximum control. Using only one IP address (NAT mechanism) to access the Internet makes the rest of the clients as secure as possible. In addition, there is a mechanism with which you can customize rules of a different nature.

After starting the program, you need to make the minimum settings for the whole mechanism to start working. The fact is that WinRoute is initially configured, and the required changes concern only specifying the required network connection, the list of allowed protocols and the list of users with passwords.

Over time, with new connections and new nuances, you may need to tweak the built-in DHCP and DNS mechanisms, although this is not required.

The number of program parameters is simply amazing. You can configure a variety of filters, block or allow execution of program modules, limit speed, configure routing tables, traffic rules and much more. All parameters are divided into groups connected to each other in the form of a tree structure in the left part of the program window (Fig. 18.7).

Rice. 18.7. Kerio WinRoute program interface

WinRoute's advantage over other similar programs is the built-in McAfee firewall and anti-virus protection. There is also the most detailed statistics of traffic usage, available both in the program interface itself (Status branch), and called using the browser.

Configuring client computers consists in specifying the proxy server address in the IP protocol settings (in the Default gateway field).

If you want to make easy billing of users, then be sure to add them all and assign them a static IP address. In this case, no user authorization is required. If a DHCP server is configured on the network and addresses are dynamically assigned, users will be authorized every time they try to load any web page.

In most cases, in case of problems with the Internet or local network, the user was advised to reset all network settings of the system. This helped to solve most of the problems. Basically, such actions were carried out through the command line, however, in the 1607 update for the dozen appeared standard function who is able to do it all on her own. This article will tell you more about resetting network settings for Windows.

With this reset, all network parameters will return to their initial value. This means that if some settings were required for the Internet to work, they will have to be repeated. In addition, in some cases, rolling back the settings not only does not help to fix the problems, but also makes everything worse, here you should act only when the user is completely sure of the need.

Resetting network settings by standard means

To reset the wireless adapter settings, go to Start, and from there go to the settings section. Here it is worth looking for an item called " Network and Internet", And from here go to the section" condition».

Here you should examine the window and find network reset... After clicking, a small window will appear in which a description of the actions performed by the computer, as well as their consequences, will be given. Worth pushing Reset now... After that, it will take some time to remove and install drivers for network adapters. Then the device will be rebooted. After the start, you will have to start again enter all settings and specify the network to connect.

Reset network settings via command line

This method is suitable for those who do not have an update, or those who were not helped by the previous method. First, you need to open the console with administrator rights. This can be done by right-clicking on start and clicking on the desired item.

Parameters can be rolled back using two operators, the first is netsh int ip reset.

The second operator looks like this: netsh winsock reset.

After completing them, you will need to restart the device. At this point, the rollback of the parameters can be considered complete.

We use Fix20140

At a time when there was no built-in utility, it was possible to download such an application from the developer's website separately. This can be done at the link https://support.microsoft.com/ru-ru/kb/299357. The user can click on it and try to download, however, Microsoft sometimes removes outdated versions of programs, so that it may not be in place.

After downloading it, you need to run it and click Next. It will take some time for the collection of information and the operation of the utility, after which it follows restart device.

Network adapter settings

After rolling back the settings, all parameters will be reset and the user will need to configure again. Perhaps the same parameters should be checked before resetting, if the error lies in them, then changing just a couple of settings can help solve the problem.

Setting up a wired connection

First, the user will need to right-click on the computer icon in the tray, he is responsible for the wired connection. In the menu that appears, select Network and Sharing Center... In the window that opens, click on the section Change adapter settings, these actions will allow you to go directly to the window in which all connections are shown.

After that, it remains to right-click on the wired connection, go to the ipv4 protocol and put the automatic receipt of settings there.

PPPoE on Windows 10

If you need to enter a username and password, then the connection should be configured a little differently. First, you need to go to the same network control center, and then go to the section " Create and configure a new connection or network", In the next menu you should specify the connection to the Internet, then you should open High-speed. After all the manipulations, a menu will appear in which you should enter the parameters issued by the provider.

Using Wi-Fi

If the user has a wireless network, then everything is pretty simple. First you need to click on the wifi icon in the lower left corner of the screen, next to the clock. If it's not there, then it's worth will check the parameters your device, it may be disabled.

After clicking, a list will be highlighted in which all available networks will be presented. You should click on the desired one, after which, either the connection will be made, or you will have to enter the password.

Settings for 3G or 4G

In this case, you will also have to move on to creating a new connection, as was done in the previous section. You just have to choose Switched instead of high-speed. Here you will also have to enter a username and password, as well as the number to be dialed. After saving all the parameters, this connection will be available in the Dialing section.

If the modem has its own software, then it is worth installing and configuring it, it may be easier this way.