How to open conax encoding. Satellite TV encodings

System conditional access (eng. Conditional Access System) - Conditional Access System. Designed to restrict access to digital TV programs.

Only coding allows you to effectively implement the pay-per-view principle television programs... Other methods of restricting access to watching TV programs have shown their complete inconsistency.

Conditional Access Systems can be divided into two main classes:

The DVB standard defines 2 encryption methods:

Some types of conditional access systems

VideoСrypt

There are currently two known versions of VideoCrypt I and VideoCrypt II. The first is used in Great Britain and Ireland, for example, by the very famous BSkyB (British Sky Broadcasting) TV company. The second version was used in Europe, but nowadays it is used quite rarely (

VIACCESS

Viaccess is a coding system designed for digital television... The system was developed by the French company France Telecom. Viaccess is simply the new name of the D2MAC or a modification of Eurocrypt-M in

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How to decode satellite channels.

Short description

Viaccess 2.3.

Channels encoded in Viaccess 2.3 coding system

The coding system was hacked long ago, the codes were posted on the Internet. In this encoding, the "Eurosport" channel with the Russian soundtrack and many other channels is closed.
But don't be in a hurry to rejoice. The cunning French, namely they invented the "Viaccess" coding system, found an opportunity to improve the old coding. Another coding system is imposed on the existing coding system - "TPS-Crypt" (Mask). This "disgrace" works in this way - a bunch of identities are thrown into the stream along with the signal, and the receiver cannot decide which one is real.
Long "AEC" keys and help to calculate the real channel ID and it opens.
"AEC" keys are also available on the Internet. The sequence of their activation is even known, but they are replaced too often.
Currently, those who have a receiver with an emulator and want to watch the "TPS" (Multivision) channel package must poke new codes every 20 minutes.

Viaccess 2.4

Channels encoded in Viaccess 2.4 coding system

The coding system was hacked, the codes were posted on the Internet. There are not many channels using this encoding. Of greatest interest are Perviy Baltijskyi kanal Estonia and RTR Planeta.

Viaccess 2.5

Channels encoded in Viaccess 2.5 coding system

A lot of interesting channels are closed in this coding system, including the package of RTV channels (Nashe Kino, etc.), the NTV-Mir channel and many others.
Most interestingly, there are persistent rumors that this coding system has been hacked. It seems that now they are looking for a buyer for the results of hacking, and maybe even this year an illegal card or module will appear that opens channels encoded in this encoding.
It will be a sensation, a big victory for the telepirators and a barrel of balm for the tormented souls of "freeloaders"

Viaccess 2.6

Channels encoded in Viaccess 2.6 coding system

As far as I know, with this coding system "everything is dull" so far. Probably all channels will "sprinkle" on this encoding when it smells fried on "VIA-2.5"

Viaccess 3.0 New version of the encoding. With her, everything is still dull.

Betacrypt

Channels encoded in the Betacrypt coding system

This coding system was hacked long ago and, at the present time, channels that remain in this coding are illegally watched, for example, the Austrian ORF Digital channel package.
If you look at the general list of channels closed by this system, then "the soul rejoices." But don't flatter yourself. Illegal viewing of most of these channels is impossible. A so-called "tunnel" coding system has been introduced.
In order for the "ancient" receivers of the "D-box1" type to recognize the card with the new encoding, the outer encoding shell remained from "Betacrypt", and the insides were crammed into it from the "Nagravision" encoding system

This monster was named "Nagravision 2"

Nagravision 2

Channels encoded in the Nagravision 2 coding system

Recently, there has been a lot of noise about "hacking the coding system" Nagravision 2. "But this is not entirely true. By" hacking "one should understand that the coding algorithm is known and the provider has almost no ability to fight.
In this case, the situation is different. It would be more correct to talk about "hacking" one of the variants of the official map.
A group of Spanish hackers found the ability to read information from one of the modifications of the official maps. Such cards were used for the Spanish version of "Nagravision 2" (Armagedon), and for the German version of this coding system "Aladin". Even some of the official maps on "Polsat" were based on such maps.
This information was sold to the manufacturers of illegal cards, and they quickly set up the production of all kinds of "silver", "felt boots", etc.
Short-term viewing of many channels on some receivers with emulators was possible, because the manufacturers of illegal cards had squabbled over the sales market. One of the parties, in spite of competitors, threw out the keys to the Internet for all three large packages of channels encoded in the "Nagravision 2" encoding.
Providers reacted quickly, the illuminated keys were replaced and the exchange of old official cards began. It is especially difficult for the German "Premiere" - they need to replace 3.5 million official cards only at the first stage.
Now the manufacturers of the "Diablo" CAM module also have the necessary information. With this thing, as well as with illegal cards, illegal viewing of closed German channels is also possible. A funny situation - "a thief stole what was stolen from a thief." They say that "devilists" slammed the information written on their illegal cards from their competitors.
According to unverified information, hackers found an opportunity to get close to the latest modifications of official maps (ROM-122).
This is a disaster for the developers of the "Nagravision 2" encoding system and providers using this encoding. Illegal viewing of these channels will be possible for a long time, and 17 million official cards are subject to exchange.

Nagravision 1

Channels encoded in the Nagravision 1 coding system

The coding system was hacked, the codes were posted on the Internet. Of particular interest are Spanish channels from the Hispasat 1C / 1D satellite encoded in this system.

Cryptoworks
Channels encoded in the Cryptoworks coding system

It looks like this coding system is indeed hacked. True, the keys on the Internet did not appear for all channel packages. Maybe there are some modifications of this coding system, or it is connected with some economic considerations of hackers. Of particular interest are the two porn channels Hustler TV Europe (PG) and Blue Hustler Europe (PB).
With the Russian soundtrack there is the "Romantica 2" channel, with its endless series, and Jetix Central & Eastern with children's cartoons.
Now you can view the Austrian package of ORF channels encoded not only in Betacrypt, but also in Cryptoworks.

Videoguard Channels encoded in the Videoguard coding system

There are rumors that illegal cards may appear soon, opening channels for Viasat and Sky Italia packages
The package of Russian-language channels "Viasat" would be especially interesting.
The "business" is probably not a simple one, even the original card for this package works only with the receiver on which it was activated.

Irdeto 2

Channels encoded in the Irdeto 2 coding system

Maybe the desired is passed off as real, but there is information that the coding system has been hacked and in currently looking for people willing to buy hacking results. Usually manufacturers of cards and modules show interest in such cases.
A powerful incentive for "picking" this coding system will be the transition to "Irdeto 2" of the Stargate channel package.

Mediaguard 1 (Seca)

Channels encoded in the Mediaguard 1 (Seca) coding system

Some channels closed in this coding system have codes on the Internet. The channel Super 1 Music is of some interest. Until 11 pm it is a music channel, and from 11 pm to 4 am it is a porn channel.

Channels encoded in the BISS coding system

This is the "hardware" version of the encoding. A small software installed in the receiver or module, if keys are present, provides decoding of the channels. The length of the keys is not great, it is possible to calculate them by simply enumerating options. On one of the Russian forums there is a group of enthusiasts who click these codes like nuts.
There are codes on the Internet, with some receivers that have an emulator, you can watch such channels as Megasport, 1 + 1 International, M1 International, Stolicnoe TV, Rossiya, etc.

Rosscrypt

The Russian coding system "Rosscrypt" has not been cracked. It was developed back in the 70s in the USSR in one of the secret "research institutes" of the State Security Committee, and is being commissioned only at the present time.
The size of the key block is 64 bits, which means that an attempt to brute force codes is a "dead number".
Of the scrambled channels, the most interesting for us is Perviy kanal, broadcast from the Express AM1 satellite. For the official viewing of this channel in Russia, the sale of the corresponding CAM module is organized.

Z-Crypt aka DRE-Crypr

The encoding used by the TricolorTV project (). The decoding module is built directly into the DRE-4000 receiver. No subscription card required. This is the only receiver for watching 3TV.

For a number of reports, the coding with the code name Z-Crypt was developed in Zelenograd, for a number of others - by Digi Raum Elctronics (DRE), a receiver manufacturer.

The encoding is not cracked, and if it is cracked, then no one shouts about it widely - everyone wants to live [without problems] ...

CryptoWorks is an unauthorized access protection system.

This system has been in use for over 10 years. The system is based on the principle of protecting banking systems, satellite and cable communications. The company also has 45 years of experience in using similar systems for military purposes.

CryptoWorks is currently used in DTH live broadcast systems.
The system, for example, provides control of such a delicate function,
like PPV (Pay-Per-View) - pay-per-view.

There were real cases of hacking, but now the keys to it are gone. It also encodes some of the porn channels ...

Neotion SHL, Dreamcrypt, KeyFly, Firecrypt

These encodings usually use porn channels so that the user can open them using conditional access modules (CAM) or special receivers, for example NEOTION BOX, a subscription to the SEX VIEW XXX porn channel is automatically embedded in it

The most powerful and complex encoding. It was invented in the USA, mainly used for the military or for cable networks... For her, the receiver costs more than $ 1000. It's even more complicated than even Videoguard. In this encoding, for example, the AFN package with HOT BIRD is broadcast, this package is specially made for the military from the United States who arrive outside the country. The only one open channel in this package it is Pentagon TV, the channel of American propaganda, but funny, you can watch for interest.

Taken from: How to decode satellite channels. Short description - SAT - KEYS, CODES, Emulators - SATELLITE TV - Forum about satellite TV and the Internet: keys, firmware, encoding, channel sharing, tincture.

You will need

• - special access keys;
• - access card;
• - receiver;
• - satellite dish;
• - TV set;
• - a computer connected to the Internet.

Instructions

Before you start decoding, determine the signal coding system you have. The most popular systems are Nagravision, Irdeto 2, Viaccess and Cryptoworks. Watch popular channels it is possible by pre-setting the satellite dish and the receiver, which is responsible for receiving the signal from the satellite. However, there is a category of paid channels that require races to view.

Please note that these systems are equipped with protection against hacking of the encoding, so you must have special access keys, entering which will open the way to any popular signals, even with complex encoding. In order to get these keys, go to the Internet and download them, taking into account your signal coding system.

If you do not want to search for and download keys from questionable sites on the Internet for a long time, then purchase special card access with tariff sets of TV channels. It, like access keys, can be found on sites on the Internet. They are different for each city or region. The cards are relatively cheap. In doing so, they open Free access to any channels you like and choose. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that many users satellite dishes choose this decoding method.

In the event that you are not entirely confident in your search skills on the vast Internet, contact the professionals who have been decoding channels for more than one year. By paying money for their services, you will surely get access to a large number of popular channels, among which you will definitely find something for yourself.

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note

Be careful and consistent when decoding the channel, as one wrong step can block it.

Useful advice

To obtain certain skills, contact specialists who provide consultations via the Internet, online.

Sources:

• irdeto 2 decode

Coding satellite channels is a rather complicated process that requires this moment has already lost its relevance. But if you still want to take a chance and watch scrambled channels, please be patient - this procedure may take a lot of your time.

You will need

• - a receiver with an emulator;
• - access codes.

Instructions

Find the keys to which you want to decode for viewing on your TV. You can view them on various thematic sites and forums. Pay attention to the presence of an emulator program in your receiver, because if it is absent, there will be simply nowhere to enter the keys.

If your receiver model does not provide a built-in emulator program, download the latest firmware version, check it for viruses and copy it to a removable USB drive. After that, connect the USB flash drive to the receiver and, following the instructions attached to the program, perform a flashing in the update menu software... If after this procedure an emulator appears in the receiver menu, you have performed the flashing correctly.

In the emulator program, enter the keys you found from the receiver's remote control. After that, watch the unblocked channels and expect a response from the satellite TV service provider, since the security systems they have installed have long been suppressing this kind unauthorized access to viewing encrypted channels.

Use an alternative legal way to view channels - sharing. The scheme of its work is quite simple - subscription fee distributed to several users using the encrypted channel access connection on just one tuner. Also, you can simply pay for the use of encrypted channels, which will be the best option in this situation.

Please note that illegal viewing of encoded channels is liable to the satellite TV service provider, so use only legal viewing methods and do not violate the terms of the agreement concluded between you.

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Useful advice

Do not violate the terms of the contract.

how many channels television operates on the territory of Russia today? Probably not to count. Because besides the obligatory all-Russian ones, of which there are 8 today, there are many additional commercial ones. In addition, each region in Russia now has its own broadcasting air, sometimes more than one. Another type is thematic channels. In Russia there are several of them, but in the world there are a great many of them.

Instructions

Select "Install Programs" by pressing the "Up-Down" button. On some TVs, this submenu is simply titled "Select".

Continue scrolling through the programs until you have configured all the possible. Find a TV channel with a satellite dish using special tools for work, i.e. special program the so-called virtual TV. Such a program allows you to find, form a list of them, divide them by thematic groups

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note

Today we cannot imagine life without television. But even 100 years ago, no one even guessed about the possibility of transmitting a moving image and sound over a distance.

At first they were small documentaries filmed specifically to demonstrate the capabilities of the transmitting television receiver... Then there were regular programs, feature films.

The first television tower in Russia, which transmitted weak TV signals, the Shukhov Tower, was installed in 1939. TV channel then, of course, there was one. With the development of technology, television also developed. First it became color, then digital, satellite.

If you purchased satellite dish, then you need to take from her everything possible and impossible, that is maximum amount channels. Owners of satellite TV are trying to do everything to make customers pay for their services. Naturally, they can be understood, but the reality is that one has to adapt to the conditions of survival. As a rule, it is the most interesting channels are unavailable. In addition, the well-known rule applies here: the forbidden fruit is sweet. That is why everyone is so eager to decode encoded satellite channels.

Instructions

The simplest and reliable option unlocking a satellite TV channel sounds possible. Just go and pay honestly for the services of this channel. In such a situation, all programs on it will become available, and you will sleep peacefully, knowing that your conscience is clear.

However, everyone knows that the cost of watching foreign TV channels is often too high, so resort to the following decoding option. Buy an emulator card that allows you to view the encoded channels... Such cards in most cases are made in conditions and also cost money, but, perhaps, this option will cost you less.

Externally, emulator cards look like ordinary ones phone cards... It is very simple to use them: load the program for working with the tuner into the card processor from the computer, and load the firmware containing foreign codes into the card memory. All providers release packages for a specific number of channels. To open the map, enter special code channel. The card can fit from 16 to 40 channels, it all depends on its type and encoding version.

To update the encoding and, accordingly, increase the number of channels, you can reflash the card, but it is better to buy a programmer that will solve all problems with. Also look in commercial cards with high level protection. They will cost a lot, considering that you also need a programmer. But it's up to you to decide.

Another satellite option channels- sharing. Today, this is one of the cheapest ways loved ones channels... To do this, buy one official card and connect several subscribers to it at the same time. Thus, you pay for the channel, but only a certain part, not the entire amount. The provider, of course, will not appreciate this, but it will be convenient for you as viewers.

Sources:

• how to open encrypted satellite channels

Satellite channel codes are designed to protect against retransmission, copying or illegal viewing, as well as to prevent unauthorized viewing profits from viewers. To combat piracy in the field of satellite TV, they come up with more and more coding systems that are more difficult to crack. But, over time, the newest encoding systems are easily broken by hackers and pirates.

Viaccess encoding systems

Viaccess 2.3 is currently a hacked key system. It was created by the French company France Télécom to encode channels on paid basis... After hacking, it was improved by imposing an additional encrypted TPS-Crypt signal on the main body of the key. Applying similar way encryption, the developers were able to transmit several signals on the same frequency at once. After that, an ordinary satellite receiver could not recognize the keys, even if it was equipped with an emulator. To view channels encrypted with Viaccess 2.3 encoding, subscribers had to buy from the operator satellite communications keys of the AEC type.

Viaccess 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 - three hacked and currently ineffective encodings, but some channels work in this encoding to this day, for example, channel classical music Mezzo from the Hotbird 13E satellite.

Viaccess 3.0, 3.1 are encodings developed in 2007. At the moment they have not been hacked, but the channels that work in them can be viewed illegally using kart sharing.

Viaccess 4.0, 5.0 - developed in 2012, are actively used by satellite operators from France, as well as by Russian satellite operator NTV-Plus. Not hacked but pay channels easily viewed illegally through cartsharing.

Nagravision 2 coding system

Nagravision 2 is widely used by satellite operators in Europe. It was partially hacked, but all vulnerabilities were eliminated by updating the encryption and changing the key cards for more than 4 million subscribers. Germany has suffered the most financially due to the card change.

If the Nagravision 2 encoding is cracked again, German satellite operators will have to replace 17 million more cards, which will entail colossal financial losses.

Videoguard and Irdeto 2 coding systems

Videoguard and Irdeto 2 encoding systems are among the most secure in technically... They are used by a number of satellite TV providers in Europe, Russia and Ukraine. Although the system keys were not cracked and shared with everyone free access, channels encrypted in Videoguard and Irdeto 2 systems can easily be viewed illegally using cardsharing.

The Videoguard coding system is used by the Ukrainian satellite TV provider Viasat, and Irdeto system 2 encodes its channels Russian operator Rainbow TV.

BISS coding system

The BISS encoding system is the simplest and most vulnerable to hacking. BISS keys are easily matched by calculation method, since they are encrypted in hexadecimal notation. Also the main problem system is that the channel codes are encrypted directly in satellite receiver... If the receiver is equipped with a key emulator, it will not be difficult to break the BISS encoding on it.

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Instructions

Use the key input into the emulator. This is illegal, ineffective and contrary to the rules for using the services provided to you. You can watch the channel for 10-12 minutes until the network is monitored. After that, viewing will also become unavailable. If your receiver does not have an emulator, enter the keys there will be simply nowhere. In this case, you need to reflash the device using a removable storage device, a computer connection cable, and other methods available for your model. Viaccess keys are easy enough to find on the Internet, however, it has long lost its meaning.

Do not pay attention to the tricks of scammers who offer to buy a card with hacked Viaccess keys on various sites, all this and similar methods views are quickly suppressed by the service provider.

Use sharing. This system is a payment for viewing channels by one subscriber, providing viewing to others using tuners united in one network. V in this case it is quite legal way viewing.

Learn more about remote sharing. This system allows you to view encrypted satellite channels for a nominal fee. In this case, one person pays for their viewing and sends information to the sharing server, to which other subscribers are connected. Such servers do not "live" for long, however, they allow you to view channels for a certain time, usually a week or a month. They are easy enough to find on the Internet, and some may even periodically turn on access to free viewing to attract new customers. In any case, the most reliable and hassle-free way has always been and is timely payment for the services provided in accordance with the prescribed conditions of the concluded contract.

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Sources:

• how to decode channels encoded viaccess
• input of static CW keys into Skygate HD PVR
• WinQuest 1010 how to fill in keys?

To watch satellite TV channels, you need a special device - a receiver, which allows you to receive a signal from the satellite and transmit it to your TV. To access certain channels, you must enter their codes.

You will need

• - TV set;
• - receiver.

Instructions

Determine the manufacturer and brand of the receiver to enter the channel keys. If you have a Hivision / APEX D-box receiver, follow these steps to enter the keys into the receiver.

Enter the emulator, for this go to the menu, then set the "Config" tab. Press buttons 1 to 4 in sequence. Wait for the emulator menu to appear. Highlight Biss, press OK. If the screen displays No data found, it means that the emulator is empty and there are no keys in it.

Press the red button on the remote. For example, you need to enter the key for the Megasport channel, the Amos satellite. These keys can be given in different options depending on the types of tuners. Insert the first four digits of the key into the Biss field, this is the provider's number. A list of all numbers can be found at http://www.parabolexperten.se/VPSList.htm.

Find the numbers that are in the middle of the key, leave dashes in BIss instead. Do not enter them. Further, in the space for the key on the tuner, there are eight pairs of numbers, and in your code there are six pairs. Therefore, enter all the available numbers and add two zeros after them. After that press the red button to add the keys to the receiver. Click Exit, click OK to save the keys. Exit the menu. The keys with the Biss encoding on other receivers are entered in the same way.

Add Biss coding to the receiver to enter the keys into the tuner. To do this, enter the code 9339 from the remote control, go to the "Editor" submenu, enter the encoding menu. Click the green button to add a key. Fill in the fields: Caid - enter 2600; in the “Channel ID” field, enter the channel code; in the "Frequency" field, enter the transponder frequency. The key itself must be entered in the "Key data" field. To do this, use the up / down buttons or enter letters number buttons remote control. Save the key. To do this, click "OK", then Exit.

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To access satellite channels, you must first enter the emulator mode on the satellite receiver. Not all tuners have this feature, and access to this function depends on the model of a particular tuner.

You will need

• - TV set;
• - satellite receiver.

Instructions

Enter keys on ORTON 4100 7010 receivers. Go to any channel, enter 9339, then go to the Key Edit menu, click OK. In the appeared window with encodings from the list, select Biss, click "OK". Then you will see the following inscription - Provider Tire inde Key Data.

Otherwise, it can be questioned and removed.
You can edit this article by adding links to.
This mark is set May 13, 2011.

Satellite TV encodings are algorithms for coding a signal coming from television satellites located in geostationary orbit to a receiving antenna.

The main purpose of using encodings is to create the possibility of collecting money from viewers for watching encoded channels by issuing access cards for this encoding. In this case, the consumer's receiver must be able to work with this encoding either directly, i.e. have a slot (card reader) for direct insertion of an access card, or a CI slot for installing a CAM module with an access card already installed in this module.

List of satellite TV encodings with a short description

• Viaccess- very protected (in latest versions) from cracking encoding. Designed in France. It is used in Russia by the NTV-Plus company, in Europe (for example, many channels are encoded on Hotbird satellites in it). Early versions this encoding (Viaccess 1, 2.3, 2.4) has been cracked. As of 2010, new versions 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 of this encoding are actively used. There is also a modification of this encoding - TPS-Crypt, which is used by the French satellite channels TPS (since 2007 belonging to the group Canal +).

• Mediaguard(also known as Seca). The first version is hacked, the second is partially hacked. It is rarely used due to its susceptibility to hacking, mainly the second version of this encoding (Mediaguard 2).

• DRECrypt- the most common encoding in Russia, used by the Tricolor TV operator, as well as by a number of cable and terrestrial operators. Starting from the 3rd version, it is resistant to any kind of break-ins. At the moment, there is already the 5th version of the system. Developed in Russia by the Tsifra company.

• Codicrypt- radio channel packages are closed in CodiCrypt encoding. You can listen to them only if you have an official access module. These modules are distributed to cable operators for whom this broadcast is intended.

• PowerVu- the encoding developed in the United States is used by the American military. With its use, almost all American Forces Network channels are broadcast. Very burglar resistant. To receive programs, you need a special, rather expensive receiver.

• Videoguard- coding used in most of Sky and Viasat channels. It is used by the Kazakhstani OTAU TV system and the Russian Raduga-TV. Cards intended for viewing channels in this encoding are “tied” to the receiver (ie, in other receivers other than the one on which the card was activated, it will not work). Very burglar resistant.

• BISS- simple encoding. Channels in it can be opened using a receiver with a built-in encoding emulator. The length of the keys is sixteen hexadecimal digits.

• Roscrypt-M- coding developed in accordance with the Russian standard GOST 28147-89. Used for some of the channels on the Express AM1 satellite. Allows to protect the components of the transport stream encoded in accordance with the standards MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC / H.264 at normal (SD) and high (HD) resolutions. The conditional access system "Roscrypt-M" is compatible with the broadcasting standards DVB-S, DVB-C, DVB-T. Very burglar resistant.

• Irdeto- partially cracked encoding. The second version of this coding (Irdeto 2) is used, for example, by Orion Express on the Express AM3 satellite and on the Intelsat 15 satellite under the Continent TV brand, by Satellite MTS TV and on the ABS-2 75 satellite, and was also used by a Russian provider Rainbow TV.

• Conax- used in Russia by Rikor.SmartTV and Telekarta TV providers.

• Verimatrix- in Russia it is used by the provider "Satellite MTS TV".

• Cryptoworks- Used by Arqiva on the Astra 4A (4.9E) satellite and mainly on the Hotbird 13E satellite. Today it is rarely used, but some providers still use this encoding or its variation.

• Betacrypt- variety Irdeto hacked.

• Nagravision- used in part by European satellite TV providers, as well as Dish Network USA. Currently hacked. There is Nagravision 2, partially hacked.

• SkyPilot

• Omnicrypt

• Neotion SHL

• Bulcrypt

Reliability and methods of bypassing encodings

A number of encodings did not resist the onslaught of hackers and were hacked (Viaccess versions below 2.6, BISS, etc.). Channels in such encodings can be opened using pirate map access, or without a card at all, due to pirated software in the receiver (more precisely, due to the emulation of the receiver software of the missing card or CAM module). There is another way to view commercial television illegally: cardsharing. It works by distributing keys from one (or several) license card conditional access to multiple receivers via the Internet or in another way.