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When the work with information/knowledge became one of the productive forces of society, countries appeared (like Japan) that build their economic well-being to a large extent using this sphere. Other interests of the economy extract other types of infrastructures. E. Toffler speaks of information as a raw material: “For the civilization of the third wave, one of the main types of raw materials, and inexhaustible, will be information, including imagination”
All this is largely due to the fact that modern society has entered a more complex stage of its organization, which requires more advanced coordination processes for the successful functioning, relying more heavily on information processes. A similar example was observed during the period of the emergence of writing in China.
The end of the 20th century brought communication processes to a new level, when states in the military field turned out to be largely interested in them. It's about about the phenomenon of information wars. For the first time, E. Toffler spoke on this topic in his theory of the typology of wars. The wars of the agrarian period were fought over territories. Wars of the industrial period - for the means of production. Wars information age will be carried out for the means of processing and generating information/knowledge. American analysts have summarized the set of threats arising from the development of information technology. Such an analysis is very important for national security.
Thus, there is the following set of threats:
Information technology is a danger to all countries;
At the same time, there are no legal mechanisms to counter them, approval by the entire international community;
The emergence of new methods of manipulation of perception, emotions, choice;
Availability of large amounts of information for everyone (including terrorists).
TO information war the modern world is also being pushed by the globalization of modern media, which are gradually becoming equal participants in decision-making. The so-called “CNN effect” has arisen, which is formed when the priorities of the communication channel begin to dictate terms to politicians and decision makers.
Modern countries also face other types of informational impact that they are not ready to deal with. At the same time, they are not of a military nature, and for this reason the state does not have an adequate system for responding to them. It can be various kinds of information attacks with the help of mass media, it can be psychological impact on the entire population in order to undermine the credibility of the leaders and their actions. By the way, general scheme of all these arguments is this: the stronger a country becomes in informational, the more vulnerable it may become information infrastructure. More precisely, it can be said that the country has new points of vulnerability that were not there at the previous stage of its development.
All these parameters demonstrate the new status of information in modern society, requiring a different attitude of society and the state machine.
The new information world builds its priorities in a different way, relies on new types of opportunities. And the status of the sciences of the communicative cycle is increasing. This area also has its own "globalists" who have closed the whole world on communication. This is Marshall McLuhan and Alvin Toffler.
The concept of M. McLuhan can be described by several fundamental ideas:
1) Increasing the role of the communication channel itself, which in some cases sets the message itself.
2) The universality of his approach led to the consideration of the world as one global village, the unity of which is achieved through the media:
3) Offered a very interesting distinction between "hot" and "cold" media. Hot agents load the sense organ completely, cold agents force all sense organs to connect due to insufficient informational certainty. Radio, from his point of view, is a hot medium, television is cold, because radio “does not arouse such a high degree of audience participation in its programs as does television. Its role is to create a sound background or eliminate noises, as in the case of a teenager who discovered in the radio a means to isolate himself from his surroundings. Television is not suitable for creating a background. It entices us, and without it, as they say, we can not do.
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Introduction
1.2 Properties of information
1.4 Information processes
Conclusion
List of sources used
INTRODUCTION
Information has always played extremely important role In human life. It is a well-known saying that the one who owns the information owns the world.
Since ancient times, the collection and systematization of information about the world around us helped a person survive in difficult conditions - from generation to generation, experience and skills in making hunting and labor tools, creating clothes and medicines were passed on. The information was constantly updated and supplemented - each studied phenomenon made it possible to move on to something new, more complex. Over time, large amounts of data about the world around us contributed to the development of scientific and technological progress and, as a result, of the whole society as a whole - a person learned to control various types of matter and energy.
Over time, the role of information in human life has become more and more significant. It was necessary to study and understand not only the laws of nature, but also concepts and values human society- literature, art, architecture, etc.
In the modern society of the century, the role of information in a person's life is decisive - the more information he owns, the higher his value in society.
Target present work- to reveal the concept of information, and to designate the place of information in modern society.
1. Information and its role in modern society
1.1 The concept of information and its types
Knowing the world around us, a person constantly deals with information.
In modern society, it is impossible to imagine the existence of a person separately from the concept of "information". The term information is used in many sciences and in many areas of human activity. He comes from Latin word"informatio", which means "information, clarification, presentation."
Despite the familiarity of this term, there is no strict and generally accepted definition. In the literature, you can find quite a lot of definitions of this term, reflecting different approaches to the interpretation of this concept.
So in federal law Russian Federation"On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" the following definition is given: "information is information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation." The federal law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" defines the concept of information as follows: "information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation."
In computer science, the following definition of the term information is most often used - this is conscious information about the world around, which is the object of storage, transformation, transmission and use. Information is knowledge expressed in signals, messages, news, notifications, etc.
The main types of information in terms of its form of presentation, ways of encoding and storing it, which is of the greatest importance for computer science, are:
Graphic or pictorial - the first type for which a method of storing information about the world around was implemented in the form of rock paintings, and later in the form of paintings, photographs, diagrams, drawings on paper, canvas, marble and other materials depicting pictures of the real world;
Sound - the world around us is full of sounds and the task of storing and replicating them was solved with the invention of sound recording devices in 1877, its variety is musical information - for this type a coding method was invented using special characters, which makes it possible to store it similarly to graphic information ;
Text - a way to encode human speech special characters- letters, and different peoples have different languages and use various sets letters to display speech; this method became especially important after the invention of paper and printing;
Numerical - a quantitative measure of objects and their properties in the surrounding world; acquired especially great importance with the development of trade, economy and money exchange; similarly to textual information, to display it, the coding method is used with special characters - numbers, and the coding systems (calculus) can be different;
Video information is a way of storing moving pictures of the surrounding world, which appeared with the invention of cinema.
There are also types of information for which no methods of coding and storage have yet been invented - these are tactile information transmitted by sensations, organoleptic information transmitted by smells and tastes, and other types for which modern science I didn’t even find definition terms recognized by all (for example, extrasensory information).
To transfer information to long distances originally used coded light signals, with the invention of electricity - the transmission of a signal encoded in a certain way over wires, later - using radio waves.
Storage of information when using computers is carried out on magnetic disks or ribbons, laser discs(CD and DVD), special non-volatile memory devices (flash memory, etc.). These methods are constantly being improved, new devices and information carriers are being invented. Information processing (reproduction, conversion, transfer, recording on external media) is executed by the computer's processor. With the help of a computer, it is possible to create and store new information of any kind, for which special programs used on computers and input devices.
A special type of information at present can be considered information presented in global network Internet. It uses special techniques for storing, processing, searching and transmitting distributed information of large volumes and special ways of working with various types of information.
Constantly improved software leading developers (for example, Microsoft Corporation), providing team work with corporate information all kinds.
1.2 Properties of information
Like any object, information has properties. characteristic distinguishing feature information from other objects of nature and society is dualism: the properties of information are influenced by both the properties of the initial data that make up its content, and the properties of the methods that record this information.
The most important properties of information are its general qualitative properties: objectivity, reliability, completeness, accuracy, relevance, usefulness, value, timeliness, understandability, accessibility, brevity, etc.
Information objectivity. Objective - existing outside and independently of human consciousness. Information is a reflection of the external objective world. Information is objective if it does not depend on the methods of its fixation, someone's opinion, judgment. For example, the message "It's warm outside" carries subjective information, and the message "It's 22 degrees Celsius outside" is objective, but with an accuracy that depends on the error of the measuring instrument.
Objective information can be obtained using measuring instruments. reflecting in the mind specific person, information ceases to be objective, since it is transformed (to a greater or lesser extent) depending on the opinion, judgment, experience, knowledge of a particular subject.
Reliability of information. Information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. Reliable information helps us make the right decision.
Inaccurate information may be due to the following reasons:
Intentional distortion (disinformation) or unintentional distortion of a subjective property;
Distortion as a result of interference and insufficiently accurate measuring instruments.
Completeness of information. Information can be called complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making. Incomplete information may lead to an erroneous conclusion or decision.
The accuracy of information is determined by the degree of its closeness to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon (inaccuracy of the measuring instrument).
Relevance of information - importance for the present time, topicality, urgency. Sometimes only timely information can be useful.
Usefulness (value) of information. Utility can be assessed in relation to the needs of its specific consumers and is evaluated according to the tasks that can be solved with its help.
The most valuable information- objective, reliable, complete, and up-to-date. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that biased, unreliable information (for example, fiction) is of great importance for a person.
Social (public) information also has additional properties:
It has a semantic (semantic) character, that is, a conceptual one, since it is in concepts that the most essential features of objects, processes and phenomena of the surrounding world are generalized.
Has a linguistic nature (except for some types of aesthetic information, such as fine arts). The same content can be expressed in different natural (colloquial) languages, written down in the form of mathematical formulas, etc.
Over time, the amount of information grows, information accumulates, it is systematized, evaluated and generalized. This property was called the growth and cumulation of information. (Cumulation - from lat; cumulatio - increase, accumulation).
Information aging is the decrease in its value over time. The appearance of new information that clarifies, supplements or rejects, in whole or in part, the earlier information makes it old. Scientific and technical information ages faster, aesthetic (works of art) - more slowly.
Logic, compactness, convenient form of presentation facilitates the understanding and assimilation of information.
1.3 The concept of the amount of information
The property of completeness of information implicitly assumes that it is possible to measure the amount of information. The amount of information is a numerical characteristic of information, reflecting the degree of uncertainty that disappears after receiving the information. The concepts of "information", "uncertainty", "opportunity to choose" are closely related. For example, a person in the morning suggested that during the day there may or may not be precipitation, and if there is, then in the form of snow or rain, i.e. it is not clear - "whether it will be, or not, or rain, or snow." Then, looking out the window, he saw a cloudy sky and with a high probability assumed that there would be precipitation, i.e., having received the information, he reduced the number of choices. Further, looking at the outside thermometer, he saw that the temperature was negative, which means that precipitation should be expected in the form of snow. Thus, having received the latest temperature data, the person received full information about the upcoming weather and eliminated all but one of the options.
The information received reduces the number options choice (i.e. uncertainty), and complete information leaves no options at all.
One bit is taken as a unit of information (English bit - binary digit --binary digit). This is the amount of information at which the uncertainty, i.e. the number of choices is halved or, in other words, it is the answer to a question that requires a one-word answer - yes or no.
A bit is a very small unit of information. In practice, larger units are more commonly used, such as a byte, which is a sequence of eight bits. It is eight bits, or one byte, that is used to encode the characters of the alphabet, the keys of a computer keyboard. One byte is also the smallest unit of addressable computer memory, i.e. memory can be accessed by a byte, not a bit.
Even larger derived units of information are widely used:
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes,
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 220 bytes,
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 230 bytes,
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 240 bytes.
1.4 Information processes
Obtaining information is closely related to information processes. For the purposeful use of information, it must be collected, transformed, transmitted, accumulated and systematized. All these processes associated with certain operations on information are called information processes. There are the following types information processes.
Data collection is the activity of the subject for the accumulation of data in order to ensure sufficient completeness. When combined with adequate methods, data generates information that can help in decision making. For example, being interested in the price of a product, its consumer properties, we collect information in order to make a decision: to buy or not to buy it.
Data transfer is the process of exchanging data. It is assumed that there is a source of information, a communication channel, a receiver of information, and agreements have been adopted between them on the procedure for exchanging data, these agreements are called exchange protocols. For example, in a normal conversation between two people, an agreement is tacitly accepted not to interrupt each other during a conversation.
Data storage is the maintenance of data in a form that is always ready for delivery to the consumer. The same data may be required more than once, therefore, a method is being developed for storing them (usually on tangible media) and methods for accessing them at the request of the consumer.
Data processing is the process of transforming information from its original form to certain result. The collection, accumulation, storage of information is often not the ultimate goal of the information process. Most often, primary data is used to solve a problem, then they are transformed step by step in accordance with the algorithm for solving the problem until they are obtained.
output data, which, after analysis by the user, provides the necessary information.
1.5 The role of information in modern society
Mankind, from the day of its separation from the animal world, has devoted a significant part of its time and attention to information processes.
Nowadays, millions of people have become users of information. There were cheap computers available to millions of users. Computers have become multimedia; they process different kinds information: sound, graphics, video, etc. This, in turn, gave impetus to the widest use of computers in various fields science, technology, production, everyday life.
Communication facilities have become ubiquitous, and computers for joint participation in the information process are connected in computer networks. The worldwide computer network Internet has appeared, the services of which are used by a significant part of the world's population, quickly receiving and exchanging data, i.e. a single global information space is being formed.
At present, the circle of people involved in information processing has grown to an unprecedented size, and the exchange rate has become simply fantastic, computers are used in almost all areas of people's lives. An information society is emerging before our eyes, where the focus of attention and significance is shifting from traditional types of resources (material, financial, energy, etc.) to an information resource, which, although it has always existed, was not considered either as an economic or as another category. Information resources are individual documents and arrays of documents in libraries, archives, funds, data banks, information systems and other repositories. In other words, information resources are knowledge prepared by people for social use in society and fixed on material media. The information resources of a country, region, organization are increasingly considered as strategic resources, similar in importance to the reserves of raw materials, energy, minerals and other resources.
The development of world information resources has made it possible to turn the activity of providing information services into a global human activity, to form a global and domestic market for information services, to increase the validity and efficiency of decisions made in firms, banks, stock exchanges, industry, and trade through the timely use of the necessary information.
In the modern world, the role of information, the means of its processing, transmission and accumulation has increased immeasurably. Informatics and computer science now largely determine the scientific and technical potential of the country, the level of development of its national economy, lifestyle and human activities.
Receiving and transforming information is necessary condition the life of society.
Information has become one of the most important strategic, management resources, along with resources - human, financial, material. Its production and consumption form the necessary basis for the effective functioning and development of various spheres of public life, and, above all, the economy. And this means that not only sources of information in any part of our planet become available to every person, but also the new information generated by him becomes the property of all mankind. In modern conditions, the right to information and access to it are of vital importance for all members of society. The growing role of information in society has become the subject of scientific reflection. Theories have been advanced to explain its place and significance. The most popular are the theories of the post-industrial and information society.
The world is entering new era- information, in the age of electronic economic activity, network communities and organizations without borders. The advent of the new time will radically change the economic and social aspects of society. Such changes most directly relate to the place of man in the information world. A person changes in accordance with the vector of information and technical characteristics of society. However, this is not at all a passive acceptance of the new conditions of production and consumption. A person acts as a subject of informational reality, far beyond the informational technical characteristics. Informatization of everyday life and the emergence of a new information field human existence does not pass without a trace for the human life world. In the electronic space, behavioral standards and value orientations of the individual are changing.
The new conditions for world humanity are manifesting themselves in a special form in Russia. Modern Russia is not yet an information society. First of all, because some of the information is not available to a wide range of users or has been replaced by misinformation. However, the informatization of individual segments social life, individual spheres of politics and economics will sooner or later create the conditions for the emergence of a genuine social fabric of a new type, from which the information society can grow. Post-industrial trends can be quite organically connected with the peculiarities of Russian civilization.
The information society is often called the mass society and the consumer society. This is due to such informatization processes as the development of the sphere of mass communications. Global and local computer networks, facilities cellular communication, the system of television and radio broadcasting, being components of the information structure of society, at the same time provide communication between people. Mass communication is one of the important phenomena of modern society, which significantly affects the development of all technologies, information technologies in particular, both within each country and between countries. Often, informatization processes are given a negative connotation, which is inherent in the consumer society. Many representatives of social and scientific thought see in informatization processes that are detrimental to the spiritual sphere of society and associate information civilization with the antipode of culture and spirituality.
In the field of theoretical understanding of the ongoing processes, there is still no consensus on the ways of developing the information society, the priority of one or another of its directions, the clarity and clarity of the formulations and concepts that express what is happening in information sphere. Therefore, the theoretical study of both conceptual and practical (real) prerequisites for understanding current information processes remains relevant.
information society resource world
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the definition of the concept of information was given, its types were considered, and the main properties of information were given. The concept of the amount of information is given. The main types of information processes are considered. The role and place of information in modern society is described. The objectives of the work have been fulfilled.
Summing up, I would like to note that an information society is emerging before our eyes, where the focus of attention and significance is shifting from traditional types of resources (material, financial, energy, etc.) to an information resource that, although it always existed, was not considered as an economic resource. , nor any other category. Information begins to play a dominant role not only in its traditional fields, but also in completely new ones. Society is moving into a new information age.
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The changing role and nature of the media in modern society
A. V. Mozolin
Today we can say that the process of formation of the information society is accompanied by the establishment of a new environment, new social and moral values, a new way of life and new principles of social management. The information society is distinguished, on the one hand, by the increasing managerial importance of the media, which are an element of public relations, on the other hand, by the increasing awareness of the population, free access to information, the unimpeded operation of all media, the presence of mass technical means making information accessible to the majority of citizens.
As a result, the driving force itself changes. social change. It becomes an information environment, information technologies that allow you to effectively respond to the challenges of civilization - high-tech and market. From these positions, we will try to consider some aspects of the existence of the mass media in the process of the formation of the information society.
The main premise of these changes in the mass media was the revolution in the means of storing and transmitting information, which not only turned the world into a global village, entangling it with a world wide web of diverse and, in fact, inexhaustible information resources, but also provided an opportunity for virtually every person to become the creator of their own media. The consequences of this revolution, in our opinion, affected the entire structure and direction of propaganda, which we now need to formulate more clearly.
Based on the results obtained in the studies of Marshall McLuhan and Manuel Castells, we can record the first such change. At present, we can talk about the emergence of two parallel information processes in society. On the one hand, there is the existence of a traditional scheme and direction of the movement of information from the source to a relatively passive recipient, and on the other hand, the emergence of new social groups, which are characterized by the active formation of their own information space. The space in which an individual carries out his own information retrieval behavior, determined, firstly, by his needs for knowledge and, secondly, by the most convenient form of obtaining this knowledge.
Thus, we can talk not only about a change in the vector of communication, but also about the need to form a new adequate idea of the nature of the propaganda object. Since the emergence of "active" consumers of information leads to the need to rebuild the entire propaganda system, otherwise they simply will not fall within its sphere of influence.
This formulation leads to the fact that the processes of dissemination of information in society, and, accordingly, the structures of propaganda should be considered from at least two positions:
- from the point of view of the traditional (“passive”) model of information consumption, and, consequently, the traditional model of propaganda, in which the object and structure of influence have not changed and to the study of which existing approaches are applicable;
- from the point of view of a new (interactive, multimedia, search) communication model, in which the individual actively chooses from the variety that has arisen various channels obtaining the necessary information.
At the same time, the following circumstance must also be kept in mind. The research of M. Castells convincingly proves the emerging and gradually increasing trend associated with broad social and cultural differentiation leading to segmentation of users/viewers, readers/listeners. Messages are not only segmented by market following the strategies of the senders, but are also increasingly diversified by users according to their interests.
Another trend, which is formulated in the same study, is associated with an increase in social stratification among users of new communication channels. Media choice will be limited not only to people with the time and money to access it, but also to countries with sufficient market potential. Cultural and educational differences become decisive. Knowing where to look and knowing how to use the message will be essential to genuinely experiencing a system other than the standard media.
Naturally, these changes in the object of propaganda lead to the modification of messages containing propaganda messages. If the first, “traditional” group is characterized by a fairly high degree of perception of direct propaganda appeals (it does not matter whether they are reproduced in the form of commercials or actual political appeals), then for the second, “search” group, this form will not be effective, since Propaganda messages proper contain, as a rule, quite tough information model reality with a minimum of knowledge necessary for professional activities, lifestyle, etc., of representatives of this group.
Since knowledge will be the determining condition for special interests in the information society, since the direction and content of knowledge flows, access to them will determine all aspects of an individual’s life, his position in society, we can single out at least two more factors that determine the nature of propaganda.
First, it should be noted that in the information society, propaganda is no longer in the form of some direct appeals that are easily distinguished from the general flow of information. The dominant condition for the effectiveness of propaganda in this case will be its mimicry into knowledge, that is, having the characteristics of a propaganda message in content, the text will be shaped into one or another type of knowledge.
Thus, propaganda should look and be perceived as ordinary information that meets at least two conditions: contain the knowledge necessary for this group and have a form adequate for perception by the representatives of the group, that is, propaganda should be hidden in the information, ceasing to have signs of a rigid interpretive model. reality.
Secondly, the growing influence of mass media in the information society leads to an increase in the information dependence of message recipients. In accordance with the general typology of social dependence in society, there can be personal information dependence, group information dependence and public information dependence 1 .
Personal information dependence occurs when the availability of information, methods of obtaining it depends on the special interests of one individual. If information flows are regulated by these interests, social reality is distorted to the maximum. The characteristics inherent in social information - subjectivity, variability, a high degree of dispersal in space of sources of social information, their impersonality, freedom of exchange of social information - create wide opportunities for distorting social reality and forming personal information dependence in society.
In modern societies, when the concentration and dissemination of socially significant information is carried out mainly through the state and the media, the emergence of personal dependence is a widespread phenomenon. It is mainly characteristic of totalitarian and authoritarian systems of government and has existed for a long time. In modern democratic societies, where the sources of social information are highly dispersed and the state is not its determining source, personal dependence can arise for a short time under the influence of one individual. Yes, distribution distorted information individual people through the media and especially through the Internet occurs regularly. The higher the social significance of information, the higher the level of its impact on the erosion of the social and managerial order of a democratic society. An example of this kind of cases is false information spread during elections by one candidate in relation to another candidate. Although the lifetime of such information is short, the influence effect is strong. A candidate about whom false information is circulated will not be elected to the deputies or president.
In the information society, where information and telecommunication networks will permeate all social pores, the “life span” false information will be shorter than in modern societies, but the effect of influence is immeasurably stronger. Such information can, to a certain extent, reduce the level of self-organization in society and disrupt its self-governing mechanisms.
Group information dependence occurs when the availability of information and methods of obtaining it are related to the interests of one group. In modern societies, the formation of group dependence is characteristic not only for authoritarian systems of governance, which are group in nature, but also for democratic ones. In them, the media are often under the influence of certain political and economic groups that realize their group interests through distorted information.
In authoritarian societies, group information dependence exists for a very long time; it can exist for quite a long time even in modern democratic societies, since sources of information about the state of political and economic groups are often inaccessible not only to individual citizens, but also to independent media. In order to maintain the stability of the socio-administrative order, the significance of social information disseminated by political and economic groups is significantly higher compared to the information coming from an individual, and the level of its impact on the erosion of the socio-administrative order of a democratic society is also higher. Based on this information, strategic and tactical decisions are made in the economy and politics that affect the situation of large masses of people. Examples of this type of impact are conflicts between states, competing corporations, panic on the stock exchanges - all this often occurs as a result of the spread interest groups distorted information.
I would like to say a few words about the changes that have affected the channels and sources of propaganda. The technological explosion made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of production and dissemination of information (including propaganda). The presence of a computer, a modem and a fairly small amount of knowledge make it possible for almost everyone, as mentioned above, to communicate with any audience (of course, within the "active" group). This has led to the fact that today, on the one hand, the task of unifying propaganda becomes practically unsolvable, and on the other hand, the potential number of sources of propaganda is practically unlimited.
However, at the same time, such a variety and cheapness in the production of the most diverse information make it possible to influence small groups of people, adjusting to their characteristics, and to hide actual propaganda messages in a huge array of information.
Thus, we can say that the changes that the information society brings with it not only complicate the process of implementing propaganda, but also create new opportunities to increase its effectiveness.
Bibliography
1 Averin O. P. Information and distortion of social reality // Abstracts of speeches at International Conference"Building a strategic community through education and science". June 25–27, 2001 M., 2001.
