11th grade lesson
"From industrial society to information society"
Slide 1
View: combined.
A type: assimilation of new knowledge.
Target: the formation of knowledge, skills, skills about the role and implications of information revolutions.
Tasks:
teaching- to highlight the stages of development of the information society, to form the concept of "industrial society" among students;
developing- to develop independence and logic of thinking;
educating- to promote the development of cognitive interests.
Lesson plan:
Orientation - motivational stage.
Operational research stage.
Reflective - evaluative stage.
During the classes
Orientation - motivational stage
1.1. Setting lesson goals
Information revolutions and the reasons that determined their origin.
Characteristics of an industrial society.
Characteristics of the information society.
Informatization and computerization of society.
Operational research stage.
2.1. Presentation of new material
At the dawn of civilization, a person had enough elementary knowledge and primitive skills. With the development of society, participation in information processes required not only individual, but also generalized knowledge and experience, contributing to the correct processing of information and making the necessary decisions. For this, a person needed various devices. The stages of the emergence of means and methods of information processing that have caused dramatic changes in society are defined as information revolution .
INFORMATION REVOLUTIONS- the stages of the emergence of means and methods of information processing that have caused dramatic changes in society.
/ Slide number 2 /
/ explain the material using a prepared presentation /
/ Slide number 3 /
The first information revolution associated with the invention writing, which caused a giant qualitative and quantitative leap in the development of civilization. It became possible to accumulate knowledge and transfer it to subsequent generations. From the standpoint of informatics, this can be assessed as the emergence of means and methods of accumulating information.
/ Slide number 4 /
Second information revolution (mid-16th century) associated with the invention typography, changed human society, culture and organization of activities in the most radical way. A person did not just receive new means of accumulation, systematization, and replication of information. Mass distribution of printed materials made cultural values accessible, opened up the possibility of independent and purposeful personal development. From the point of view of computer science, the significance of this revolution is that it brought forward a qualitatively new way of storing information.
/ Slide number 5 /
Third information revolution (late 19th century) associated with the invention electricity, thanks to which the telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, allowing to quickly transfer and accumulate information in any volume. This stage is important for informatics primarily because it marked the emergence of information communication tools.
/ Slide number 6 /
The fourth information revolution(70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention microprocessor technology and the emergence of personal computer... There was a final transition from mechanical and electrical means of converting information to electronic, which led to the miniaturization of all units, devices, machines and the emergence of software-controlled devices and processes. Computers, computer networks, data transmission systems (information communications), etc. are created on microprocessors and integrated circuits.
The impetus for the fourth information revolution was the invention of an electronic computer (ECM) in the mid-40s. Further work to improve its element base, that is, parts of its components, led to the emergence of microprocessor technologies, and then a personal computer. For a clearer idea of the relationship between these processes, let us consider and compare the achievements in the field of computing, as a result of which there was a change in generations of computers.
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
/ Slide number 7, 8 /
| Generation | Element base | Characteristic |
| 1st generation (from mid 40s) | electronic tubes | Computers are distinguished by their large dimensions, high energy consumption, low speed of action, low reliability, programming is carried out in codes. |
| 2nd generation (from late 50s) | semiconductor elements | All technical characteristics have been improved in comparison with the computers of the previous generation. Algorithmic languages are used for programming. |
| 3rd generation (from mid 60s) | integrated circuits, multilayer printed wiring | A sharp decrease in the size of computers, an increase in their reliability, an increase in productivity. Access from remote terminals. |
| 4th generation (late 70s to present) | microprocessors, large integrated circuits | Improved technical characteristics. Mass production of personal computers. |
| Development prospects | Powerful multiprocessor computing systems with high performance; creation of cheap micro computers; development of intelligent computers. Implementation in all areas of computer networks, their integration; widespread use of computer information technology. |
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CONCLUSION: / slide # 9 /
the causes of information revolutions are the emergence of new, more advanced means and methods of working with information.
/ Students write down the definition of the concept of "information revolutions" and the conclusion in a notebook /
Characteristics of an industrial society
/ Slide # 10 /
The characteristics of an industrial society are given by students independently by working with a textbook according to the plan:
1. Give a definition of the concept of "INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY"
2. What kind of society has been replaced by an industrial society?
3. How are the successes of natural science at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries related to each other, 4. What is considered a criterion for assessing the level of development of an industrial society?
/ Answers - slide number 11 /
/ Students write down short answers to the points of the plan in a notebook. /
Characteristics of the information society
/ The teacher gives the characteristics of the information society. /
Until recently, no one imagined that very soon humanity would be on the threshold of a new era in the development of civilization - informational.
In the information society, the activities of both individuals and groups will increasingly depend on their awareness and the ability to effectively use the information available. It is known that before taking any action, it is necessary to carry out work to collect and process information, to comprehend and analyze it, and finally to put forward the most rational solution. This requires the processing of large amounts of information, which is sometimes beyond the power of a person without the involvement of special technical means.
The use of computers in all spheres of human activity will provide access to reliable sources of information, save people from routine work, accelerate the adoption of optimal decisions, and automate the processing of information in the industrial and social spheres. As a result, the driving force behind the development of society should be the production of an information product, not a material product. As for the material product, it will become more "information-intensive", and its cost will largely depend on the volume of innovations allowed in its structure, on the design solution, and on the quality of marketing.
In the information society, not only production will change, but also the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure will increase. Compared to an industrial society, where everything is aimed at the production and consumption of goods, in an information society, intelligence and knowledge are a means and a product of production, which, in turn, will lead to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative, and the demand for knowledge will increase.
"INFORMATION SOCIETY"- a society in which the majority of employees are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.
In the information society, the activities of both individuals and groups will increasingly depend on their awareness and ability to effectively use the information available.
/ The further story is based on the presentation, with explanations of some of the characteristics of the information society. /
INFORMATIZATION
Familiarization with the concepts of "COMPUTERIZATION" and "INFORMATIZATION", as well as a comparison of these concepts can be carried out as follows:
familiarization - with the help of a presentation (Appendix 1), where the definitions of these concepts are put side by side;
comparison - to carry out in an oral frontal conversation with students.
Today, the world has accumulated a huge information potential, which people cannot take full advantage of due to their limited capabilities. This situation, called the information crisis, has put society in front of the need to find a way out of this situation. The introduction of modern means of processing and transmission of information in various fields of activity was the beginning of the evolutionary transition from an industrial to an information society. This process is called informatization ... In order to understand the role of this process in history, one can draw an analogy with the concept of "industrialization", which meant the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one.
Let's give a more complete definition of informatization, based on the wording given in the law of the Russian Federation "On information, informatization and information protection", adopted by the State Duma on January 25, 1995.
Informatization- a process by which conditions are created that satisfy the needs of any person in obtaining the necessary information.
Today, in any country, to one degree or another, the process of informatization is taking place. Some countries are already on the verge of an information society, while others still have a long way to go. It depends on many objective factors, which include: economic and political stability, the level of development of the country's industry, the presence of a state transition program and many other factors.
Informatization of society is one of the natural signs of modern social progress. Today the term "informatization" is decisively replacing the term "computerization" which was widely used until recently. Despite the external similarity of these concepts, they have a significant difference.
In the computerization of society, the main attention is paid to the introduction and development of a technical base - computers, which ensure the prompt receipt of the results of information processing and its accumulation.
In informatization of society, the main attention is paid to a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full use of reliable, comprehensive and operational knowledge in all types of human activity.
Thus, the informatization of society is a broader concept than computerization. It focuses not so much on technical means as on the essence and goals of socio-technical progress in general. Computers are only a basic technical component of the process of informatization of society.
The result of the informatization process is the creation of an information society in which intelligence and knowledge play the main role. For each country, its movement from the industrial stage of development to the informational stage is determined by the degree of informatization of society.
Reflective - evaluative stage.
3.1. CONCLUSIONS:
informatization is a broader concept than computerization;
computerization is the basic technical component of informatization;
informatization - serves as the basis for the creation of an information society, in which intelligence and knowledge play the main role.
3.2. I propose to reinforce it orally on the questions that conclude the presentation.
Are information revolutions inevitable?
How do you represent the information society?
What is the difference between the processes of computerization and informatization?
3.3. Homework
Textbook N.V. Makarova, Informatics and ICT, grade 11. 2008 - With. 7 - 16, answer orally to tasks no. 3 and no. 4 on p. 15, question number 8 p.16.
A minimum of 10-12 students can receive grades per lesson.
56. Traditional society and the problem of modernization. Industrial and post-industrial society. Information society.
A traditional society is usually understood as one where the main regulators of life and behavior are traditions and customs, which remain stable and unchanged throughout the life of one generation of people. Traditional culture offers people within it a certain set of values, socially approved models of behavior and explanatory myths that organize the world around them. It fills the human world with meaning and represents a "tamed", "civilized" part of the world.
The communicative space of traditional society is reproduced by direct participants in events, but it is much wider, since it includes and is determined by the previous experience of adaptation of the collective or community to the landscape, environment, and more broadly to the surrounding circumstances. The communicative space of traditional society is total, since it completely subordinates a person's life and within its framework a person has a relatively small repertoire of possibilities. It is fastened with the help of historical memory. In the preliterate period, the role of historical memory is decisive. Myths, legends, legends, fairy tales are broadcast exclusively from memory, directly from person to person, from mouth to mouth. The person is personally involved in the process of broadcasting cultural values. It is historical memory that preserves the social experience of a collective or group and reproduces it in time and space. It performs the function of protecting a person from outside influences.
The explanatory models offered by the main religions turn out to be effective enough to still keep tens and even hundreds of millions of people around the world in their communication space. Religious communications can interact. If this symbiosis is long-standing, then the degree of penetration of a particular religion into traditional culture can be very significant. Although some traditional cultures are more tolerant and allow, for example, like Japanese traditional culture, to visit their adherents to the temples of different religions, usually they are still clearly locked in a particular religion. Confessional communications can even supplant earlier ones, but more often a symbiosis occurs: they penetrate each other and are significantly intertwined. Major religions include many of the earlier beliefs, including mythological stories and their heroes. That is, in reality, one becomes part of the other. It is the confession that sets the main theme for religious communicative streams - salvation, achieving merging with God, etc. Thus, confessional communication plays an important therapeutic role in helping people to cope with difficulties and hardships more easily.
In addition, confessional communications have a significant, sometimes decisive, influence on the picture of the world of a person who is or was under their influence. The language of religious communication is the language of social power, which stands above a person, determines the peculiarities of the worldview and requires him to obey the canons. So, the features of Orthodoxy, according to I.G. Yakovenko, left a serious imprint on the mentality of the adherents of this trend in the form of the cultural code of traditional Russian culture. As part of the cultural code, in his opinion, there are eight elements: an attitude towards syncresis or the ideal of syncresis, a special cognitive construct "due" / "being", an eschatological complex, a Manichean intention, a worldly or gnostic attitude, "a split in cultural consciousness", a sacred status power, extensive dominant. “All these moments do not exist in isolation, are not arranged in a row, but are presented in a single whole. They support each other, intertwine, complement each other and therefore are so stable.
Over time, communications lost their sacred character. With the change in the social structure of society, communications appeared that were not aimed at preserving the genus or primary group. These communications were aimed at integrating many primary groups into a single whole. This is how communications with external sources appeared and became stronger. They needed a unifying idea - heroes, common gods, states. More precisely, the new centers of power needed communications that would unite into a single whole. These could be confessional communications that held people together with symbols of faith. Or there could be power communications, where the main method of consolidation was, in one form or another, coercion.
The big city as a phenomenon appears in modern times. This is due to the intensification of the life and activities of people. A big city is a repository of people who came to it from different places, of different origins, who do not always want to live in it. The rhythm of life is gradually accelerating, the degree of individualization of people increases. Communications are changing. They become mediated. The direct transmission of historical memory is interrupted. The emerging mediators, communication professionals: teachers, religious figures, journalists, etc. are repelled by different versions of the events that took place. These versions can be both the result of self-reflection and the result of ordering certain groups of interests.
Modern researchers distinguish several types of memory: mimetic (associated with activity), historical, social or cultural. It is memory that is the element that holds together and creates continuity in the transfer of ethnosocial experience from older to younger generations. Of course, memory does not preserve all the events that happened to representatives of a particular ethnic group during the period of its existence, it is selective. It preserves the most important, key ones, but preserves them in a transformed, mythologized form. “A social group, established as a community of remembrance, protects its past from two main points of view: originality and longevity. By creating her own image, she emphasizes differences with the outside world and, on the contrary, downplays internal differences. In addition, she develops "the consciousness of her identity carried through time," therefore, "facts stored in memory are usually selected and arranged in such a way as to emphasize correspondence, similarity, continuity."
If traditional communications contributed to the achievement of the necessary unity of the group and maintained the balance “I” - “We” of identity necessary for its survival, then modern communications, being mediated, have, in many ways, a different goal. This is the actualization of the broadcast material and the formation of public opinion. Currently, the destruction of traditional culture is taking place due to the displacement of traditional communications and their replacement with professionally built communications, the imposition of certain interpretations of past and present events with the help of modern media and mass media.
When a portion of new pseudo-actual information is thrown into the space of mass communication, which is already oversaturated in informational terms, many effects are achieved at once. The main one is the following: a mass person, without making efforts, without resorting to actions, gets tired quickly enough, receiving a concentrated portion of impressions and, as a result of this, as a result, there is usually no desire to change anything in his life and in his surroundings. He, with a skillful presentation of the material, has confidence in what he sees on the screen and in the authorities broadcast. But it is not necessary to see here necessarily someone's conspiracy - there is no less order coming from consumers, and the organization of modern media and the conjuncture in a significant part of the cases is such that it is profitable to perform this kind of operation. Among other things, the ratings depend on this, and hence the income of the owners of the respective media and mass media. Viewers are already accustomed to consume information, looking for the most sensational and entertaining. With its excess, with the illusion of complicity in the process of its joint consumption, the average mass person practically does not have time for reflection. A person involved in such consumption is forced to constantly be in a kind of information kaleidoscope. As a result, he has less time for the really necessary actions and, in a significant part of cases, especially with regard to young people, the skills to carry them out are lost.
Thus, influencing memory, power structures can achieve actualization at the right moment of the necessary interpretation of the past. This allows it to extinguish negative energy, public dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs in the direction of its internal or external opponents, who in this case become enemies. This mechanism turns out to be very convenient for the authorities, since it allows them to divert the blow from themselves at the right time, to divert attention in a situation that is unfavorable for themselves. The mobilization of the population carried out in this way makes it possible for the authorities to straighten public opinion in the direction they need, to defame enemies and create favorable conditions for further activities. Without such a policy, retaining power becomes problematic.
In a situation of modernization, risks significantly increase, both social and technological. According to I. Yakovenko, “in a modernizing society, the nature of the city“ takes its toll ”. The dynamic dominant generated by the city contributes to the erosion of the cosmos of what should be "A person, getting used to innovations," does not notice the subtle transformation of his own consciousness, which, along with new skills, assimilates cultural meanings, attitudes and attitudes. Along with the disintegration of traditional culture, the degree of individualization gradually increases, i.e. separating "I" from the collective "We". The established, seemingly forever, communicative and economic practices are changing.
Intergenerational exchange is curtailed. Old people cease to have authority. Society is changing significantly. The main channels for the transfer of knowledge and traditions are the media and mass media, libraries, universities. “Traditions are mainly addressed by those generational forces that strive to preserve the existing order and the stability of their community, society as a whole, to resist destructive external influences. However, here, too, maintaining continuity is of great importance - in symbolism, historical memory, myths and legends, texts and images dating back to the distant or recent past "
Thus, even rapidly occurring modernization processes still retain in one form or another the elements of the familiar traditional culture. Without this, the structures and people at the head of the change are unlikely to have the necessary legitimacy to stay in power. Experience shows that the more successful the processes of modernization will be, the more the supporters of changes manage to achieve a balance between the old and the new, between elements of traditional culture and innovations.
Industrial and post-industrial society
An industrial society is a type of economically developed society in which industry is the predominant branch of the national economy.
The industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, the mechanization and automation of production, the development of the mass media, the service sector, high mobility and urbanization, the increasing role of the state in regulating the socio-economic sphere.
1. Establishment of the industrial technological order as dominant in all social spheres (from economic to cultural)
2. Change in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of people employed in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and services (up to 40-45%)
3. Intensive urbanization
4. The emergence of a nation-state, organized on the basis of a common language and culture
5. Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national education systems
6. Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (etc. of all electoral rights)
7. Growth in the level of consumption ("consumption revolution", the formation of a "welfare state")
8. Changing the structure of working and free time (the formation of a "consumer society")
9. Changes in the demographic type of development (low birth rate, mortality, increased life expectancy, aging of the population, ie, an increase in the share of older age groups).
Postindustrial society is a society in which the service sector has priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production. In the social structure of post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.
This concept was first proposed by D. Bell in 1962. It recorded the entry in the late 50s and early 60s. developed Western countries that have exhausted the potential of industrial production, into a qualitatively new stage of development.
It is characterized by a decrease in the share and importance of industrial production due to the growth of the services and information sectors. The production of services is becoming the main area of economic activity. Thus, in the United States, about 90% of the employed population now works in the field of information and services. On the basis of these changes, there is a rethinking of all the basic characteristics of an industrial society, a fundamental change in theoretical guidelines.
Thus, post-industrial society is defined as a "post-economic", "post-labor" society, i.e. a society in which the economic subsystem loses its decisive importance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. A person in a post-industrial society is no longer viewed as an "economic person" for the most part.
The first "phenomenon" of such a person is considered to be the youth riot of the late 1960s, which marked the end of the Protestant work ethic as the moral foundation of Western industrial civilization. Economic growth ceases to act as the main, especially the only reference point, the goal of social development. The emphasis is shifting to social, humanitarian problems. The priority issues are the quality and safety of life, self-realization of the individual. New criteria of welfare and social well-being are being formed.
Post-industrial society is also defined as a "post-class" society, which reflects the disintegration of stable social structures and identities characteristic of an industrial society. If previously the status of an individual in society was determined by his place in the economic structure, i.e. class belonging to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of an individual is determined by many factors, among which education, the level of culture (what P. Bourdieu called "cultural capital") plays an increasing role.
On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of a new "service" class. Its essence lies in the fact that in a post-industrial society, power belongs not to the economic and political elite, but to the intellectuals and professionals who make up the new class. In reality, there has been no fundamental change in the distribution of economic and political power. Claims about the "death of a class" also seem clearly exaggerated and premature.
However, significant changes in the structure of society, associated primarily with a change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly taking place (see information society). Thus, we can agree with the statement of D. Bell that "the changes that are recorded by the term post-industrial society can mean a historical metamorphosis of Western society."
INFORMATION SOCIETY - a concept that actually replaced at the end of the 20th century. interesting radio-controlled helicopter at a low price to order the term "post-industrial society". For the first time, the phrase "I.O." was used by the American economist F. Mashlup ("The production and dissemination of knowledge in the United States", 1962). Mashlup was one of the first to study the information sector of the economy using the example of the United States. In modern philosophy and other social sciences, the concept of "I.O." is rapidly developing as a concept of a new social order, significantly different in its characteristics from the previous one. Initially, the concept of "post-capitalist" - "post-industrial society" is postulated (Dahrendorf, 1958), within the boundaries of which the production and dissemination of knowledge begins to prevail in the sectors of the economy, and, accordingly, a new industry appears - the information economy. The rapid development of the latter determines its control over the sphere of business and the state (Galbraith, 1967). The organizational foundations of this control are highlighted (Baldwin, 1953; White, 1956), when applied to social structure mean the emergence of a new class, the so-called meritocracy (Young, 1958; Gouldner, 1979). Information production and communication become a centralized process (McLuen's "global village" theory, 1964). Ultimately, information is the main resource of the new post-industrial order (Bell, 1973). One of the most interesting and developed philosophical concepts of I.O. belongs to the famous Japanese scientist E. Masuda, who seeks to comprehend the future evolution of society. The basic principles of the composition of the coming society, presented in his book "The Information Society as a Post-Industrial Society" (1983), are as follows: "the basis of the new society will be computer technology, with its fundamental function to replace or enhance human mental work; the information revolution will quickly turn into a new one. productive force and will make possible the mass production of cognitive, systematized information, technology and knowledge; the potential market will be the "border of the known", the possibility of solving problems and the development of cooperation will increase; the leading sector of the economy will be intellectual production, the products of which will be spread through synergistic production and share use "; in the new information society, the "free community" will become the main subject of social activity, and the "democracy of participation" will be the political system; the main goal in the new society will be the realization of the "value of time". Masuda proposes a new, holistic and attractive in its humanity utopia of the 21st century, which he himself called "Computeropia", which includes the following parameters: (1) the pursuit and realization of the values of the time; (2) freedom of decision and equality of opportunity; (3) the flourishing of various free communities; (4) synergetic relationship in society; (5) functional associations free from super-governing power. The new society will potentially have the ability to achieve the ideal form of social relations, since it will function on the basis of synergetic rationality, which will replace the principle of free competition in an industrial society. From the point of view of understanding the processes that actually take place in modern post-industrial society, the works of J. Beninger, T. Stonier, J. Nisbet are also significant. Scientists suggest that the most likely result of the development of society in the near future is the integration of the existing system with the latest mass media. The development of a new informational order does not mean the immediate disappearance of an industrial society. Moreover, there is a possibility of establishing total control over information banks, its production and distribution. Information, having become the main product of production, accordingly, becomes a powerful power resource, the concentration of which in one source can potentially lead to the emergence of a new version of a totalitarian state. ... Even those Western futurologists (E. Masuda, O. Toffler) who are optimistic about the future transformations of the social order do not exclude such a possibility.
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Slide captions:
From industrial society to information Lesson # 1
Lesson plan: Characteristics of an industrial society. Characteristics of the Information Society. The essence of informatization and computerization of society. Information revolution. Conclusion. Control questions.
1. Industrial society
An industrial society is a society focused primarily on the development of industry, improving the means of production, strengthening the system of capital accumulation and control. It replaced the agrarian one, where relations in agriculture associated with the system of land tenure and land use were decisive.
2. Information Society
2. Information society - a society in which the majority of labor resources are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information. In an information society, the driving force of development should be the production of an information product, not a material product.
Information society is a stage of development of society and economy, which is characterized by: an increase in the role of information, knowledge and information technologies in the life of society; an increase in the number of people employed in information technology, communications and the production of information products and services, an increase in their share in the gross domestic product; the growing informatization of society using telephony, radio, television, the Internet, as well as traditional and electronic media, the creation of a global information space that provides: (a) effective information interaction of people, (b) their access to world information resources and (c) their satisfaction needs for information products and services development of e-democracy, information economy, e-government, e-government, digital markets, electronic social and economic networks
3. Informatization of society.
Today, the world has accumulated a huge information potential, which people cannot take full advantage of due to their limited capabilities. This situation, called the information crisis, has put society in front of the need to find a way out of this situation.
The introduction of modern means of processing and transmitting information in various fields of activity was the beginning of the evolutionary transition from an industrial society to an informational one. This process is called informatization.
Informatization is a process by which conditions are created that satisfy the needs of any person in obtaining the necessary information. The RF Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection", adopted by the State Duma on January 25, 1995.
Today the term "informatization" is decisively replacing the term "computerization" which was widely used until recently. Despite the external similarity of these concepts, they have a significant difference.
The result of the informatization process is the creation of an information society in which intelligence and knowledge play the main role. For each country, its movement from the industrial stage of development to the informational stage is determined by the degree of informatization of society.
Information revolutions: - these are the stages of the emergence of means and methods of information processing that have caused dramatic changes in society.
The first information revolution. associated with the invention of writing, which led to a giant qualitative leap in the development of civilization.
Mid-16th century - typography. Man received new means of storage, systematization and reproduction of information. The cultural values of the individual have become available. Second information revolution.
Associated with the emergence of electricity (late 19th century). Third information revolution.
(70s of XX century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the emergence of a personal computer. The fourth information revolution.
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS Generation Element base Characteristics 1st generation (from the mid-40s) vacuum tubes large computer dimensions, high energy consumption, low speed of action, programming is carried out in codes. 2nd generation (from the end of the 50s) semiconductor elements Algorithmic languages are used for programming. 3rd generation (from the mid-60s) integrated circuits A sharp decrease in the size of computers, an increase in their reliability, an increase in productivity. Access from remote terminals.
Generation Element base Characteristics 4th generation (from the end of the 70s to the present) microprocessors, large-scale integrated circuits Improved technical characteristics. Mass release of the PC. Development prospects Powerful multiprocessor computing systems with high performance; creation of cheap micro computers; development of intelligent computers. Implementation in all areas of computer networks, their integration; widespread use of computer information technology.
Conclusion: the reasons for information revolutions are the emergence of new, more advanced means and methods of working with information.
Questions: What is considered a criterion for assessing the level of development of an industrial society? What is considered a criterion for assessing the level of development of the information society? How do you understand the information revolution, are they inevitable? Cons of the information society.
Homework: Textbook "Informatics and ICT", grade 11, edited by N. V. Makarova: - p. 7 - 16, - orally, p. 15 tasks number 3-4
Computerization - the introduction of computers, the development of a technical base. Informatization is a natural process of the development of society at a new stage, where information and knowledge are the basis of all processes.
In the future, computers will weigh no more than 1.5 tons. (Popular Mechanics, 1949); - I think that on the world market we will find demand for five computers. (Thomas Watson - director of IBM, 1943); - No one can have a need to have a computer in their home. (Ken Olson - Founder and President of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977); - A device such as a telephone has too many shortcomings to be considered as a means of communication. Therefore, I believe that this invention has no value. (from discussions at Western Union in 1876); - 640KB should be enough for everyone. (Bill Gates, 1981); - $ 100 million is too high a price for Microsoft. (IBM, 1982). Can not be…
REMEMBER! Life-threatening voltages are supplied to every workplace.
During work, you should be extremely careful.
In order to avoid accident, electric shock, equipment breakdown, it is recommended to follow these rules:
Enter the computer class calmly, without hurrying, without pushing, without touching furniture and equipment, and only with the permission of the teacher.
Do not turn computers on or off without your instructor's permission.
Do not touch the power wires and connectors of the connecting cables.
Do not touch the screen or the back of the monitor.
Do not place foreign objects in the workplace.
Do not get up from your seats when visitors enter the office.
Do not try to troubleshoot the equipment yourself; in case of problems or malfunctions in the computer, stop working immediately and inform the teacher about it.
Operate the keyboard with clean, dry hands; Press the keys lightly, avoiding harsh impacts or holding the keys down.
REMEMBER! If you do not take precautions, working on your computer can be hazardous to your health.
In order not to harm your health, you must follow a number of simple recommendations:
Improper sitting at the computer can cause pain in the shoulders and lower back. Therefore, sit freely, without tension, without stooping, without bending over or leaning against the back of a chair. Put your feet straight on the floor, one next to the other, but stretch them out and do not bend them.
If the chair is height adjustable, then it should be adjusted so that the angle between the shoulder and forearm is slightly more than straight. The body should be at a distance of 15-16 cm from the table. The line of sight should be directed to the center of the screen. If you have glasses for permanent wear, work with glasses.
When working, the shoulders should be relaxed, the elbows should slightly touch the body. The forearms should be at the same height as the keyboard.
With strenuous long-term work, the eyes overwork, so every 5 minutes, take your eyes off the screen and look at something in the distance.
Correct fit
The most important thing
1. When working at a computer, it is necessary to remember: life-threatening voltage is supplied to each workplace. Therefore, during work, you must be extremely careful and comply with all safety requirements.
2. So that working at a computer does not turn out to be harmful to health, you must take precautions and monitor the correct organization of your workplace.
Safety poster
From industrial society to information society
After studying this topic, you will learn:
How information revolutions affect the development of civilization;
- what are the characteristic features of an industrial society;
- what is the information society;
- what is the essence of informatization of society.
On the role and significance of information revolutions
At the dawn of civilization, a person had enough elementary knowledge and primitive skills. With the development of society, participation in information processes required not only individual, but also collective knowledge and experience, contributing to the correct processing of information and making the necessary decisions. For this, a person needed various devices. The stages of the emergence of means and methods of information processing that have caused dramatic changes in society are defined as information revolutions. At the same time, society moves to a higher level of development and acquires a new quality. Information revolutions determine the turning points in world history, after which new stages in the development of civilization begin, fundamentally new technologies appear and develop.
The first information revolution is associated with the invention of writing, which led to a giant qualitative leap in the development of civilization. It became possible to accumulate knowledge in writing for transferring it to future generations. From the standpoint of informatics, this can be assessed as the emergence of a qualitatively new (in comparison with the oral form) means and methods of accumulating information.
The second information revolution (mid-16th century) began in the Renaissance and is associated with the invention of printing, which changed human society, culture and organization of activities in the most radical way. Typography is one of the first information technologies. A person did not just receive new means of accumulation, systematization and replication of information. The massive distribution of printed materials made cultural values generally available, opened up the possibility of independent and purposeful development of the individual. From the point of view of computer science, the significance of this revolution is that it brought forward a more perfect way of storing information.
The third information revolution (the end of the 19th century) is associated with the invention of electricity, thanks to which the telegraph, telephone and radio appeared, allowing the prompt transmission of information in any volume. It became possible to provide a more efficient exchange of information between people. This stage is important for informatics primarily because it marked the emergence of information communication tools.
The fourth information revolution (70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the emergence of personal computers. This stimulated the transition from mechanical and electrical means of converting information to electronic, which led to the miniaturization of units, devices, devices, machines and the emergence of program-controlled devices and processes. Computers, computer networks, data transmission systems (information and communication systems), etc., began to be created on microprocessors and integrated circuits. Thanks to this revolution, for the first time in the history of its development, mankind received a means to strengthen its own intellectual activity. This tool is the computer.
The impetus for the fourth information revolution was the invention of electronic computers in the mid-40s of the 20th century. Further work to improve the principles of their operation and the element base, that is, the constituent parts, led to the emergence of microprocessor technology, and then personal computers. For a clearer idea of the relationship between these processes, let us consider and compare the achievements in the field of computer technology, as a result of which there was a change in generations of computers (Table 1.1).
As can be seen from the table, the emergence of a new type of computer was determined by the invention of a new element base. From the standpoint of informatics, the fourth information revolution can be associated with the emergence of the fourth generation computer - a personal computer that allows solving the problem of storing and transmitting information at a qualitatively new level.
The information revolution that took place in the 70s led to the fact that by the beginning of the 21st century human civilization was in a state of transition from the industrial phase of its development to the informational one.
Let us consider what are the main features of these periods and how the transition from one phase to another was carried out.
Table 1.1. Generations of computers
Characteristics of an industrial society
Industrial society is focused primarily on the development of industry, improvement of the means of production, strengthening the system of accumulation and control of capital. It replaced the agrarian society, where relations in agriculture related to the system of land use and land tenure were decisive.
The transition to an industrial society took place quite intensively, almost simultaneously in many countries of the world, and was associated with the second industrial revolution, the results of which were especially pronounced in the middle of the 20th century. The most important role in the preparation of this revolution was played by the successes of natural science at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. As a rule, its beginning is associated with the discovery of the electron, radium, the transformation of chemical elements, the creation of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. The invention of electricity and radio had a huge practical impact on the development of industry. The second industrial revolution, often called scientific and technological, marked a complete restructuring of the technical base and production technology. Soon this process spread to other spheres: agriculture, transport, communications, medicine, education, the sphere of everyday life.
To get an exhaustive picture of an industrial society, it is necessary to answer the question of what industry is, what it gives to humanity, what it consumes.
As a rule, the industry is subdivided into two branches - extractive and manufacturing, whose task is to provide mankind with the necessary raw materials, means of production and consumer goods. In an industrial society, the process of innovations in production plays an important role, that is, the introduction into production of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought: inventions, ideas, proposals. This process is called innovative.
Industrial society is a society determined by the level of development of industry and its technical base.
The criterion for assessing the level of development of an industrial society is not only the level of development of industrial production. The volume of manufactured goods for mass and durable consumption should also be taken into account: cars, refrigerators, televisions, washing machines, etc.
Characteristics of the information society
Until recently, no one imagined that very soon humanity would be on the threshold of a new era in the development of civilization - informational.
In the information society, the activities of both individuals and groups will increasingly depend on their awareness and the ability to effectively use the information available. It is known that before taking any action, it is necessary to carry out a lot of work on the collection and processing of information, its comprehension and analysis, and, finally, to find the most rational solution. This requires the processing of large amounts of information, which may be beyond the power of a person without the involvement of special technical means.
The use of computers in all spheres of human activity will provide access to reliable sources of information, save people from routine work, accelerate the adoption of optimal decisions, and automate the processing of information in the industrial and social spheres. As a result, the driving force behind the development of society should be the production of not material, but information product. As for the material product, it will become more "information-intensive" and its cost will largely depend on the volume of innovations allowed in its structure, on the design solution, and on the quality of marketing.
In the information society, not only production will change, but the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values will increase. Compared to an industrial society, where everything is aimed at the production and consumption of goods, in an information society, intelligence and knowledge will become the means and product of production, which, in turn, will lead to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative, and the demand for knowledge will increase.
The material and technical basis of the information society will be various kinds of systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, telecommunication systems.
The information society is a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.
At the beginning of the XXI century, the picture of the information society created by theorists is gradually acquiring visible outlines. It is predicted that the entire world space will turn into a single computerized and informational community of people living in houses equipped with all kinds of electronic devices and "smart" devices. Human activities will focus primarily on information processing, while the production of energy and material products will be assigned to machines.
Informatization as a process of transformation of an industrial society into an information society
Today, the world has accumulated a huge information potential, which people cannot take full advantage of due to their limited capabilities. This situation, called the information crisis, has put society in front of the need to find ways out of this situation. The introduction of modern means of processing and transmitting information in various fields of activity was the beginning of the evolutionary process of transition from an industrial to an information society. This process is called informatization. In order to understand the role of this process in history, one can draw an analogy with the concept of "industrialization", which meant the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one.
Let's give a more complete definition of informatization, based on the wording used in the law of the Russian Federation "On information, informatization and protection of information", adopted by the State Duma on January 25, 1995.
Informatization is a process by which conditions are created to satisfy the needs of any person in obtaining the necessary information.
Now in any country, to one degree or another, the process of informatization is taking place. Some countries are already on the verge of an information society, while others still have a long way to go. It depends on many objective factors, which include economic and political stability, the level of development of the country's industry, the presence of a state transition program and many other factors.
Informatization of society is one of the laws of modern social progress. The term "informatization" is decisively replacing the term "computerization" which was widely used until recently. Despite the external similarity, these concepts have a significant difference.
In the computerization of society, the main attention is paid to the development and implementation of a technical base - computers, which ensure the accumulation of information and the prompt receipt of the results of its processing.
In informatization of society, the main attention is paid to a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full use of reliable, comprehensive and operational knowledge in all types of human activity.
Thus, the informatization of society is a broader concept than computerization. It focuses not so much on technical means as on the essence and goals of socio-technical progress in general. Computers are only a basic technical component of the process of informatization of society.
Informatization is not a tribute to fashion, but a natural process of the development of society at a new stage, where information and knowledge are the basis of all processes. Informatization of society has a revolutionary impact on all spheres of human society, changes the living conditions and culture of people. For each country, its movement from the industrial stage of development to the informational stage is determined by the degree of informatization of society.
The process of informatization of society is a basic component of the fifth information revolution. The result of the informatization process is the creation of an information society in which intelligence and knowledge play the main role.
Test questions and tasks
Tasks
1. Highlight the main characteristics of each information revolution.
2. Using information from the Internet or from reference books, select several indicators that best characterize the level of development of an industrial society.
3. Using information from the Internet or from reference books, select several indicators that best characterize the level of development of the information society.
4. Compare the levels of development of several countries and draw a conclusion regarding their belonging to the phases of development of human society.
5. Give examples that reflect the informatization process.
Control questions
1. How do you understand the information revolution? Are they inevitable?
2. What caused the information revolutions? Tell us about each of them.
3. Give a brief description of the generations of computers and connect them with the information revolution.
4. What defines an industrial society?
5. Is there a link between industrial and information revolutions?
6. How do you represent the information society?
7. Is our society informational? Justify your answer.
8. What is the essence of the informatization process?
9. What is the difference between the processes of computerization and informatization?
10. What defines the fifth information revolution?
In a traditional society, the transfer of cultural heritage took place naturally; with the complication of social and sociocultural dynamics, the paternal functions of the community and the family were transformed. Education as a "school of life" has become a social apparatus that implements paternal functions. According to P. Bourdieu, the agents of social relations were relegated to the role of performers. As a result, the traditional education system has become a hardware system. The paternal administration, which the state took upon itself, began to deal only with the training of cadres from children and youth. The content of educational processes in the educational system of an industrial society was reduced to memorizing and reproducing educational material; the motivation for learning was competition among students, based on a system of examinations and punishments. The gap between the existing education system and new living conditions at the end of the XX century. caused a crisis in the system and demanded its reorganization. The factors that caused the need for such changes and explained the main paradigms of adult education that soon developed were highlighted.
More than half of the annual growth of the gross national product is now determined by investments in the "human factor" and, first of all, in education. It is no coincidence that the church has always referred to its postulates, according to which there are three positions in upbringing: teaching (enlightenment), family (fatherhood), mentoring (spiritual leadership). Three aspects of upbringing correspond to them: school, family, spiritual. It should not be forgotten that - along with the church - there was a family state ideological apparatus that played an incomparably more important role in traditional society than that which it plays in capitalist society.
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MEE AGAO, 1999–2000, 2002, Krasnogorskiy, Petropavlovskiy, Soloneshenskiy, Altayskiy, Tselinny regions; ALIK AGPA (Archive of the Laboratory of Historical Local Lore of the Altai State Pedagogical Academy). F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1. Mamontovsky district, 2000, p. Mamontovo, T.V. Volchkova Born in 1927; PMA, 2001-2005, Kytmanovskiy, Biyskiy, Charyshskiy, Soltonskiy districts.
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