Ionizer on the ignition coil. Air ionizer

I would like to present to your attention my own development of an air ionizer. There are many devices in this segment, but with a detailed analysis of the principle of operation and their schemes, it was revealed that many of them are just a marketing ploy and do not bring any benefit.

In our time, when clean air has become a luxury and you can breathe it only far outside of megacities, this article is relevant. We all noticed that after a thunderstorm, the air becomes light, it is pleasant to breathe in full chest and if there were any ailments, it immediately passed. This phenomenon interested many scientists, but only one managed to get to the bottom of the truth. At the beginning of the 20th century, a brilliant Russian scientist invented a device resembling a chandelier and named after the inventor - the Chizhevsky chandelier. The ionizer generated only negatively charged ions, they have a beneficial effect on the human body. The scientist put a lot of effort into proving his innocence and giving the right to life to his device. He carried out a huge number of experiments and experiments on living organisms. According to the research results, the enormous benefits of an artificial ionizer were revealed both in agriculture (the volume of the crop where the device worked) and in medicine, providing a preventive and therapeutic effect on the human body. Chizhevsky published the results in his own book:

As you can see from the table, the ionizer had a positive effect on all types of diseases.

Later, a new method of treatment appeared in medicine - aeroionic therapy. The air in the room where the treatment is carried out is saturated with the device with light air ions, as a result of which it turns into healing and resembles the air after a thunderstorm.

Indications for use:

1. Bronchial asthma
2. Runny nose, pharyngitis, laryngitis, acute and chronic bronchitis
3. The initial stage of hypertension
4. Burns and wounds
5. Neuroses
6. Whooping cough
7. Chronic periodontitis
8. Treatment of abnormal behavior in newborns
9. Rejuvenating effect

This is not a complete list of all indications for treatment.

Studies of air ions were carried out and are still being carried out by scientists from the Mordovian State University named after M.V. N.P. Ogaryova, proving the benefits of this phenomenon, who also presented their devices to the public and who also destroyed marketing myths.

Scientists have proven such a phenomenon as a deficiency of air ions in the air, which has a deplorable effect on health. Experienced rats, who breathed air without air ions, became lethargic, weak, reproductive function was lost and eventually died on the 10-14 days of the experiment. Alexander Leonidovich proposed a project of aeroionification in the premises, especially in the production shops of factories and enterprises, because it is in such premises that the least amount of aeroions is. But this did not become widespread.

The result of Chizhevsky's work was the worldwide recognition and implementation of the invention in all possible industries abroad. Foreign scientists tried to repeat the design of Chizhevsky's chandelier, but since the scientist did not sell his ideas, the creation of such an apparatus was not crowned with success abroad. But over time, for some reason, the attention to this discovery became less and less. And if you ask any passer-by if he has heard anything about the Chizhevsky chandelier, then the majority will give a negative answer, which is undeserved and very sad.

Let's move on to the technical part.

Physical principle of action:

Ionization occurs under the action of a high-intensity electric field, which appears in a system of two conductors (electrodes) of different sizes, near one electrode, with a small radius of curvature - a tip, a needle.

The second electrode in such a system is the network wire, the ground wire, the electrical network itself, radiators and heating pipes, water pipes, wall fittings, the walls themselves, floors, ceilings, cabinets, tables, and even the person himself. To obtain a high-intensity electric field at the tip, a high voltage of negative polarity must be applied.

In this case, electrons are pulled out of the needle, which, colliding with an oxygen molecule, form a negative ion. those. a negative oxygen ion is an oxygen molecule O2 with an additional, free electron. It is this electron that will subsequently fulfill its favorable, positive role already in the blood of a living organism. These negative air ions will fly away from the tip, the needle to the second, positive electrode, in the direction of the lines of force of the electric field.

An electron that has left the metal of the tip can be accelerated by an electric field to such a speed that, upon colliding with an oxygen molecule, it knocks out another electron from it, which, in turn, can also accelerate, and knock out another one, etc. Thus, a stream, an avalanche of electrons, flying from the tip to the positive electrode can be formed. The positive oxygen ions that have lost their electrons are attracted to the negative electrode - the needle, are accelerated by the field and, colliding with the metal of the tip, can knock out additional electrons. Thus, two opposite avalanche-like processes arise, which interact with each other to form an electric discharge in the air, which is called quiet.

This discharge is accompanied by a weak glow near the tip. This photoelectric effect arises due to the fact that some atoms receive energy from collisions with electrons, which is insufficient for ionization, but transfers the electrons of these atoms to higher orbits. Moving back to a state of equilibrium, the atom throws out excess energy in the form of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation - heat, light, ultraviolet radiation. Thus, a glow is formed at the tips of the needles, which can be observed in complete darkness. The glow intensifies with an increase in the flow of electrons and ions, for example, when you bring your hand to the tips of the needles for a short distance of 1-3 cm. At the same time, you can still feel this flow - ionic wind, in the form of a barely perceptible chill, breeze.

Requirements for the device in accordance with GOST.

1) The number of negatively charged particles created by the ionizer (measured in 1 cm 3) - concentration of air ions , is the main parameter of any ionizer. The values ​​of the standardized indicators of the concentration of air ions and the coefficient of unipolarity are given in the table (Table 2)

In order not to lose the meaning of using an air ionizer, it must be borne in mind that the indicator at a distance of 1 m should not be less than the indicator of the natural concentration of charges in the air, i.e. 1000 ion / cm 3.

Therefore, it is advisable to increase the concentration index from 5000 ion / cm 3. The maximum value is selected depending on the time of use of this ionizer.

2) Voltage at the emitter (ionizing electrode). Measurement unit - kV

For household air ionizers, the voltage indicator should be in the range of 20 - 30 kV. If the voltage is less than 20 kV, then the use of such an air ionizer does not make sense, since ions start to form stably at a voltage of 20 kV. The use of an ionizer with a voltage of more than 30 kV in an apartment can lead to spark discharges, which contribute to the formation of compounds harmful to the body, including ozone. Therefore, the manufacturer's statements that the voltage is reduced to 5 kV and at the same time the production of ions occurs, is not appropriate. Science has proven it. There are also bipolar ionizers that produce both positive and negative ions. There will be no useful effect from such devices either, since according to the laws of physics it is known that the negative is attracted to the positive, forming a neutral, that is, zero charge. Therefore, such a device will simply turn your counter into an empty space, while not forming anything.

Instructions for use.

The device is completely safe for humans, despite the high voltage supplied to the emitter, so the current output level is limited to a safe one. However, touching the ionizer while it is on is not worth it, as this will cause an unpleasant discharge of static electricity. A dangerous case is when a person touches a simultaneously operating appliance and a massive metal object (refrigerator, washing machine, safe, etc.).

The device can work continuously 24 hours a day. It should be noted that the concentration of negative oxygen ions decreases with increasing distance from the radiator, as shown in the table. (Table 3)

Determining the ionization dose, A.L. Chizhevsky used the concept "biological unit of air ionization (BEA) - the amount of air ions inhaled by a person in natural conditions per day." On average, a person receives 1 BYA per day at a concentration of negative oxygen ions (OIC) of 1 thousand / cm 3. This dose is considered prophylactic, health-improving.

To obtain the amount of air ions inhaled by a person in natural conditions per day - a biological unit of air ionization, it is enough to turn on the ionizer for the time indicated in line 3, depending on how far the person is from the device. In order to inhale the same amount of air ions that a person receives in 24 hours outside the city, for example, in a forest, it is enough to turn on the device for 20 minutes (0.3 hours) a day, being at a distance of half a meter from the ionizer (first column of the table) , or for 1 hour per day at a distance of 1 meter (third column of the table), etc.

A.L. Chizhevsky took 20 BEA for a therapeutic dose. At the first procedures of aeroionotherapy, small concentrations of inhaled aeroions are used. The duration of the average course is 20-30 procedures performed daily, starting from 10 minutes and ending with 30 minutes. A repeated course should be carried out no earlier than 2 months later.

Emitter according to Chizhevsky.

The figure shows a diagram of the original emitter of an artificial ionizer, which was used by the scientist.

Explanations for the figure, if for some reason someone cannot see:

1 - rim of an electro-effluvial chandelier; 2 - holder; 3 - stretching; 3 - stretching; 4 - holder bar; 5.7 - clamp; 6 - outer clamp; 8 - high-voltage insulator; 9 - locking screw; 10, 11 - screws ; 12 - ceiling mount.

The design proposed by Alexander Leonidovich resembled a chandelier. A frame made of a light metal rim - a ring 1000 mm in diameter, which was made mainly of a brass tube or steel - was suspended from the ceiling, on insulators. On this rim, a wire with a diameter of 0.25-0.3 mm was stretched, perpendicular to each other with a step of 45 mm. After tension, the structure formed a part of a sphere (mesh) protruding downward with a deflection arrow equal to 100 mm. At the points of intersection of the wire, steel pins 300 mm long in the amount of 372 pieces are soldered. The chandelier is suspended on a porcelain high-voltage insulator from the ceiling of the room and connected to the busbar with the negative pole of the high-voltage source, the second pole is grounded.

Creation of the device.

Analyzing the articles and schemes that are presented in the public domain on the Internet, the following general shortcomings were identified:

1. the use of the TVS-110 high-voltage transformer, which is quite large-scale and needs further revision;
2. the use of a high-voltage multiplier, which is also quite cumbersome and needs to be improved by breaking the epoxy case, which presents an additional difficulty;
3. the use of zener diodes and the use of high power dissipation resistors, which also affect the size of the power supply and its power consumption.
4. absence of a voltage divider in the form of two resistors connected in series and connected in parallel at the power input of the high-voltage unit from the 220V electrical network. This voltage divider relieves the consumer from the need to search for a neutral wire in a 220V outlet, which necessarily must be connected to the positive high-voltage wire coming from the transformer and connected to the emitter, thereby forming a ground loop, which is a mandatory requirement for devices of this purpose. This is done in order to obtain a high-intensity electric field, which guarantees the correct operation of the ionizer.

It's not a secret for anyone that old equipment is thrown out, and replaced by new devices with both more perfect functions of use, and with more perfect "stuffing". Old radio elements are replaced with new ones, which are not inferior in functionality, but on the contrary, surpass their ancestors; their size decreases - which entails a decrease in the size of the overall design of the device. For example, massive color televisions based on a cathode-ray tube (kinescope) have been squeezed out over time by new, more compact LCD and plasma televisions.

Obsolete equipment is thrown into landfill, despite the fact that the internal components of these devices are of unique value.

Analyzing the circuits of high-voltage power supplies and their principle of operation, it was revealed that the main component of all devices is a high-voltage transformer and a separate voltage multiplier from old black-and-white TVs. Such transformers and multipliers needed to be improved and occupied a significant place in the design of the device. In order to follow the current trend of compactness while retaining all functionality, the eye fell on the more modern, but also outdated, TVs and color cathode ray tube monitors of the late 90s and early 2000s.

Compared to older devices of this type, progress in the design of color devices has brought many new features, both in terms of functionality and dimensions. The most important hardware unit, a line transformer, was examined. This device is responsible for increasing the voltage by several tens of kV, without which thermionic emission in a cathode-ray tube cannot exist.

Having disassembled several monitors of that generation, written off for disposal, a line transformer was removed, which was subjected to detailed study and analysis.

Transformer brand FBT FKG-15A006. In the design, you can see a high-voltage massive wire that is connected to the CRT. With its dimensions, this line transformer is much more compact than the transformers of previous generations (in the photo, a transformer already converted for work):

But in order, how was it done.

Before starting work, a diagram of this transformer was found:

The analysis of the circuit showed that in its structure the transformer contains two insulated windings. Powerful high-voltage diodes and a high-voltage capacitor were used as part of the high-voltage winding. Unique was that this design contained important components: two primary windings, a high-voltage winding, which includes a high-voltage multiplication. And the compact case, in which the structure is placed, has a big advantage over the well-known circuits, where the larger transformer and the voltage multiplier were used separately.

1. Removal of load voltages on the transformer windings.

For this experiment, the following were used: a sound generator with a sinusoidal pulse, a horizontal transformer, an oscilloscope for a rough estimate of the voltage on the windings and observing the type of signal, a millivoltmeter for taking accurate readings of the winding voltages.

The set parameters of the sound generator: current shape - sine, frequency - 20 kHz, amplitude - 1 V.

The research results are presented in the table (Table 4):

It is also important to find the main characteristic of any transformer - the transformation ratio. The transformation ratio is found by the formula:

where U 2 is the voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer, U 1 is the voltage at the primary winding of the transformer. For this transformer, the transformation ratio was k = 30 * 10 3/4 = 7.5 * 10 3. If the transformation ratio is greater than unity, then such a transformer is considered a step-up, which in reality it is.

2. Checking the power of high voltage diodes.

In order to understand which diodes are used in the design and determine their load parameters, as well as determine their performance, the following study was done.

By closing the positive discharge high-voltage wire to the ground loop, thereby turning the negative wire into a positive one, connecting the built-in high-voltage capacitor to it, we achieved a change in the polarity of the transformer. Then, having connected the now positive wire to a power source of about 100 V, and connecting an ammeter in series to the negative wire, they began to smoothly apply voltage to the power source. The diodes were triggered at a voltage of 38 V, which confirmed such facts as: 1) the diodes are efficient; 2) diodes are powerful and such a diode assembly is suitable for further research.

Summing up the results of the experiment, an important discovery was made: for the further invention and operation of the ionizer prototype, it is quite easy to change the polarity of the high-voltage winding, which eliminates the violation of the integrity of the transformer case. This is another big plus compared to using a voltage multiplier, where you had to break the epoxy case, which is quite problematic, and manually change the polarity by soldering the required wires.

Modernization of the line transformer.

Thanks to the data obtained during the experiments, a work plan for the modernization of the fkg15a006 line transformer was outlined. The design provides two trimming resistors, which were not needed for further work and were carefully removed using a saw cut with a diamond disc. The saw cut was insulated and sealed with decorative plastic. Further, the high-voltage wire was shortened to the very base and connected to the minus of the transformer. The built-in high voltage capacitor pin connects to pin 8, which is now a plus. Excess contacts were removed and isolated. The insulator was epoxy resin, which is a good dielectric. After the resin dried, the excess was removed mechanically.

The ingenious idea of ​​the engineer, who was able to fit a rich internal set of elements and the presence of series-connected diodes in the secondary winding, made it possible to easily, with the least expenditure of effort and money, carry out the necessary changes. What was useless material for emission due to obsolescence turned out to be a device unique in its structure. Therefore, before throwing out the old equipment, it is worth thinking about other possible areas of application of the components of this device. After all, a lot of interesting and useful things can be done from waste and improvised material. This is what this work shows.

Schematic diagrams of control of a line transformer

For the operation of the transformer with maximum efficiency, the well-known circuits that are common on the Internet were not suitable. Moreover, after the analysis, obvious serious shortcomings were revealed. Taking into account these disadvantages, three unique, independent from each other, schemes that have not been previously encountered on the Internet have been developed.

Circuit on two dinistors

Consider connecting a dinistor to an AC power supply through a diode bridge.

After two half-wave rectifier, a ripple voltage appears, or in another way is called constant.

Full-wave rectification is interesting in that the voltage starts at zero, reaches its maximum value, and again drops to zero. In this case, when the voltage drops to zero, it means that for any operation of the dinistor, it will always close.

Depending on the RC circuit, the charging process of the capacitor changes. You can choose τ - the constant of the chain, which is equal to the product R * C, so that the dynistor will open when the voltage across the capacitor reaches such a value that will certainly exceed the opening voltage of the dynistor.

For the dinistor to work correctly, the opening voltage of the dinistor should be noted on the graph. Let's say U peak = 310V, and the opening voltage of the DB3 dinistor is 30 V.

The opening voltage can be achieved at different points on the graph: both from 30 V to the peak - 310 V, and beyond the peak limit, when the graph has declined and the half-cycle voltage tends to zero. It all depends on the chain constant τ. But it is desirable that the opening voltage occurs at the peak of the capacitor charging.

To set a certain τ, a constant value capacitor is set, since the resistor is easier to select. The half time can be easily found. Let's say one half-cycle is 10 ms. Then at the peak of the half-period τ will be 5 ms. Knowing the capacitance of the capacitor and the required value of the constant chain τ, which must be achieved for the earliest response of the dinistor, you can find the required resistance from the previously known formula τ = R * C.

The more the capacitor is charged to the higher value, the more its energy, which is given to the primary coil of the transformer. That is, the amount of energy is proportional to the square of the voltage across a given capacitor and is directly proportional to the capacitance of the capacitor. In this way, we can give more energy to the coil and get a higher voltage on the secondary winding.

Description of the scheme:

This circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a resistor with a low resistance, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, a timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1 , two dinistors KN102I, a diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.

Principle of operation:

In this circuit, dinistors of domestic production KN102I are used. It is these dinistors, since they have no foreign analogues and can withstand currents up to 10 A. We achieve the optimal circuit constant (τ = 2.8 ms), at which the capacitor is charged to the maximum voltage. Capacitor C 1 is charged along the circuit: plus of the diode bridge, resistor R 3, capacitor C 1, the primary winding of the transformer, minus the diode bridge. The use of two dinistors increases the voltage of the capacitor charge (up to 220V). At a given maximum voltage of the capacitor charge, the opening voltage of the dynistor is reached. When the dinistor is opened, the capacitor is discharged through the primary winding, as a result of which an oscillatory process occurs in the form of damped oscillations. An alternating damping voltage appears, which is transformed by a transformer. Only alternating voltage can be transformed, since the transformer is high-frequency (oscillation frequency 20 kHz). After transformation, the voltage is increased by a secondary high-voltage coil and rectified by a diode assembly, which is located in the case of the line transformer.

The VD1 diode is a kind of filter that conducts only negative half-waves of all-frequency oscillations, thereby achieving both positive and negative oscillations in the circuit.

The performance of the circuit was 24,500 ions / cm 3.

This circuit is almost identical to the previous one, with the exception of the thyristor, which is replaced here with one of the dynistors and the addition of a second timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1, which serves to tune the dynistor.

Description of the scheme:

The circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a resistor with a low resistance, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, two timing chains R 3, C 1 and R 4, C 2, one DB3 dinistor connected to the thyristor control electrode circuit, thyristor, diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.

Principle of operation:

In the circuit, a dinistor is used as a pulse supply to the control electrode of the thyristor. Similarly to the previous circuit, for a given dynistor, the circuit constant τ 1 is calculated, adjusted in such a way that the dynistor opens when the maximum charging current on the capacitor C 1 is reached. As an actuator, a thyristor is used, which passes a current through itself of a much greater magnitude in comparison with two dynistors. A feature of this circuit is that the capacitor C 2 is charged first to the maximum value, which is set by the timing chain R 4 * C 2. And already after C 2, the capacitor C 1 begins to charge. The thyristor will be closed until τ 1 of the timing chain R 3 * C 1 opens the dynistor, after the opening of which a pulse is sent to the control electrode of the thyristor to open the latter. This radio engineering solution is applied so that the capacitor C 2 can be charged to its full maximum, thereby giving its maximum energy when discharging to the primary winding of the transformer. When C 2 is discharged, an oscillatory circuit appears, similar to the previous circuit, thereby forming an oscillatory process that is transformed by a transformer.

To obtain positive and negative waves on the transformer, a VD3 diode is connected in parallel, which only passes one type of waves.

The performance of the circuit was 28000 ions / cm 3.

Transistor circuit

Description of the scheme:

This circuit allows you to transfer the operation of a line transformer from a constant power supply, i.e. from batteries, thereby allowing the ionizer to be mobile. The consumed current is in the range of 100 - 200 mA, which is quite small, providing continuous operation on one storage battery for 1-2 months (depending on the capacity of the storage battery).

Principle of operation:

A standard transistor multivibrator is used as a master oscillator, which generates an oscillation frequency of about 20 kHz. The generation frequency is set by timing chains. In this scheme, there are two of them: R 2, C 3 and R 3, C 2. The oscillation period of this multivibrator is T = τ 1 + τ 2, where τ 1 = R 2 * C 3, τ 2 = R 3 * C 2. The multivibrator is symmetrical if τ 1 = τ 2. If we look at the output oscillogram of the voltage of any collector of the transistor, we will see a signal that is almost rectangular. But it's actually not rectangular. This is explained by the fact that the multivibrator has two states of quasi-equilibrium: in one of them, the transistor VT1 is open by the base current and is in a state of saturation, and the transistor VT2 is closed (in a cutoff state). Each of these states of quasi-equilibrium is unstable, since the negative potential based on the closed transistor VT1, as the capacitor C3 charges, tends to the positive potential of the power source Uп (the charging of the capacitor C2 is faster than the discharge of the capacitor C3):

At the moment when this potential becomes positive, the state of quasi-equilibrium is violated, the closed transistor opens, the open one closes, and the multivibrator goes into a new state of quasi-equilibrium. At the output, almost rectangular pulses Uout are formed with a duty cycle of N ≈2.

But in this circuit, the signal shape can be neglected, since further along the circuit there are transistor switches VT3 and VT4, which operate at a low voltage level. These transistors set the waveform close to rectangular. If the ratio of the period T to τ is equal to two, then this type of signal is called a square wave. The current flows if the transistors VT3 and VT4 are open, from the plus of the power supply, through the primary winding of the transformer, transistor VT4, minus the power supply. But after a half-period, the transistor VT2 closes, which means that VT3 and VT4 immediately close. In this case, there is a sharp change in the current from the maximum value, which is determined by the voltage of the power source and the ohmic resistance of the primary winding of the line transformer, from several amperes to a certain minimum value. As a result of this phenomenon, an EMF of induction occurs in the winding. And the magnetic flux is directly proportional to the magnetizing force, that is, the current that flows through the VT4 transistor multiplied by the number of turns ω .. The magnetic flux speed determines the EMF, therefore, in this circuit design, high-speed transistors were used, that is, high-frequency transistors that are capable of very quickly stop the current. The faster the transistor opens and closes, the faster the current in the circuit changes. Since a large EMF occurs on the primary winding, on the order of more than 100 V, high-voltage transistors were also used.

The performance of the circuit was 26,700 ions / cm 3.

All circuits are assembled on a circuit board, since at the time of creation it was not possible to get hold of foil-clad textolite. I will add the PCB layout later.

Any uniformly smooth insulated metal of arbitrary shape can be used as a radiator. As they say, there is no comrade in taste and color, so here, too, the shape of the emitter can be arbitrary.

While there is no photo of the finished device, I want to add a remote control function and a countdown timer for the device's operation for ease of use. All this will be placed in the sconce body, the floor lamp itself will act as the emitter, while the main function of the sconce will remain - the light, which will also be switched on through the control panel.

Summing up, I would like to note that the presented schemes differ from others known for their simplicity in execution, but more effective in work; small, compact size, low power consumption and most importantly, these circuits can be assembled by anyone who is friends with a soldering iron, since all the parts are not scarce, some are even thrown out (such as a line transformer).

May clean, fresh, healthy air come to your home. But before using, consult your doctor.

Below is a video of the operation of a line transformer from two different circuits. Since it was not possible to measure the high-voltage voltage, an improvised voltmeter was taken as a voltage measurement - a breakdown in the air. It is known that 1 cm of breakdown in air is equal to about 30 kV, which clearly shows the operation of a line transformer and that at a given voltage, aero-ion is generated.

Bibliography:

1. Chizhevsky A.L. Aeroionification in the national economy. - M .: Gosplanizdat, 1960 (2nd edition - Stroyizdat, 1989).
2. http: //lyustrachizhevskogo.rf/LC/TPPN/Prin_rab.html
3. http://www.ion.moris.ru/Models/Palma/Primenenie/Palma_primenenie.html
4. http://studopedia.ru/2_73659_multivibratori.html

List of radioelements

Designation	A type	Denomination	Quantity	Note	Shop	My notebook
	Circuit on two dinistors
VS1, VS2	Thyristor & Triac	KN102I	2			Into notepad
VD1	Diode bridge Bl2w10	1000 V. 2A	1			Into notepad
VD2	Rectifier diode	SF18	1			Into notepad
C1	Capacitor	470 pF	1			Into notepad
R1, R2	Resistor	36-50 kΩ	2			Into notepad
R3	Resistor	6-7.5 kΩ 2 W	1			Into notepad
	Line transformer	fkg-15a006	1			Into notepad
FU1	Fuse-resistor	47 Ohm	1			Into notepad
	A thyristor circuit with a gate electrode
VD1	Diode bridge	DB107	1			Into notepad
VD2	Rectifier diode	FR152	1			Into notepad
VD3	Rectifier diode	SF18	1			Into notepad
VS1	Dinistor		1			Into notepad
VS2	Thyristor	BT151-500C	1

The air ionizer has a simple design, so you can create it yourself. This is a device that will make the air in your home cleaner and fresher. In addition, its assembly will cost a home craftsman a penny, since this will only require available materials, as you can see later.

Why do you need an ionizer?

The famous professor A. L. Chizhevsky wrote that a person built a house for himself, but being inside it, he deprives himself of ionized air, and the more negative ions the air is enriched, the more useful it is for a person.

For comparison, it can be noted that the air in the forest contains about 1500 negative air ions. The air in modern cities, respectively, and in houses, contains more than 10 times less useful ions due to numerous transport, asphalt, heating concrete. This is much less than is necessary for excellent well-being, therefore, far from the city, one breathes much better than in an apartment.

Fortunately, there is a device that can solve this problem. The device that cleans the air and increases the number of negative ions in the apartment is the air ionizer. It contributes to the saturation of the air with negative air ions, which give up their energy, thereby having a beneficial effect on the health of everyone who is at home, namely:

• reduce fatigue after a working day;
• restore sleep;
• normalize the work of internal organs, including the heart;
• improve memory;
• activate the activity of the immune system.

An ionizer is necessary if elderly people and small children live in the house, especially if they have allergies or are prone to colds. In addition, it will be useful for those who are rarely outdoors, working in the office or at home at the computer. For more information on using the ionizer in a newborn's room, see this article.

Principle of operation

Before proceeding with the assembly of the ionizer, it is important to understand the principle of its operation, and it is quite simple:

1. Air particles pass through a corona electric charge to obtain a negative charge.
2. Together with the air, dust, bacteria and viruses pass through the charge, so they also become charged.
3. The charged substances are attracted to the plate, which has the opposite charge, and are deposited on the surface of the device. They can then be removed by wiping the body of the ionizer with a regular damp cloth.

A corona discharge is created by a high voltage electric current. Like impulses, it is fed by a step-up metal transformer to sharp electrodes. At the same time, ozone molecules are immediately formed, which are considered harmful to health, so it is better to make the device yourself in order to comply with all the necessary standards.

Varieties of ionizers

There are several methods of artificially ionizing air, each of which requires special attention.

UV

Hospital wards, premises in preschool institutions and schools, especially during the period of viral infection, are treated with a quartz lamp, which is an ultraviolet ionizer.

It is not recommended to stay indoors during the operation of this lamp and within half an hour after turning it off, since ozone and nitrogen oxides are formed in the air, which can be determined by the characteristic smell. 30 minutes after switching off the lamp, the air is again safe for inhalation, as these particles disintegrate due to their fickle nature.

Hydrodynamic

Such an ionizer atomizes water that has an electric charge, that is, it produces not light negative air ions, but water dust (aerosol) with an electric charge.

In the beginning, similar ionizers were produced for household purposes - they turned distilled water into mist. Later, scientists found out that the benefits of them are small, so the device was discontinued, but the method was not forgotten, but became widespread in medical practice. It is used to obtain electroaerosols from medicinal liquids.

Crown

Such a device is also referred to as an effluvial air ionizer. It works according to the corona discharge method and is equipped with an electrical circuit. Performs the function of converting alternating voltage into high voltage (several tens of kilovolts).

It is the corona ionizer that is assembled at home. It has a peculiar design with pointed electrodes, on which the voltage is applied. A corona discharge occurs. As a result, the electrons seem to flow down to the tip and are captured by oxygen molecules. The principle of operation of such an ionizer is clearly shown in the diagram:

In simple devices, the operating mode is unregulated, as is the ion productivity, however, there are more complex modifications with adjustable control. They take into account the voltage of the surrounding electric field and, depending on it, adjust the voltage at the electrodes.

Corona household appliances are of two types:

• unipolar - produce only negative ions;
• bipolar - produce negative and positive ions.

Household appliances in the apartment already form positive ions, and negative ions are considered useful, which means that it is more expedient to assemble a unipolar ionizer.

If there are no household appliances in the room, you can assemble a bipolar device, since the imbalance between ions of different signs will practically negate the positive effect of negative particles. However, there are opinions that bipolar devices do not have any beneficial effect, since the generated negative particles will be attracted to the positive ones, forming a neutral zero charge. So, the device will only turn the counter in vain, without forming anything useful.

GOST requirements for ionizers

The ionizer emits negatively charged particles, which are measured in 1 cm cube. This parameter is called the concentration of air ions and is the basis for any type of ionizer. According to the requirements of GOST, the minimum and maximum allowable values ​​of the parameter are determined. You can find them in the table:

To preserve the meaning of an air ionizer, it is worth considering that the indicator at a distance of 1 m should be no less than the indicator of the natural concentration of air charges, that is, at least 1000 ion / cm3. In this regard, it is advisable to adhere to a concentration indicator of 5000 ion / cm3.

GOST also defines the requirements for the voltage on the emitter, that is, on the ionizing electrode. It is measured in kV. In the case of household air ionizers, this voltage should be in the 20-30 kV corridor.

If it is more than 30 kV, then the sense of using such a device is lost, since a voltage of 20 kV is sufficient for the stable formation of ions. In addition, this is fraught with the formation of spark discharges that contribute to the release of compounds harmful to the body, for example, ozone.

Primitive assembly diagram

There are very simple designs of the devices under consideration, which do not even require many different materials. Such an ionizer can be assembled by a beginner or inexperienced craftsman.

What is required?

To assemble the most simple ionizer, you need to stock up on the following materials and tools:

• a plastic box from Kinder Surprise;
• 2 wires with a diameter of 0.5 mm;
• a plug that can be disassembled;
• scissors for installation;
• electrical tape;
• punching needle.

Assembly

Having picked up the necessary materials, you can start assembling the air ionizer. The step-by-step instructions are as follows:

1. Make holes in the walls of each half of the "Kinder" box with a needle. It is worth not only sticking it in, but also gently moving it in different directions, since holes with wide edges are required. To make it easy to get holes, as well as to prevent crackling of the plastic, the tip of the needle should be preheated over a weak fire.
2. Take the wires and dissolve their ends into strands.
3. Insert them into the holes in the boxes, but so that the conductor with positive polarity passes through one half, and with negative polarity through the other.
4. Wrap the wires with electrical tape, and connect the insulated conductors.
5. Disassemble the power outlet.
6. Connect the wires located on the other side to the contacts of the plug.
7. Place the resulting device in a solid case. This can be a box made of any solid material. So, the device is ready, you can insert the plug into the outlet.

Simple in design, the device will purify the air in the room, destroying harmful bacteria.

Scheme and manufacture of the Chizhevsky chandelier

Having assembled the simplest ionizer, you can try to design a more complex one - the Chizhevsky chandelier, which was invented in the 30s of the last century. It is actively used in medicine and agriculture. It has also been tested in kindergartens and schools. This invention has shown a high degree of aeroionization, has a prophylactic and therapeutic value.

The device is also called an electric fluvial chandelier with a voltage converter. It is she who performs the function of generating negative particles. This is due to the laws of physics. The chandelier has pointed ends of the wire, from which electrons drain off due to the high voltage. Then they seem to adhere to oxygen molecules, creating negative air ions, which acquire a high speed of movement and spread throughout the room.

You can buy a device, but it is very difficult to find the right one that will actually have a positive effect on your health. The fact is that factory devices often have a voltage of less than 25 kV. This is not enough, therefore there is no effect from the operation of the device. In addition, overvoltages are unacceptable, otherwise toxic elements (nitrogen oxides and ozone) will be generated in large quantities. The high concentration of such substances can be judged by the characteristic odor, which some people mistake for a "scent of freshness."

The correct ionizer does not produce any odors.

If possible, it is best to assemble the Chizhevsky chandelier yourself. We will find out how to do this later.

Schemes

The scheme of the original artificial emitter, which was presented by Chizhevsky, looks like this:

When assembling the device, radio amateurs also use the electrical circuit presented below:

The proposed scheme guarantees optimal potential. The following radio components are used in its manufacture:

• resistors - C5-35V for 1 kOhm (R1), MLT-2 for 20 kOhm (R2), C5-35V for 10 Mohm (R3);
• diodes D226 (2 pieces - D1 and D2);
• rectifier post of 4 diodes D1008;
• thyristor KU201K (VS1);
• capacitors: MBM for 1 μF, 400 V (C1), POV 390 pF, 10 kV (4 pieces - from C2 to C5);
• motorcycle ignition coil B2B for 6V (T1).

The circuit works in this order:

1. At each opening of the diode D1, the capacitor C1 is charged, which is passed through the primary winding of T. At the moment of the 1st half-cycle of the alternating current, the diode remains open.
2. When the current passes in the opposite direction, a discharge of the capacitor C1 is created in antiphase, while the diodes D1 and D2 remain closed, the thyristor VS1 opens.
3. The primary winding of the coil T1 receives a pulsating current, but the secondary coil increases the voltage supplied to the primary winding. Then it goes to the block, which consists of a 4-diode rectifier column and a multiplier. In turn, it consists of capacitors C2-C5.
4. A high-voltage voltage, which is also called rectified, is output through the multiplier. It is fed to the ionizer through the resistor R3, which is responsible for limiting the current.

It should be noted that other radio components can be used to implement the proposed scheme:

• Resistors of the marked brands can be replaced with one resistor - MLT-2. To obtain an element R1, it is required to connect 3-4 similar elements in parallel, and for R3 - 4-5. Resistor R2 is not very important and only one requirement is imposed on it - its power dissipation must be at least 2 W.
• Diodes D1 and D2 of the marked brands can be replaced with any other diodes that support a current of 300 mA and a reverse voltage of 400 V. Examples of such diodes are KD109V, KD109G, D205.
• When assembling a rectifier column, a D1008 type diode can be replaced with similar elements, for example, 7GE350AF, 2TS203B, 2TS202KG, KTS105G, KTS201G.
• Capacitor C1 of the specified brand can be replaced with a non-polar element rated for voltages from 250 V.
• Any high-voltage type capacitors with a voltage of at least 15 kV can be used in the multiplier assembly.
• As a VS1 element, you can use thyristors KU202K (/ L / M / N), KU201L, 1N4202, NCM700C.
• The motorcycle ignition coil (T1) can be replaced with any other one, for example, with a step-up transformer that can be removed from an old TV set (TVS110AM, TVS110LA, TVS110L6). If there is no suitable product, the transformer can be assembled with your own hands, but at the same time it must be taken into account that the terminals of the elements in high voltage places are at a proper distance from each other. Otherwise, electrical discharge may occur.

For better insulation, after soldering, the terminals should be poured with heated paraffin.

Setting up a schema

It is carried out if radio components of other brands are used in the assembly of the circuit. Most often, it is necessary to select the value of R2 in order for the thyristor VS1 to open. To correct the value of the voltage that is supplied to the chandelier, it is required to change the values ​​of the resistor R1 and the capacitor C1.

When assembling a chandelier, it is best to use the elements that are indicated in the instructions. In this case, additional configuration is not required, just plug in the plug.

Assembling the chandelier

A step-by-step instruction for assembling a Chizhevsky chandelier is as follows:

You can make sure that the chandelier works correctly with cotton wool. If you bring it to the needles at a distance of 60 cm, you can feel a little cold. This confirms the correct operation of the device.

Homemade car ionizer

In addition to an ionizer for housing, you can also make a device for use in a car. While driving a car, the driver must be attentive and focused. When there are not enough negative ions in the cabin, his health worsens. He experiences the following symptoms:

• dizziness;
• lack of fresh air;
• desire to sleep;
• deterioration in coordination;
• loss of mood;
• restlessness and fussiness;
• decreased reaction speed;
• pain in the temples.

Gasoline combustion products and dust entering the car interior can even lead to unconsciousness and fainting. Scientists have developed a special ionizer that releases negative ions with silver. They destroy harmful bacteria and toxic impurities. At the same time, the air received invigorates, fills with energy and improves mood. Such a device can also be made by hand.

What do you need?

To assemble a car ionizer, you will need the following components:

• pulse generator;
• step-up transformer;
• voltage multiplier.

Assembly

Armed with the necessary parts, you can start assembling the device according to the following instructions:

1. First you need to assemble the transformer. It can be obtained from the power supply of your old computer. You can use a soldering iron to remove it, but it's easier to heat the ferrite with matches or a lighter.
2. Using a needle, divide the block into 2 parts.
3. Release the core from the wires, and then replace them with new ones by winding the windings. Screw 14 turns on the primary, and 600 on the secondary.
4. Place an insulating layer between the parts. In this capacity, you can use transparent tape folded in 3-4 layers.
5. When winding the turns of the secondary winding, insulation is also required. To do this, after 100 turns, you need to apply scotch tape.
6. Connect a timer to the transformer. For these purposes, it is recommended to use KTs106 diodes and capacitors with parameters up to 10 kW and 3300 pF.
7. Assemble voltage multiplier. Connect the assembled transformer and timer to it.
8. Electrodes extend from the multiplier. Install them at a distance of 3 cm from each other.
9. The ionizer is ready and can be connected to the network.

You can assemble a car ionizer from two field-effect transistors according to the instructions from the video:

Safety engineering

Having made an ionizer, we must not forget about the safety of using the device:

• the device during operation must be at a distance of 1.5 meters from a person;
• do not touch the ionizer with your hands, even after turning off, until about 30 minutes have passed, since capacitors have the ability to store energy;
• during the operation of the device, do not bring your hand to the needles in order to check if there is coolness from the device (for this purpose, you can use a piece of cotton wool, which should be attracted to the device).

Contraindications in using the device

The ionizer is a useful device, but there are contraindications in which its use is prohibited. These include:

• oncological diseases;
• increased body temperature;
• age up to 12 months.

Also, you cannot turn on the ionizer until wet cleaning has been carried out, since in a too dusty and smoky room, the device will only drive dirt.

Living in a big city, where there is little green vegetation, and there are industrial enterprises all around, it is necessary to purchase an air ionizer. Home craftsmen can assemble the device with their own hands, using ready-made diagrams and instructions. If you have no experience in assembling household appliances, you can assemble a primitive appliance.

In contact with

This article covers the assembly DIY Chizhevsky chandelier, which produces negatively charged air ions, it is also called an air ionizer.

A large number of measurements indicate that in one cubic centimeter of forest air there are from 600 to 1400, and sometimes up to 14000 negatively charged air ions. Air will be more useful with a large amount of these air ions. Unfortunately, in city apartments, their content drops to 25 per cubic centimeter, which can lead to significant fatigue and fatigue.

It is possible to raise the level of air ions in the air of city apartments using a special device - the Chizhevsky ionizer. In the 20s of the last century, Professor Chizhevsky A.L. created the first such installation.

DIY Chizhevsky chandelier

This article will discuss a simple design of an ionizer that can be assembled do it yourself at home.

Chizhevsky chandelier consists of two parts - the chandelier itself and the high voltage converter circuit.

Material: ABS + Metal + Acrylic Lenses. LED lights...

Chizhevsky's chandelier is an aluminum hoop with a diameter of up to 1 meter. Served copper wires with a diameter of up to 1 mm and with a pitch of 35 - 45 mm are attached to it mutually perpendicularly. The resulting mesh should sag at a distance of 60 - 90 mm. At the intersection of the wires, metal needles up to 40 mm long are soldered.

It is desirable that they are as sharp as possible, since the efficiency of the entire structure depends on this. Three copper wires up to 1 mm in diameter must be attached to the hoop at an equal distance (every 120 g), which are soldered together at the other ends above the hoop. The high voltage generator itself is then connected to this point.

For the effective operation of the Chizhevsky chandelier, a high-voltage voltage of at least 25 kV is required. For a room of about 50 sq. m is needed from 30kV to 40kV. This can be achieved by adding to ionizer circuit the required number of stages of the multiplier. Below is a simple wiring diagram of a high voltage generator for an ionizer that has passed nearly thirty-five years of testing and proven to be effective.

Description of the operation of the air ionizer for the Chizhevsky chandelier

At the moment of the positive half-cycle of the mains, the capacitor C1 is charged through the chain of elements R1, VD1 and the winding of the transformer Tr1. Thyristor VS1 is locked at this moment. When a negative half-cycle arrives, the diodes VD1, VD2 are in the locked state. A voltage drop is generated at the thyristor cathode with respect to the control electrode. An electric current appears in the electrical circuit of the control electrode of the thyristor, and it opens. After that, the capacitor C1 is discharged through the primary winding of the transformer T1.

A high potential pulse appears in the secondary winding of the transformer and this is repeated every period. Electric impulses of increased voltage pass through the rectifier, assembled on diodes VD3 ... VD6 according to the voltage multiplier circuit. The rectified voltage from the output of this rectifier goes through the current-limiting resistance R3 to the chandelier.

Details and design of a homemade air ionizer

Transformer Tr1 - B2B ignition coil (6 V) from a motorcycle, but it can also be used from a car. Resistor R1 can be assembled from three with a power of 2W and a resistance of 3 kOhm, and resistor R3 from three or four for a total resistance of 10-20 megohms.

Diodes VD3-VD6 high-voltage type KTs201G-E. Paper capacitor C1 of at least 250 V, C2-C5 capacitors of the POV type for a voltage of at least 10 kV, and C2 of at least 15 kV. Thyristor VS1 KU202 K-N, KU201K. Diodes VD1 and VD2 are any at least 400 V.

The installation of the ionizer parts must be carried out in a housing of suitable dimensions so that there is a large distance between the terminals of the capacitors and high-voltage diodes. To prevent corona discharges in the ionizer, it is advisable to cover these leads with molten paraffin after installation. With proper installation, the Chizhevsky chandelier starts working immediately.

When using the ionizer, there should be no odors. A smell indicates the presence of harmful gases (nitrogen oxides or ozone). They should not appear on a properly working chandelier. If they appear, you need to inspect the device again and connect the ionizer to the Chizhevsky chandelier.

The output voltage can be changed by selecting the resistance R1 or the capacitance C1. The efficiency of the ionizer can be verified by bringing (carefully!) A piece of cotton wool to the working Chizhevsky chandelier. At a distance of about 50 mm, it will be pulled towards the chandelier. Also, at a distance of about 10 cm, a light breeze of air ions is felt.

Attention! Since the circuit elements are energized, electrical safety measures should be observed when setting up the ionizer.

The simplest air ionizer designed for cars can be made with your own hands, without investing almost any money in it. All you need are old, unnecessary hardware parts. The principle of operation of the device is based on a high-voltage voltage converter, which will work according to the blocking generator scheme.

How to assemble an ionizer with your own hands?

The converter circuit is simple and affordable; it includes a single active element - a transistor. The choice of transistor is not important. You can use various models, ranging from direct transistors of the KT818 series and ending with reverse conduction transistors, for example, KT819.

You can also use analogs of the models listed above, but you will have to slightly change the circuit and change the polarity of the power supply. When implementing a circuit, it is desirable to mount a transistor on a heat sink.

The range of operation of the inverter circuit is quite wide, the device starts to work already from one volt of the input voltage.

As a multiplier, diodes such as KTs106 or similar analogs should be used, the choice of a capacitor is not critical, the main thing is to pay attention to the fact that the capacitor's operating voltage should be above three kV (ideal - 6 kV), and its capacity should vary within 500 -4700pcF.

A high-voltage transformer is wound on a B30 core, the size and shape of the core do not matter. The first winding consists of 2x30 turns of wire. The wire size should be 0.75mm, but 0.65mm and 1mm wires can also be used. On top of the first winding, it is necessary to lay insulation, which is made of fluoroplastic or any other insulating material, then we begin to make the second winding. It is best to make the winding in layers, each layer should consist of one hundred turns (with a wire of 0.05 mm).

In order to avoid interlayer breakdowns, it is necessary to insulate each layer with special care. After the transformer is ready, it is advisable to fill it with epoxy resin.

Everyone knows about the benefits of fresh (mountain) air. Exposure to negative ions can cure a number of diseases. Described in the magazines Radio, Radioconstructor and the like and many industrial ones have a number of disadvantages:

1 ... Danger of touching electrofluvial points and other live parts under high voltage "Chizhevsky chandelier" (1). (2).

2 ... There is a high level of electromagnetic interference and static charge on the human body and other metal objects (radiators, door handles, etc.), so they are recommended to be located away from radio equipment and from metal objects. (2,3)

3 ... Large deposits of dust near the ionizer (walls, ceiling, etc.). This applies to open-type ionizers "Chizhevsky's chandelier" and many industrial ones.

The ionizer offered here is devoid of these drawbacks. A schematic diagram of the ionizer is shown in Fig. 1. The basis of the ionizer is a multivibrator of pulses on transistors VT1, VT2. The frequency of the multivibrator can be changed by the trimmer R7 in the range of 30-60 kHz.

Schematic diagram of an air ionizer

From the multivibrator, the pulses are fed to the voltage converter, made on transistors VT3, VT4 and transformer T1. By changing the frequency of the multivibrator with resistor R7, the output voltage at the output of the converter changes. As the frequency decreases, the output voltage rises. High voltage with an amplitude of about 2.5 kV from the secondary winding of the transformer T1 is fed to the input of the multiplier by 6, assembled on VD5-VD10 diodes and C8-C13 capacitors. The output voltage of the multiplier is applied to a system of points, which is a stranded copper wire, the conductors of which are separated by an "umbrella" and bent at right angles. One of the terminals of the secondary winding T1 is grounded (connected to the case). The distance between the tip and the body is selected during the final adjustment.

To prevent the occurrence of a high potential difference between the case and the rest of the circuit, resistors R8-R10 are introduced. The SG1 spark gap is a 5 mm long spark gap designed to prevent breakdown of the secondary winding of the transformer when the output voltage is regulated by the resistor R7.

To power the ionizer, a circuit with a reactance capacitance is used, capacitors C1, C2, diode bridge VD1, resistor R2, zener diode VD2.

The ionizer is placed in a metal case of an ATX standard computer power supply unit and therefore there is no high-intensity electric field near the ionizer and it can be placed anywhere.

To create a stream of air passing through the system of points, a fan is used - a cooler of the same power supply unit, previously designed for cooling.

To power the fan (12 V, 0.13 A), a circuit with a reactance capacitance is used, a capacitor C6, a diode bridge VD3, a resistor R11, a Zener diode VD4.

To obtain a higher voltage at the output of the multiplier, you can use multipliers by 8, 10 by adding the required number of arms to the multiplier by 6.

High voltage transformer T1 standard, type TVS90P4. Two windings I and II are added to it, which will hold 25 turns of wire PEV-0.35 each. Winding III is left unchanged.

As T1, you can use other line scan transformers of the TV, TVS110P3, TVS90PTs10, etc. while choosing the number of turns of windings I and II, so that at the output of winding III - the voltage was 2-3 kV.

Transistors VT1, VT2 any low-power, VT3, VT4 - KT646 with any letter index, are installed on the radiator from the transistors previously used in the ATX standard power supply and connected to the minus of the diode bridge VD1.

Zener diode VD2 - D815E, Zh and others with a stabilization voltage of 15-18 V, VD4 - D815D, KS512A or imported with a stabilization voltage of 12 V

Diode bridges can be replaced with simple diodes with U arr. not less than 400 V and I pr. not less than 0.5 A.

Rectifier posts VD5-VD10 - КЦ106Б-КЦ106Г or any of the series КЦ117, КЦ121-КЦ123. Capacitors C8-C13 - K15-5 with a capacity of 100-470 pF for a voltage of 6.3 kV.

Resistor R2 PEV-10, other MLT, OMLT and others. Trimmer resistor R7 small-sized SP3-19a and others.

Capacitors C1, C2, C6 - K73-17 with the indicated voltages and higher, the rest KM, KLS, K10-77 and other small-sized, and C3, C7 - K50-35 or similar.

The multiplier is made on a PCB made of PCB 2.5-3 mm thick, the parts are located on the print side and are covered with a dielectric cover. It is not necessary to fill the multiplier with epoxy, since no electrostatic field arises, which is convenient when repairing the multiplier. If for any reason the diodes fail, it will not be necessary to assemble a new multiplier, but to open the cover and replace the left diode. The trimmer R7 can be replaced with a variable and brought out to regulate high voltage, thereby adjusting the concentration of air saturation.

The ionizer assembled from serviceable parts starts working immediately, the only thing that needs to be chosen is the distance between the tip system and the body to obtain the required concentration of air ions at the maximum voltage at the output of the multiplier.

Literature

1. Ivanov BS Electronics in homemade products. - M .: DOSAAF, 1981
2. Electronic "cactus". Abramov S. Radiomir No. 9, 2006
3. Small-sized air ionizer. V. Korovin Radio No. 3, 2000
4. "Chizhevsky's chandelier" - do it yourself. S. Biryukov. Radio No. 2, 1997
5. Sidorov IN and others. Power supply devices for household REA: Handbook., Radio and communication, 1991.

The design was sent to the competition: Alexander Vasilievich Slinchenkov, Ozersk, Chelyabinsk region.

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