1993 Intel released the Pentium microprocessor, which taught computers to work with “real world” attributes such as sound, voice and written language, photographic images.
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“History of technology development” - Project defense. The presentation of the material is of a review nature. You can explore the above-mentioned topic in detail using the project method. Project work. Project planning. History of development computer technology. In fact, the history of the development of VT is instructive and worthy of deeper study.
“Computer Development” - So, let's go! 5th century BC Ancient Greece. Abacus looks like modern abacus. History of the development of computer technology. Do you want to learn about the history of computer technology? Municipal educational institution "Vladimirovskaya Secondary School" of the Ivnyansky district of the Belgorod region. Travel back in time with a time machine.
“Museum of Informatics” - Methodological structure of the museum. Exhibits. Exhibition “Great Creators of Computer Science”. The purpose of creating the museum is... Municipal educational institution "Gymnasium No. 1 of Ruza". Computer communications devices Computer museums peace. The exhibition is divided into sections. Gallery of portraits. Exhibition “History of Informatics and Computer Science”.
"The Making of the Computer" - 1946. And in the twentieth century, man created a wonderful thing, a grandiose invention. Computer. The emergence of computers. © Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 44, 2007 Efremov Rostislav 6 A class. What can you do with a computer? The first computers. Who uses a computer and where?
“The History of the Computer” - The first computer to include a mouse was the Xerox 8010. The computer processed approx. 200 million moves per second. The appearance of the chip marked the birth of the third generation of computers. A revolution occurred with the invention of the abacus. At first, counting was inseparable from bending the fingers. The first set-top box Altair-8800.
“Computer Generations” - 1876 A. Bell invented the telephone. 1642 Pascal created a mechanical arithmetic machine. There was virtually no software. First generation computers. 1971 INTEL (founded in 1968) developed the 4004 microprocessor. 1947 G. Aiken created an automatic computer"Mark-2".
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Intel (Intel; abbreviated from Integrated Electronics Technologies Incorporated), an American corporation, manufacturer of microprocessors, equipment for personal computers, computer systems and means of communication. The corporation was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Then Andrew Grove joined them. The goal of the new enterprise was to develop, based on semiconductor technology, a cheap alternative to memory devices based on magnetic media. At the end of 1970, when fulfilling the order Japanese company Busicom engineer Ted Hoff designed a unified chip - a universal logic device that called application commands from semiconductor memory. As the core of a set of four chips, this central computing unit not only met the requirements of the order, but could also be used for a variety of tasks. This is how the 4004 microprocessor appeared.
Soon the 8008 chip was introduced, which processed 8 bits of data at a time. Both computing devices are now available to developers variety of products, providing ample opportunities for creativity and innovation. The first digital scales appeared in grocery stores - a microcircuit converted the weight of products into prices and read labels from purchased goods. Traffic lights have become more efficiently controlled traffic. The new microprocessor has brought revolutionary changes to all areas of life - from medical instruments to restaurant cash register systems. fast food", from booking airline tickets to refueling at gas stations.
In 1981, Intel products attracted the attention of American electronics giant IBM, which had plans to create its first personal computer. In 1982, Intel developed the 286 chip, which consisted of 134 thousand transistors. The 286 processor had three times the performance of other 16-bit processors of the time. Equipped with an integrated memory management device, it became the first microprocessor compatible with its predecessors. This chip was used in IBM products - the PC AT personal computer.
In 1985, the Intel 386 processor was developed, which had a 32-bit architecture and was equipped with 275 thousand transistors. Compaq's Deskpro 386 computer was equipped with this chip, which performed more than five million operations per second. In 1989, the Intel 486 processor was created. The new chip with 1.2 million transistors was for the first time equipped with a built-in mathematical coprocessor. Its speed was approximately 50 times higher than that of the 4004 model, and its performance characteristics were comparable to the performance of powerful stationary electronic computers.
In 1993, Intel released the Pentium processor (fifth generation), which is 5 times more powerful than the Intel 486 processor. The Pentium uses 3.1 million transistors, providing a speed of 90 million operations per second. In 1995, the Pentium Pro processor appeared - the first representative of the family Intel processors based on P6 architecture. Combining 5.5 million transistors, this processor was equipped with a second high-speed cache memory chip to improve performance.
In 1997, Intel introduced MMX technology - new set commands specifically designed to improve multimedia productivity. This technology was used in subsequent generations of processors. Also in 1997, Intel introduced a new generation processor - the Pentium II. Pentium II processors, equipped with 7.5 million transistors, provided high performance commercial applications. Pentium II supported DVD technology and graphic tools on the AGP bus, which provided greater capabilities for home computers.
Introduced in 1998 Celeron processor for personal computers entry level. They provided the ability to use standard business programs and applications on home computers. The Pentium II Xeon family model, which appeared in 1998, was specifically designed for mid-range and high level, as well as for workstations. The Pentium II Xeon processor was equipped with a 512 KB or 1 MB high-speed L2 cache memory built into the chassis, operating at a clock speed processor core- 400 MHz. Intel's future plans were related to the introduction of a new set of instructions that would speed up the processing of 3D graphics and video data, as well as scientific and engineering applications. In 1999, the company introduced the Pentium 3 processor, which allowed it to cross the frequency threshold of 1 gigahertz. In the early 2000s, the corporation launched production of Pentium 4 processors, increasing its clock frequency to 3.5 gigahertz (2005). In 2005, Intel's market value was estimated at $149.39 billion, and its annual profit was $7.52 billion.
INTEL INTEL
INTEL (Intel; abbreviated from Integrated Electronics Technologies Incorporated), American corporation, manufacturer of microprocessors (cm. MICROPROCESSOR), equipment for personal computers, computer systems and communications. The corporation was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce (cm. NOYES Robert) and Gordon Moore. Then Andrew Grove joined them. The goal of the new enterprise was to develop, based on semiconductor technology, a cheap alternative to magnetic storage devices. At the end of 1970, while fulfilling an order from the Japanese company Busicom, company engineer Ted Hoff designed an integrated chip - a universal logic device that called application commands from semiconductor memory. As the core of a set of four chips, this central computing unit not only met the requirements of the order, but could also be used for a variety of tasks. This is how the 4004 microprocessor appeared.
Soon the 8008 chip was introduced, which processed 8 bits of data at a time. Both computing devices have become available to developers of a variety of products, providing ample opportunities for creativity and innovation. The first digital scales appeared in grocery stores - a microcircuit converted the weight of products into prices and read labels from purchased goods. Traffic lights have become more effective at controlling traffic. The new microprocessor has brought revolutionary changes to all areas of life - from medical instruments to cash register systems of fast food restaurants, from booking airline tickets to refueling at gas stations.
In 1981, Intel products attracted the attention of the American electronics giant IBM. (cm. I-B-EM), who had plans to create his first personal computer. In 1982, Intel developed the 286 chip, which consisted of 134 thousand transistors. The 286 processor had three times the performance of other 16-bit processors of the time. Equipped with an integrated memory management device, it became the first microprocessor compatible with its predecessors. This chip was used in IBM products - the PC AT personal computer.
In 1985, the Intel 386 processor was developed, which had a 32-bit architecture and was equipped with 275 thousand transistors. Compaq's Deskpro 386 computer was equipped with this chip, which performed more than five million operations per second. In 1989, the Intel 486 processor was created. The new chip with 1.2 million transistors was for the first time equipped with a built-in mathematical coprocessor. Its speed was approximately 50 times higher than that of the 4004 model, and its performance characteristics were comparable to the performance of powerful stationary electronic computers.
In 1993, Intel released the Pentium processor (fifth generation), which is 5 times more powerful than the Intel 486 processor. The Pentium uses 3.1 million transistors, providing a speed of 90 million operations per second. In 1995, the Pentium Pro processor appeared - the first representative of the Intel processor family based on the P6 architecture. Combining 5.5 million transistors, this processor was equipped with a second high-speed cache memory chip to improve performance.
In 1997, Intel introduced MMX technology, a new instruction set specifically designed to improve multimedia performance. This technology was used in subsequent generations of processors. Also in 1997, Intel introduced a new generation processor - the Pentium II. Pentium II processors, equipped with 7.5 million transistors, provided high performance for commercial applications. The Pentium II supported DVD technology and AGP graphics, which provided greater capabilities for home computers.
In 1998, the Celeron processor was introduced for entry-level personal computers. They provided the ability to use standard business programs and applications on home computers. The Pentium II Xeon family model, introduced in 1998, was specifically designed for mid- and high-end servers, as well as workstations. The Pentium II Xeon processor was equipped with a high-speed second-level cache memory with a capacity of 512 KB or 1 MB built into the case, operating at a processor core clock frequency of 400 MHz. Intel's future plans were related to the introduction of a new set of instructions that would speed up the processing of 3D graphics and video data, as well as scientific and engineering applications. In 1999, the company introduced the Pentium 3 processor, which allowed it to cross the frequency threshold of 1 gigahertz. In the early 2000s, the corporation launched production of Pentium 4 processors, increasing its clock frequency to 3.5 gigahertz (2005). In 2005, Intel's market value was estimated at $149.39 billion, and its annual profit was $7.52 billion.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
See what "INTEL" is in other dictionaries:
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Books
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Intel company, company history, company activities
Information about Intel, company history, company activities
Intel Company Description
Intel products
Technical characteristics -Advantages and disadvantages -Sossaman
List of Intel microprocessors
Intel Processor Numbering -4004: The first processor implemented on a single chip -Intel386 EX 60 years of continuous innovation aimed at making transistors smaller
World events
Events in Russia
Tick-tock strategy for building technological leadership
Intel presented some details of the future Nehalem microarchitecture - Development of the WiMAX ecosystem
High Performance Computing
Manufacturing facilities -New generation of Intel® Centrino® processor technology -Platforms for UMPC and MID -Interaction between Intel and Sun -Educational programs-Gaming industry -Digital healthcare -Flash memory
Biographies of Intel executives
Paul Otelini
Andrew Grove
Louis Burns
Patrick Gelsinger
Intel Core This(pronounced: Intel Co) is a brand of various mid- and high-end microprocessors in the consumer and industrial markets. Core processors more productive processors entry-level devices presented on the market by the Celeron and Pentium brands. More advanced versions are also sold on the server market Core processors under the Xeon brand.
In June 2009, the company announced the abolition of a variety of options for this trademark(for example, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme) in favor of three key names: Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7
Intel Company Description
Intel (Intel) –This manufacturing company electronic devices And computer components from chipsets and microcircuits to processors. Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore founded Intel. Name " Intel" comes from the words "integrated electronics". In 1969, Intel introduces the 3101 Schottky bipolar random access memory (RAM). In 1971, after collaborating with the Japanese chip design company Busicom, Intel developed the Intel 4004 general-purpose microprocessor, which had performance comparable to the most powerful computers that time.
In 1973, Intel introduced standard form clothes in a clean room - BunnyPeople. In 1974, Intel developed the Intel 8008. In 1977, through its subsidiary Intel Magnetics, Intel began producing memory on cylindrical magnetic domains, characterized by high reliability when exposed to electric shock, dust, humidity, vibration, etc. In 1980, Intel, Digital Equipment and XEROX launched the Ethernet project, allowing different computers communicate with each other through local network. In 1993, Intel introduced the processor Intel Pentium(read as Intel Pentium), containing 3.1 million transistors.
In 1998, Intel released budget processor Intel Celeron(read Intel Celerone). In 2003, a processor appeared Intel technology Centrino. Intel Centrino for Mobile Provides High Performance, Increased Time battery life and integrated functions wireless communication allowing you to do more thin laptops. In 2006, Intel released two new platforms: Intel Centrino Duo and Intel Viiv processor technologies, as well as the Intel Core 2 Duo processor.
Intel Products: Intel: Desktops
Intel Core2 processor with vPro technology
Intel Core2 processor with Viiv technology
Processors
Chipsets
Adapters
Intel: Laptops
Intel Centrino Processor Technology
Intel Centrino with vPro technology
Processors
Chipsets
Adapters
Mobile Internet devices(Mobile Internet Device, MID)
Intel: servers
Processors
Chipsets
Platforms
Motherboards
Adapters
Blade servers
RAID controllers
Storage systems
Carrier class servers
Intel: workstations
Processors
Chipsets
Motherboards
Intel: Embedded and communication solutions
Processors
Chipsets
Desktop Adapters
Server adapters
Ethernet controllers
Computing boards and platforms
Products for fiber optic networks
Microcontrollers
Flash memory
Intel: processors
Desktop PCs
Laptop PCs
Workstations
Embedded and communication solutions
Intel: motherboards
Desktop Boards
Server motherboards
Workstation motherboards
Intel: Chipsets
Desktop PCs
Laptop PCs
Workstations
Embedded Solutions
Consumer electronics
Intel: consumer electronics
Media Processing Components
Demodulators and tuners
Intel: Flash Memory
Intel NAND Flash Memory Modules
Intel: Technical Literature
Programming
Computer systems design
Design network infrastructure
Strategic technologies
IT Best Practices
Intel: software
Compilers
Analyzers Intel performance VTune
Intel Performance Libraries
Multithreaded Programming Toolkit
Tools for working with clusters
Intel: Storage and I/O Systems
Serial ATA Controllers
SAS controllers
Intel Core processor family
Brand
Stationary
Mobile
Code
Qty
date
Code
Qty
date
January 2006
Core Solo
Version for desktop computers absent
January 2006
Core 2 Duo
August 2006
January 2007
January 2008
January 2008
Core 2 Extreme
November 2006
November 2007
January 2008
August 2008
Core 2 Quad
January 2007
August 2008
Core 2 Solo
No desktop version available
September 2007
1st quarter 2010
1st quarter 2010
September 2009
1st quarter 2010
1st quarter 2010
November 2008
September 2009
September 2009
1st quarter 2010
November 2008
2nd quarter 2010
September 2009
<< Core CPU
Production:
from 2006 to 2008
Manufacturer:
FrequencyCPU:
1.06-2.33 GHz
FrequencyFSB:
Production technology:
Instruction Sets:
Microarchitecture:
Number of cores:
Connector:
Codenamekernels:
Yonah is the codename for Intel's first generation of 65nm mobile processors based on the Banias/Dothan Pentium M architecture with added LaGrande security technology. Overall performance has been improved by adding support for SSE3 extensions and improving support for SSE and SSE2 extensions. But at the same time, overall performance is slightly reduced due to the slower cache (or rather, due to its high latency). Additionally, Yonah supports NX bit technology.
The Core Duo processor is the world's best dual-core x86 processor in terms of power consumption (less than 25W), surpassing the previous champions - the Opteron 260 and 860 HE with their 55W. Core Duo was introduced on January 5, 2006, along with other components of the Napa platform. This is the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Macintosh computers (the computer included in the Apple Developer Transition Kit used a Pentium 4 processor, but it was not widely sold and was intended only for developer use).
Contrary to previous statements, the Intel Core Duo supports Intel's virtualization technology called Vanderpool, excluding the T2300E model, as shown in the Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology Performance Brief and Intel's Processor Number Feature Table. However, it seems that many manufacturers will prefer By default, disable this technology, fortunately, this can be done as a BIOS option.
EM64T (Intel x86-64 extensions) are not supported by Yonah. However, the EM64T is present in Yonah's successor, Core 2, codenamed Merom.
The Intel Core Duo has two cores, 2MB L2 cache for both cores, and a control bus to control the L2 cache and the system bus. In future steppings of Core Duo processors, the ability to disable one core is also expected for better energy saving.
The Intel Core Solo uses the same dual core as the Core Duo, but only one core works. This style is highly sought after for single-core mobile processors, and it allows Intel to disable one of the cores to create a new line of processors by physically releasing only one core. Ultimately, this allows Intel to sell processors in which one of the cores turns out to be defective without much damage to itself (the core is simply turned off and the processor is sold under the Core Solo brand).
Specifications
The Core Duo core contains 151 million transistors and includes a 2MB Level 2 cache common to both cores. The Yonah pipeline contains 12 stages, a transition predictor operating at frequencies from 2.33 to 2.50 GHz. Data exchange between the L2 cache and the cores is carried out via an arbitration bus, which reduces the load on the system bus. As a result, the core-level 2 cache data exchange operation ranges from 10 cycles (Dothan Pentium M) to 14 cycles. As clock frequencies increase, delays begin to increase significantly. Core power management components include a thermal management unit that is capable of individually managing power for each core, resulting in very efficient power management.
Intel Core processors communicate with the system logic via a 667 T/s system bus (versus the 533MT/s system bus used in the Pentium M).
Yonah supports Intel 945GM, 945PM and 945GT chipsets. Core Duo and Core Solo use FCPGA6 packaging (478 pins), but their pinout does not match the pinout used in previous Pentium M, respectively, they require new motherboards.
Advantages and disadvantages
In many applications (with support for both cores), Yonah shows an uncharacteristically large performance improvement over its predecessors
two computing cores without a significant increase in power consumption
outstanding performance
outstanding performance per watt ratio
Disadvantages Yonah largely inherits from the previous Pentium M architecture:
high latency when accessing memory due to the lack of an integrated memory controller on the core (even more aggravated by the use of DDR2 memory)
poor floating point unit (FPU) performance
no 64-bit support (EM64T)
no hyper-threading
sometimes shows worse “performance per watt” in single-threaded and weakly parallelized tasks compared to its predecessors
The Yonah platform is designed in such a way that any access to RAM goes through the northbridge, which increases latency compared to the AMD Turion platform. This weakness is inherent in the entire line of Pentium processors (desktop, mobile and server). However, synthetic tests show that the huge L2 cache is quite effective at compensating for latency when accessing RAM, which minimizes the performance penalty due to high latencies in real-world applications.
Many believe that Yonah's lack of 64-bit support will lead to significant limitations in the future. However, the distribution of 64 bit OS is now limited by the lack of demand in the sales market, and the situation will begin to change after 2008. In addition, few laptops require support for more than 2GB of RAM, so there is no need for 64-bit addressing. Hence, many people tend to trust mobile computer manufacturers and sellers who claim that EM64T support is not needed at the moment.
The Sossaman server processor, which is based on the Yonah core, is also EM64T compatible. For the more demanding server market, all major operating systems already support the EM64T.
Based on this, some view the Core as a temporary replacement that allowed Intel to close the transition between the Pentium series and the 64-bit Intel Core 2 processors that became available in the summer of 2006.
In line with Intel's mobile processor plans for 2005, it appears that Intel is mainly going to focus on the high power consumption of its p6+ Pentium M and intends to reduce it by 50% with Yonah. Intel plans to continue to release desktop (NetBurst) architecture with reduced power consumption for productive mobile solutions and the use of Pentium M/Core processors for mid- and low-end solutions with low power consumption. This policy was changed later when it became difficult to maintain energy consumption and at the same time increase productivity where possible. Intel changed policy and abandoned NetBurst and replaced it with p6+ Pentium M/Core. This brought the p6+ Pentium M/Core into high-performance and low-power solutions.
A Yonah derivative, codenamed Sossaman, introduced on March 14, 2006 as the Dual-Core Xeon LV. Sossaman is essentially Yonah, except that Sossaman supports dual socket configurations (4 cores total).
ListmicroprocessorscompaniesIntel from the first 4-bit 4004 (1971) to the most recent 64-bit Itanium 2 (2002) and Intel Core i7 (2008). Technical data for each microprocessor is provided.
Intel processor numbering
Intel's first products were memory chips (PMOS chips), which were numbered 1xxx. The 2xxx series developed NMOS chips. Bipolar microcircuits were assigned to the 3xxx series. 4-bit microprocessors are designated 4xxx. CMOS microcircuits were designated 5xxx, memory on magnetic domains - 7xxx, 8 or more bit microprocessors and microcontrollers belonged to the 8xxx series. The 6xxx and 9xxx series were not used.
The second digit indicated the type of product: 0 - processors, 1 - RAM chips, 2 - controllers, 3 - ROM chips, 4 - shift registers, 5 - EPLD chips, 6 - PROM chips, 7 - EPROM chips, 8 - surveillance chips and circuits synchronization in pulse generators, 9 - chips for telecommunications.
The third and fourth digits corresponded to the serial number of the product.
For processors such as 286, 386, 486, coprocessors for floating point operations were released; as a rule, the last digit of such coprocessors was 7 (287, 387, 487).
4004: the first processor implemented on a single chip
Frequency: 740 kHz
All Intel technical documentation related to the 4004, including the very first data sheets issued in November 1971, explicitly states that the minimum clock period is 1350 nanoseconds, which means that the maximum clock speed at which the 4004 can operate normally is 740 kHz. Unfortunately, many sources give a different, incorrect value for the maximum clock frequency - 108 kHz; this figure is given on some Internet pages of Intel itself! The 4004's minimum instruction cycle time is 10.8 microseconds (8 clock cycles), and it's likely that someone at some point confused this number with the maximum clock speed. Unfortunately, this error has become very widespread.
Performance: 0.06 MIPS
Bus width: 4 bits (address/data bus multiplexing due to limited number of chip pins)
Number of transistors: 2,300
Technology: 10 µm PMOS
Addressable memory: 640 bytes
Program memory: 4 KB
One of the first commercial microprocessors
Used in Busicom calculator
The 4004 microprocessor was used to build the “brain” of the Pioneer-10 spacecraft, which was launched in March 1972. The expected life cycle was about 2 years, but until 2003, when radio communication with the device was lost, the computer and most of its electronic systems continued function.
Little things: The initial goal was to reach the IBM 1620 frequency (1 MHz); this was not achieved.
Introduced: August 1994
Embedded version of 80386SX
Static core, which allows you to lower the clock frequency to save energy until it stops completely
Peripheral devices integrated into the chip:
Clock and power management
Timers/counters
Timer-watchdog
Serial I/O modules (synchronous and asynchronous) and parallel I/O modules
RAM regeneration
JTAG Test Logic
Significantly more successful than 80376
Used on board various orbiting satellites and microsatellites
Used in NASA's FlightLinux project
60 years of continuous innovation aimed at making transistors smaller
It all started with the creation of the Intel® microprocessor, an invention that marked the beginning of a technological revolution. Intel Corporation continues its tradition of developing revolutionary technologies today. We attract the best minds in modern science to push the boundaries of innovation and strengthen our position as a global leader in semiconductor technology. We strive to create technologies that change the world.
Santa Clara, pc. California, January 29, 2007 – Since the invention of the first transistor in 1947, rapid advances in technology have paved the way for better, more efficient, yet cost-effective and energy-efficient devices. Despite advances in this area, increased heat generation and electrical leakage currents remained a major obstacle to reducing transistor size and following Moore's Law. It is therefore not surprising that some of the materials used in transistor manufacturing over the past 40 years have needed to be replaced.
To create its 45-nanometer (nm) transistors, Intel uses advanced materials that combine to achieve extremely low leakage currents and record-breaking performance. By creating the first operational samples of five processors codenamed Penryn (the next generation of Intel® Core™ 2 and Intel® Xeon® processor families) based on the new 45-nanometer manufacturing technology, Intel was able to successfully overcome difficult barriers, once again confirming the validity of Moore's Law . Thus, many obstacles to the further development of microelectronics have been eliminated, which will provide opportunities for the development and production of energy-saving, cost-effective, high-performance components (processors, etc.) for various devices: from laptops and mobile devices to desktop PCs and servers.
As previously planned, Intel intends to begin mass production of products based on 45-nanometer production technology in the second half of this year.
On the 60th anniversary of the introduction of the first transistor, it is appropriate to look back at the history of microelectronics and the most important milestones towards the creation of Intel's innovative 45-nanometer semiconductor technology, which will ensure that Moore's Law is fulfilled and remains relevant into the next decade.
December 16, 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs created the first transistor.
1950: William Shockley developed the bipolar planar transistor, today the device is commonly called simply a transistor.
1953: The first commercial transistor-based device, a hearing aid, is launched.
October 18, 1954: The first transistor radio (Regency TR1) was introduced to the market, using only four germanium transistors.
April 25, 1961: First integrated circuit patent issued; it was received by Robert Noyce, who later became one of the founders of Intel Corporation. The first transistors could be used in radios and telephones, but new electronic devices required something more compact—integrated circuits.
1965: Moore's Law is proclaimed - Gordon Moore, also one of the founders of Intel Corporation, in an article published in the magazine Electronics Magazine, predicted that in the future the number of transistors on a single chip would double approximately every year (ten years later the forecast was adjusted to every two years).
July 1968: Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild Semiconductor and founded a new corporation called Intel (short for integrated electronics).
1969: Intel created the first successful silicon gate transistor technology, PMOS. Transistors still used a gate dielectric made of traditional silicon dioxide (SiO2), but new control electrodes made of polycrystalline silicon were introduced.
1971: Intel released its first microprocessor, the 4004. The 4004 microprocessor measured 1/8 inch by 1/16 inch (3.18 x 1.59 mm), contained just over 2,000 transistors, and was manufactured using 10-micron PMOS manufacturing technology Intel.
1978: The 16-bit 8088 processor contained 29,000 transistors and ran at clock speeds of 5, 8, or 10 MHz. A landmark trade agreement with IBM's new personal computer division would later (in 1981) make the Intel 8088 microprocessor the brains behind the new market hit, the IBM PC. The success of the 8088 microprocessor allowed Intel to enter the prestigious Fortune 500 ranking, and Fortune magazine named Intel one of the “business triumphs of the seventies.”
1982: The 286 microprocessor, also known as the 80286, was created, a 16-bit Intel processor that was capable of running programs written for its predecessor. The 286th processor contained 134,000 transistors, its clock frequencies were 6, 8, 10 and 12.5 MHz.
1985: Intel386™ microprocessor released, containing 275,000
1993: The Intel® Pentium® processor is released with 3 million transistors and Intel's 0.8-micron manufacturing technology.
February 1999: Intel released the Pentium® III processor, a silicon die containing more than 9.5 million transistors and manufactured using
January 2002: The latest 2.2 GHz Intel® Pentium® 4 processor introduced for high-performance desktop PCs. The processor was produced using 0.13-micron production technology and contained 55 million transistors.
August 13, 2002: Intel unveiled several technology innovations included in its new 90nm manufacturing technology, including higher-performance, lower-power transistors, strained silicon technology, high-speed copper interconnects, and a new low-k dielectric material. This was the industry's first application of strained silicon technology in processor manufacturing.
March 12, 2003: birth date of the revolutionary Intel® Centrino® mobile technology; it included the latest version of Intel's mobile processor, the Intel® Pentium® M. Based on a new microarchitecture specifically optimized for mobile PCs, this processor was produced using Intel's 0.13-micron manufacturing technology and consisted of 77 million transistors .
May 26, 2005: Intel's first mainstream dual-core processor, the Intel® Pentium® D, debuted, containing 230 million transistors and using Intel's then-leading 90-nanometer manufacturing technology.
July 18, 2006: The dual-core Intel® Itanium® 2 processor, still the world's most complex processor with more than 1.72 billion transistors, launched. This processor is produced using Intel's 90nm manufacturing technology.
July 27, 2006: The new dual-core Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processor debuts—a processor ahead of its time. Containing more than 290 million transistors, this processor was created in several of the world's leading laboratories based on the revolutionary Intel® Core™ microarchitecture using 65nm manufacturing technology.
September 26, 2006: Intel announced that it has more than 15 products in development based on its new 45nm manufacturing technology, including a family codenamed Penryn (an evolutionary step in the development of the Intel Core microarchitecture), targeting the desktop, mobile and corporate systems.
January 8, 2007: Expanding the availability of quad-core processors to mainstream PCs, Intel began selling its 65nm Intel® Core™ 2 Quad desktop processor and launched two more quad-core server processors from the Intel Xeon family. The Intel Core 2 Quad processor contains more than 580 million transistors.
January 27, 2007: Intel announced the use of two new transistor materials (high-k and metal gate) that will be used for insulation walls and logic gates in hundreds of millions of microscopic 45-nanometer transistors (or switches) in multi-core processors of the new generation of the Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad and Intel Xeon families (code name Penryn). Based on these advanced 45-nanometer transistors, the first operational samples of five future processors have already been manufactured.
Intel Corporation, the world's leading manufacturer of innovative semiconductor components, develops technologies, products and initiatives to continually improve the quality of people's lives and the way they work.
Events inworld
In November 2007, Intel introduced 16 Intel® Core™ 2 Extreme and Intel® Xeon® processors for high-end PCs and servers, respectively, using an all-new 45 nm transistor technology that significantly reduces leakage current, reduces power consumption and improve productivity. In addition to delivering superior computing performance and consuming less power, the processors no longer contain environmentally hazardous lead and will no longer contain halogen-containing materials starting in 2008. Described by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore as the industry's biggest breakthrough in 40 years, the processors are the first to use metal gate transistors with high dielectric dielectrics. (high-k) based on hafnium.
Other processors in the family are expected to be released in the first quarter of 2008, including mainstream dual-core and quad-core processors for desktop PCs, as well as dual-core processors for laptops.
Events inRussia
The latest quad-core Intel® Xeon® E5472 processors with a frequency of 3.0 GHz will be used in supercomputers at Moscow State University and South Ural State University, integrated into a GRID system and developed by the T-Platforms company together with the Institute of PS RAS as part of the program
Tick-tock strategy for building technological leadership
Intel is updating manufacturing facilities and upgrading processor architectures in accordance with a strategy called "Tick-Tock," which reflects a fine-tuned mechanism for adapting new manufacturing processes and optimizing microarchitecture with a consistency similar to the oscillation of a clock pendulum. “Tick” means the introduction in 2007 of a new 45-nm process technology for the production of products based on the Intel® Core™ microarchitecture, which is currently the basis for all x86 Intel products; “So” - the introduction in 2008 of a new microarchitecture, codenamed Nehalem and taking all the advantages of streamlined 45-nm production.
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In addition, Intel introduced the first functional 291 MB static memory chip, manufactured on a 32 nm process technology, built on next-generation metal gate transistors with high-k dielectric and containing more than 1.9 billion transistors. Intel plans to bring devices using the 32nm process to market in 2009.
Intel presented some details of the future Nehalem microarchitecture
The Nehalem microarchitecture was first publicly presented by Intel President and CEO Paul Otellini at the Intel Developer Forum in September. defines all-new processor and dynamic system designs with scale-out capabilities that take full advantage of the 45nm process technology using Intel's high dielectric (hi-k) metal gate transistors. Products based on the Nehalem microarchitecture will have at least 731 million transistors, support simultaneous processing of multiple data streams and a multi-level cache memory architecture. Nehalem will increase the peak bandwidth of memory devices up to three times compared to current processors from other companies. Internal connections supported by Intel® QuickPath architecture, for which Otellini has announced widespread industry support, will provide high data transfer rates. Serial production of products based on the Nehalem microarchitecture will begin in the second half of 2008.
Development of the WiMAX ecosystem
Around the world: In the middle of the year, Intel began test deliveries of its integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX solution for laptops, ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs) and mobile internet devices (MIDs). The corporation is expected to launch its first WiMAX and Wi-Fi-enabled embedded module, currently codenamed Echo Peak, for use in mobile PCs based on the new Intel® Centrino® processor technology in mid-2008. generation (code name - Montevina), as well as in ultra-mobile PCs. The module, optimized for low-power mobile Internet devices, is currently codenamed Baxter Peak and is also scheduled for release in 2008.
In September 2007, Nokia decided to use Intel's WiMAX module for future Nokia N-series tablet PCs.
In October this year The ITU agency has included WiMAX in the IMU category of communication technologies, which allows giving additional impetus to the development of “mobile WiMAX”.
In Russia: in December 2007, COMSTAR-United TeleSystems OJSC, the largest operator of integrated telecommunications services in Russia and other CIS countries, and Intel Corporation announced the signing of a strategic cooperation agreement on the development of mobile WiMAX technology in Russia. In accordance with the agreement, COMSTAR-UTS and Intel Corporation at the first stage of cooperation will focus their efforts on the Moscow region as the most prepared for the adaptation of advanced wireless data transmission technologies. COMSTAR-UTS plans to build and put into commercial operation by the end of 2008 a WiMAX network of the IEEE 802.16e standard (radio frequency range 2.5-2.7 GHz), covering the entire territory of Moscow. For its part, Intel will help expand the supply of client devices with integrated WiMAX support.
High Performance Computing
Worldwide: According to the most recent list of the world's top 500 high-performance computing systems (Top500), published in November 2007, SMP systems and clusters based on Intel® processors occupy 354 positions. Thus, Intel has set a new record for the use of its processors in the most powerful supercomputers on the planet - the previous record was set two years ago and was 333 systems.
In Russia: Russia in the November 2007 Top500 ranking is represented by seven systems and, together with Switzerland and Sweden, ranks 9th in the list of countries with the most high-performance computers. At the same time, 6 out of 7 Russian systems included in the Top500 list are based on quad-core Intel® Xeon® processors 5300 series (4 clusters) and dual-core Intel® Xeon® processors 5100 series (2 clusters). The undisputed leader among domestically developed systems is the cluster of the Interdepartmental Supercomputing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which occupies 33rd line in the Top500 list and is based on 470 HP ProLiant BL460c blade servers based on the latest quad-core Intel® Xeon® 5365 processors (3760 computing cores in total), which allowed it exceed peak system performance of 45 Teraflops. At the beginning of 2008, the peak performance of the MSC RAS computing system will reach 100 Tflops.
R&D
In the world: in February this year. Intel demonstrated a prototype of an 80-core chip the size of a human fingernail, the performance of which exceeds 1 teraflops, but the power consumption is at the level of modern devices.
In addition, in 2007, Intel continued to develop the concept of semiconductor photonic technologies and made another breakthrough - it created a semiconductor laser modulator based on silicon and germanium, which encodes data at a speed of 40 Gbit/s.
In November 2007, at the next annual robotic car race organized by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and this time called the DARPA Urban Challenge Race (races in urban environments under the auspices of DARPA) , Stanford University's Junior car, sponsored by Intel, took second place. The heart of the Junior was 2 computers, each with one 2.4 GHz Intel® Core™ 2 Quad Q6600 processor and an Intel® D975XBX2 board with 2 GB of RAM. The Boss robot car, created by a team from Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors and coming in first, had 10 dual-processor servers based on dual-core Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processors - so the Boss robot was controlled using 40 computing cores.
In Russia: in June 2007, in the village of Satis (Diveevsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region), on the territory of the technology park of the same name, the grand opening of a new office of the Intel Development and Research Center, previously located in Sarov, took place. Over 100 Center specialists
Intel - programmers, engineers, scientists - moved to a new office and laboratory building in the Satis technology park. Intel's Sarov Research and Development Center provides support for software products such as highly optimized software libraries that implement complex mathematical algorithms for solving various scientific problems. Some of the employees are involved in the creation of software tools for mathematical and physical modeling of processes occurring in semiconductors, which makes it possible to create new generation processors. Also, other priority software technologies are being developed at the Sarov Intel Center, including multiprocessor and multithreaded programming systems.
Production capacity In January 2007, at the Intel D1D pilot plant, pcs. Oregon received the first viable microprocessor from Intel's latest 45nm product family. Today, in addition to Intel's D1D, 45nm products based on 300mm wafers are produced at Fab 32 in Chandler, NY. Arizona, and two more 300mm factories will be launched in 2008: Fab11X in Rio Rancho, PC. New Mexico, and Fab 28 in Kiryat Gat, Israel. Intel's total investments in re-equipment of its production facilities exceeded $8 billion. Also in March this year. Intel Corporation has unveiled its plans to build a new factory for the production of chips based on 300 mm silicon substrates, which will be located in northeast China in the city of Dalian (Liaoning Province). $2.5 billion has been allocated for the construction of new production facilities, called Fab 68. This enterprise will become Intel's first chip factory in the Asian region.
New Generation of Intel® Centrino® Processor Technology In May 2007, Intel introduced the next generation of Intel® Centrino® processor technology (formerly codenamed Santa Rosa), which includes the Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processor, high-speed wireless connectivity with protocol support 802.11n, rich graphics capabilities and optional Intel® Turbo Memory flash memory. Business laptops have been rebranded as Intel® Centrino® Pro, bringing new levels of security and manageability to mobile technology. To date, over 10 million mobile PCs based on the Santa Rosa platform have been sold worldwide for the corporate segment and mass users.
Intel is currently preparing to launch a new generation of processor technology, code-named Montevina, which is expected to begin production in mid-2008. Montevina processor technology includes Intel's new mobile processor, code-named Penryn, manufactured on 45 nm manufacturing technology , and a next-generation chipset that supports DDR3 memory. This platform will be the first version of Intel Centrino mobile processor technology to include an optional integrated module that supports Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies. In addition, this processor technology will support HD-DVD/Blu-ray video formats (for mainstream users), as well as a new generation of data management and information security features (for business users). Using approximately 40% smaller components, Montevina processor technology is ideal for creating a variety of mobile PCs, from subnotebooks to full-size notebooks.
Platforms for UMPC and MID
In the spring of 2007, Intel introduced the McCaslin platform for Mobile Internet Device (MID) and Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC) class devices, and in September announced the upcoming release of the Menlow platform in the first half of 2008, which contains a processor developed from scratch for codenamed Silverthorne, based on a 45nm process technology, and a completely redesigned chipset, codenamed Poulsbo, implemented as a single chip. The Menlow platform will provide excellent performance with low power consumption and will fit on a motherboard measuring 74x143 mm, which will allow access to all the capabilities of the Internet and create compact, pocket-sized devices. The Silverthorne processor will reduce power consumption by 10 times compared to today's lowest power processors.
Interaction between Intel and Sun
Globally: In January 2007, Sun Microsystems and Intel announced a strategic alliance in which Intel would promote the Solaris™ operating system and Sun would include enterprise servers, telecommunications servers, and workstations based on Intel® Xeon® processors. This agreement covers products such as the Solaris OS, Java™ and NetBeans™ software, Intel® Xeon® processors, and other Intel and Sun enterprise technologies. Within the framework of the alliance, joint development of software and hardware solutions will be carried out, as well as joint marketing campaigns will be carried out.
In Russia: in December this year. Sun Microsystems CIS, Intel and Far Eastern State University (FESU) announced the start of a project to build a FENU computing cluster based on the Sun Blade 6000 modular system, consisting of 60 server “blades” based on quad-core Intel® Xeon® 5300 series processors The purpose of this implementation is to solve problems of providing computing power for fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and human sciences, as well as developments in the field of high technology.
Educational programs
Around the world: Intel continues to implement the Intel® “Teaching for the Future” program, the purpose of which is to provide teachers with practical skills in organizing educational and research projects for schoolchildren using modern IT. By the end of 2007, more than four million teachers and students from 40 countries, including Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan, will be graduates of Intel®'s global philanthropic program, Teach for the Future.
In Russia and other CIS countries: the number of Russian students of the program by the end of 2007 will exceed 500,000 (in Ukraine - 82,000, in Azerbaijan, the “youngest” region of the CIS in terms of program implementation - 500 teachers). As part of the program, more than 100 training sites operate in various regions of the Russian Federation from Kaliningrad to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - in advanced training institutes, pedagogical universities and colleges, interschool methodological and city educational centers that cooperate with more than 300 international, federal and regional organizations, including municipal educational institutions, departments and departments of education, foundations; At the same time, the number of program partners is constantly growing.
In addition, Intel and Microsoft announced their participation in a long-term project carried out by the Volnoe Delo non-profit foundation for the support of culture, science, education and health care to transfer modern computer technology to Russian schools. The project is designed to help saturate schools with advanced information technologies, increase the level of computer literacy of Russian schoolchildren and develop teachers’ skills in using modern computer technology in the educational process. As part of the charitable project, the Volnoe Delo Foundation plans to donate up to 200 thousand computers to Russian public schools annually.
Gaming industry Around the world: Intel Corporation introduced dual-core Intel® Core™ 2 Extreme X7800 and X7900 processors for mobile PCs. These are the world's first high-performance laptop processors and continue Intel's line of cutting-edge desktop processors. Intel also announced the acquisition of Havok Corporation, a leading provider of interactive software and services used by digital content developers in the games and film industries. Havok Corporation became wholly owned by Intel Corporation and became its subsidiary. In Russia: over 50 thousand spectators gathered exciting virtual competitions in the CounterStrike discipline as part of a series of exhibition matches and tournaments Intel Challenge Cup (“Intel Challenge Cup”), organized in 2007 by Intel with the support of the Moscow Computer Sports Federation. It was possible to witness a highly professional e-sports show by attending the series events for free in one of the 6 cities where they were held (Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don - in the spring of 2007; Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan - in the fall of 2007), the international one of the same name tournament at the September "gaming" exhibition Game'X in Moscow, or watching the progress of the game using a live Internet broadcast on the Rambler Vision channel.
Digital Health
In the world: in February, Intel announced the development of the first specialized platform for the healthcare sector, called the “mobile clinical assistant” (MCA) and intended for medical personnel in hospitals. At the end of the year, Intel Corporation and Motion Computing® announced the results of several clinical trials conducted at leading medical centers. The C5 system based on the MCA platform has been used in more than 1,000 clinics around the world, and clinicians report many positive results: increased productivity of medical staff, increase in their satisfaction with their work, degree of compliance with medical regulations, and increased efficiency of filling medical histories.
In Russia: in September, Intel, Cisco, EMC and Agfa announced the formation of an open alliance in Russia designed to promote the active development and implementation of modern information technologies in the healthcare sector. As their main tasks at the current stage, the alliance members see consultations with government and legislative authorities on the implementation of promising IT in the field of healthcare, as well as support for Russian developers and manufacturers of IT solutions for this area.
Flash memory
Around the world: In May, Intel, STMicroelectronics and Francisco Partners announced that independent semiconductor company Numonyx would receive development funds from its core production assets, which generated approximately $3.6 billion in total revenue for the companies behind it last year. The new company's main goal will be to produce non-volatile NAND and NOR memory for a variety of consumer and industrial devices, including cell phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, computers and other high-tech equipment.
Biographies of Intel executives
Paul Otelini
On November 11, 2004, the Board of Directors of Intel Corporation elected Paul S. Otellini, who served as President and Chief Operating Officer, to the position of Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation.
Otellini has been with Intel since 1974 and has served as President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2002. That same year he was elected to the board of directors. During his time at Intel Corporation, Paul Otellini held various positions, including the position of general manager of the chipset division, and in 1989 he became an assistant to Andy Grove, who then served as president of the corporation.
In 1990, Otellini was named general manager of Intel® microprocessors, and it was under his leadership that the corporation introduced the Intel® Pentium® processor three years later.
In 1992-98 Otellini served as executive vice president of sales and marketing. In this position, he promoted Intel solutions in new markets and contributed to the introduction of e-commerce systems for business throughout the world.
From 1998 to 2002, P. Otellini served as executive vice president and general manager of Intel Architecture Group's microprocessor, chipset and strategy business. In this position, he oversaw the activities of all Intel business units related to enterprise systems, mobile PCs and desktop PCs.
Otellini received a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of San Francisco in 1972 and an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley in 1974.
Andrew Grove
Andrew S. Grove was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1936. He graduated from City College of New York in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963. Upon graduation, he worked in the research laboratory of Fairchild Semiconductor, where he became assistant director of research and development in 1967.
In July 1968, Dr. Grove helped found Intel Corporation. In 1979, he became its president, in 1987, executive director, and in 1997, executive director and chairman of the board of directors. In May 1998, he resigned as chief executive, remaining as chairman of the board of directors.
Dr. Grove is the author of more than 40 technical publications and several patents in the field of semiconductor technologies and devices. He taught semiconductor device physics to undergraduate students at the University of California, Berkeley for 6 years. He currently lectures on Data Industry Strategy and Operations at Stanford University's School of Business.
Andrew Grove has received a number of prestigious academic awards, including an honorary Doctor of Science degree from City College (New York) in 1985, a Doctor of Engineering degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1989, and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University in 2000.
Grove's first book, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. in 1967, has been used as a textbook in many leading US universities. High Output Management, published by Random House (1983) and Vintage (1985), has been translated into 11 languages and was recently released in a new edition by Vintage Books. One-on-One With Andy Grove was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (in June 1987) and Penguin (in 1989). Grove's book, entitled "Only the Paranoid Survive", was released by Doubleday in September 1996, and his The latest work, Swimming Across, was published by Time Warner Books in November 2001. Grove has authored numerous articles in Fortune, The Wall Street Journal, and the New York Times, and has written a management column for several newspapers and Working magazine. Woman.
Andrew Grove has been elected an IEEE Fellow and a Fellow of the National Academy of Engineering. Andrew Grove's work has received numerous awards, incl. Engineering Leadership Recognition Award (1987) from the IEEE and the AEA Medal (1993) for outstanding achievement. In 1997, Industry Week named Andrew Grove "Technology Leader of the Year," CEO magazine named him "CEO of the Year," and Time magazine named him "Person of the Year." In 1998, the Academy of Management named Grove "Executive of the Year." In 2000, Andrew Grove received the IEEE (American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor. In 2001, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Strategic Management Society.
Louis Burns
Louis Burns is vice president of Intel Corporation and general manager of its Digital Health Group. Previously, he served as general manager of the Desktop Platforms Group (DPG), which is focused on the design, development and marketing of Intel desktop solutions, including processors, chipsets, motherboards, software and services.
Previously, Burns was Intel's vice president and general manager of the Platform Components Group, which is the primary designer of logic and integrated graphics chipsets for Intel Corporation. Burns also served as Vice President and Director of Information Technology for four years, supporting Intel's computing operations around the world. In these responsibilities, Burns learned about the challenges IT departments face on a daily basis, from making strategic decisions about future activities to challenges associated with product deployment tactics.
Burns also spent 12 years in Intel's sales, marketing and applications teams and has extensive experience in the ever-evolving global computing market. In 1996
Burns was named vice president of Intel, and in 1997 he was selected for this position.
Patrick Gelsinger
Patrick Gelsinger is senior vice president of Intel Corporation and general manager of its Digital Enterprise Group. Gelsinger has been with Intel since 1979. During his 20-plus year career with the corporation, he held various leadership positions in Intel's product development divisions. He led Intel Corporation's technology division, which includes Intel Labs and Intel Research, which develops and advances technologies and initiatives for industry adoption. As Chief Technology Officer, Patrick Gelsinger coordinated Intel's long-term research projects and helped ensure consistency across Intel's computing, networking and communications systems and technologies development programs.
Prior to his inaugural appointment as Intel's Chief Technology Officer, Gelsinger served as Chief Technology Officer of the Intel Architecture Group. In this capacity, he coordinated the research, development and design of next-generation hardware and software technologies for Intel architecture-based platforms offered in the consumer and enterprise PC markets.
Previously, Gelsinger led the Desktop Products Group and was responsible for the development of desktop processors, chipsets and motherboards for customers and OEMs. He was also responsible for Intel's desktop technology initiatives and the Intel Developer Forums. In 1992-96. Patrick Gelsinger played a prominent role in the development and implementation of Intel® ProShare® video conferencing systems and Internet communications equipment. Until 1992, he served as general manager of the Pentium® Pro, IntelDX2™ and Intel486™ processor families. In addition, Gelsinger led the Platform Architecture Group, was the chief architect of the i486™ processor, manager of CAD methodology development, and was a key contributor to the development of the i386™ and i286 processors.
Patrick Gelsinger has 6 patents and 6 additional patent applications in the fields of very large-scale integrated circuit design, computer architecture, and communications. He is the author of more than 20 publications on these topics, including Programming for the 80386 (published in 1987 by Sybex Inc), and has received numerous Intel and other prestigious industry awards. At the age of 32, he became the youngest vice president in Intel history.
Patrick Gelsinger graduated from the Technical Institute. Lincoln (1979), and holds a BA from Santa Clara University (1983, magna cum laude) and an MS from Stanford University (1985). All of his degrees are related to electrical engineering. Gelsinger is married and has four children.
Intel's 0.18 micron manufacturing technology.
transistors - this was more than 100 times the number of transistors in the first microprocessor 4004. It was a 32-bit chip and supported multitasking, i.e., it was able to run several programs simultaneously.
