Free transform tool. Linked layers and layer sets

The tool is used to transform the size and shape of an image. The tool can be activated with the command Editing> Free Transform (Edit> Free Transform) or with hotkeys ctrl+t. A transformation frame with square markers will appear around the image.

By selecting the Free Transform tool, you can rotate, enlarge, reduce, display in perspective, distort, skew, flip vertically and horizontally the image. Transformation can be applied both to the whole image and to a separate selected part of the image or object. Let's consider the transformation tool in more detail.

Tool settings panel.

Just like any other Photoshop tool Free Transform has its own settings panel.

In parameter group 1, you can change the position of the central marker (by clicking on one of the white squares on the tool icon), around which the transformation frame with the image rotates.

In group 2, you can set the exact scale of the transformation in width and height. If the button is pressed in the form of a chain, changes will occur while maintaining the proportions of the image.

In parameter group 3, you can set the image rotation angle. If you enter a positive angle value, the image will rotate clockwise, if you enter a negative angle, it will rotate counterclockwise.

In group 4 you can tilt the image by predetermined angle in horizontal and vertical planes.

Working with the tool.

1. To resize the image, drag one of the handles located along the perimeter of the transformation frame.

2. To resize the image while maintaining aspect ratio, hold down the Shift and drag one of the corner handles.

3. To rotate the image around the center point, move the cursor outside the frame (the cursor will change to a curved arrow in two directions) and move in the direction of rotation. You can change the coordinates of the axis of rotation by moving the center point to Right place.

4. To hide the frame and better see your changes, click ctrl+h(click again and the frame will reappear).

5. To apply the transformation and exit the tool, click Shift.

Transformation.

By placing the cursor inside the transform box and pressing the right mouse button, a submenu will open Transform.

1. Scale. Change the size of an image or a selected object. We discussed this function above (working with a tool).

2. Rotate. Rotate the image around the center point. You can change the coordinates of the pivot axis by moving the center point to the desired location.

3. Tilt (Skew). Tilts the image horizontally or vertically. Move the cursor to the side transformation frame and it will turn white, and an arrow will appear next to it, press the right mouse button and drag the frame to the side to skew the image. The sides will remain parallel, but the corners of the image will change. If you hold down while resizing Ctrl+Alt, the center point of the transform box will remain in place, and the corners will change position.

4. Distortion. Warps the image in any direction. The corners move independently of each other. When the key is pressed alt, the central point remains in place, and all distortion occurs around it. The function is well suited if you need to stretch or make a perspective distortion of an object.

5. Perspective. If you need to create the impression that the object is located at some distance, the Perspective command will help you. The use of this command is intuitive. When you drag a corner marker, the opposite marker moves in the opposite direction. In other words, it behaves like mirror reflection draggable marker. The difference between the Distort and Perspective commands is that the former applies only to one edge of the object, while Perspective automatically repositions the two handles when you drag only one of them.

6. Warp. This feature has been around since CS2. When this option is selected, a grid appears on the object. By clicking on any point of the grid and dragging the mouse, we can deform objects in an arbitrary way. For example, to impose an image on objects.

So following functions everything is clear, I will give only their translation:

7. Rotate 180° (Rotate 180°).

8. Rotate 90° Clockwise (Rotate 90° CW).

9. Rotate 90° counterclockwise (Rotate 90° CCW).

10. Flip Horizontal.

11. Flip Vertical.

Hot keys of the tool.

1. Scaling relative to the center point: Alt + drag corner handle.

2. Symmetrical image tilt: Ctrl + Alt + drag side marker.

3. Image distortion: Ctrl + drag side marker.

4. Image distortion along a certain axis: Ctrl + Shift + drag side marker.

5. Perspective: Ctrl + Shift + Alt + drag side handle.

I hope now you can easily transform any image, a single object or a selected area.

1. On the palette Layers(Layers) activate the layer you want to transform. Any layers associated with the data will also be changed. You cannot transform an image that has 16 bits per channel. Optional. Create a selection to transform only the selected pixels.
2. Choose a team Edit > Transform > Scale(Edit > Transform > Scale), Rotate(Turn), Skew(Bevel), Distort(Distortion) or Perspective(Perspective). A solid border will appear around the opaque part of the layer.

1. Optional. To transform a layer or selection around a non-center point, move reference point(Fig. 7.18).

This point can be moved even outside the bounding box.

If you are going to transform the layer several times, then in order to save time and maintain image quality, after executing the first command, apply additional commands transformations, and then commit all the changes made at once (step 5).

1. To resize the image horizontally and vertically, drag the corner of the frame (Fig. 7.18). To resize only vertically or only horizontally, drag the side border of the frame. Pressing a key Shift, you can keep the ratio of width and height. Press key alt and you will be able to scale the image relative to the anchor point. To rotate the image, place the cursor next to the frame handle, either inside or outside (the cursor will change to a double-sided arrow), and drag the cursor in a circle (Fig. 7.19). Press key Shift, and you will be able to rotate the image by an angle multiple of 15°.

   When performing a bevel operation, drag the corner handle if you only want to change its position, or drag the side handle to skew the image about the horizontal or vertical axis. Press key alt and the bevel will occur symmetrically about the center of the layer.

   When executing the command Distort(Distortion) - see fig. 7.20 - drag the corner handle of the frame to any desired point, or drag the handle of the side border to distort it about the horizontal and/or vertical axis. Press key alt, and the distortion of the layer will be symmetrical about the center of the layer. This operation allows you to change the image more noticeably than beveling.

Rice. 7.18. Zooming in

Rice. 7.19 . Image Rotation

Rice. 7.20. Command result Distort

Rice. 7.21. original image

Rice. 7.22. Command result Perspective

When executing the command Perspective(Perspective) drag the corner handle along the vertical or horizontal axis to create perspective along the selected axis (Figures 7.21 and 7.22). The rest of the angles will change accordingly. Or drag the side border handle to skew the original image horizontally or vertically axes.

1. To commit your changes, double-click inside the bounding box, or click the tool button on the options bar (or press the Enter). To undo the transformation, click the tool button or press the key Esc.

To undo the last move of the frame manipulator, run the command Edit > Undo(Edit > Undo).

To move a layer (or selection) entirely, drag the mouse inside the bounding box.

In a dialog box called with the command Edit > Preferences > General(Edit > Preferences > General) or keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+K, select the interpolation method for transform commands. Option Bicubic(Bicubic,) is the best but slowest method and gives the least degradation in image quality.

In order to repeat last operation transformations, select command Edit > Transform > Again(Edit > Transform > Again) or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Shift+T.

To transform a duplicate selection, hold down the key while selecting the command alt or use hotkeys: Ctrl+Alt+T.

In addition to transforming a layer, you can transform the alpha channel, the border of a selection (see Chapter 5 of the Photoshop Tutorial, section "Changing the Selection Border"), a path (see Chapter 16, "Reshaping a Path"), or an unlinked active layer mask.

• Moving a layer to Adobe editor photoshop

  To move the entire layer or its fragment, use the tool move from the Toolbar.

  So, to move a layer, you need to do the following:

  • Step 1. If you need to move not the entire layer, but only some of it fragment, then use any selection tool and select a fragment of the layer.
  • Step 2. Select a tool from the Toolbar move.
  • Step 3. Move the course inside the selection to move a fragment, or to any point on the layer to move the entire layer.
  • Step 4: Perform drag and drop. To do this, press left button mouse and, while keeping the button pressed, move the mouse cursor.
• Layer conversion in Adobe Photoshop

  To transform a layer or its selected fragment, you can use one of the commands in the submenu Edit - Transform.

  These include the following commands: Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort, Perspective, Rotate 180°, Rotate 90° CW, Rotate 90° CCW, Flip Horizontal, Flip Vertical.

  Or you can use the command Free Transform on the menu Edit, which will allow you to perform all these transformations in one operation. After team selection Edit - Free Transform the layer or selected layer fragment will be surrounded by a border with eight markers, and the Options panel will display a number of parameters, the values ​​of which can be set directly on the Options panel.

  Scale- to scale the image inside the area, drag one of the eight square handles. To perform proportional scaling, you must drag the corner handle while holding down the Shift key. Or you can directly on the Options panel set the values ​​for the parameters W and H as a percentage of original size. In order for the dimensions to change proportionally, you must click on the link icon, which is located between the parameter values W and H.

  Flip- to flip the image, you need to move one of the markers behind the marker opposite to it. If, for example, the left marker is dragged to the right of the right marker, the image will rotate horizontally. Although if you only need to flip the image, it's easier to use the Flip Horizontal and Flip Vertical commands from the Edit - Transform menu.

  Rotate- to rotate the image, move the mouse cursor to the corner marker so that the mouse cursor takes the form of a rounded double-sided arrow, press the left mouse button and, keeping the button pressed, drag the cursor. On the Options panel, you can set the rotation angle using the Rotate parameter.

  Skew- To skew an image, drag the side, top, or bottom handle while holding down the Ctrl key on Windows or Command on Macintosh. On the Options panel, the bevel is set using the H and V parameters.

  Distort- The image can be distorted by dragging a corner handle while holding down the Ctrl key on Windows or Command on Macintosh.

  Perspective- to create a perspective, you need to drag the corner marker with pressed Ctrl keys+ Shift on Windows or Command + Shift on Macintosh. If you want to move two points synchronously, then drag the corner handle while holding down the Ctrl , Alt and Shift keys on Windows or Command , Option and Shift on Macintosh.

  To accept the transformation, click Enter key on Windows (Return on Macintosh) or double-click inside the area with the left mouse button.
  You can also click on the button on the Options panel.

  To cancel the conversion, click Esc key or click on the button on the Options panel.

  Hello dear readers of our site! I hope you are in a good mood and you are ready to plunge into the magical world of Photoshop.

  Today I will tell you how to learn how to transform images in Photoshop. In doing so, consider all sorts of ways and views.

  Open Photoshop already on your computer and get to work. Choose an image, preferably in the format PNG because thanks to transparent background the result of the transformation will be better visible. Open the image in Photoshop as a separate layer.

  

  This function allows you to change the scale of the picture, distort, rotate, expand or narrow it. Simply put, a free transform is a change in the original appearance of an image. For this reason, it is the most commonly used form of transformation.

  Image scaling

  Changing the scale of the image begins with the menu item "Free Transform". There are three ways to use this feature:

  1. Go to the menu section at the top of the panel "Editing", select the function in the opened list.

  

  If you did everything right, then desired image will be framed.

  

  2. Select your image and click on the right mouse button, in the menu that opens, select the item we need "Free Transform".

  
  
  

  3. Or use the hotkey combination CTRL+T.

  You can also change the image scale in several ways:

  If you know the specific size that the image should receive as a result of the transformation, then enter the right numbers into the appropriate width and height fields. This is done at the top of the screen, in the panel that appears.

  

  Resize the image manually. To do this, move the cursor to one of the four corners or sides of the picture. The normal arrow will change to double. Then hold down the left mouse button and drag the image until the size you need is formed. When the desired result is achieved, release the button and press Enter to fix the size of the object.

  

  At the same time, if you drag the picture by the corners, then the size will change both in width and in length.

  If you drag the image by the sides, the object will only change its width.

  If you drag the image by the bottom or top side, the height will change.

  In order not to damage the proportions of the object, hold down the mouse button and Shift. You need to drag the corners of the dotted frame. Then there will be no distortion, and proportions will be maintained depending on the reduction or increase in scale. To distort the image from the center and to the center during the transformation, hold down the button alt.

  Try it out to understand the whole point of zooming.

  Image Rotation

  To rotate an object, you need to activate the Free Transform function. Do it in one of the above ways. Then move the mouse cursor to one of the corners of the dotted frame, but slightly higher than in the case of transformation. A curved double arrow should appear.

  By holding the left mouse button, rotate your image in the desired direction by the required number of degrees. If you know in advance how many degrees you need to rotate the object, then enter the number in the corresponding field in the panel that appears at the top. To fix the result press Enter.

  
  
  

  Rotate and scale

  It is possible to use the functions of zooming and image and rotate it separately. In principle, there is no difference from the possibilities described above, except that you alternately use first one and then another function. As for me, it makes no sense to use just this way of changing the image, but who cares.

  To activate the required function, go to the menu "Editing" further into "Transformation", in the list that opens, select "Scaling" or "Turn", depending on which change in the image you are interested in.

  

  Distortion, perspective and tilt

  These functions are located in the list of the same menu, which has already been discussed. They are combined into one section, as they are similar to each other. In order to understand how each of the functions works, try experimenting with them. When choosing a slope, it feels like we are tilting the image on its side. What distortion means is already clear, the same applies to perspective.

  

  The function selection scheme is the same as for scaling and rotating. Menu section "Editing", then "Transformation" and select the desired item from the list.

  Activate one of the functions and drag dotted frame around the corners of the image. The result can be very interesting, especially if you work with photographs.

  Screen overlay

  Now let's move on to the lesson of overlaying a frame on a monitor, where we just need the acquired knowledge. For example, we have two such photos as a bright frame from a favorite movie and a person at a computer. We want to make the illusion that the person behind the computer monitor is watching your favorite movie.

  Open both images in Photoshop.

  

  After that, we use the tool "Free Transform". It is necessary to reduce the image of the film frame to the size of the computer monitor.

  

  Now we use the function "Distortion". We try to stretch the image so that the result is as realistic as possible. We fix the resulting work with the key Enter.

  
  
  

  And we will talk about how to make a better frame overlay on the monitor, how to get a more realistic result in the next lesson.

  Photoshop has placed our new shape on its own separate Shape 1 layer above the Background layer. This is a shape layer, not a normal pixel layer, as indicated by the small shape icon in the bottom right corner of the layer's thumbnail:

  The shape layer in the layers panel, the icon indicating it is circled in red
  

  Free Transform Path and Free Transform Points and Free Transform Path

  I mentioned earlier that the Free Transform command goes under different names depending on the selected object type. Regardless of what it's called, you'll always find it in the drop-down list on the Edit tab.

  If you have an active contour (as in the figure above), then on the Edit tab, the Free Transform Path and Transform Path commands will be available, in Russian "Free Transform Contour" and "Transform Contour".

  If you do not have the entire contour active, but only some of its vertices, then the Free Transform Points and Transform Points commands will be available on the Edit tab, in Russian "Free Transform Segment" and "Transform Segment".

  If there is no active contour and you are transforming ordinary pixels or a selection, then in the same list the commands will be called Free Transform and Transform, in Russian "Free Transform" and "Transform".

  This lesson does not affect path transformation, but is dedicated to pixel transformation.

  Therefore, let's turn a vector shape into a raster one (that is, consisting of pixels). For this we click right key mouse on the layer in the layers panel and select the line "Rasterize layer" (Rasterize), after which the shape is converted to pixels, and the icon on the layer thumbnail disappears.

  Object scaling

  Let's see how Free Transform works in practice. Activate the layer (if it is not active) with our shape and turn on the command by pressing the Ctrl + T keys on the keyboard. This keyboard shortcut launches one of the Free Transform, Free Transform Path, or Free Transform Points commands (which we covered in the previous section). Even if you're not the type to use keyboard shortcuts, I highly recommend running this command from the keyboard as it's used a lot in Photoshop.

  As soon as you start Free Transform, you will see a box appear around the object.

  Attention! Transformable object in this case are all pixels in the layer that have an opacity greater than zero.

  This frame is called "transform box" (transform box). Please note that the frame has a number of squares located on it. They are located in the middle of the sides and corners of the frame. These squares are called transformation handles, or simply handles, Russian-language names are slang and differ, I call them markers or transform markers.

  As you probably understood, these squares are used to change the size and shape of the content of the frame.

  
  
  Transform box handles circled in red
  

  Enabled by default, Free Transform allows you to move, scale, and rotate objects. To adjust the width of an object without affecting the height, click on the left or right handle and drag it horizontally. If you clamp Alt key drag the mouse cursor, the width will change in both directions from the center of the object, i.e. in this case, both sides will move simultaneously in opposite directions. Below is an example, I'm dragging the right marker out. Notice how the rhombic shapes stretch across the width:

  
  
  The direction of cursor movement is indicated by a red arrow. The shape is stretched to the right in width, and only the right side of the shape is moved.
  

  A similar change, but in height, will occur if you drag the handle in the middle of the top or bottom side of the frame.

  To scale the width and height at the same time, click and drag any of the four corner handles. By default, you can drag the handle freely in any direction, but the proportions of the shape may be distorted. To maintain the original proportions, hold down the Shift key while moving the corner handle. If you hold down Shift + Alt at the same time, then while dragging the corner handle, the proportions will be preserved and, in addition, the transformation will occur from the center in all directions. In the example, I'm dragging the top left handle inward:

  
  
  The upper left marker moves down and to the right while the Shift and Alt keys are not held down
  

  Note. About using the modifier key
  It's important to note that whenever you use a modifier key, like Shift and/or Alt, when you've finished moving the cursor, you should always release the left mouse button first, and then the modifier keys. If you first release the keys, then, with the left mouse button held down, the influence of modifiers will be lost and the frame will somehow jump and take on an undesired look

  Adjusting Width and Height by Entering Numeric Values ​​in Options Bar Windows

  In fact, you don't have to drag the handles to scale the object's width and height. If you know the exact values ​​you need, you can enter them directly into the input fields "Width" (indicated by the letter "W" in the Options Bar, in English Width, indicated by the letter W) and "Height" (indicated by the letter "H" , in English Height, denoted by the letter H). Clicking the chain icon between these input fields maintains the proportions of the object. If you enter one parameter, then Photoshop will automatically change. For example, if I entered a "Width" value of 150%, then with the icon pressed, Photoshop changed the "Height" to 150% as well:

  By default, the width and height values ​​are given as a percentage. But, if you right-click on any of the input fields, a list will appear where you can select your units, since I work on the web, I almost always use pixels:

  
  
  In this example, I have chosen pixels. But you can choose any other unit specified in the list.
  

  Object rotation

  To rotate an object, move the mouse cursor outside the frame and move it to any corner. When you see the cursor change into a double-sided curved arrow, simply click and drag to rotate the object. By pressing and holding Shift, the object will rotate 15° (you will feel it, the object will kind of stick when rotated every 15°):

  
  

  Rotation by entering the numerical value of the angle of rotation

  You can also set the exact rotation value in degrees by entering the value in the corresponding field in the options bar. It is located directly to the right of the "Height" input field:

  
  AT this example the object will rotate 12 degrees clockwise
  

  Transformation center (Reference Point), repositioning by dragging

  If you look at the center of the frame, you will see a small circle with dashes and a dot in the center, this is conversion center, or center of rotation. In addition, he is anchor point of transformation. In simple words, this point around which everything rotates and shrinks / stretches:

  
  
  The anchor point of the transformation is circled in red, the drawing is zoomed in to 150%
  

  By default, the anchor point is always located in the center of the frame. But there are cases when it is necessary to change the position of the transformation center, for example, if I need to rotate my shape not relative to its geometric center, but relative to a corner. To change the position of the center, you just need to click on its icon and drag it to the right place, and this new place will become new point rotation. You can even drag it outside the frame. If you drag the icon to one of the markers, it will snap to that marker. In the example, I dragged it to the handle in the bottom left corner, and now, when rotated, the object rotates around this corner:

  
  
  The rotation is made around the lower left corner of the frame, the transformation center attached to the corner marker is increased.
  

  Changing the position of the transform center using the Options Bar option

  You can also change the position of the transform center using the manipulator in the options bar. He small size. Therefore, in the figure below, I enlarged it for clarity. Note that the manipulator is divisible by 3x3. Each square around the grid represents a corresponding marker on the frame. Just click on the square to move the anchor point to the corresponding marker. To move it back to the center, click on the central square:

  
  
  Transform Center Position Control Manipulator, 150% magnification
  

  Moving an object

  We can use Free Transform to move a selected object from one place to another within the document. One way to do this is to click anywhere inside the transform box (except for the center of the transform) and drag the object in any direction with the mouse.

  You can also set a new position for an object by entering a specific value in the options bar in the X (horizontal position) and Y (vertical position) input fields. Note that these values ​​are not based on the object itself, but on its position. transformation center that we which we have considered a little higher.

  If you click on the small triangle between the X and Y input fields, now these input fields will not show the actual coordinates of the transform center relative to the document borders, but the distance you will move the object in relation to the object at the current position. In other words, if you enter 50 in the X input box, the object will move the object 50 pixels to the right, while entering 100 in the Y box will move the object down 100 pixels. Enter negative values ​​to move the object in opposite directions. Immediately after clicking on the triangle, the value "zero" is displayed in the input fields, because until you moved the object:

  
  
  Image enlarged by 150%
  

  Cancel or invalidate a transform

  Before we continue to look at new ways to modify an object, we must first learn how to undo or revoke a transformation. Photoshop gives us one level of undo when working with Free Transform. To cancel last step press the Ctrl+Z keys.

  For undo the entire transformation and exiting the Free Transform command, which will reset the object back to its original shape and size, press the Esc key.

  Tilt (Skew)

  Along with moving, scaling and rotating, Free Transform also gives us a quick and easy access to Photoshop's other transformation commands, these are Skew, Distort, Perspective, and Warp. To select any of them, all you need to do is, with the command active, right click mouse click anywhere inside the document, and then select the menu item you want. Let's start with Tilt. Let's just select it from the list:

  
  
  Right-click anywhere in the document and select the transform option - Skew (Skew)
  

  With the option selected, hover over any of the handles located in the middle of the sides of the frame. The cursor should change to a white arrow triangle with a double-sided arrow below it. Clicking on the top or bottom handle and dragging it left or right will skew the object horizontally. Hold the Alt key while dragging, and the object will lean around the transform center:

  
  
  Tilt the object to the right. Cursor circled in red
  

  Similarly, the vertical tilt is performed, in this case, instead of markers on the upper and lower sides, markers on the sides of the frame should be used.

  If you use the corner handles in skew mode, you will be able to scale one of the two sides adjacent to that corner. By pressing and holding Alt while dragging, the opposite corner of the box will move in opposite direction:

  
  
  Transformation in "tilt" mode - right top corner drag to the left
  

  You can also enter specific values ​​for the slope of the sides, in degrees, in the fields "H" (horizontal, eng. "H" and "V" (vertical, eng. also "V"). Values ​​can be positive or negative depending on your direction of inclination See what kind of rhombus I got, in addition to these values, I entered the value of the rotation angle of 45 ° relative to the reference point:

  
  
  Here I have entered three values: rotation of the frame about the center of the transformation by 45° and the slope of the sides horizontally and vertically by 10°
  

  Distortion

  Now let's look at the Distortion mode. To select it, I'll right-click inside my document and choose Distort from the menu.

  In Distort mode, you have complete freedom to move markers. Just click on any marker and drag it in any direction to change the object. In doing so, you will lose the original aspect ratio, but this this mode and is called "Distortion". Pressing and holding Alt will distort the object symmetrically about the center of the frame:

  
  
  Distort without Alt key pressed
  

  Moving beyond the side marker is similar to the Skew mode, but since Distort has less restrictions, you can still move the horizontal sides vertically and the vertical sides horizontally, thereby reducing or increasing the size of the object.

  
  
  In the example, distortion is made to the right and down
  

  Perspective

  Select this mode, just as we selected the Tilt and Distort modes earlier.
  In perspective mode, dragging a corner marker horizontally or vertically causes the marker to move in the opposite corner, it moves along with the dragged one, but in the opposite direction, creating a pseudo-3D effect. In the picture, I'm dragging the top left corner inward to the right. In this case, the upper right corner moves inward to the left:

  
  
  Perspective mode
  

  Then, without leaving perspective mode, I'll drag the bottom left corner outward to the left, with the bottom right corner moving outward to the right:

  
  

  You can do the same vertically by dragging the corner handles up or down.

  Warp

  So we learned that using Free Transform we can move, scale and rotate an object. Also, we looked at how to switch from the default mode to the modes "Slope", "Distort" and "Perspective" in case we need to perform other types of transformations. But certainly the mode that gives us greatest opportunity and the control, when it comes to reshaping an object, is "Warp" (Warp). Let's take a closer look at how this mode works.

  This mode is activated similarly to the previous ones - with the "Transformation" active, right-click anywhere in the document and select the corresponding line from the list.
  Another way is to press the Warp button (also, with "Transform" active) in the options bar. This button serves as a toggle between Free Transform mode and Warp mode:

  When you turn on the Warp mode, the first thing you'll see is that the default transform box has been replaced with a more detailed 3x3 grid. Also, you will notice that the handles that were previously in the middle of the sides of the frame are now missing, but the corner handles are still there:

  
  
  There are no side markers, but guides have been added to the corner markers. In addition, the frame has become a 3 by 3 grid, and the object inside the frame can be resized by simply clicking and dragging anywhere inside the grid.
  

  To reshape an object, click and drag any of the corner handles. Just like in the "Distortion" mode, "Deformation" gives us complete freedom in moving the markers. As you move the handles, you'll notice that the mesh itself redraws along with the object inside it:

  
  
  The red arrows show the directions along which the corners of the initially rectangular grid are shifted.
  

  See the lines with round dots at the end that come out of the corners? These are guides, and each corner of the grid has two such guides.
  You can change the object (and grid) by clicking on the circles at the ends of the guides and dragging them. This will add more or less curvature depending on which direction you drag them. To adjust the length of the guide (and the length of its guided curve), drag the circle closer to or further from the corner:

  
  
  The slope of the guides adjusts the slope of the curve, and the length of the curve depends on the length of the guide.
  

  Important! To transform an object in the "Deform" mode, you can use not only corner markers and guides, but also any point inside the frame! Just click on any point inside the frame and drag the cursor!

  
  
  The arrow shows the path of the cursor. The initial click on the cursor was in the area of ​​the circle, then the cursor was dragged to the left.
  

  Deform Styles

  Another feature of the "Warp" mode is that it includes several sets of basic styles available from the corresponding menu in the Options Bar.

  Applying a warp style instantly transforms an object into a predefined shape. These styles are most commonly applied to text, but they can be applied to any kind of object or selection.
  By default, the Warp Style is set to Custom, with this style we can freely change the warp mesh:

  
  Warp Styles option
  

  Click on the word Custom to open a menu with different warp styles. Now you can select the desired style from the list. I'll choose the first one, Arc:

  
  
  Selecting the Arc Style from the Warp Styles Menu
  

  This instantly turns my object into an arc shape:

  
  
  Object in the form of an arch (arc)
  

  Note that now we have only one marker left on the grid, located in the upper central part of the grid, but it can be located in other places, depending on the chosen style. This marker controls the degree of bending of the shape. I'll click on the handle and drag it down, which reduces the degree of curvature. Moving the marker up will increase the curvature:

  
  
  Drag the marker down and change the curvature of the arc, down-decrease, up-increase
  

  You can also enter a specific value for the curvature of the bend as a percentage in the "Bend" input field on the Options Bar, from zero to one hundred:

  
  Ask numerical value percentage bend. You can enter negative meaning, then the object will bend in the other direction
  

  To change the style warp orientation from horizontal to vertical and vice versa, click the Change Warp Orientation button located directly to the left of the Bend input field:

  
  
  Pressing the button - and the bend changes the position from horizontal to vertical.
  

  You can change the amount of horizontal and vertical distortion independently of each other by entering percentage values ​​in the fields "H" (horizontal deformation, in the English H (horizontal)) and V (vertical deformation, in the English V (vertical)) in options panel:

  
  G (horizontal) and V (vertical) distortion options.
  

  If you need to change an object more than this style allows (i.e. this style allows changes with a single marker), you can always fall back to the option custom style, and the changes made will remain. This action returns the four corner handles as well as their guides, allowing full customization appearance your chosen style:

  
  Switching the warp style back to "Custom"
  

  Other transformation options

  In addition to Skew, Distort, Perspective, and Warp, Free Transform gives us access to more standard options transformations, such as "Rotate 180°", "Rotate 90° clockwise." or counterclockwise, as well as "Flip Horizontal" (Flip Horizontal) and "Reflection Vertical" (Flip Vertical). You'll find these options at the bottom of the menu when you right-click inside the document:

  
  
  Additional options transformation
  

  When you've finished transforming the object, and you're ready to save your changes, you can do so by either clicking the checkbox in the options bar or by pressing the Enter key on your keyboard. If you decide you don't want to save your changes, click the Cancel button in the options bar (located directly to the left of the check mark) or press the Esc key on your keyboard. This will exit the Free Transform command mode and return the object to its original shape and size.