What structural divisions in the organization can be attributed to IM?? Answer: DOW service? IT department, maybe archive.
The information system from the position of management is a management system, where its various functions are implemented. Management functions can be classified according to various criteria: belonging to various types of management activities, the content of the management process, the scope of production activities, etc. All of them are characterized by a certain composition of information (indicators, information messages, information arrays).
General management functions are considered to be such as forecasting, planning, organization, operational management, accounting and analysis, control and regulation, management decision-making. Special functions are associated with specific production activities: production, marketing, sales, etc. In turn, the following production functions are distinguished: technological preparation of production, main and auxiliary production; production quality control; operational management, labor resources management. Creation of information systems and information technologies requires a special organization of information and the allocation of a special subsystem - information support.
Information support (IS) - essential element IS and IT - designed to reflect information characterizing the state managed object and is the basis for making managerial decisions.
Information support includes a set unified system indicators, information flows - options for organizing workflow; economic information classification and coding systems, a unified documentation system and various information arrays (files) stored in a machine and on machine media and having a different degree of organization. The most complex organization is the data bank, which includes arrays for solving routine tasks, issuing certificates and exchanging information between users. During the development of IS IS, the composition of indicators necessary to solve the economic problems of various management functions, their volume-time characteristics and information links are determined. Various classifiers and codes are compiled, the composition of input and output documents for each task is determined, an information fund is organized, and the composition of the database is determined.
The purpose of the development of IO IT is to improve the quality of organization management based on increasing the reliability and timeliness of the data necessary for making managerial decisions.
The main purpose of IO is to provide such an organization and presentation of information that would meet any user requirements, as well as the conditions of automated technologies.
The purpose of information support determines the requirements for it.
Provide complete, reliable and timely information for the implementation of all calculations and management decision-making processes in functional subsystems ah IT with a minimum of costs for its collection, storage, search, processing and transmission.
Provide mutual linkage of the tasks of functional subsystems based on an unambiguous formalized description of their inputs and outputs at the level of indicators and documents.
Provide for an efficient organization of data storage and retrieval, which makes it possible to form data into working arrays for regulated tasks and operate in the information and reference service mode.
In the process of decision economic tasks ensure joint work of managerial employees and a computer in a dialogue mode.
One part of information support takes into account the peculiarities of user interaction with a PC when performing technological operations for processing information, the other is connected with the organization of various information arrays in a computer used to solve economic problems and transfer data. Therefore, as part of the IO, out-of-machine and in-machine information support is distinguished.
Off-machine IO includes a system of economic indicators, information flows, a classification and coding system, and documentation.
Intramachine IS is a system of specially organized data subject to automated processing, accumulation, storage, search, transmission in a form convenient for perception by technical means. These are files (arrays), databases and data banks, knowledge bases, as well as their systems.
Information support of IT and IS of personnel management of the organization
Management should be considered as an information process that takes place between the controls, the managed object and the external environment.
Information is understood as a set of various messages about changes occurring in the system and the environment.
The management process includes the collection, processing and transmission of information for the development of management decisions. Information is the subject of labor and at the same time the means and product of labor in management activities.
When considering the structure of information, its individual elements are distinguished, which can be both simple and complex. Simple elements are not amenable to further subdivision; complex are formed as a combination various elements and are represented by information sets.
Structural elements are called information units. There are several approaches to the structuring of economic information, one of which - logical - allows you to establish structural elements depending on the functional purpose of information and its features. The following structural units are distinguished:
Props - information unit lower level, reflects the individual properties of the object that have a semantic content and are not amenable to further division. In machine processing, synonyms for the concept of "props" are "field", "element", "attribute". Attribute attributes characterize the qualitative side of the object, and base attributes characterize the quantitative side. Homogeneous attributes-attributes are combined into a nomenclature (for example, a product nomenclature). In documents, the dominant attributes-signs are usually distinguished, i.e. those by which the grouping is performed. They can be department codes, position codes, etc. Each attribute has a form and content. Form - this is the name of the attribute, for example, the name of the product. The content reflects its specific meaning (machine). One attribute name can correspond to many of its values. Details are heterogeneous in the nature of the actions performed on them. Details-attributes are subject to logical processing; requisites-base - arithmetic. Requisites, uniting, form a structural unit of a higher level. The combination of one base and all the features related to it forms an indicator.
Index - logical statement, containing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the displayed phenomenon, for example: air temperature +20 degrees. The combination of one base and all the features related to it forms an indicator. Documents usually contain a large number of indicators. Even in one line, several indicators of different structure can be distinguished.
Information message - a set of indicators contained in the document
An information array (file) is a group of homogeneous documents united according to a certain attribute (for example, a reporting period). Allocate files of constant and variable information.
Information flow - arrays, combined according to various criteria, used in solving various sets of control problems.
Information system - covers all information about the economic object and is a structural unit of the highest level.
When processing information, attribute attributes and base attributes are often called data. Data is information presented in a formalized form that allows it to be transmitted, stored on various media and processed.
Intelligence can be represented as a set of signals of physical processes perceived by the subject (human, animal, machine) through the senses (perceiving devices). It is clear that such information is not yet information.
We are used to the fact that this word is used to define something important, which has a very specific meaning. That is, it is necessary that the information be somehow interpreted. However, this is not all. After the information has acquired meaning for the perceiving subject, it must be presented in a form suitable for storage, transmission and processing. This is necessary so that this information can be useful, that is, used to solve any problems, including with the help of electronic computer science. Such information in information theory is called data.
In this way, information – these are data organized in a certain way, having meaning, meaning and value for the subject and necessary for solving various problems.
Definitions of the concept of "information"
1. Probabilistic-statistical definition (Shannon).
The concept of "information" is defined as a decrease in the degree of uncertainty of knowledge about any object, system, process or phenomenon, or a change in the uncertainty of the state of the object itself, system, phenomenon, process.
2. General scientific definition.
Information is a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton; signal exchange in the animal and plant world; transfer of traits from cell to cell, from organism to organism ("Big Encyclopedic Dictionary", 1997).
3. Regulatory definition.
The law of the Russian Federation "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" provides the following definition of the term " information» - information about persons, objects, facts, events and processes, regardless of the way they are presented.
Definition of "data"
From information data differ in a specific form of presentation and are some of its subsets, determined by the goals and objectives of collecting and processing information.
Let's define data how information that reflects a certain state of some subject area in a specific form.
Forms of data presentation
Can be distinguished unstructured and structured presentation form data.
Unstructured data presentation form:
Connected text (i.e. a natural language document);
Graphic data in the form of photographs, pictures and other unstructured images.
Structured presentation form data:
Graphic data in the form of drawings, diagrams, diagrams.
The way structured and unstructured data are collected, analyzed, and processed differ significantly. The most developed are software structured data processing, as structuring can be considered the primary and most difficult to formalize and algorithmize processing.
Definition of "document"
In terms of operating with information in the processes of its creation, collection, issuance and consumption, the concept of documented information or simply document.
1.Historically the document was defined as object, means, method for identification, property rights etc.
2. In organizational and managerial sense document is defined as form and method of expressing organizational and managerial decisions and impacts.
3. In legal aspect document is defined as information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow its identification(Law of the Russian Federation "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection").
The most important requisite identifying traditional documents is the signature of the official. A similar approach for computer information has now been developed in the form of "electronic digital signatures" based on cryptographic methods.
Under documentation Information in the broad sense of the word can be understood as the selection of a single semantic part of information (data) in a certain subject area in its total mass, the isolation of this part with giving it an independent role (name, status, details, etc.).
Documentation process turns information into informational resources. The legal interpretation of information resources defines them as “separate documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems ah (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other types of information systems). (Law of the Russian Federation "On Participation in International Information Exchange" dated July 4, 1996, N85-FZ.).
Documenting information leads to one of the most fundamental concepts in the field of information provision - information systems.
Under information system is understood as an organizational set of hardware, software and other auxiliary means, technological processes and employees that ensure the collection, presentation and accumulation of information resources in a specific subject area in order to meet the information needs of system users.
IS, in which the representation, storage and processing of information is carried out with the help of computer technology, are called automated .
Lecture 2
Information and information support
Information and information processes
Information- information about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, which increase the level of knowledge about them in its consumer.
Data are not identical to information, since they can be considered as information that, for some reason, is not used. If data is used to reduce the degree of uncertainty about an object, then it becomes information. Therefore, it can be said that information are the data used. Data register objectively existing signals. Information is subjective, because the methods of obtaining it from the data are subjective (it all depends on the degree of awareness and understanding of the recipient). Thus, information that is perceived by the consumer as new and useful is information for him.
Information always has an end user. This consumer can be a person, a division of a company, a corporate IS module, or another IS. The process of transferring information (or data) in the form of a message from a source to a consumer through some medium (“communication channel”) is called information exchange .
The efficiency of using information, indicators of its quality are determined by characteristics (properties) of information :
- adequacy- the degree of compliance and. reflected object properties;
- authenticity– reflection accuracy is real existing facility;
- completeness- sufficiency and to understand the situation and make a decision;
- availability- the degree of perception and .;
-relevance- the degree of conservation of value and .;
- timeliness receipts and .;
- accuracy;
-sustainability- ability and respond to changes in the source data without violating the required accuracy;
-authenticity– display of the parameter with the required accuracy. It is measured by the confidence level of the required accuracy, i.e. the probability that the displayed value of a parameter differs from its true value within the required accuracy.
An industrial society considers information as a resource, similar to material, natural, energy, labor and financial resources. That's why information as a resource is characterized by cost, consumer value and price.
Informational resources (IR) - these are forms of data and knowledge representation: individual documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, depositories, museum repositories, data banks, etc.). In modern information society IR is knowledge prepared for social use and fixed on machine media.
According to the scale of formation and use, global, national, regional and local IR are distinguished.
If IRs are available for automated information exchange, then they are called active IRs .
The concept and structure of information support for IP
To improve the efficiency of data collection and processing, all information used in IS is structured (combined into a single information structure), creating on the basis of the database Information Support. Information Support(AND ABOUT) is the most important element of IS and reflects information about the state of the economic object.
Functions (appointment) of IO:
Organization of data storage and retrieval, provision of operational and reliable information to users;
Creation of working conditions for automated IT;
Coordination of the tasks of functional subsystems based on an unambiguous formalized description of their inputs and outputs at the level of indicators and documents.
Distinguish off-machine IO and intramachine IO.
Off-machine IO includes:
Classification and coding system;
Documentation system;
Document management system (information flow schemes).
In-machine AI- this is the entire information fund of IP, i.e. the totality of all data recorded on machine media and grouped according to certain criteria (organized in a special way).
Basic requirements for the IO (the IO should provide):
Organization of workstations and active participation of the user in computing process;
Decentralized data organization (involves splitting the database into several physically distributed databases, creating a distributed organization database);
Distributed data processing (involves the distribution of functional IT among several participants, i.e. task processing by several processes in different network nodes);
Paperless technology (automatic generation of primary documents on a PC) and electronic document management;
Network integrated processing of economic tasks;
Information and reference service for users;
Usage Email, Internet access.
Under IO structure the composition of information elements and the relationship between them (Fig. 1) is understood.
Main structural elements information: requisites, economic indicators, economic documents (including electronic documents ), information arrays,streams.
Rice. 1. Structure of economic information
IO structure includes:
1. The system of indicators of the subject area.
Requisites and indicators are information units of the lowest level. They serve as the basis for compiling documents and storing in the memory of the machine, so the scorecard is the basis of IR.
Props (attribute)- the simplest elementary unit of economic information; displays a separate property of an object or process of the real world; consists of characters - numbers and letters; characterized by a name, type, and value. Attributes are divided into attribute attributes and base attributes.
Details-signs reflect the qualitative properties of an object, process or phenomenon; are subject to logical processing, i.e. are used for searching, sorting, grouping, selecting, etc. constituent units.
Base details reflect the quantitative side of the object (amount of material, amount, volume, length, etc.). Expressed in digital form, so logical and arithmetic operations.
Details can be divided into smaller components - symbols and bits, but the semantic content of the details is lost.
A single attribute cannot fully characterize a process or an object, so it is included with other attributes in the economic indicators.
The combination of an attribute-base and a group of attributes-attributes interconnected with it and among themselves in the sense of attributes-attributes forms index - an integral unit of economic information. An indicator is a logical statement that contains the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of an object. Each indicator has many values and is calculated according to its own algorithm. In the example above, the figure shows two indicators (two rows).
Index can be defined as a qualitative variable, which corresponds to a set of possible quantitative values, as well as algorithms for their calculation from various initial data. This definition of the indicator is used in the practice of accounting, statistics, planning, etc.
Index can be defined as a statement containing a single quantitative characteristic (value) of some property of an object and a certain set of qualitative features necessary for its unambiguous identification. This interpretation of the indicator is accepted in the theory and practice of automated data processing.
The indicator name includes terms denoting the measured object, i.e. what happens to the object (availability, capacity, output, costs, cost, losses, profits, etc. are determined), and a formal characteristic, i.e. how it is calculated (sum, volume, growth, percentage, difference, average, etc.).
Indicators form more complex structural units of information: documents, arrays, information flows, information base.
2. The set of details and indicators interrelated in meaning is an informational message about the object document . A document (inf. message) is an integral unit of information and characterizes an object, process, phenomenon.
Each document (message) has a certain form, i.e. is the main and most convenient form of information presentation from the point of view of management, as it has the visibility of information presentation and contains attributes that give it a legal status.
3. Information in documents can be presented in the form of information arrays (files on machine media). Information array (file) - the main structural unit of information storage. It is formed in the PC memory by combining homogeneous documents (one form and one name) according to a certain attribute.
Part of the files can be used to process only one task (in this case, the array is called enlarged), the other part of the files - for several tasks.
Arrays can be combined into larger structural units − information flows and into the largest unit information base.
4.Information flow - a set of various inf. arrays. Used to process some set of economic tasks, i.e. refers to a specific area of activity of the object.
To implement inf. flow, technologies for organizing electronic document management are used.
5. Inf. subsystem is an organized set of inf. flows in any functional subsystem. For example, automating tasks in functions. the subsystem "Accounting" allows to allocate inf in IS of the enterprise. subsystem "Accounting". In the IS of the bank, the subsystem "Operating day of the bank" is distinguished.
6. The totality of all inf. subsystems of the object constitutes a structural unit of information of the highest level - information base (system) , which implements various functions management. The information base is the totality of information flows and subsystems of a real economic object.
The corresponding structural units of information are distinguished depending on the characteristics of the machine medium and the methods of fixing data on it.
Similar information.
Information support (IS) - the most important supporting subsystem of the AIS - is designed to provide users with information that characterizes the state of the managed object and is the basis for making management decisions. IO is a set of means and methods for building an information system of an economic object.
Information support can be divided into non-machine and intramachine.
Off-machine IO is a system of indicators, classifiers, codes and documentation.
In-machine IO is various files on machine media, automated data banks (DBA).
IO design is carried out jointly with AIS users, is carried out from system positions in parallel with the design of technological, software and software.
During the design of the IO, following works: determination of the composition of indicators necessary for solving economic problems, their volume-time characteristics and information links; study of the possibilities of using national and industry classifiers, development of local classifiers and codes; designing forms of new primary documents and identifying the possibilities of using a unified documentation system; determination of the type of organization of an automated data bank (ADB); designing forms for outputting result information.
The purpose of the introduction of AIS is further informatization end user therefore, his participation in the ongoing information and promotional work is necessary and is an important prerequisite for their successful implementation. Additional features appear: maintaining directories in the PC,
formation of all kinds of reports and tables freeform, wide exchange of information between users, etc.
When processing economic data and compiling various reports, it becomes necessary to group them according to the attributes-signs. Grouping is carried out on the basis of classification and coding systems.
Classification consists in the distribution of the elements of a set into subsets based on dependencies within features. For example, when coding goods, such classification features as a group, subgroup, grade (article), size are distinguished. The nomenclature of goods is an ordered complete list of homogeneous items, including separate lines - positions.
The Unified Classification and Coding System (ESCC) includes a wide variety of classifiers: National classifiers designed for information exchange between different AIS are developed centrally. Examples are classifiers of products, administrative division of the country, industries, professions, enterprises and organizations, units of measurement, documentation, taxpayers, etc. Sectoral, uniform for individual industries, such as bank codes charts of accounts, types of payments and deductions from wages, types of operations of the movement of material assets, etc.
Local, compiled for the AIS of enterprises and organizations, such as codes of structural divisions, personnel numbers of employees, debtors and creditors, etc.
Each position of the All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP), effective from July 1, 1994, contains a six-digit digital code, of which five characters reflect the product group, and the sixth character - the control number. The first two characters indicate product classes, the next character is a subclass, then the group is indicated with one character, the next character is a subgroup, and the last character is the type of product.
For example:
5714309 - sawn facing slabs of natural stone.
There are two classification methods: Hierarchical method - subordination relations are established between classification groups, sequential specification of type properties: class - subclass - group - subgroup - species, etc. In a hierarchical classification, each object falls into only one classification grouping; the union of groupings of the same hierarchical level gives the original set of objects. The depth of the hierarchy is determined by classification features. Facet method - the original set of objects is divided into subsets in accordance with the values of individual facets. A facet is a set of values for one classification feature. The facets are mutually independent. Each object can simultaneously be included in different classification groups.
The rules for constructing a hierarchical classifier are as follows: Determine the number of features, indicate their name and subordination (for example, A (material group) includes B (subgroup), B includes C (type), C includes D (subspecies)). Determine the number of values for each feature and choose the maximum. Build a classification tree (Fig. 4.1).
4.
Rice. 4.2
For example, the designation 6431 means:
6 - forest species;
4 - sawn wood;
3 - sawn edged timber;
1 - workpiece size.
If there is no hierarchical relationship between features, then a single-level multi-attribute (facet) classification takes place. It is used for dividing objects into classes in such a way that the rank of all features is the same. Facet classes are obtained by assigning objects to classes according to the values of the features at the same time. For example, a lot of workers can be divided according to a number of characteristics: workshop, site, place of residence, gender, full name, salary, month. By grouping these signs, you can get answers to various questions. For example, which of the workers in the assembly shop earned more than 20 thousand rubles. per month?
The next step after classification is coding or the process of assigning new symbols to various positions of nomenclatures according to certain rules set by the coding system. An example of a code designation is an identified taxpayer number, which includes ten characters; the first and second signs mean the territory, the third and fourth - the number of the state tax office, the rest - the taxpayer number and the control digit. The directory of employees is stored in the machine, including last name, first name, patronymic, personnel number, position, salary, etc. During processing, all the necessary reference information is selected and printed in output sheets.
Codes can be: digital, alphabetic, mixed. The following requirements are imposed on the codes: they must cover all the nomenclatures according to which the grouping is done; be united for different tasks within one economic object; should be stable, not frequently revised; have a reserve in case new positions of the nomenclature appear; be economical, i.e. have a minimum value.
Code is a universal way of displaying information in the form of a system of correspondences between message elements and signals with which these elements can be fixed. The final sequence of characters of the coding alphabet is called a code word (code combination) if it uniquely corresponds to any element from the set of messages, and the set of code combinations forms a code. The number of characters in a code combination is called the length
the words. As code symbols are used various designations in the form of letters, numbers and special characters. Number different meanings, which can take any symbol of the code, is called the base of the code.
The purpose of the codes is to ensure the grouping of information, the calculation of totals by grouping characteristics and their printing in output sheets. Codes are necessary for the convenience of finding information, storing and retrieving it, and transmitting it through communication channels.
The most widespread coding systems are: ordinal, serial, positional and combined.
The ordinal coding system involves assigning to all positions of the encoded nomenclature serial numbers without passes. For example, months are coded in calendar sequence: 01 for January, 02 for February, 03 for March, and so on.
The serial system is focused on coding objects that are pre-grouped into series. Series are assigned numbers based on their possible extensions. For example, a group of main workshops - code 01 to 03; a group of auxiliary workshops - codes from 05 to 10, etc.
The positional coding system reflects the hierarchical subordination of classification features. In accounting, positional two- and three-digit codes are common. In account codes accounting allocate an additional, analytical level to obtain more detailed information. For example, for account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, two levels are distinguished: for departments and for personnel numbers. For account 10 “Materials”, three levels are distinguished: type of material assets (1 character), warehouse (1 character) and item number (2 characters). The code structure is shown in fig. 4.3. 
The widespread use of computer technology, including in warehouses and retail trade enterprises, required the labeling of goods with machine-readable codes. The most reliable way was to read the bar code with a handheld laser scanner.
The bar code accurately and unambiguously identifies each specific product, i.e. by barcode, you can find the product and its characteristics stored in the database of the trading system. In Russia, as in other European countries, the EAN-13 barcode is used. It includes 13 digits:
the first three (460) mean that the goods are made in Russia;
four digits is the code of the enterprise that produced this product;
five digits - product code;
one digit is a checksum calculated automatically by a certain formula over the previous digits.
Standard set for bar coding includes: a printer for labeling goods in a warehouse; electronic balance with integrated label printing or
additional printer for packaging of weight goods; cash registers with barcode scanners trading floor; mobile terminal in the warehouse for accounting for goods.
The use of bar coding leads to a reduction in losses by
shoplifting, to tracking the availability of goods in the warehouse, to mobile management price, to the organization of electronic (paperless accounting).
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL
FORMATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
TASHKENT STATE ECONOMIC
UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Information Technology
and management"
Musaliev A.A., Begalov B.A., Zhiemuratov T.P.
INFORMATION SUPPORT OF ECONOMIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATIONAL - METHODOLOGICAL AID
Edited by Academician S.S. Gulyamov
TASHKENT - 200 7
| Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. | 3 |
| 1. Information and information resources…………………………….. | 3 |
| 2. Composition, requirements and aspects of information support description…………………………………………………………………. | |
| 3. Structure and main elements of information support ... .. | 9 |
| 4. Features and properties of economic information………………... | 13 |
| 5. Classification of economic information………………………….. | 15 |
| 6. Classification of permanent information……………………………... | 19 |
| 7. The constituent units of economic information…………………….. | 20 |
| 8. System of economic indicators…………………………………... | 24 |
| 9. Operations of processing economic information……………………. | 25 |
| 10. Database technologies…………………………………………………… | 28 |
| 11. Organizational and methodological approach to the development of information support for economic information systems…… | |
| Literature………………………………………………………………….. | 35 |
Introduction
Information support (IS) is the most important element of economic information systems and is designed to reflect information that characterizes the state of the managed object and is the basis for making managerial decisions. Any information system cannot work without information about the state of the managed object and the external environment, without transferring information about the management decisions taken. Information support is faced with the task of high-quality information service for system users, ensuring the effective functioning of information flows in the process of implementing management functions, interacting with external systems.
Information support (information support) carries out the formation, according to the relevant rules, of a set of information, procedures for the accumulation, storage of information, as well as its use in solving specific tasks system and is a set of tools and methods for organizing data in IS.
1. Information and information resources
The concept of information and information resources. Concepts andinformation is fundamental scientific concepts requiring precise formulations and explanations.
Term information comes from the Latin informatio, which means clarification, awareness, presentation. From the standpoint of materialistic philosophy, information is a reflection of the real world with the help of information (messages). A message is a form of information representation in the form of speech, text, images, digital data, charts, tables, etc. In a broad sense, information is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, the exchange of signals between animate and inanimate nature, people and devices.
It is common to look at information as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. This point of view is reflected in the following definition. Information - new information that improves the processes associated with the transformation of matter, energy and information itself.
Information system- an organizationally ordered set of information resources, information technologies and means of communication, which allows collecting, storing, searching, processing and using information.
Information resources can be defined as the total amount of information available in an information system. For the country - it will be the information resources of the country, for the organization - the information resources of the organization. In other words, this is the entire volume of knowledge alienated from their creator, fixed on material carriers and intended for public use.
Informational resources- information, data bank, database in electronic form within the information system.
Information resources with their reasonable organization and use act as an equivalent of labor, material and energy resources. In addition, information is the only kind of resource that contributes to the most rational and efficient use and saving all other resources.
Information, information resources have always existed, but these resources, due to their specificity, were not considered as an economic category, although information has always been used by people for management. When, as a result of the development of society, the complication of technology, etc., the amount of information became so large that it could not be processed for management, humanity always found some solution. The emergence of management hierarchies, the emergence of commodity-money relations, the creation of computers from this point of view made it possible to overcome these difficulties in processing huge amounts of information for management.
One of the most important types of information is economic information. Her distinguishing feature- connection with the processes of managing groups of people in an organization. Economic Information accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services
Information as a kind of resource. Information has all the characteristics of a commodity: it has consumer value (utility, value) and value (i.e., some costs of social labor.
Information and real objects as goods have both common and distinguishing properties.
These objects have in common with ordinary products and material resources the following: They have consumer demand; they are objects of property, i.e. they can be owned, used and disposed of; they have specific developers (suppliers); they have a cost and, accordingly, a price; they can be supplied under various conditions.
However, information resources and technology have a number of fundamental differences, which include:
- infinite replicability, meaning their preservation with an unlimited number of sales;
practical indestructibility;
the need (with the exception of system-wide packages) to individually adapt to the conditions specific users;
obligatory author's support of the delivered objects;
the possibility of imposing various restrictions not only on use, but also on secondary replication;
difficulty in identifying compliance with copyright or supplier rights;
multiple duplicate objects. Unlike products, different samples of which can perform similar functions, information can reflect the same reality in different ways. For example, several variants of the final information on the size of a discovered deposit in any product can be offered for bidding;
usefulness of indirect information; So, for example, information that there is such information is quite expensive;
depreciation as a result of trial use. Indeed, after reviewing the data and making sure that some of them are substandard, it is legitimate to postpone the purchase offer. However, it is almost impossible to force yourself to forget or not use reliable information from among those offered;
quote unpredictability. If products can be quoted with some limited dynamics (instantaneous disappearance or emergence of demand is almost improbable), then information (but not technology) can instantly fall in price to zero;
mutual antagonism is possible, and not just competition. Offering one piece of information on the market can make another information irrelevant on the market;
the uncertainty of some or all consumer properties;
extremely easy transportability and the ability to avoid transport (in this case communication) damage;
physical wear and tear, meaning the presence of only obsolescence or loss of relevance at a fixed or indefinite point in time;
instantaneous transmission of information to the consumer and the ability to obtain confirmation also in a vanishing short period of time;
not always a clear period for the delivery of non-automatically replicated technology;
constant readiness for delivery;
low identification of the provider of information data and technology, as well as sources of information and the use of technology components;
the possibility of maintaining confidentiality in relation to both the seller and the buyer of data and technology, as well as the very fact of sale or non-sale.
quality, i.e. according to the level of satisfaction of information needs, determined by the value (usefulness) of information;
benefits, i.e. to improve economic efficiency in general;
costs, i.e. the cost of information, determined by the amount of information.
1. completeness . The completeness of information is expressed in the precise determination of the quantitative and qualitative parameters of certain aspects of the object's activity and the development of adequate or solutions.
Incomplete information can lead to errors in decision making.
2. Reliability allows a certain level of distortion of both incoming and resultant information, which maintains the effectiveness of decisions made.
3. Availability perception of information is determined by the speed of perception of data per unit of time. Therefore, data are presented mainly in tabular form, which reveals not only the meaning of the information contained, but is also easily perceived.
4. Relevance data characterizes the suitability for the implementation of a particular function at a certain point in time. Therefore, relevance, timeliness and efficiency are quite similar qualitative properties of information.
5. Timeliness means the receipt of information at a convenient or appointed time. Violation of this requirement may invalidate the information.
6. Accuracy means its correctness, the degree of its detail. The accuracy of information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers.
7. Efficiency reflects the aging of information over time and the loss of relevance.
Untimely receipt of information causes a delay in decision-making, as a result of which the decision made does not correspond to the changed situation. How operational information, the greater its value. As time passes, information ages and its value decreases.
The value of information increases rapidly as the degree of accuracy increases or as the difference between reported and actual results decreases. More complete and reliable information provides the right decision. The most desirable accuracy is when the value of the information outweighs the cost of obtaining it.
An important advantage of information systems is that it reduces processing time. There is a concept of minimum, average and maximum age of information. The minimum prescription is equal to half of the reporting period plus processing delay; medium - half the interval between the processing period plus the delay in processing; maximum - one interval plus half of the reporting period.
The value of information decreases as the delay increases, as the delay increases, the information may become outdated and unsuitable for decision making.
An information system that responds immediately to any deviation can be considered a real-time system. It is assumed that such a system receives, processes and transmits data with such a small delay that the necessary measures can be taken immediately.
As information ages, its value for decision-making falls to the level that is achieved with less information. Upon receipt additional information the role of decisions taken is increasing.
By reducing the delay in information processing, firstly, decisions can be made earlier, and secondly, its content will improve.
For information to be useful, it must be related to the problem being solved at any given time; having only relevant information allows the user to make timely and more meaningful decisions, as he does not waste time searching for the factors he needs among many others. If the available information is not related to the decision being made, then it has no value. Knowledge (or ignorance) by the user of any part of the information and the actions that result from this are also an important factor the value of information.
2. Composition, requirements and aspects of the description of information
ensure
The composition of information support. AEIS information support includes:
composition of information, i.e. list information units(messages) necessary for solving complexes of tasks in the functional subsystems of IS;
characteristics of the movement of information, i.e., quantitative estimates of the volume and intensity of information flows, routes of documents, workflow schemes, probabilistic and temporal characteristics of message conversion;
the structure of information and the patterns of its transformation, i.e., the rules for constructing messages in the chain "input - system - output";
characteristics of the quality of information transformation, i.e. quantitative assessments of the usefulness, reliability and timeliness of information;
ways of converting information, including its removal, delivery, distribution and provision of information for task complexes and individual tasks of the IS functional subsystems.
promote the implementation of integrated information processing and management decision-making based on economic and mathematical methods and models, programs for their machine implementation in various modes;
provide complete, timely and reliable information for decision-making with a minimum of costs for its receipt, accumulation, search, processing and transmission;
to promote the implementation of the dialogue between the user and the computer, providing for this all the necessary means and methods of effective interaction between a person and a computer;
to carry out the accumulation and storage of information by creating an automated data bank;
provide conditions for the implementation of management functions through the rational use of all information resource systems.
completeness of displaying the state of the managed system and the reliability of information, both necessary for solving problems and issued at the request of users;
high efficiency of methods and means of collecting, storing, accumulating, updating, searching and issuing data;
one-time registration and one-time input of information, and its multiple and multi-purpose use;
simplicity and ease of access to data information base;
input and accumulation in the information database with a minimum of duplication;
organization of an effective document management system;
development of information support by increasing data and organizing new connections and designing more advanced methods and methods of information processing;
regulation of access to data with different levels of access, as well as the time of storage of documented information.
Functional aspect of IO description reflects its role in solving various problems of IP. Allocate following features IO: tracking, memory, processing and distribution of information.
Tracking function provides preparation, transmission and reception of information for object management. Moreover, tracking can be constant, periodic, operational, delayed and predictive.
Memory function connected, first of all, with the storage of information in the IS and involves the selection, sorting, placement, updating, search and issuance of information.
AT information processing function includes logical and arithmetic transformation of information.
AT information distribution function includes the selectivity of information delivery in the system by levels of the management hierarchy, to users.
Structural aspect of the description of IO involves the study of the form and structure of storage and transformation of information in IS and includes the classification of information, a system of indicators, information language, documentation, the structure of information arrays (files), the language of communication with the information system.
The transformational aspect of the description of IO considers the transformation of the language of economic management according to the levels of management and the stages of the movement of information from the input to the output of the system.
Methodical aspect of the description of IO. It is based on the implementation of the following principles when creating AEIS:
methodological unity of IO, i.e. development of IO of various functional subsystems based on common methods;
information compatibility of IO, i.e. the creation of a unified system of document forms, classifiers and codes for the entire system;
typification of IO blocks, i.e. the construction of similar in functional and content relations of IO parts according to single model rules in one language;
unification of information exchange, i.e. reduction of document forms;
integration of information processing, i.e., one-time input of information into the system with its repeated use.
3. Structure and main elements of information support
The structure of information support. In the theory of automated information processing, IO is usually divided into: systems of indicators of a given subject area (for example, indicators of accounting, financial and credit activities, etc.); classification and coding systems; documentation information flows - options for organizing workflow; various information arrays (files) stored in a machine and on machine media and having a different degree of organization.
Due to the complexity of the IO system, such components of it as external (off-machine) and internal (in-machine) IO are distinguished.
External (off-machine) information support is a part of information support, including a set of information messages, signals, documents used in the operation of the information system in the form perceived by a person without the use of information technology tools.
The structure of external information support includes: a system of classification and coding of information, a system of regulatory - background information, documentation (input and output), as well as a system for organizing, maintaining and storing documentation and making changes to it.
Information classification and coding systems(objects, data elements) are means of a formalized description of data, while the semantic content is unambiguously replaced by a compact code. First of all, this applies to the names of technical and economic indicators, documents, operations, products, enterprises, etc.
Regulatory - reference information refers to conditionally - constant information characterizing a given state controlled parameters production at a given point in time. It includes scheduled tasks, production schedules, labor intensity standards for products, as well as norms and standards, etc.
Operational (input) documentation, reflecting variable (current) information, characterizes the state of the controlled production parameters at a given point in time (output for the current period, receipt and consumption of materials, etc.), as well as for a certain period of time.
input information is a set of initial data necessary for solving problems. The data entered into the system and stored in it represent individual values of the parameters of objects, processes or phenomena in the form of words, letters, numerical values, tables, graphs or in another form.
Sources of input data can be oral messages, handwritten materials, documents and information carriers in a form suitable for direct input into a computer. The initial data is obtained in ordinary, for a non-automated system, documents written by hand, printed in a typographical way or on a typewriter, with their subsequent transfer to machine storage media, etc.
output information, being the result of processing input information (operational and regulatory reference) according to a certain algorithm, it is intended for making decisions on production management.
The output information includes information obtained as a result of solving the system problem and intended for direct use by the user. Usually the output information is presented in the form of machine documents. Documents are divided into groups according to functional purpose taking into account the purposes for which they are intended, the frequency of publication of documents and the appropriateness of their receipt by users, etc.
The grouping and arrangement of information in a document is determined by the algorithm for using this information.
The result of solving the problem is also intermediate information used in solving other problems.
Internal (in-machine) information support, being a part of information support, it is a set of data used in an information system on machine media, including input, intermediate and output arrays that form an information base, as well as a system of programs for organizing, maintaining and accessing data. Internal information support includes all arrays (files) necessary for solving problems and data processing, as well as software tools for recording, updating arrays and searching for data in them. The information base includes:
regulatory and reference data that make up the information basis of the system;
current information coming from outside the system and requiring a response from the system or affecting the decision-making algorithm;
accumulated archival and accounting data necessary for managing the economic system.
The input data and maintenance of the infobase are controlled by software tools. Under maintaining information base (arrays of information) understand the provision of storage, accumulation of data, timely exclusion of obsolete data, introduction and control of changes.
Main elements of information support also consists of elements of external and internal information support.
Main elements external
Information flow- a group of messages in the process of its movement in space and time in one direction, provided that these messages have a source and a recipient;
props- an elementary message, the further division of which is impossible without destroying the semantic meaning of the message; details are divided into signs and grounds;
props-attribute- part of the message, which is functionally intended for the qualitative characteristics of the described object; the attribute allows the identification of an object in a certain set of messages;
props-base- part of the message, which is functionally intended for the quantitative characteristics of the described object; physically, the base is a numerical value obtained as a result of observation, measurement or calculation;
index- the part of the message that describes the qualitative and quantitative side of the object is informative and therefore capable of forming a document. The indicator is composed of attribute attributes and base attributes and consists of one attribute - the basis and one or more attributes - attributes that characterize the basis and logical relations associated with them. When processing, arithmetic operations are performed on the details of the bases, logical operations are performed on the details of the signs (sorting, search, selection, etc.).
nomenclature - information set, which includes all values of the same type of indicators;
document- fastener different ways on special material information about facts, events, phenomena, objective reality and mental activity of a person;
coding– display of discrete messages in the form of certain combinations of characters;
the code- a specific symbol for each item in this nomenclature;
document flow- the movement of documents from the moment of their occurrence or receipt until the completion of execution or dispatch;
documentation system- a set of documents created in the process of performing one of the management functions.
Main elements internal information support are:
file- this is a set of records of a homogeneous structure, designed to solve problems;
record is a set of fields of a certain format, united by a common key field. The elements of a record are identified by identifiers.
Information carriers. The functioning of economic objects is displayed by a system of economic indicators that characterize all aspects of production activities. For their fixation, information carriers are used.
The carrier of information is various materials having physical properties (paper, magnetic disks, optical discs etc.), which are used to store information, i.e. any material medium on which information is recorded (registered) and from which information is read.
The purpose of the information carriers are:
record of primary data;
preparation of initial data for processing;
direct input into the computer of prepared data;
organization external memory computer; fixing the results of data processing.
