Information sphere as a sphere of legal regulation information is an object of legal regulation. Summary: The information sphere as the sphere of information circulation and the sphere of legal regulation

21.07.2019 Windows 8

1.9. Information sphere of society

Let us consider in more detail the social impact of the widespread dissemination of information technologies in the course of the current sixth information revolution. Informatization of society, as noted in the introduction, is a process that covers all aspects of social life, providing for a systematic reorganization and increasing the efficiency of any socially significant activity based on the use of modern information and communication systems and technologies. The creation on the basis of global networks of a single world information infrastructure, which ensures active interaction of people, enterprises, government and public organizations, leads to the formation of an information society.
The importance of this process was recognized by the general scientific community. Back in the mid 70s. of the last century, the term "social informatics" was used to designate a new scientific discipline that studies public knowledge, social communication and social management on the basis of an informational approach. Subsequently, the subject of this discipline was repeatedly specified, however, it should be noted that there is inconsistency in the definition of the list and content of the basic concepts of social informatics. In this section, we will consider some of the main issues of social informatics, considering it the subject of patterns and trends in the development of the information sphere of society and its interaction with other spheres of public life.
The Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange" defines the information sphere (environment) as the sphere of activities of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information. The doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation reveals the concept of the information sphere in more detail, including in it the totality of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, generate, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting relations. Thus, the information sphere can be characterized as the sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs, which includes the following interrelated components (Fig. 1.34):
1. Information subjects (individual and collective) carrying out activities for the implementation of information processes.
2. Streams of information generated and consumed.
3. Information infrastructure.
Information infrastructure includes:
1) information resources of society;
2) information industry of production, processing and distribution of information, provision of information services, including computer technology, communications, mass media; production of information and communication equipment and software (ICT and PS), creation of information technologies and systems;

3) systems (state, public and commercial organizational structures) that regulate and reproduce the information sphere.
Information resources created by society and constituting part of its information infrastructure are the main source of information consumed by society and its members. Some infrastructure elements can act as information subjects. These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.34 dotted line.
Let us consider in more detail the development trends of each of the components of the information sphere.
A significant increase in the role and place of information in the life of the state, society, and the individual has turned it into a powerful, tangible resource that has become one of the leading factors of social development. The concept of an information resource, although relatively new, found widespread use only in the 80s. of the last century, occupies an increasingly important place in the modern scientific, technical and socio-political vocabulary. Informatization of society not only puts it on a par with other types of economic resources: natural, energy, material, labor, financial, but also gives it a priority. The Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” defines information resources as separate documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems). In this case, under the documented information in this law is meant information recorded on a material carrier (document) with details that allow it to be identified. The need to introduce a category of information resource is caused, on the one hand, by the avalanche-like growth of the volume of documents accumulated by mankind and the degree of their use; on the other, turning them into one of the key factors in the development of modern society.
Speaking about information resources, it should be borne in mind that they represent the knowledge of the people who created them, prepared for social use, recorded on paper, magnetic, optical or other material medium. According to the method of organizing the storage and use of information resources, traditional (an array of documents, a fund of documents, an archive) and automated (database, automated information system, Internet) forms are distinguished. The task of converting resources existing in a traditional form into an automated form using mass technologies is urgent. There are classifications of information resources on other grounds: by topic, by form of ownership, by the availability of information, etc.
Like other types of resources, information resources have owners and owners. They can be citizens, organizations, local government bodies, government bodies. The owner of an information resource (as well as information systems, technologies and means of their support), according to the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information", is an entity that fully exercises the authority to own, use, and dispose of these objects. Unlike the owner, the owner of information resources carries out the possession, use and disposal of them within the limits established by law and the owner. It should be noted two trends in the development of information infrastructure related to information resources. On the one hand, there is an increasing decentralization of information resources (as an object of ownership and possession), on the other hand, there is an obvious desire of government bodies, specialized information centers and organizations to integrate information resources at the level of their ownership and use.
The active involvement of information resources in the economic and other spheres of public life, the growth in the scale of their use led to the allocation of a significant part of them, intended not for internal consumption by their producers (owners), but to meet the information needs of a wide range of external information subjects. Information from information resources is disseminated as a result of the preparation of information products and the provision of information services. Information products (products) are documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and designed to meet these needs through distribution or implementation. Information products can be distributed both in physical and electronic form, for example, over telecommunication networks. The actions of subjects (owners and owners) to provide users with information products, in accordance with the Federal Law "On participation in international information exchange", are information services.
The range of information services is wide enough and is not limited to providing users with the information products they need. Information services also include:
- consulting services (the result is not necessarily documented);
- services for the transfer of information (information product is provided not to the user of the service, but to its addressee);
- Internet access services (information product not defined);
- services for the formation (providing the possibility of creating) personal sites on the provider's server and providing access to them (the information product is created by the user who owns it).
Summarizing these examples, we will call information services the actions of information subjects to ensure the execution of information processes that satisfy the information needs of users.
Analysis of the information sphere allows us to distinguish in it three main types of information subjects carrying out activities for the implementation of information processes:
1) producers of information, information resources, products and services;
2) owners (owners) of information resources and products;
3) consumers of information, information resources, products and services.
In addition, some of the subjects of the information sphere carry out activities in its infrastructure, for example, manufacturers of information systems and technologies, means of their support, as well as the owners of these systems and means.
Among the producers of information resources are:
- bodies of state power and administration of various levels, local self-government bodies that form legal and administrative documents;
- bodies of the state system of statistics, processing colossal flows of socio-economic information;
- information centers of various ministries and departments, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as interdepartmental centers that form information resources and distribute information products of the corresponding profile;
- the cognitive structures of society - scientific and educational organizations, analytical centers, in which new knowledge is formed;
- enterprises and organizations in various fields of activity;
- mass media.
As examples of subjects - producers of information resources, we will indicate the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which forms and distributes the base of legal documents "Etalon", the Institute of Scientific Information in the Field of Social Sciences (INION), the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI).
Consumers of information products and services are state authorities and administrations, local governments, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership and fields of activity, as well as individuals.
A characteristic feature of the informatization of society is the expansion of the information sphere due to the involvement of an increasing number of new subjects in it. Evidence of this process is, for example, the implementation of the concepts of electronic government (e-govemment), electronic business (e-business), electronic commerce (e-marketing), electronic (distance) education (e-education). Informatization also invades unexpected areas: in May 2002, Moscow hosted a media art festival "Software as a work of art, or Art games with software", focused on art that is adequate to the information society. The activity of its participants was aimed at artistic and theoretical comprehension of the new digital reality created by software that controls audio and video sequences, as well as artistic software, which is an artistic product in itself.
The information infrastructure of society, in addition to information resources, also includes the information industry, which has been acquiring since the 80s. last century, an increasing proportion and impact on the economic and social life of society. There are two sectors in the information industry:
1) the sector of production, processing and distribution of information, provision of information services, also called the information technosphere;
2) the sector for the production of information and communication technology and software, the creation of information technology and systems, that is, the sector for the means of production of the information technosphere.
The information technosphere includes:
- computer facilities and informatics, providing the ability to form information resources on the basis of electronic presentation, storage and processing of information;
- means of information and telecommunication systems, providing data transmission via communication channels;
- television and radio broadcasting systems, as well as telephone, telegraph and radio communications;
- a network of wired, fiber-optic, radio relay, satellite and other types of communication channels intended for the dissemination of information in space;
- printing, copying, duplicating and other equipment intended for documenting and replicating information products;
- means for recording and reproducing images and sound (electro-optical devices for displaying information, film and photographic equipment, audio equipment).
The level and development trends of the information technosphere in different countries are assessed using a number of quantitative indicators, both absolute and relative (per 1000 population).
Table 1.7 shows the values of some of these indicators taken from various sources for a number of leading countries of the world and Russia for 19971 (upper number) and for 2001.2 and can give significantly different values of the same indicator.

Analysis of indicators of development of the information technosphere reveals the following trends:
- the development of electronic media leads to the displacement of print media (newspapers);
- there is a rapid growth in the number of home computers, the number of which becomes comparable to the number of computers used in enterprises and organizations;
- in leading countries, the growth in the number of home computers is comparable to or exceeds the growth in the number of televisions;
- the share of citizens covered by satellite and cable television in developed countries is close to 100%; in Russia in 2002 it was only 20%.
In 2003, the rates of development of communications and information technologies significantly exceeded the national average (over 40% and 20%, respectively). The volume of the information technology market in 2003 was 6.9 billion dollars, including the share of sales of hardware is estimated at 64%, services - 25%, software - 11%.
The successful development of the sector of means of production of the information technosphere is evidenced by the fact that the total number of computers exceeded 213 million units in 2003, and the PC density was 9.0 units per 100 people against 8.4 in 2002. Since 2002, one can clearly see not only a significant displacement of Western ones by domestic manufacturers, but also a saturation of demand for computer technology.
The volume of Internet services (without access) grew in 2003 by 25% and amounted to 220 million dollars. The number of Internet users is estimated at 12-14 million people, and the average annual growth in the number of users is at least 40% (in 2001 there were 3 million users). The growth of Internet traffic has exceeded 180%, of which up to 70% are locked inside Russia.
The growth rates of the Russian legal software market remain within the range of 20-40%. In 2004, its volume increased to $ 760 million (in 2002 - $ 500 million).
In 2003, 1.8 million new telephones were installed in Russia. The number of cellular subscribers more than doubled and amounted to 36.4 million people. In 2004, it is planned to increase the number of mobile users in the country to 55-60 million.
According to Moore's rule of thumb, the computing power of a computer doubles every two years. Moreover, each new generation of programs requires twice as much resources. Another rule of thumb indicates that a doubling of the bandwidth of communication channels occurs every 10-13 months. Some researchers conclude from this that the world loves chatting more than thinking.
State, public and commercial organizations that regulate and reproduce the information sphere constitute another block of the information infrastructure of society. This block can be distinguished:
- government and administrative bodies pursuing a policy aimed at developing the information sphere of society by creating favorable conditions for the activities of information subjects, as well as legal regulation of relations in the information sphere;
- research, design, development organizations conducting theoretical and experimental research to determine the effective structure and main directions of development of the information industry, the creation of new tools for the implementation of information processes and the development of promising information and communication technologies (ICT) based on them;
- educational institutions that train and improve the qualifications of personnel for the information industry, as well as train a wide range of citizens in the effective use of modern ICT in order to ensure their successful adaptation to the new realities of modern life;
- organizations involved in the distribution, wholesale and retail trade of ICT devices.
The importance of the informatization process as a key development factor was realized by the authorities of the leading countries of the world.
In 1993, the US government announced plans for the development of a national information infrastructure as the technological foundation of the information society. In a specially prepared report, the main principles of the formation of the information society were listed, including:
- providing universal interactive access;
- providing access to state information;
- protection of privacy, security and reliability of networks;
- protection of intellectual property rights;
- coordination of government efforts, encouragement of private investment and assistance in technological innovation.
In accordance with this report, the United States set a course for the construction of an information superhighway, defined as the totality of all technologies associated with the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information, including television, computer networks, satellite broadcasting, mobile communications, and online service technologies.
A strategy has been developed and recommendations for entering the information society and European countries are being implemented. In July 1994, the European Commission of the European Community adopted the action plan "The European Way to the Information Society". In 1995, the European Commission established a Forum to discuss common issues in the emerging information society. The purpose of the Forum is to track this process in areas such as the impact on the economy and employment; the creation of new social and democratic values in the "virtual community"; impact on public and government services; education, training and retraining; culture and media, sustainable development; technology and infrastructure. In 1998-2002. the efforts of the European Union (641 projects) were concentrated in a special program "Information Society Technologies", which will be continued in 2002-2006. The following areas of research were identified as the main ones:
- systems and services for citizens;
- new working methods and e-commerce;
- multimedia content and tools;
- technologies and public infrastructure;
- promising and emerging technologies.
Almost every country in Europe also has a program setting out a national policy in building an information society, failure to comply with which entails a loss of the country's competitiveness, a relative decline in living standards, and a loss in development.
In July 2000, the G8 of the world's most industrialized countries adopted the Charter for the Global Information Society, which was called the Okinawa Charter (after the Japanese city where it was adopted). In the initial paragraphs of the Charter, the following basic provisions are fixed, which will be applied by these countries in the process of formation and development of the information society:
1. The revolutionary impact of IT, which is one of the most important factors in the formation of society in the 21st century, concerns the way of life of people, their education and work, as well as the interaction of government and civil society. And CTs are becoming a vital driver of the global economy.
2. The essence of IT-driven economic and social transformation lies in its ability to help people and society use knowledge and ideas. In order for people to use their potential more widely, the leaders of the G8 countries will take measures to ensure that ICTs serve to achieve the goals of ensuring sustainable economic growth, increasing social welfare, promoting social harmony, strengthening democracy, transparent and responsible governance, international peace and stability.
3. All people everywhere must be able to reap the benefits of the global information society. Its sustainability is based on democratic values that stimulate human development, including the free exchange of information and knowledge.
4. Government efforts will focus on strengthening policies and regulations that foster competition and innovation, streamline global networks, tackle network-undermining abuse, narrow the digital divide, invest in people, and ensure global access and participation.
5. The Charter is primarily a call to all, in the public and private sectors, to bridge the international information and knowledge divide. A solid ICT policy and action framework can transform how countries interact to promote social and economic progress around the world.
The digitalization section of the Charter highlights the need to realize the full economic, social and cultural benefits of the information society and highlights key areas of work, including:
- conducting economic and structural reforms in order to create an environment of openness, efficiency, competition and the use of innovations, complemented by measures to adapt to labor markets, develop human resources, and ensure social cohesion;
- sound management of macroeconomics, contributing to more accurate planning on the part of the business community and consumers, and taking advantage of new information technologies;
- development of information networks that provide fast, reliable, secure and cost-effective access through competitive market conditions and appropriate innovations;
- developing human resources capable of meeting the demands of the information age through education and lifelong learning and meeting the growing demand for ICT specialists in many sectors of the economy;
- the active use of ICT in the public sector and the promotion of the provision of real-time services necessary to increase the level of accessibility of power for all citizens.
It is also noted that it is up to governments to create predictable, transparent and non-discriminatory policies and regulatory frameworks necessary for the information society, in accordance with the following core principles and approaches:
- promoting competition and opening markets for information and communication technologies, products and services;
- protection of intellectual property rights to information technology;
- the obligation of governments to use only licensed software;
- development of cross-border e-commerce by promoting further liberalization, improving networks, related services and procedures; increasing consumer confidence in electronic markets;
- promoting market standards, including technical standards for interoperability;
- development of an effective and meaningful privacy protection mechanism when processing personal data; further development and effective functioning of electronic identification, electronic signature and other means of ensuring the security and reliability of transactions.
The importance of concerted action to create a safe and crime-free cyberspace, the need to find effective political solutions to such pressing problems as unauthorized access and computer viruses is emphasized.
The second section of the Charter is devoted to the important issue of bridging the digital divide within and between states. To ensure universal access to information and communication networks, it is proposed:
- to promote the establishment of favorable market conditions necessary for the provision of information services to the population;
- ensure the possibility of access through institutions open to the general public;
- improve network access, especially in underdeveloped urban, rural and remote areas;
- pay special attention to the needs and capabilities of people with less social protection;
- Promote the further development of “user-friendly” technologies, including mobile Internet access, increased use of free publicly available content and software open to all users, while respecting intellectual property rights.
It is stated that the strategy for the development of the information society must be accompanied by the development of human resources, for which the G8 is committed to providing all citizens with the opportunity to learn and acquire skills in working with ICT through education, lifelong learning and training.
The two final sections are devoted to the issues of effective international cooperation between states, including developing, international public and commercial organizations in order to actively form a global information society.
Naturally, the process of informatization of various objects proceeds differently. Thus, the transition of different countries and regions to the information society began at different times and occurs at different rates. The United States is expected to complete this transition by 2020, Japan and Western European countries by 2030-2040, and Russia by 2050.
One of the main mechanisms for the transition of our country to the information society is to become the program "Electronic Russia" for 2002-2010, the implementation of which will allow:
- effectively use the intellectual and human potential of Russia in the field of ICT;
- to ensure the harmonious entry of Russia into the world economy on the basis of cooperation and information openness;
- to overcome the gap between Russia and developed countries in the level of use and development of ICT;
- to ensure the equal entry of Russian citizens into the global information community on the basis of respect for human rights, including the right to freely search, receive, transfer, produce and disseminate information, as well as the right to ensure the confidentiality of any information protected by law in information systems.
To achieve the goals of the program, it is envisaged to solve the following tasks:
- formation of an effective regulatory legal framework in the field of ICT, regulating, among other things, the issues of ensuring information security and the implementation of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
- increasing the efficiency of interaction between public authorities and local self-government bodies both among themselves and with business entities and citizens through the use of modern ICT;
- providing conditions for increasing the efficiency and wider use of ICT in the economic and social sphere;
- increasing the level of training and retraining of personnel by improving education based on ICT;
- promoting the development of independent mass media by stimulating the introduction of ICT in their activities;
- assistance in the development of telecommunications infrastructure and opportunities for connecting to open information systems for citizens and business entities, as well as a significant increase in the quality of services provided in this area;
- formation of a unified information and telecommunications infrastructure necessary to improve the work of state and local authorities, enterprises and other organizations;
- the formation of conditions necessary for the widespread use of e-commerce mechanisms in the commodity markets of Russia, contributing to the acceleration of the promotion of goods (services), maintaining stable reproduction, meeting the needs of consumers and increasing the efficiency of managing the supply of products for federal state needs.

Information is called information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation. Data is a convenient form of presentation of information, and information is the useful content of data. The data type determines not only the ways of presenting information for its storage, transmission and processing, but also the set of operations that can be performed with this data.
Working with large datasets is easier to automate if the data items are arranged in the dataset according to some rules, forming a given data structure.
The main properties (quality indicators) of information are its value, usefulness, comprehensibility and accessibility.
Information manifests itself in information processes. The most common informational processes are registration, distribution and use of information. The varieties of the systemic organization of the implementation of information processes are information technologies and information systems. Information technology is a systemically organized set of methods and ways of implementing information processes based on a certain class of tools. An automated information system is an interconnected set of information, automated information technologies, as well as software and hardware tools and specialists that ensure their implementation, designed for the effective implementation of a set of works required in the activities of an AIS user.
For successful information interaction between a person and a computer, it is necessary to be able to encode all types of information: text, graphic, audio and video information.
The basis for representing information in modern computers and other digital devices is a binary code consisting of two characters: 0 and 1.
Algorithmic processing of information in an information system can be modeled using nested abstract machines interacting with the user. Any algorithm can be represented using three basic structures of structured programming: follow, branch, and loop-bye.
In the history of the development of civilization, six information revolutions are distinguished, which consisted in a radical change in the means and methods of storing information, as well as the amount of information available to the active part of the population. The sixth information revolution, which is currently taking place, is caused by the formation and development of global information and communication networks, covering all countries, penetrating into every home, for every workplace, causing fundamental changes in the organization of production, trade and other professional activities.
The sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs is called the information sphere. It includes entities that carry out activities for the implementation of information processes, streams of generated and consumed information, information infrastructure, including information resources of society, information industry and systems of regulation and reproduction of the information sphere.

Control questions

1. What characterizes the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic aspects of information?
2. What is the difference between information and data?
3. Name the three main types of data structures and explain the corresponding addressing methods.
4. What is the information process?
5. How is text information represented in binary code?
6. How is graphic information represented in binary code?
7. What is an algorithm and what are its main properties?
8. What is an abstract machine and what is its interaction with the user?
9. Describe the basic basic constructs of structured programming.
10. What are the main features of each of the information revolutions.
11. What is the information sphere and what is its composition?
12. What are information services and what are their main types?
13. Explain the content of each of the general information processes using the underlying processes included in them.
14. What is information technology and what aspects is it characterized by?
15. What are the main trends in the development of automated information technology?
16. Describe the generalized architecture of the AIS.
17. What types of AIS stand out when using different classification signs?

Literature

1. Aladiev V.Z., Khunt Yu.Ya., Shishakov M.L. Fundamentals of Informatics. M .: Filin, 1998. S. 11-51.
2. Informatics / Ed. N.V. Makarova. Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2002. S. 13-118.
3. Informatics in terms and definitions of Russian legislation / Ed. V.A. Nikitova. M .: Slavic Dialogue, 2000.S. 96-108.
4. Colin K.K. Fundamentals of Informatics: Social Informatics. M .: Academic project; Yekaterinburg: Business book, 2000.S. 12-35, 41-69, 95-213.
5. Castells M. Information age: economy, society and culture. M .: GU HSE, 2000.S. 25-80.
Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. M .: Legal literature; Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, 1995. S. 1213-1225.

When defining the concept of "information sphere", it should be borne in mind that at present there is no such well-established single legal concept. If we consider the concept of "information sphere" (environment), which in the legislation means "the sphere of activities of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information" (Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange"), then it is, in our opinion is too general.

In addition, in the Law, for example, there is no sign of storing information, called one of the main ones for a document; instead of the signs specified in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Art. 29, p. 4), others are proposed: instead of "production" - "creation and transformation", instead of "search, receipt, transfer, distribution" - "consumption", although these signs are not of the same order. Below is the definition given in relation to objects and their main characteristics.

The information sphere is an environment for the circulation of information (production - distribution - consumption), in which subjects realize their needs and capabilities in relation to information.

The main objects of the information sphere are:

1. Information, including information resources - arrays of documents, databases and data banks, all types of archives, libraries, museum funds, etc., containing data, information and

knowledge recorded on the relevant media.

2. Information infrastructure, which includes a set of information systems:

a) organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere, in particular, the collection, processing, storage, distribution, search and transmission of information.

b) information and telecommunication structures - geographically distributed state and corporate computer networks, telecommunication networks and systems of special purpose and general use, networks and data transmission channels, means of switching and managing information flows;

c) information, computer and telecommunication technologies;

d) mass media systems.

The structure of social relations and legal relations derived from them should be determined based on the standard cycle of information circulation, which can be represented in the form of the simplest formula: production - distribution - consumption - production, and the main powers of subjects in the information sphere, established, first of all, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freely seek, receive, transmit,

to produce, distribute information, and also have the right to privacy, secrecy and protection from so-called "harmful information".

In this case, it is necessary to take into account three main cases of the transition of social relations into legal relations: 1) at the will of the subject, 2) in addition to the will and desire of the subject, 3) regulated by morality, customs, customs, ethical norms, where law is only

guarantees freedom of behavior. For the effective regulation of social relations by the norms of law, one should take into account the objective laws operating both in the information sphere as a whole and in its individual areas, which can be distinguished on the basis of the general laws of the development of nature, society, thinking in relation to the information sphere.

Objective laws of the development of the information sphere and information relations

The general laws for the information sphere can be attributed to the objective law of organization and limitation of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher the level of regulation and restrictions should be. In the conditions of the multiply increasing volume of consumed information, the formation of an information society, in the absence of a civil society, the responsibility for the social regulation of these processes lies primarily with the state. This provision is reflected in the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation, where the conclusion is made: "improving the legal mechanisms for regulating public relations arising in the information sphere is a priority direction of the state policy in the field of ensuring information security of the Russian Federation."

Another objective law of the development of the information sphere, which is reflected in the transition period to the information society, is the law of information advance: the solution of the problems of information interaction should be ahead of time every next step in other spheres of social activity, which makes it possible to more fully coordinate reforms, create favorable conditions for the functioning of markets for goods, services, capital and labor, to ensure the equal right to acquire ownership of property, to own, use and dispose of it, to pursue a coordinated policy in various areas. A single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in different social spheres. This also implies the opposite - failure to solve the problems of information interaction or a delay here will necessarily lead to a serious lag in other spheres of social activity, which is happening today. This appears to be part of the G8 leadership's call in the Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society (2000) to bridge the international information and knowledge divide, and also prompts the conclusion that “a solid IT policy and action framework can change the way our interaction to promote social and economic progress around the world. "

The general laws of information interaction should include a group of laws concerning the organization and operation of complex systems, which he discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. A. A. Bogdanov in his "Tectology" -. The essence of these laws (laws of additivity, (from Latin addere - add) is that the total potential of the system

is determined by the nature of the interaction of its subsystems. So, if the subsystems are indifferent (indifferent) to each other, then the total potential of the system is equivalent to the potential of one of the subsystems. If the subsystems are in a state of war with each one, then the potential of the system is less than the potential

the weakest of the subsystems.

And if the interaction of all subsystems is purposeful, then the potential of the system is much greater than the sum of the potentials of all subsystems. This is the law of superadditivity, when the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

In the field of information production, there is an objective law of incomplete use of information, including when making decisions in management activities, which is determined both by the paradox of information redundancy and by the inability (dishonesty) of subjects to use it fully. The current legislation in this area distinguishes "production", "creation", "transformation" of information. Legal regulation is present here in the form of regulatory norms that contribute to the creation of organizational and economic prerequisites for the development and improvement of information production; in the form of guarantees of freedom of creativity, behavior, education, etc .; in the form of protection and protection of rights to objects of intellectual property, as well as in the form of prohibitions on the production of "harmful" information.

In the field of information dissemination, there is an objective law of information distortion as it moves, which is associated with the different ability and readiness of subjects to perceive it. Legislators are united here, highlighting only the "dissemination" of information. At the same time, relations related to the transfer of information, which is enshrined in Art. 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and also refers to the dissemination of information, have not been properly reflected in the legislation. By the method of distribution, direct and indirect distribution can be distinguished.

With direct distribution, the creator of an information product directly affects the consumer (communication itself, transmission of ideas in the educational and educational environment, (lectures, conferences, seminars, rallies, theatrical performances and other cultural events). Legal regulation here provides for the establishment of bans on the distribution of confidential and " harmful "information, including false information and libel, and responsibility for this, as well as legal protection and protection of copyright and related rights.

Rice. 1. The information sphere as an object of the right of IBOD - information without restriction of access, IOD - information with limited access, OIP - intellectual property, VRI - harmful information, ODI - publicly available information

In the case of indirect distribution between the creator of information and the consumer, there is an intermediary - a means of fixing and transmitting information, the presence of which predetermines the mass character of such information relations. With the historical development of the means and technologies for the dissemination of information, the mass character of information exchange and the importance of information in society grew, which predetermined a high degree of legal regulation in this area, including the protection and protection of the rights to the integrity and confidentiality of disseminated information, to intellectual property, information systems to protect against the spread of "harmful information".

In the field of information consumption, there is an objective law of compulsory alienation and socialization of information, which is associated with both the unwillingness of subjects to voluntarily give their information, and the need to socialize information in the interests of realizing the information rights of citizens, building an information society and preserving and developing a single information space of the country. In the current legislation in this area, a number of concepts are distinguished: "consumption", "search", "collection", "receipt", "accumulation", "storage". Legal regulation should provide here for the protection and protection of rights to access information, rights to privacy, secrecy and intellectual property, rights to protection from the impact of "harmful" information, rights to information systems and the interests of the state to preserve a single information space country.

"Some authors propose to consider other components as part of the information sphere: the market of information technologies, communications, informatization and telecommunications, information products and services; a system of interaction between the information space of Russia and the world's open networks; a system for ensuring information protection (security); a system of information In our opinion, one cannot agree with this approach, since the listed components are rather qualitative characteristics, conditions, signs, in the presence of which a set of system objects forms a single information space.

2 The implementation of this provision presupposes: an assessment of the state and effectiveness of the application of existing

legislative and other normative legal acts in the information sphere and the development of a program for their

improvement; creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for providing information

security; determination of the legal status of all subjects of relations in the information sphere, including

users of information and telecommunication systems, and establishing their responsibility for

compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area; creation of a collection and analysis system

data on the sources of threats to the information security of the Russian Federation, as well as on the consequences

their implementation; development of normative legal acts that determine the organization of the investigation and

the procedure for litigation on the facts of illegal actions in the information sphere, and

also the procedure for eliminating the consequences of these illegal actions; formulation development

offenses, taking into account the specifics of criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary

responsibility and the inclusion of relevant legal norms in criminal, civil,

administrative and labor codes, into the legislation of the Russian Federation on state

service. 3 Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. (General organizational science). In 2 books. M, 1989. S. 304, 351; Bodyakin V.

I. Where are you going, Human? Foundations of Evolutionology (Information Approach). M., 1998.S. 332.

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abstract

The concept and structure of the information sphere

Introduction

In the presented work, the author studied the legislation containing the concept of the information sphere, as well as other sources. The current legislation of the Russian Federation does not contain the concept of the information sphere, but it is contained in the works of scientists such as I.L. Bachilo, V.A. Kopylova, M.M. Rassolova, S.E. Channova. The information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting public relations.

The objective laws of the development of the information sphere have also been studied.

In addition to the above, the presented work studied the elements that make up the structure of the information sphere. The elements of the information sphere are information and information infrastructure (organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere; information and telecommunication structures; information, computer and telecommunication technologies; media systems).

The purpose of the research given in this abstract is to analyze materials in the field of information law, in terms of defining the concept of the information sphere and the elements that make up its structure.

Achievement of this goal predetermined the formulation and resolution of the following tasks:

Analyze the definition of the concept of the information sphere, found in legislation and other sources;

Consider the laws of development of the information sphere;

Determine the structural elements of the information sphere.

1. The concept of the information sphereand the objective laws of its development

information legislation legal

When defining the concept of "information sphere", it should be borne in mind that currently there is no such well-established single legal concept. Earlier in the legislation, the concept of "information sphere" (environment) was enshrined in the Federal Law "On participation in international information exchange" dated 04.07.1996 No. 85-FZ (Federal Law "On information, information technologies and the protection of information" dated 27.07.2006 No. 149 -FZ the named law was declared invalid). The concept of the information sphere was understood as "the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information." The current legislation does not contain the concept of "information sphere" at all.

There are many scientific approaches to the interpretation of this definition. Below are some of them.

The information sphere is a finite volume of meaningful information space.

Information sphere (environment) - the sphere of activities of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information.

Information sphere - a set of information resources, systems for the formation, distribution and use of information, information infrastructure.

Information sphere is a specific sphere of activity of subjects of public life associated with the creation, storage, distribution, transmission, processing and use of information.

Information sphere - a set of subjects of information interaction or influence; information itself intended for use by subjects of the information sphere; information infrastructure that provides the ability to exchange information between entities; social relations that develop in connection with the formation, transmission, distribution and storage of information, the exchange of information within society.

Information sphere is a set of relations arising from:

Formation and use of information resources based on the creation, collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search, distribution and provision of documented information to the consumer;

Creation and use of information technologies and means of their support;

Protection of information, the rights of subjects involved in information processes and informatization.

As a sphere of legal regulation, the information sphere is a set of subjects of law carrying out information activities, objects of law in relation to which or in connection with which this activity is carried out, and social relations regulated by law or subject to legal regulation.

Separately taken infospheres, immersed in the global information space, can interact both with the information space itself and with other information spheres. Two or more infospheres can enter into communication with each other, provided there is a common protocol for the exchange of information, a code or a language that is understandable to both participants in the communication act.

Information policy considers primarily the informational and psychological component of information processes. Accordingly, the informational and psychological component of the information space, the informational and psychological sphere, is of the greatest importance for information policy.

The information and psychological sphere is a part of the information sphere, which is associated with the effects of information on the mental activity of a person.

It is formed by a combination of: people; information that they exchange and perceive; social relations arising in connection with information exchange and informational influences on the human psyche.

With regard to social systems, the information sphere is often understood precisely as the information and psychological sphere.

People are an important part of this area. The mental activity of people forms the basis for the development of all spheres of social life, determines the intellectual potential of society, its ability to develop, a worthy existence in the world community. On the basis of this activity, culture, public consciousness, public opinion on all socially important events are formed. Mental activity, based on the collection, processing, storage, transmission and dissemination of information, determines the personality of a person, his spiritual needs, motivation for behavior, moral values, worldview, attitude towards others and society as a whole.

Based on the material presented above, the content of the information sphere is more fully disclosed in the following definition. The information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting public relations.

Objective laws of development of the information sphere.

The general laws for the information sphere can be attributed to the objective law of organization and limitation of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher the level of regulation and restrictions should be. In the conditions of the multiply increasing volume of consumed information, the formation of an information society, in the absence of a civil society, the responsibility for the social regulation of these processes lies primarily with the state. This provision is reflected in the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation, where the conclusion is drawn: "improving the legal mechanisms for regulating public relations arising in the information sphere is a priority direction of the state policy in the field of ensuring information security of the Russian Federation."

Another objective law of the development of the information sphere, which is reflected in the transition period to the information society, is the law of information advance: the solution of the problems of information interaction should be ahead of time every next step in other spheres of social activity, which makes it possible to more fully coordinate reforms, create favorable conditions for the functioning of markets for goods, services, capital and labor, to ensure the equal right to acquire ownership of property, to own, use and dispose of it, to pursue a coordinated policy in various areas. A single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in different social spheres. This also implies the opposite - failure to solve the problems of information interaction or a delay here will necessarily lead to a serious lag in other spheres of social activity, which is happening today. This appears to have prompted the G8 leaders' call in the Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society (2000) to bridge the international information and knowledge divide, as well as the conclusion that “a solid information technology policy and action framework can change methods of our interaction to promote social and economic progress around the world. "

2. The structure of the information sphere

The mainobjectinformation sphere isis andinformation, including information resources - arrays of documents, databases and data banks, all types of archives, libraries, museum funds, etc., containing data, information and knowledge recorded on the relevant media.

Information (from lat. Informatio- "explanation, presentation, awareness") - information about something, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Currently, there is no single definition of information as a scientific term. From the point of view of various fields of knowledge, this concept is described by its specific set of features. The concept of "information" is basic in the course of computer science, where it is impossible to define it through other, more "simple" concepts. The content of the basic, basic concepts in any science should be explained by examples or revealed by comparing them with the content of other concepts. In the case of the concept of "information", the problem of its definition is even more complicated, since it is a general scientific concept. This concept is used in various sciences (informatics, cybernetics, biology, physics, etc.), while in each science the concept of "information" is associated with different systems of concepts.

Properties of information: memorability; transferability; convertibility; reproducibility; abrasion.

Memorability of information is its most important property. It is with memorized information that we are dealing with in real practice. Unrecorded information (from a legal point of view - unrecorded) cannot be transformed, transmitted, reproduced, stored, etc. Transferability of information assumes the ability of information to be copied, i.e. to the fact that it can be "remembered" and at the same time remains identical with itself. Obviously, the amount of information should not increase when copying. Reproducibility of information is an extension of the transferability property. It characterizes the inexhaustibility and inexhaustibility of information, i.e. when copied, the information remains identical to itself. Due to this property, you can make an unlimited number of copies of the same information. Convertibility of information is one of its main properties. It means that information can change the way and form of its existence. Copyability is a kind of information transformation in which its quantity does not change. In the general case, the amount of information in the transformation processes changes, but cannot increase. Erasability of information is an extension of the convertibility property. It is associated with such a transformation or transmission of information, in which its amount decreases or becomes equal to zero.

The characteristics of information include reliability, sufficiency, value, accuracy, availability, timeliness, reliability, sustainability.

Credibility. Information is reliable if it reflects real-life objects with the required accuracy. Inaccurate information can lead to misunderstandings or decisions. Reliable information can become unreliable, as it has the property of becoming outdated.

Adequacy. Information is complete if it contains a minimal set of information, but sufficient for a correct decision. Incomplete and redundant information reduces the effectiveness of decisions made by the information receiver.

Value. It is determined by the degree of preservation of the relevance of information for solving the problem, as well as on whether it will find further application in any types of human activity. Accuracy. It is determined by the degree of its proximity to the real state of an object, process, phenomenon.

Availability. Determines the correspondence of information to the thesaurus of the user, as well as his ability to perceive information with the aim of further transformation.

Timeliness. Determines the arrival of information no later than a predetermined moment in time, coordinated with the time of solving the problem.

Reliability. Using this characteristic, it is possible to determine the presence of messages erroneously transmitted to the receiver of information.

Stability. Reflects the ability to react to changes in the original data without violating the required accuracy. However, these characteristics evaluate information primarily from a technical point of view.

The next object of the information sphere is andinformation infrastructure, which includes a set of information systems:

c) information, computer and telecommunication technologies;

d) mass media systems.

Some authors propose to consider other components as part of the information sphere: the system of interaction of the information space of Russia with the world's open networks; information protection (security) system; system of information legislation. One cannot agree with this approach, since the listed components are rather qualitative characteristics, conditions, signs, in the presence of which a set of system objects forms a single information space.

The implementation of this provision presupposes: an assessment of the state and effectiveness of the application of existing legislative and other normative legal acts in the information sphere and the development of a program for their improvement; creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring information security; determination of the legal status of all subjects of relations in the information sphere, including users of information and telecommunication systems, and establishment of their responsibility for compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area; creation of a system for collecting and analyzing data on the sources of threats to the information security of the Russian Federation, as well as on the consequences of their implementation; the development of normative legal acts that determine the organization of the investigation and the procedure for judicial proceedings on the facts of illegal actions in the information sphere, as well as the procedure for eliminating the consequences of these illegal actions; development of offenses, taking into account the specifics of criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary liability and the inclusion of relevant legal norms in the criminal, civil, administrative and labor codes, in the legislation of the Russian Federation on public service.

Conclusion

In the modern world, the importance of the information sphere is great, because the latter is a system-forming factor in the life of society, which actively influences the state of economic, political, defense and other components of national security.

Based on the results of the analysis carried out in this work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting social relations.

Objective laws of information developmentspheres:

The law of organization and limitation of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher the level of regulation and restrictions should be;

The law of information advance: a single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in different social spheres.

Elements of the information sphere are:

1. information;

2. information infrastructure, including a set of information systems (organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere; information and telecommunication structures; information, computer and telecommunication technologies; media systems).

List of sources used

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (as amended) // GARANT System: [Electronic resource] / NPP Garant-Service. - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

2. Federal Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ // GARANT System: [Electronic resource] / NPP "Garant-Service". - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

3. Federal Law "On participation in international information exchange" dated 04.07.1996 №85-ФЗ (invalidated) // GARANT System: [Electronic resource] / NPP "Garant-Service". - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

4. Artamonov G.T. Basic provisions of the Concept of development of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of information and informatization // Inform. resources of Russia. - 1999. - No. 6.

5. Bachilo I.L. Information law: role and place in the system of law // State and law. 2001 No. 2.

6. Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. (General organizational science). In 2 books. M, 1989.

7. Ilgova E.V. On the right to access information // Legal policy and legal life. - M., Saratov, 2007, No. 2.

8. Information law. Bachilo I.L., Lopatin V.N., Fedotov M.A. Saint Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2001.

9. Kopylov V.A. Information law: Textbook. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. / V.A. Kopylov. - M .: Jurist, 2004.

10. Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society from 22.7.00 // Diplomatic Bulletin. No. 8, 2000.

11. Rassolov M.M. Information law: Textbook. allowance. M., 1999.

12. Channov S.E. Information law of Russia: Textbook for colleges. - M: "Prior-Publishing", 2004.

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Information sphere as a sphere of legal regulation information is an object of legal regulation. Summary: The information sphere as the sphere of information circulation and the sphere of legal regulation

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