Information sphere. Information sphere of society

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abstract

The concept and structure of the information sphere

Introduction

In the presented work, the author studied the legislation containing the concept of the information sphere, as well as other sources. The current legislation of the Russian Federation does not contain the concept of the information sphere, but it is contained in the works of scientists such as I.L. Bachilo, V.A. Kopylova, M.M. Rassolova, S.E. Channova. The information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting social relations.

The objective laws of the development of the information sphere are also studied.

In addition to the above, in the presented work, the elements included in the structure of the information sphere were studied. The elements of the information sphere are information and information infrastructure (organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere; information and telecommunication structures; information, computer and telecommunication technologies; mass media systems).

The purpose of the study presented in this abstract is the analysis of materials in the field of information law, in terms of defining the concept of the information sphere and the elements included in its structure.

Achieving this goal predetermined the formulation and resolution of the following tasks:

Analyze the definition of the concept of the information sphere, found in legislation and other sources;

Consider the laws of development of the information sphere;

Determine the structural elements of the information sphere.

1. The concept of the information sphereand objective laws of its development

information legislation legal

When defining the concept of "information sphere", it should be taken into account that at present there is no such well-established unified legal concept. Earlier in the legislation, the concept of "information sphere" (environment) was enshrined in the Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange" dated July 4, 1996 No. 85-FZ (FZ "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 No. 149 -FZ said law was declared invalid). The concept of the information sphere was understood as "the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information." In the current legislation, there is no concept of "information sphere" at all.

There are many scientific approaches to the interpretation of this definition. Below are some of them.

The information sphere is the finite volume of a meaningful information space.

Information sphere (environment) - the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information.

Information sphere - a set of information resources, systems for the formation, dissemination and use of information, information infrastructure.

The information sphere is a specific area of activity of subjects of public life associated with the creation, storage, distribution, transfer, processing and use of information.

Information sphere - a set of subjects of information interaction or impact; the actual information intended for use by the subjects of the information sphere; information infrastructure that provides the possibility of exchanging information between subjects; public relations that develop in connection with the formation, transmission, dissemination and storage of information, the exchange of information within society.

The information sphere is a set of relations that arise when:

Formation and use of information resources based on the creation, collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search, distribution and provision of documented information to the consumer;

Creation and use of information technologies and means of their support;

Protection of information, rights of subjects involved in information processes and informatization.

As a sphere of legal regulation, the information sphere is a set of subjects of law engaged in information activities, objects of law in relation to which or in connection with which this activity is carried out, and social relations regulated by law or subject to legal regulation.

Separately taken infospheres, immersed in the global information space, can interact both with the information space itself and with other information spheres. Two or more infospheres can communicate with each other provided there is a common information exchange protocol, code or language that is understandable to both participants in the communication act.

Information policy considers mainly the information and psychological component of information processes. Accordingly, for information policy, the information-psychological component of the information space, the information-psychological sphere, is of the greatest importance.

The information-psychological sphere is a part of the information sphere, which is associated with the impact of information on the mental activity of a person.

It is formed by a combination of: people; the information they exchange and perceive; public relations arising in connection with information exchange and information impacts on the human psyche.

In relation to social systems, the information sphere is often understood as the information-psychological sphere.

People are an important part of this sphere. The mental activity of people forms the basis for the development of all spheres of public life, determines the intellectual potential of society, its ability to develop, worthy of existence in the world community. On the basis of this activity, culture, public consciousness, public opinion on all socially important events are formed. Mental activity, based on the collection, processing, storage, transmission and dissemination of information, determines the personal identity of a person, his spiritual needs, motivation for behavior, moral values, worldview, attitude towards others and society as a whole.

Based on the material presented above, the content of the information sphere is more fully disclosed in the following definition. The information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting social relations.

Objective laws of development of the information sphere.

The general laws for the information sphere include the objective law of the organization and limitations of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher should be the level of regulation and restrictions. In the conditions of a multiply increasing volume of information consumed, the formation of an information society, in the absence of a civil society, the responsibility for the social regulation of these processes lies primarily with the state. This provision is reflected in the Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, which concludes: "Improving the legal mechanisms for regulating public relations arising in the information sphere is a priority direction of state policy in the field of information security of the Russian Federation."

Another objective law of the development of the information sphere, which is also reflected in the transition period to the information society, is the law of information advance: the solution of the problems of information interaction should be ahead of each next step in other areas of social activity, which makes it possible to more fully coordinate reforms, create favorable conditions for the functioning of markets for goods, services, capital and labor, to ensure an equal right to acquire ownership of property, to own, use and dispose of it, to pursue a coordinated policy in various areas. A single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in various social spheres. The reverse also follows from this - failure to solve the problems of information interaction or delay here will necessarily lead to a serious lag in other areas of social activity, which is happening today. Apparently, this is also the reason for the call of the leaders of the G8 in the Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society (2000) to close the international gap in the field of information and knowledge, as well as the conclusion that “a solid foundation of policy and action in the field of information technology can change methods of our interaction to promote social and economic progress throughout the world.

2. The structure of the information sphere

Mainobjectinformation sphere isetsya Andinformation, including information resources - arrays of documents, databases and data banks, all types of archives, libraries, museum collections, etc., containing data, information and knowledge recorded on the appropriate media.

Information (from lat. information- “clarification, presentation, awareness”) - information about something, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Currently, there is no single definition of information as a scientific term. From the point of view of various fields of knowledge, this concept is described by its specific set of features. The concept of "information" is basic in the course of computer science, where it is impossible to define it through other, more "simple" concepts. The content of the basic, basic concepts in any science must be explained by examples or identified by comparing them with the content of other concepts. In the case of the concept of "information", the problem of its definition is even more complicated, since it is a general scientific concept. This concept is used in various sciences (informatics, cybernetics, biology, physics, etc.), while in each science the concept of "information" is associated with different systems of concepts.

Information properties: memorability; transferability; convertibility; reproducibility; abrasion.

Memorability of information is its most important property. It is with memorized information that we deal in real practice. Unremembered information (from a legal point of view - unrecorded) cannot be transformed, transferred, reproduced, stored, etc. Transferability of information implies the ability of information to be copied, i.e. to the fact that it can be "remembered" and at the same time remain identical to itself. Obviously, the amount of information should not increase when copying. Reproducibility of information is an extension of the transmissibility property. It characterizes the inexhaustibility and inexhaustibility of information, i.e. when copied, the information remains identical to itself. Due to this property, you can make an unlimited number of copies of the same information. Transformability of information is one of its main properties. It means that information can change the way and form of its existence. Copyability is a kind of information transformation in which its quantity does not change. In the general case, the amount of information in the transformation processes changes, but cannot increase. Erasure of information is an extension of the transformability property. It is associated with such a transformation or transmission of information, in which its amount decreases or becomes equal to zero.

The characteristics of information include reliability, sufficiency, value, accuracy, availability, timeliness, reliability, stability.

Reliability. Information is reliable if it reflects real-life objects with the required accuracy. Incorrect information can lead to misunderstanding or decision making. Reliable information can become unreliable, as it has the property of becoming obsolete.

Adequacy. Information is complete if it contains a minimum but sufficient set of information for a correct decision. Incomplete and redundant information reduces the effectiveness of decisions made by the information receiver.

Value. It is determined by the degree of preservation of the relevance of information for solving the problem, as well as on whether it will find further application in any types of human activity. Accuracy. It is determined by the degree of its proximity to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon.

Availability. Determines the correspondence of information to the user's thesaurus, as well as its ability to perceive information for the purpose of further transformation.

Timeliness. Determines the receipt of information no later than a predetermined point in time, consistent with the time of solving the problem.

Reliability. Using this characteristic, it is possible to determine the presence of messages erroneously transmitted to the receiver of information.

Sustainability. Reflects the ability to respond to changes in the source data without violating the required accuracy. However, these characteristics evaluate information primarily from a technical point of view.

The next object of the information sphere is Andinformation infrastructure, which includes a set of information systems:

a) organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere, in particular, the collection, processing, storage, dissemination, search and transmission of information.

b) information and telecommunication structures - geographically distributed state and corporate computer networks, telecommunication networks and systems for special purposes and general use, networks and data transmission channels, means of switching and managing information flows;

c) information, computer and telecommunication technologies;

d) media systems.

Some authors propose to consider other components as part of the information sphere: the system of interaction between the information space of Russia and the world's open networks; information protection (security) system; information law system. One cannot agree with this approach, since the listed components are rather qualitative characteristics, conditions, signs, in the presence of which the totality of system objects forms a single information space.

The implementation of this provision involves: assessing the status and effectiveness of the application of existing legislative and other regulatory legal acts in the information sphere and developing a program for their improvement; creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring information security; determining the legal status of all subjects of relations in the information sphere, including users of information and telecommunication systems, and establishing their responsibility for compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area; creation of a system for collecting and analyzing data on the sources of threats to the information security of the Russian Federation, as well as on the consequences of their implementation; development of regulatory legal acts that determine the organization of the investigation and the procedure for litigation on the facts of illegal actions in the information sphere, as well as the procedure for eliminating the consequences of these illegal actions; development of offenses taking into account the specifics of criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary responsibility and the inclusion of relevant legal norms in the criminal, civil, administrative and labor codes, in the legislation of the Russian Federation on public service.

Conclusion

In the modern world, the importance of the information sphere is great, because the latter is a system-forming factor in the life of society, which actively influences the state of economic, political, defense and other components of national security.

Based on the results of the analysis carried out in this work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Information sphere- this is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting public relations.

Objective laws of information developmentspheres:

The law of organization and restrictions of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher should be the level of regulation and restrictions;

The law of information advance: a single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, as well as information support should be ahead of every next step in decision-making in various social spheres.

Elements of the information sphere are:

1. information;

2. information infrastructure, including a set of information systems (organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere; information and telecommunication structures; information, computer and telecommunication technologies; mass media systems).

List of sources used

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (as amended) // System GARANT: [Electronic resource] / NPP Garant-Service. - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

2. Federal Law “On information, information technologies and information protection” dated 27.07.2006 No. 149-FZ // System GARANT: [Electronic resource] / NPP Garant-Service. - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

3. Federal Law “On Participation in International Information Exchange” dated 07/04/1996 No. 85-FZ (repealed) // GARANT System: [Electronic resource] / NPP Garant-Service. - Electron. Dan. - [M., 2014].

4. Artamonov G.T. Basic Provisions of the Concept for the Development of Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Sphere of Information and Informatization // Inform. Russian resources. - 1999. - No. 6.

5. Bachilo I.L. Information Law: Role and Place in the System of Law // State and Law. 2001 No. 2.

6. Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. (General Organizational Science). In 2 books. M, 1989.

7. Ilgova E.V. On the right to access information // Legal policy and legal life. - M., Saratov, 2007, No. 2.

8. Information law. Bachilo I.L., Lopatin V.N., Fedotov M.A. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2001.

9. Kopylov V.A. Information Law: Textbook. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / V.A. Kopylov. - M.: Lawyer, 2004.

10. Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society dated 22.7.00 // Diplomatic Bulletin. No. 8, 2000.

11. Rassolov M.M. Information Law: Proc. allowance. M., 1999.

12. Channov S.E. Information Law of Russia: A Textbook for Colleges. - M: "Prior-izdat", 2004.

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Page 1

The information sphere is the sphere of frequency-resonant (and) wave micro- and macrodynamic processes that can be analytically described by a sinusoid and transcendental (harmonic) functions. Information is the concept of the non-alternative deep essence of the universe, the phenomena and processes of which are carried out on the basis of polycorrelation micro- and macrodynamic relationships of materialized and dematerialized environments, fields and their traces. The fundamental manifestations of information processes are electromagnetic, gravitational (information-material), strong and weak nuclear fields. All fields inside a homogeneous and isotropic medium have short-range interaction. Electromagnetic and gravitational (material) fields are long-range, as they propagate over long distances.

Information sphere (environment) - the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information.

The information sphere is represented by concepts that can be used to formally describe and analyze information about the object system.

The orientation of the modern information sphere is characterized by a number of features, such as: the formation of information communications, global information systems, a single world information field. These features significantly change the concept of organizing the information industry.

Auxiliary industries of the information sphere include areas of activity and types of production for servicing the main information industries of the primary information sector and information activities of industries of the secondary information sector. These are, first of all, industries serving information technology, technologies and systems, as well as their components.

This position of the information sphere of the modern post-industrial information society determines a number of its specific features.

The model is built by imposing restrictions on the information sphere of activity and diagnostics of creative abilities with the help of heuristic games on the model of forming a person's worldview.

These problems of the development of the information sphere of the regions include the following: problems of industrialization of obtaining and processing information, psychological, legal, economic and social.

Obviously, in order to turn the information sphere into integrity, it is necessary to create these missing controls.

The current situation in the information sphere of the Republic of Belarus is analyzed, the organizational structure of the formation and implementation of the state policy for the development of informatization and the system of scientific and technical information is considered, the main directions for the development of informatization systems within the framework of the state program Electronic Belarus, the mechanisms for managing the implementation of the program are determined.

As a result, it is required to tighten the management of the information sphere, which was expressed both in the creation of an information monster in the form of an appropriate ministry, and in the appointment of its head.

When accepting the concept of the information sphere of the national economy developed above, it is not difficult to calculate its weight in the economy of the USSR, which is the sum of the weights of the individual industries that make up it. According to my tentative estimates, it exceeds 50% of the GNP, which is in line with the indicators of developed capitalist countries. Consequently, the attention to this area on the part of our state and government should be correlated with the attention that is given to it in these countries.

The new components of the organizational structure in the information sphere of the national economy have a dual nature. First, it is a reflection of the fact that the use of informatics is changing traditional information activities and productions. These changes are expressed in the fact that information activity in them is carried out within the framework of new information technologies and automated information systems. Secondly, new, non-traditional areas of activity and types of production are emerging.

1.9. Information sphere of society

Let us take a closer look at the social impact of the widespread use of information technology during the current sixth information revolution. Informatization of society, as noted in the introduction, is a process that covers all aspects of public life, providing for the systematic reorganization and increase in the efficiency of any socially significant activity based on the use of modern information and communication systems and technologies. The creation on the basis of global networks of a unified world information infrastructure that provides active interaction between people, enterprises, government and public organizations, leads to the formation of an information society.
The importance of this process was recognized by the general scientific community. Back in the mid 70s. of the last century, the term “social informatics” was used to designate a new scientific discipline that studies social knowledge, social communication and social management on the basis of an information approach. Subsequently, the subject of this discipline was repeatedly specified, however, it should be noted that there is an inconsistency in the definition of the list and content of the basic concepts of social informatics. In this section, we will consider some of the main issues of social informatics, considering it to be the subject of regularities and trends in the development of the information sphere of society and its interaction with other areas of public life.
The Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange" defines the information sphere (environment) as the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information. The doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation reveals the concept of the information sphere in more detail, including in it a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the relations that arise in this case. Thus, the information sphere can be characterized as a sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs, which includes the following interrelated components (Fig. 1.34):
1. Information subjects (individual and collective) carrying out activities for the implementation of information processes.
2. Flows of created and consumed information.
3. Information infrastructure.
Information infrastructure includes:
1) information resources of the society;
2) the information industry for the production, processing and dissemination of information, the provision of information services, including computer technology, communications, mass media; production of information and communication equipment and software (ICT and PS), creation of information technologies and systems;

3) systems (state, public and commercial organizational structures) that regulate and reproduce the information sphere.
Information resources created by society and forming part of its information infrastructure are the main source of information consumed by society and its members. Some elements of the infrastructure can act as information subjects. These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.34 dotted.
Let us consider in more detail the trends in the development of each of the components of the information sphere.
A significant increase in the role and place of information in the life of the state, society, and the individual has turned it into a powerful, tangible resource that has become one of the leading factors in social development. The concept of an information resource, although it is relatively new, was widely used only in the 80s. of the last century, occupies an increasingly important place in the modern scientific, technical and socio-political lexicon. The informatization of society not only puts it on a par with other types of economic resources: natural, energy, material, labor, financial, but also gives it a priority character. The federal law “On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information” defines information resources as separate documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems). At the same time, documented information in this law means information recorded on a material carrier (document) with details that allow it to be identified. The need to introduce the category of information resource is caused, on the one hand, by the avalanche-like growth in the volume of documents accumulated by mankind and the degree of their use; on the other hand, their transformation into one of the key factors in the development of modern society.
Speaking about information resources, it must be borne in mind that they represent the knowledge of the people who created them prepared for social use, fixed on paper, magnetic, optical or other material carrier. According to the method of organizing the storage and use of information resources, traditional (an array of documents, a fund of documents, an archive) and automated (database, automated information system, Internet) forms are distinguished. Relevant is the task of transferring resources existing in the traditional form into an automated form using mass technologies. There are classifications of information resources on other grounds: by subject, by form of ownership, by availability of information, etc.
Like other types of resources, information resources have owners and owners. They can be citizens, organizations, local self-government bodies, state authorities. The owner of an information resource (as well as information systems, technologies and means of their support), according to the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection", is a subject that fully exercises the powers of possession, use, disposal of these objects. Unlike the owner, the owner of information resources owns, uses and disposes of them within the limits established by law and the owner. It is necessary to note two trends in the development of information infrastructure related to information resources. On the one hand, there is an increasing decentralization of information resources (as an object of ownership and possession), on the other hand, there is a desire of public authorities, specialized information centers and organizations to integrate information resources at the level of their ownership and use.
The active involvement of information resources in the economic and other spheres of public life, the growth in the scale of their use led to the allocation of a significant part of them, intended not for internal consumption by their producers (owners), but to meet the information needs of a wide range of external information subjects. Information from information resources is disseminated as a result of the preparation of information products and the provision of information services. Information products (products) are documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and designed to meet these needs through distribution or implementation. Information products can be distributed both in physical and electronic form, for example, via telecommunications networks. The actions of subjects (owners and owners) to provide users with information products, according to the Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange", are information services.
The range of information services is quite wide and is not limited to providing users with the information products they need. Information services also include:
— consulting services (the result is not necessarily documented);
- services for the transfer of information (information product is provided not by the user of the service, but by its addressee);
— Internet access services (information product not defined);
- services for the formation (providing the possibility of creating) personal sites on the provider's server and providing access to them (the information product is created by the user himself, who is its owner).
Summarizing these examples, let's call information services the actions of information subjects to ensure the implementation of information processes that satisfy the information needs of users.
An analysis of the information sphere makes it possible to single out three main types of information subjects in it, carrying out activities to implement information processes:
1) producers of information, information resources, products and services;
2) owners (owners) of information resources and products;
3) consumers of information, information resources, products and services.
In addition, some subjects of the information sphere operate in its infrastructure, for example, manufacturers of information systems and technologies, their means of support, as well as the owners of these systems and means.
Among the producers of information resources are:
— bodies of state power and management at various levels, local governments that form legal and management documents;
- bodies of the state system of statistics, processing colossal flows of socio-economic information;
- information centers of various ministries and departments, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as interdepartmental centers that form information resources and distribute information products of the relevant profile;
- cognitive structures of society - scientific and educational organizations, analytical centers in which new knowledge is formed;
— enterprises and organizations of various fields of activity;
- media.
As examples of subjects - producers of information resources, we will indicate the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which forms and distributes the base of legal documents "Etalon", the Institute of Scientific Information in the Field of Social Sciences (INION), the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI).
Consumers of information products and services are public authorities and administrations, local governments, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership and fields of activity, as well as individuals.
A characteristic feature of the informatization of society is the expansion of the information sphere by involving an increasing number of new subjects in it. Evidence of this process is, for example, the implementation of the concepts of electronic government (e-govemment), electronic business (e-business), electronic commerce (e-marketing) and electronic (distance) education (e-education). Informatization also invades unexpected areas: in May 2002, Moscow hosted a media art festival “Software as a work of art, or Art games with software”, focused on art, adequate to the information society. The activity of its participants was aimed at artistic and theoretical understanding of the new digital reality created by software that manages audio and video sequences, as well as artistic software, which is an artistic product in itself.
The information infrastructure of society, in addition to information resources, also includes the information industry, which has been acquiring since the 1980s. the last century, an increasing share and influence on the economic and social life of society. There are two sectors in the information industry:
1) the sector of production, processing and dissemination of information, the provision of information services, also called the information technosphere;
2) the sector of production of information and communication technology and software, the creation of information technologies and systems, i.e. the sector of the means of production of the information technosphere.
The information technosphere includes:
- means of computer technology and informatics, providing the possibility of forming information resources on the basis of electronic representation, storage and processing of information;
- means of information and telecommunication systems that provide data transmission over communication channels;
- television and radio broadcasting systems, as well as telephone, telegraph and radio communications;
- a network of wire, fiber optic, radio relay, satellite and other types of communication channels designed to disseminate information in space;
- printing, copying, duplicating and other equipment designed for documenting and replicating information products;
- means of recording and reproducing images and sound (electronic-optical information display devices, film and photographic equipment, audio equipment).
The level and trends in the development of the information technosphere in various countries are assessed using a number of quantitative indicators, both absolute and relative (per 1,000 people).
In table. Table 1.7 shows the values of some of these indicators taken from various sources for a number of leading countries of the world and Russia for 19971 (upper number) and for 2001.2 These figures should be treated as indicative, since different sources use different assessment methods and can give significantly different values of the same indicator.

Analysis of indicators of the development of the information technosphere allows us to identify the following trends:
- the development of electronic media leads to the displacement of printed media (newspapers);
- there is a rapid increase in the number of home computers, the number of which becomes comparable to the number of computers used in enterprises and organizations;
- in the leading countries, the growth in the number of home computers becomes comparable or exceeds the growth in the number of televisions;
— the proportion of citizens covered by satellite and cable television in developed countries is approaching 100%; in Russia in 2002 it was only 20%.
In 2003, the pace of development of communications and information technologies significantly exceeded the national average (more than 40% and 20%, respectively). The size of the information technology market in 2003 was $6.9 billion, including the share of sales of hardware is estimated at 64%, services - 25%, software - 11%.
The successful development of the sector of means of production of the information technosphere is evidenced by the fact that the total number of computers in 2003 exceeded 213 million units, and the density of PCs was 9.0 units per 100 people against 8.4 in 2002. At the same time, starting Since 2002, not only a significant displacement of Western manufacturers by domestic manufacturers, but also a saturation of demand for computer equipment has been clearly traced.
The volume of Internet services (without access) grew by 25% in 2003 and amounted to $220 million. The number of Internet users is estimated at 12–14 million people, and the average annual increase in the number of users is at least 40% 3 million users). Internet traffic growth has exceeded 180%, of which up to 70% is within Russia.
The growth rate of the Russian legal software market remains within the range of 20-40%. In 2004, its volume increased to 760 million dollars (in 2002 - 500 million dollars).
In 2003, 1.8 million new telephones were installed in Russia. The number of cellular subscribers more than doubled to 36.4 million. In 2004, it is planned to increase the number of mobile communication users in the country to 55-60 million.
According to Moore's empirical law, computer processing power doubles every two years. At the same time, each new generation of programs requires twice as many resources. Another rule of thumb indicates that a doubling of communication bandwidth occurs every 10-13 months. Some researchers conclude from this that the world likes to talk more than to think.
State, public and commercial organizations that regulate and reproduce the information sphere constitute another block of the society's information infrastructure. This block contains:
— bodies of state power and administration pursuing a policy aimed at developing the information sphere of society by creating favorable conditions for the activities of information subjects, as well as the legal regulation of relations in the information sphere;
— research, design, experimental design organizations conducting theoretical and experimental research to determine the effective structure and main directions for the development of the information industry, the creation of new means of implementing information processes and the development of promising information and communication technologies (ICT) based on them;
- educational institutions that provide training and advanced training for the information industry, as well as training a wide range of citizens in the effective use of modern ICT in order to ensure their successful adaptation to the new realities of modern life;
— organizations engaged in the distribution, wholesale and retail trade in ICT tools.
The importance of the informatization process as a key development factor was recognized by the authorities of the leading countries of the world.
In 1993, the US government announced plans for the development of a national information infrastructure as the technological backbone of the information society. In a specially prepared report, the main principles for the formation of the information society were listed, including:
— provision of universal interactive access;
— providing access to state information;
— protection of privacy, security and reliability of networks;
– protection of intellectual property rights;
— coordination of government efforts, encouragement of private investment and assistance in technological innovations.
In accordance with this report, the United States has embarked on the construction of an information superhighway, defined as the totality of all technologies associated with the production, processing, storage and distribution of information, including television, computer networks, satellite broadcasting, mobile communications, and online service technologies.
A strategy has been developed and recommendations are being implemented for entering the information society and European countries. In July 1994, the Commission of the European Community adopted the Action Plan "European Path to the Information Society". In 1995, the European Commission established a Forum to discuss common problems in the process of establishing the information society. The purpose of the Forum's work is to follow this process in such areas as the impact on the economy and employment; creation of new social and democratic values in the "virtual community"; impact on public and government services; education, training and retraining; culture and media, sustainable development; technology and infrastructure. In 1998-2002 The efforts of the European Union (641 projects) were concentrated in the special program "Technologies of the Information Society", which will be continued in 2002-2006. The following areas of research were identified as the main ones:
— systems and services for citizens;
— new ways of working and e-commerce;
— multimedia content and tools;
— technology and public infrastructure;
— promising and emerging technologies.
Almost every country in Europe also has a program that sets out a national policy in building an information society, the failure to comply with which entails a loss of the country's competitiveness, a comparative decline in living standards, and a loss in development rates.
In July 2000, the G8 of the most industrialized countries of the world adopted the Charter of the Global Information Society, which was called the Okinawa Charter (after the name of the Japanese city where it was adopted). In the initial paragraphs of the Charter, the following main provisions are fixed, which will be applied by these countries in the process of formation and development of the information society:
1. The revolutionary impact of ICT, which is one of the most important factors in shaping the society of the 21st century, concerns the way people live, their education and work, as well as the interaction between government and civil society. And CTs are becoming a vital stimulus for the development of the global economy.
2. The essence of the economic and social transformation stimulated by ICT lies in its ability to assist people and society in the use of knowledge and ideas. To increase people's use of their potential, the leaders of the G8 countries will ensure that ICTs serve the goals of achieving sustainable economic growth, improving social welfare, promoting social cohesion, strengthening democracy, transparent and responsible governance, international peace and stability.
3. All people everywhere should be able to enjoy the benefits of the global information society. Its sustainability is based on democratic values that stimulate human development, including the free exchange of information and knowledge.
4. Governments will focus on strengthening policies and regulations that encourage competition and innovation, streamlining global networks, combating abuses that undermine network integrity, bridging the digital divide, investing in people, and ensuring global access and participation.
5. The Charter is above all a call to all, both in the public and private sectors, to close the international information and knowledge divide. A solid foundation of ICT policy and action can change the way countries interact to advance social and economic progress around the world.
The section of the Charter devoted to seizing the opportunities of digital technologies indicates the need to realize the full economic, social and cultural benefits of the information society and highlights key areas of work, including:
— carrying out economic and structural reforms in order to create an environment of openness, efficiency, competition and the use of innovations, complemented by measures to adapt to labor markets, develop human resources, and ensure social cohesion;
— sound macroeconomic management that promotes more precise planning by business and consumers and takes advantage of new information technologies;
— development of information networks that provide fast, reliable, secure and cost-effective access through competitive market conditions and related innovations;
— development of human resources capable of meeting the requirements of the information age through education and lifelong learning and meeting the growing demand for ICT professionals in many sectors of the economy;
— the active use of ICT in the public sector and the promotion of the provision of real-time services necessary to increase the level of access to power for all citizens.
It is also noted that it is up to governments to create the predictable, transparent and non-discriminatory policies and regulatory frameworks required for the information society, in accordance with the following basic principles and approaches:
— promoting the development of competition and the opening of markets for information and communication technologies, products and services;
– protection of intellectual property rights for information technologies;
— the obligation of governments to use only licensed software;
— development of cross-border electronic commerce by promoting further liberalization, improving networks, related services and procedures; increasing consumer confidence in electronic markets;
— promotion of market standards, including technical interoperability standards;
— development of an effective and meaningful mechanism for the protection of privacy in the processing of personal data; further development and effective functioning of electronic identification, electronic signature and other means of ensuring the security and reliability of transactions.
The importance of coordinated actions to create a safe and crime-free cyberspace, the need to find effective political solutions to such urgent problems as unauthorized access and computer viruses is emphasized.
The second section of the Charter is devoted to the important issue of overcoming the digital divide within and between states. To ensure universal access to information and communication networks, it is proposed:
- to promote the establishment of favorable market conditions necessary for the provision of information services to the population;
— enable access through institutions open to the general public;
— improve network access, especially in backward urban, rural and remote areas;
- pay special attention to the needs and opportunities of people with less social security;
— promote the further development of “user-friendly” technologies, including mobile Internet access, greater use of free public content and software tools open to all users, while respecting intellectual property rights.
It is stated that the strategy for the development of the information society should be accompanied by the development of human resources, for which the G8 undertakes to provide all citizens with the opportunity to master and gain skills in working with ICT through education, lifelong learning and training.
The final two sections are devoted to the issues of effective international cooperation between states, including developing, international public and commercial organizations in order to actively form a global information society.
Naturally, the process of informatization of various objects proceeds differently. Thus, the transition of different countries and regions to the information society began at different times and is happening at different rates. It is assumed that the United States will complete this transition by 2020, Japan and Western European countries by 2030–2040, and Russia by 2050.
One of the main mechanisms for the transition of our country to the information society is called upon to become the Electronic Russia program for 2002-2010, the implementation of which will allow:
— effectively use the intellectual and human potential of Russia in the field of ICT;
— to ensure the harmonious entry of Russia into the world economy on the basis of cooperation and information openness;
— overcome the gap between Russia and developed countries in terms of the use and development of ICT;
— to ensure equal entry of Russian citizens into the global information community on the basis of respect for human rights, including the right to freely search for, receive, transfer, produce and disseminate information, as well as the right to ensure the confidentiality of any legally protected information available in information systems.
To achieve the goals of the program, it is planned to solve the following tasks:
— formation of an effective regulatory legal framework in the field of ICT, which regulates, among other things, the issues of ensuring information security and exercising the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
- increasing the efficiency of interaction between state authorities and local governments both among themselves and with business entities and citizens based on the use of modern ICT;
— providing conditions for increasing the efficiency and wider use of ICT in the economic and social sphere;
- increasing the level of training and retraining of personnel by improving education based on ICT;
— promoting the development of independent media by stimulating the introduction of ICT in their activities;
— promoting the development of telecommunications infrastructure and connectivity to open information systems for citizens and business entities, as well as a significant improvement in the quality of services provided in this area;
- formation of a unified information and telecommunications infrastructure necessary to improve the work of state authorities and local governments, enterprises and other organizations;
— creating the conditions necessary for the widespread use of e-commerce mechanisms in the Russian commodity markets, which help to accelerate the promotion of goods (services), maintain stable reproduction, meet consumer needs and improve the efficiency of managing the supply of products for federal state needs.

Information is called information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation. Data is a convenient form of presenting information, and information is the useful content of the data. The data type determines not only the ways of representing information for its storage, transmission and processing, but also the set of operations that can be performed with this data.
Working with large data sets is easier to automate if the data elements are located in the set in accordance with some rules, forming a given data structure.
The main properties (quality indicators) of information are its value, usefulness, understandability and accessibility.
Information is manifested in information processes. The most common information processes are the registration, dissemination and use of information. Varieties of the system organization of the implementation of information processes are information technologies and information systems. Information technology is a systematically organized set of methods and methods for implementing information processes based on a certain class of tools. An automated information system is an interconnected set of information, automated information technologies, as well as software and hardware tools and specialists that ensure their implementation, designed to effectively perform a set of work required in the activities of an AIS user.
For successful information interaction of a person with a computer, it is necessary to be able to encode all types of information: textual, graphic, audio and video information.
The basis for the representation of information in modern computers and other digital devices is a binary code consisting of two characters: 0 and 1.
Algorithmic processing of information in an information system can be modeled using nested abstract machines interacting with the user. Any algorithm can be represented using three basic constructs of structured programming: “follow”, “branch”, and “while-loop”.
In the history of the development of civilization, six information revolutions are distinguished, consisting in a fundamental change in the means and methods of storing information, as well as the amount of information available to the active part of the population. The sixth information revolution, which is currently taking place, is caused by the formation and development of global information and communication networks covering all countries, penetrating into every home, every workplace, causing fundamental changes in the organization of production, trade and other professional activities.
The sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs is called the information sphere. It includes entities engaged in activities for the implementation of information processes, flows of created and consumed information, information infrastructure, including the information resources of society, the information industry and systems for regulating and reproducing the information sphere.

test questions

1. What characterizes the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic aspects of information?
2. What is the difference between information and data?
3. Name the three main types of data structures and explain their corresponding addressing methods.
4. What is the information process?
5. How is textual information represented in binary code?
6. How is graphic information represented in binary code?
7. What is an algorithm and what are its main properties?
8. What is an abstract machine and what is its interaction with the user?
9. Describe the main basic constructions of structured programming.
10. What are the main features of each of the information revolutions.
11. What is the information sphere and what is its composition?
12. What is information services and what are their main types?
13. Explain the content of each of the general information processes, using the main processes included in them.
14. What is information technology and what aspects it is characterized by?
15. What are the main trends in the development of automated information technologies?
16. Describe the general architecture of AIS.
17. What types of AIS are distinguished when using various classification features?

Literature

1. Aladiev V.Z., Hunt Yu.Ya., Shishakov M.L. Fundamentals of informatics. M.: Filin, 1998. S. 11-51.
2. Informatics / Ed. N.V. Makarova. M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. S. 13-118.
3. Informatics in terms and definitions of Russian legislation / Ed. V.A. Nikitov. M.: Slavic dialogue, 2000. S. 96-108.
4. Colin K.K. Fundamental foundations of informatics: social informatics. M.: Academic project; Yekaterinburg: Delovaya kniga, 2000, pp. 12-35, 41-69, 95-213.
5. Castells M. Information Age: Economics, Society and Culture. M.: GU VSHE, 2000. S. 25-80.
Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. M.: Legal literature; Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, 1995. S. 1213-1225.

When defining the concept of "information sphere", it should be taken into account that at present there is no such well-established unified legal concept. If we consider the concept of "information sphere" (environment), which in the legislation is understood as "the sphere of activity of subjects associated with the creation, transformation and consumption of information" (Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange"), then it is, in our opinion, , too general.

In addition, the Law, for example, does not contain a sign of information storage, which is called one of the main ones for a document; instead of the signs specified in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 29, paragraph 4), others are proposed: instead of "production" - "creation and transformation", instead of "search, receipt, transfer, distribution" - "consumption", although these signs are not one order. Below is a definition given in relation to objects and their main features.

The information sphere is an environment for the circulation of information (production - distribution - consumption), in which subjects realize their needs and capabilities in relation to information.

The main objects of the information sphere are:

1. Information, including information resources - arrays of documents, databases and data banks, all types of archives, libraries, museum collections, etc., containing data, information and

knowledge recorded on the relevant information carriers.

2. Information infrastructure, which includes a set of information systems:

c) information, computer and telecommunication technologies;

d) media systems.-

The structure of social relations and legal relations derived from them should be determined based on the standard information circulation cycle, which can be represented as the simplest formula: production - distribution - consumption - production, and the basic powers of subjects in the information sphere, established primarily in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freely seek, receive, transmit,

produce, disseminate information, and have the right to privacy, secrecy and protection from so-called "harmful information".

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account three main cases of the transition of social relations into legal relations: 1) at the will of the subject, 2) in addition to the will and desire of the subject, 3) regulated by morality, customs, habits, ethical norms, where the right is only

guarantees freedom of conduct. For the effective regulation of social relations by the rules of law, one should take into account the objective laws that operate both in the information sphere as a whole and in its individual areas, which can be distinguished on the basis of the general laws of the development of nature, society, and thinking in relation to the information sphere.

Objective laws of development of the information sphere and information relations

The general laws for the information sphere include the objective law of the organization and limitations of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher should be the level of regulation and restrictions. In the conditions of a multiply increasing volume of information consumed, the formation of an information society, in the absence of a civil society, the responsibility for the social regulation of these processes lies primarily with the state. This provision was reflected in the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation, which concluded: "Improving the legal mechanisms for regulating public relations arising in the information sphere is a priority direction of state policy in the field of ensuring information security of the Russian Federation."

Another objective law of the development of the information sphere, which is also reflected in the transition period to the information society, is the law of information advance: the solution of the problems of information interaction should be ahead of each next step in other areas of social activity, which makes it possible to more fully coordinate reforms, create favorable conditions for the functioning of markets for goods, services, capital and labor, to ensure an equal right to acquire ownership of property, to own, use and dispose of it, to pursue a coordinated policy in various areas. A single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in various social spheres. The reverse also follows from this - failure to solve the problems of information interaction or delay here will necessarily lead to a serious lag in other areas of social activity, which is happening today. This seems to be the rationale for the G8 leaders' call in the Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society (2000) to close the international information and knowledge divide, and the conclusion that "a solid IT policy and action framework can change the way we our engagement to advance social and economic progress throughout the world."

The general laws of information interaction should also include a group of laws relating to the organization and operation of complex systems, which were discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. A. A. Bogdanov in his "Tectology" -. The essence of these laws (laws of additivity, (from lat. addere - add) is that the total potential of the system

is determined by the nature of the interaction of its subsystems. So, if the subsystems are indifferent (indifferent) to each other, then the total potential of the system is equivalent to the potential of one of the subsystems. If the subsystems are at war with each other, then the potential of the system is less than the potential

the weakest of the subsystems.

And if the interaction of all subsystems is purposeful, then the potential of the system is much greater than the sum of the potentials of all subsystems. This is the law of superadditivity when the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

In the field of information production, there is an objective law of incomplete use of information, including when making decisions in management activities, which is determined both by the paradox of redundancy of information and by the inability (bad faith) of subjects to fully use it. In the current legislation in this area, "production", "creation", "transformation" of information are singled out. Legal regulation is present here in the form of regulatory norms that contribute to the creation of organizational and economic prerequisites for the development and improvement of information production; in the form of guarantees of freedom of creativity, behavior, education, etc.; in the form of protection and protection of intellectual property rights, as well as in the form of prohibitions on the production of "harmful" information.

In the field of information dissemination, there is an objective law of information distortion as it moves, which is associated with the different ability and readiness of subjects to perceive it. Legislators here are unanimous, singling out only the "dissemination" of information. At the same time, relations related to the transfer of information, which is enshrined in Art. 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and also applies to the dissemination of information, have not been properly reflected in the legislation. According to the method of distribution, direct and indirect distribution can be distinguished.

With direct distribution, the creator of the information product directly affects the consumer (actual communication, the transfer of ideas in the educational environment, (lectures, conferences, seminars, rallies, theatrical performances and other cultural events). Legal regulation provides here for the establishment of prohibitions on the dissemination of confidential and " harmful" information, including false information and slander, and liability for this, as well as legal protection and protection of copyright and related rights.

Rice. 1. Information sphere as object of law

In case of indirect distribution, there is an intermediary between the creator of information and the consumer - a means of fixing and transmitting information, the presence of which predetermines the mass nature of such information relations. As the historical development of means and technologies for disseminating information, the mass character of information exchange and the importance of information in society grew, which predetermined a high degree of legal regulation in this area, including the protection and protection of the rights to the integrity and confidentiality of information disseminated, to intellectual property, to information systems to protect against the spread of "harmful information".

In the field of information consumption, there is an objective law of forced alienation and socialization of information, which is connected both with the reluctance of subjects to voluntarily give up their information, and the need for socialization of information in the interests of realizing the information rights of citizens, building an information society and preserving and developing a single information space of the country. In the current legislation in this area, a number of concepts are distinguished: "consumption", "search", "collection", "receipt", "accumulation", "storage". Legal regulation should provide here for the protection and protection of the rights to access to information, the rights to privacy, to secrecy and to intellectual property, the rights to protection from the impact of "harmful" information, the rights to information systems and the interests of the state to preserve a single information space country.

"Some authors propose to consider other components as part of the information sphere: the market of information technologies, means of communication, informatization and telecommunications, information products and services; the system of interaction between the information space of Russia and the world's open networks; the system for ensuring information protection (security); the system of information In our opinion, we cannot agree with such an approach, since the listed components are rather qualitative characteristics, conditions, signs, in the presence of which the totality of system objects forms a single information space.

2 The implementation of this provision involves: assessment of the state and effectiveness of the application of existing

legislative and other regulatory legal acts in the information sphere and the development of a program for their

improvement; creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for providing information

security; determination of the legal status of all subjects of relations in the information sphere, including

users of information and telecommunication systems, and establishing their responsibility for

compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area; creation of a system for collecting and analyzing

data on the sources of threats to the information security of the Russian Federation, as well as on the consequences

their implementation; development of regulatory legal acts that determine the organization of the investigation and

the procedure for litigation on the facts of illegal actions in the information sphere, and

also the procedure for eliminating the consequences of these unlawful actions; formulation development

offenses, taking into account the specifics of criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary

responsibility and the inclusion of relevant legal norms in criminal, civil,

administrative and labor codes, to the legislation of the Russian Federation on state

service. 3 Bogdanov A. A. Tectology. (General Organizational Science). In 2 books. M, 1989. S. 304, 351; Bodyakin V.

I. Where are you going, Man? Fundamentals of evolutionology (informational approach). M., 1998. S. 332.

Information sphere. Information sphere of society

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