Characteristics of the automated information system. General characteristics of automated information systems

12.06.2019 Programs

Introduction

The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

Classification of automated information systems

Main functions of automated information systems

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Automation and the creation of information systems are currently one of the most resource-intensive areas of the technogenic society. One of the reasons for the active development of this area is that automation serves as the basis for a fundamental change in management processes that play an important role in the activities of man and society. Control systems arise, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of an object using a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing, transmitting information and generating control signals or commands).

An information system is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization. The management information system, in general, consists of four subsystems: a transaction processing system, a management reporting system, an office information system, and a decision support system, including an executive information system, an expert system, and artificial intelligence.

Automated information system - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve the goal.

Thus, an automated information system (AIS) is a collection of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed to process information and make management decisions.

The purpose of this work is to consider the essence of automated information systems.

1. The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a set of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving the set goals. Systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in main goals.

In computer science, the concept of "system" is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of hardware and software. The system can be called the hardware part of the computer. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific applied problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations.

The addition of the word "information" to the concept of "system" reflects the purpose of its creation and functioning. Information systems ensure the collection, storage, processing, search, and issuance of information necessary in the process of making decisions on tasks from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

Information system - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve the goal.

The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the produced information is intended and without which it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account, therefore

Automated information system (AIS) is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

On this basis, various automatic and automated process control systems are created. A typical example of such systems can serve in communication - an automatic switching station. In this system, control is carried out using technical devices such as processors or other simpler devices. The human operator is not included in the control loop that closes the connection between the object and the control element, but only monitors the progress of the technological process and intervenes as necessary (for example, in the event of a failure). The situation is different with the automated control system of the production process. In AS production processes, both the object and the control body is a single human-machine system, a person is necessarily included in the control loop. By definition, AS is a human-machine system designed to collect and process information necessary to control the production process, that is, to manage teams of people. In other words, the success of the functioning of such systems largely depends on the properties and characteristics of the life of the human factor. Without a person, the AS system cannot work independently in production, since a person forms tasks, develops all types of supporting subsystems, and chooses the most rational solution from the computer-produced solutions. And, of course, a person, which is very important, is ultimately legally responsible for the results of the implementation of his decisions. As you can see, the role of a person is huge and irreplaceable. A person organizes a program of preparatory measures before the creation of the AS, therefore, among other things, special organizational and legal support is required.

The structure of the AIS is a set of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part of a system that is distinguished by some attribute.

The AS consists of two subsystems: functional and providing. The functional part of the AS includes a number of subsystems covering the solution of specific tasks of planning, control, accounting, analysis and regulation of the activities of managed objects. During the analytical survey, various subsystems can be identified, the set of which depends on the type of enterprise, its specifics, the level of management and other factors. For the normal operation of the functional part of the AU, it includes subsystems of the supporting part of the AU (the so-called supporting subsystems).

Classification of automated information systems

Systems, in relation to the AU, can be classified according to a number of criteria. For example:

by hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

according to the degree of isolation (closed, open, conditionally closed);

by the nature of the ongoing processes in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

by type of connections and elements (simple, complex).

Systems are divided into primitive elementary (automatic control systems are built for them) and large complex ones. Since large and complex systems have the property of invisibility, they can be considered from several points of view. Therefore, there are also many classification features.

AS can be classified:

By level:

ACS Industry;

ACS Production;

ACS of the Workshop;

ACS of the Site;

APCS (technological process).

At the same time, depending on the level of service of production processes at the enterprise, the CIS itself or its component (subsystems) can be assigned to different classes:

Class A: systems (subsystems) for managing technological objects and/or processes.

Class B: systems (subsystems) for the preparation and accounting of the production activities of the enterprise.

Class C: systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise.

Systems (subsystems) of class A - systems (subsystems) of control and management of technological objects and/or processes. These systems are typically characterized by the following properties:

a sufficiently high level of automation of the functions performed;

the presence of an explicit function of monitoring the current state of the control object;

the presence of a feedback loop;

the objects of control and management of such a system are: technological equipment; sensors; executive devices and mechanisms.

a small time interval for data processing (i.e., the time interval between receiving data on the current state of the control object and issuing a control action on it);

weak (insignificant) time dependence (correlation) between the dynamically changing states of control objects and the control system (subsystem).

As classic examples of class A systems, we can consider:

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (supervisory control and data accumulation);

DCS - Distributed Control Systems (distributed control systems);

Batch Control - sequential control systems;

APCS - Automated Control Systems for Technological Processes.

Class B systems are systems (subsystems) for preparing and accounting for the production activities of an enterprise. Class B systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make operational (tactical) decisions that affect a limited range of activities or a short period of operation of the enterprise.

In a sense, it is customary to refer to such systems as those that are at the level of the technological process, but are not directly related to the technology. The list of the main functions of systems (subsystems) of this class can include:

performance of accounting tasks arising in the activities of the enterprise;

collection, preliminary preparation of data entering the CIS from class A systems, and their transfer to class C systems;

preparation of data and tasks for automatic execution of tasks by class A systems.

Taking into account application functions, this list can be continued with the following items:

management of production and human resources within the accepted technological process;

planning and control of the sequence of operations of a single technological process;

product quality management;

management of storage of raw materials and manufactured products by technological divisions;

maintenance and repair management.

These systems, as a rule, have the following characteristic features and properties:

short duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

the system has an impact on a short period of operation of the enterprise (ranging from a month to six months);

the presence of interfacing with systems of class A and / or C.

Classic examples of class B systems are:

MES - Manufacturing Execution Systems (production management systems);

MRP - Material Requirements Planning (material requirements planning systems);

MRP II - Manufacturing Resource Planning (manufacturing resource planning systems);

CRP - C Resource Planning (capacity planning system);

CAD - Computing Aided Design (computer-aided design systems - CAD);

CAM - Computing Aided Manufacturing (automated production support systems);

CAE - Computing Aided Engineering (computer-aided engineering design systems - CAD);

PDM - Product Data Management (automated data management systems);

SRM - Customer Relationship Management (customer relationship management systems);

all kinds of accounting systems, etc.

One of the reasons for the emergence of such systems is the need to identify individual management tasks at the level of the technological division of the enterprise.

Class C systems are systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise. Class C systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make strategic decisions that affect the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The range of tasks solved by systems (subsystems) of this class can include:

analysis of the enterprise's activities based on data and information coming from class B systems;

enterprise activity planning;

regulation of global parameters of the enterprise;

planning and distribution of enterprise resources;

preparation of production tasks and control of their execution.

the presence of interaction with the managing entity (staff) in the performance of their tasks;

interactivity of information processing;

increased duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

a long period of making a management decision;

the presence of significant temporal and parametric dependencies (correlations) between the processed data;

the system affects the activities of the enterprise as a whole;

the system has an impact on a significant period of operation of the enterprise (from six months to several years);

the presence of direct interface with class B systems.

The classic names for a class B system are:

ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning (Enterprise Resource Planning);

IRP - Intelligent Resource Planning (intelligent planning systems);

Decision type:

Information and reference systems that simply report information (“express”, “siren”, “09”);

Information-advising (reference) system presents options and evaluations according to various criteria of these options;

Information and control system, the output result is not advice, but a control effect on the object.

By type of production:

ACS with discrete-continuous production;

ACS with discrete production;

ACS with continuous production.

By appointment:

Military automated control systems;

Economic systems (enterprises, offices, managing power structures);

Information retrieval systems.

By areas of human activity:

medical systems;

Ecological systems;

Telephone communication systems.

By type of computers used:

Digital computers (TsVM);

3. Main functions of automated information systems

The process control system usually performs many different functions, which can be divided into three large groups (Fig. 1):

collection and evaluation of technical process data - monitoring;

control of some parameters of the technical process;

connection of input and output data - feedback, automatic control.

Rice. 1. Main functions of the control system

Process monitoring, or gathering information about a process, is a basic function common to all control systems. Monitoring is the collection of values of process variables, their storage and display in a form suitable for the human operator. Monitoring is a fundamental property of all data processing systems.

Monitoring may be limited to only displaying raw or processed data on a monitor screen or on paper, or it may include more complex analysis and display functions. For example, variables that cannot be directly measured must be calculated or estimated from available measurements. Another classic feature of monitoring is checking that measured or calculated values are within acceptable limits.

When the functions of a process control system are limited to collecting and displaying data, all decisions about control actions are made by the operator. This type of control, called supervisory or remote control (supervisory control), was very common in the first computer-controlled process control systems. It is still used today, especially for very complex and relatively slow processes where human intervention is important. An example is biological processes, where a certain part of the observations cannot be performed using automation.

When new data arrives, their value is evaluated relative to acceptable limits. In a more advanced control system, several results can be combined based on more or less complex rules to check whether the process is in a normal state or has gone beyond some acceptable limits. In even more advanced solutions, especially those built on expert systems or knowledge bases, combined operational information from sensors is combined with estimates made by operators.

Management is a function opposite to monitoring. In the literal sense, control means that computer commands are sent to actuators to influence the physical process. In many cases, process parameters can only be influenced indirectly through other control parameters.

A system that operates autonomously and without direct operator intervention is called automatic. An automatic control system may consist of simple control loops (one for each pair of input and output process variables) or more complex controllers with many inputs and outputs.

There are two main approaches to the implementation of feedback in computing systems. With traditional direct digital control (DDC, Direct Digital Control - DDC), the central computer calculates the control signals for the actuators. All monitoring data is transmitted in full from the sensors to the control center, and control signals - back to the actuators.

In distributed direct digital control (DDDC) systems, the computing system has a distributed architecture, and digital controllers are implemented on the basis of local processors, i.e. located near the technical process. Computers of the upper control levels calculate the reference values, and local processors are mainly responsible for the direct control of the technical process, i.e. generation of control signals for actuators based on local monitoring data. These local computers include digital control loops.

A simpler and more archaic form of automated control is the so-called setpoint control. The computer calculates the reference values, which are then passed to conventional analog controllers. In this case, the computer is used only for calculations, and not for measurements or generation of control actions.

Remote monitoring and control systems are usually defined by the general name SCADA (from Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - Remote Control and Data Acquisition). SCADA is a very broad concept and can refer both to a fairly simple device implemented on a single computer, and to a complex, distributed system that includes a control center, peripheral devices, and a communication system. The idea of SCADA includes the use of perfect means of display, data accumulation and remote control, most often understood as a dispatcher, i.e. "manual" control, but does not include regulation or control procedures; the latter, however, are very often included in delivered SCADA systems as core functions or as customer-selectable functions.

Application of the process database for monitoring and control

A medium or large control system has several hundreds or thousands of points of interaction with the technical process. It is practically impossible to process all relevant information with software modules written specifically for each of these points. Instead, a systematic approach is needed to process all inputs. Simple structuring of process parameters can be done on the basis of records, but for more complex cases it is necessary to use the apparatus of a full-fledged database with appropriate access methods.

To systematize and reduce the volume of process data, the nature of the relevant information must be considered. These are usually measured values or binary input/output data such as "on/off" or "normal/failure". Due to the regularity of this presentation, the input data can be processed by a universal data collection and interpretation program that works based on certain parameters for each object. The object description parameters are stored in the process database, which is the central element of the control system software. An example of the process database structure is shown in Figure 1. 2.

Programs for accessing information stored in the database include, among others, the following subsystems:

data entry and database interface;

data output, i.e. interface between the database and the output of the control computer or actuators;

data display;

interface for entering commands.

Advanced databases may include up to twenty descriptor parameters for each I/O object. Some of these specifiers are required and are found in every database implementation; the rest apply only under certain circumstances.

The process database gives consistency and structure to the stored data. Sensors and actuators in a process control system can be of a wide variety of types. Temperatures can be measured with a PTC resistor, a thermocouple, and a digital device. Accordingly, information from the sensors can be sent to the central processor both in the original format and in the form of data packets, possibly already converted to ASCII codes. With the help of the process database, each measured value is processed independently and converted to a single form. Application modules only need to access the database and do not need information about the features of sensors and actuators. Replacing one sensor with another or with a new model does not require reprogramming of any modules - it is enough to enter new control parameters into the database. Database upgrades can be performed online without shutting down the control system.

Rice. 2. Database structure of the real-time process and modules for data access

An abstract description and separation of measurement results from the methods by which they are obtained is useful if some characteristics of these quantities may change. There is no need to modify the programs or stop the control system - just redefine the conversion parameters stored in the database.

Process database access, queries and protocols

Access to the information contained in the database is performed using three basic operations that can be combined - selection, projection and sorting. Strictly speaking, these operations are formally defined only for relational databases, however, they can be used for databases of a different structure.

A selection defines an operation to retrieve only records from a database that meet specified criteria.

Projection -. this is a list of fields of interest in the database record.

Sorting means sorting the selected records according to some criteria.

The combination of three basic operations generates a large number of options for data processing and analysis. Usually the database contains too much information, which is completely impossible to perceive and analyze, but with the right tools it is possible to extract any necessary problem-oriented information. Database access operations are these tools.

The operation of retrieving information from a database is called a query.

To use database access programs effectively, a subset of the data of interest must be selected in advance. Typically, only a very limited number of database samples are of interest in any given situation, so a small set of standard queries can be defined in advance. Such requests are called protocols. Protocols are usually queries where projection and sorting operations (what information to display and in what order) are predefined, and only specific parameters need to be specified before they are run.

Alarm protocols.

The most important function of the control system is the rapid detection of invalid modes and notification of the operator. Each change of state classified as an emergency must be recorded in a special file - the accident log - indicating the time of the event.

A special request - the emergency protocol - is used to search for and display all database objects that are currently in an emergency state. This protocol is extremely important for maintenance and repair.

Service protocols.

Another important component of the work of a manufacturing enterprise is the maintenance of instruments and equipment. Service examples include replacing worn tools, calibrating sensors, checking fuel and lubricant levels. Maintenance operations can be even more difficult, up to dismantling entire units to check the condition and clean their components. This type of maintenance is called preventive maintenance and is performed to keep the equipment in optimum operating condition. Repairing defective or failed devices is called corrective maintenance.

Data analysis and trends.

An important task in industrial production is the accounting of productivity and statistical indicators. The information contained in the database can serve as the primary source for statistical processing procedures. The main statistical operation is the summation of indicators over time, i.e. calculation of increasing total values for given time intervals - day, week, month. Summary indicators can be displayed in the form of statistical tables containing other values calculated on their basis - indicators of efficiency and quality.

Management operations performed using the database

In some control systems, the database stores instructions for automatic actions that are performed in certain situations. A special database table indicates at what value of some parameter the execution command is called. This table works like a PLC, although the data it uses is at a higher level of abstraction and may include derived values.

There is an important practical difference between automated functions and process control using a database and systems based on PLCs or local controllers. The latter are installed directly near the inputs and outputs of the process and can quickly respond to changes in the input data. The database of a hierarchical control system, in contrast, has a long response time, since the information must follow the communication channels up and down and go through several stages of processing. Therefore, it is advisable to program automatic responses at the host level only when several parameters need to be compared and this operation cannot be performed locally. The associated control loops cannot be implemented as a distributed direct digital control system. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the probability of a significant overload of communication channels.

Conclusion

automated information system

As a result of this work, the following conclusions were drawn.

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered as a whole.

An information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve a set goal.

AIS is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

A subsystem is a part of a system that is distinguished by some attribute. At the same time, AIS consists of two subsystems: functional and supporting.

Among the supporting subsystems, information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished.

Systems, in relation to automated control systems, can be classified according to a number of criteria. Systems are divided into primitive elementary (automatic control systems are built for them) and large complex ones.

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DATA MANAGEMENT

A fully automated information system or AIS is a combination of various software and hardware tools that are designed to automate any activity related to the transmission, storage and processing of various information. Automated information systems represent, on the one hand, a kind of information system or IS, and on the other hand, they are an automated system of AS, as a result of which they are often called AS or IS.

In automated information systems, the following are responsible for storing any information: At the physical level: external drives; built-in memory devices (RAM); disk arrays. At the program level: DBMS; OS file system; Storage systems for multimedia, documents, etc.

To date, a variety of software tools are widely used when working with a computer. Among them are automated information systems. An information system or IS is a system for processing, storing and transmitting any information that is presented in a certain form.

In modern computing, an IS is a whole software package that makes it possible to reliably store data in memory, perform information transformations and perform calculations using a convenient and easy-to-user interface.

Based on the foregoing, the use of modern information systems allows us to: Work with huge amounts of data; Store any data for a fairly long time period; Link several components that have their specific local goals, tasks and various methods of functioning into one system for working with information; Significantly reduce the cost of accessing and storing any data we need; Pretty fast to find all the information we need, etc.

As a classic example of a modern information system, it is worth mentioning banking systems, enterprise management systems, railway or air ticket reservation systems, etc.

To date, modern DBMS have very broad capabilities for data archiving and backup, parallel processing of various information, especially if a multiprocessor computer is used as a database server.

An automated information system or AIS is an information system that uses a computer at the stages of entering information, preparing it and issuing it, that is, it is a kind of development of information systems that are engaged in search using application software. Automated information systems can be safely attributed to the class of very complex systems and, as a rule, not so much with a large physical dimension, but due to the ambiguity of various structural relationships between the components of the system. An automated information system can be easily defined as a whole complex of modern automated information technologies that are designed for any kind of information service. Without the introduction of the most modern management methods, which are based on AIS, it is also impossible to increase the efficiency of enterprises.

Modern AIS allow: To increase the productivity of all personnel; Improve the quality of customer service; Reduce the intensity and labor intensity of the work of personnel, as well as minimize the number of errors in their actions.

Today, an automated information system is a set of technical (hardware), mathematical, telecommunication, algorithmic tools, methods for describing and searching for programming objects, collecting and storing information.

Wherein automated information systems(AIS) are the area of informatization, mechanism and technology, an effective means of processing, storing, searching and presenting information to the consumer. AIS is a set of functional subsystems for the collection, input, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. The processes of collecting and entering data are optional, since all the information necessary and sufficient for the functioning of the AIS may already be in its database.

Under database(DB) usually understand a named collection of data that displays the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.

Database- this is a set of homogeneous data placed in tables; it is also a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.
Manage information processes in the database using DBMS (database management systems).

A collection of databases is usually referred to as a data bank. In this case, the data bank is a logical and thematic set of databases.

Automated information system(Automated information system, AIS) is a set of software and hardware designed to store and (or) manage data and information, as well as to perform calculations.

The main purpose of the AIS is to store, ensure effective search and transmission of information on relevant requests in order to most fully satisfy the information needs of a large number of users. The main principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, security, friendliness, compliance with standards.

There are four types of AIS:

1) Covering one process (operation) in one organization;
2) Combining several processes in one organization;
3) Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations;
4) Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

At the same time, the most common and promising are: factual, documentary, intellectual (expert) and hypertext AIS.

To work with AIS, special user jobs (including workers) are created, called " automated workplace"(ARM).
AWS is a set of tools, various devices and furniture designed to solve various information problems.

General requirements for workstations: convenience and ease of communication with them, including setting up workstations for a specific user and ergonomic design; Efficiency of input, processing, reproduction and search of documents; the possibility of prompt exchange of information between the personnel of the organization, with various persons and organizations outside it; health safety of the user. Allocate workstations for the preparation of text and graphic documents; data processing, including in tabular form; creating and using a database, designing and programming; manager, secretary, specialist, technical and support staff and others. At the same time, various operating systems and application software tools are used in the workstation, depending mainly on functional tasks and types of work (administrative and organizational, managerial and technological, personal creative and technical).

AIS can be represented as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an IS designed for information services to consumers. The main components and technological processes of the AIS are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1. Main components and technological processes of AIS.

AIS can be quite simple (elementary reference) and complex systems (expert, etc., providing predictive solutions). Even simple AIS have many-valued structural relationships between their modules, elements and other components. This circumstance makes it possible to attribute them to the class of complex systems consisting of interrelated parts (subsystems, elements) operating as part of an integral complex structure.

The process control system usually performs many different functions, which can be divided into three large groups (Fig. 1):

collection and evaluation of technical process data - monitoring;

control of some parameters of the technical process;

connection of input and output data - feedback, automatic control.

Control is the inverse function of monitoring. In the literal sense, control means that computer commands are sent to actuators to influence the physical process. In many cases, process parameters can only be influenced indirectly through other control parameters.

From the point of view of structuring control and processing levels, the difference between direct digital control and distributed direct digital control lies in the fact that in the first case, even if there are several computers, they only transmit information and do not make decisions (except for the central one) on control actions. On the contrary, in a distributed structure, computers at the levels of process, site and general control can operate more or less autonomously and do not depend on the central computer. As already mentioned, this difference also affects the reliability of a complex system. If the central computer fails, the control system of the PCU type stops, and the distributed system, even if one or more elements fail, although it loses some of its functions, it will continue to work.

Application of the process database for monitoring and control

Programs for accessing information stored in the database include, among others, the following subsystems:

data entry and database interface;

data output, i.e. interface between the database and the output of the control computer or actuators;

data display;

interface for entering commands.

Process database access, queries and protocols

Choice(selection) defines an operation to retrieve from the database only records that meet the given criteria.

Projection(projection) -. this is a list of fields of interest in the database record.

Sorting(sorting) means sorting the selected records according to some criteria.

The operation of retrieving information from a database is called a query.

Alarm protocols.

special request- emergency protocol - used to search for and display all database objects that are currently in an emergency state. This protocol is extremely important for maintenance and repair.

Service protocols.

Another important component of the work of a manufacturing enterprise is the maintenance of instruments and equipment. Service examples include replacing worn tools, calibrating sensors, checking fuel and lubricant levels. The type of dismantling of entire units to check the condition and clean their service points is called preventive maintenance and is performed to keep the equipment in optimal working condition.

Data analysis and trends.

Management operations performed using the database

Information system (IS) - this is an interconnected set of means, methods, personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving the goal. To describe the system, such concepts are used as:

structure (a set of elements and relationships between them);

inputs and outputs (material, financial and information flows entering the system and output by it);

laws of behavior (functions linking inputs and outputs of the system);

goals and restrictions (system functioning processes described by a number of variables; restrictions are usually imposed on individual variables).

Under management understand the change in the state of the system, leading to the achievement of the goal. The system management process is determined by the goals of management, the environment and internal conditions.

Information exchange, which underlies the system management process, consists in the cyclic implementation of the following procedures:

collecting information about the current state of the managed object;

analysis of the received information and comparison of the current state of the object with the desired one;

development of a control action in order to transfer the controlled object to the desired state;

transfer of control action to the object.

Automated Information System (AIS) is a complex that includes computer and communication equipment, software, linguistic tools, information resources, as well as system personnel that provides support for a dynamic information model of some part of the real world to meet the information needs of users and to make decisions.

AIS structure:

1. - infrastructure that ensures the implementation of information processes for collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching and disseminating information. IT is designed to reduce the complexity of the processes of using information resources, increase their reliability and efficiency.

2. Functional subsystems and applications - specialized programs designed to ensure the processing and analysis of information for the purposes of preparing documents, making decisions in a specific functional area based on IT.

3. IP Management - a component that ensures the optimal interaction of IT, functional subsystems and related specialists, their development during the life cycle of IS.

Each AIS is focused on a particular subject area. The subject area is understood as the area of problems, knowledge, human activity, which has a certain specificity and the range of objects appearing in it. At the same time, each automated system is focused on performing certain functions in its respective field of application.

It is quite difficult to classify information systems because of their diversity and the constant development of structures and functions. The following are used as classification features: scope, territory covered, organization of information processes, line of business, structure, etc.

On a territorial basis, AIS are classified into international, nationwide, geoinformation, regions, republics, districts, cities, districts etc.

According to the scope of application, AIS is distinguished in the economy, in industry, in trade, in transport, in the legal sphere, in medicine, in educational institutions etc.

Within one area, AIS can be classified by type of activity. So, for example, all legal information systems can be conditionally divided into AIS used in lawmaking, law enforcement practice, law enforcement, legal education and upbringing. Of course, this kind of classification is rather arbitrary, since the same AIS can be used in various types of legal activities.

It is possible to classify legal information systems from the point of view of the legal entity within which they have developed and whose tasks they solve in the course of their functioning - automated systems of the prosecutor's office, justice, courts, etc.

One of the main approaches to the classification of automated legal information systems (ALIS) is related to with the types of processed social and legal information.

When classifying automated systems of legal information, one can single out ASPI based on a system of regulatory legal acts (for example, information retrieval systems according to legislation). For these systems, the problems of systematizing information are related to the issues of classification and systematization of normative legal acts.

On the other hand, it is possible to single out systems that accumulate and process a variety of social and legal information of a non-normative nature: criminological, forensic, forensic, operational-investigative, scientific legal, etc.

From point of view development of automated systems in the field of law classifications are allocated for documented and other legal information.

Documented information (document) - information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow it to be identified. These details are the main grounds for classifying the processed information.

Factual Information - this is a description of the selected characteristics, properties of objects, information about which is collected, systematized and processed in this information system. For each characteristic, the form of its representation in the system (text, graphic, sound, etc.) must be precisely defined. The type of information stored and processed by an automated system largely determines its software and hardware solution.

All documented legal information can be official and informal . To official legal information includes information and data about law or legislation in the broad sense of the word, that is, about all current and already terminated normative acts. In automated systems based on official legal information, its classification by sources of law plays an important role: laws of the Russian Federation, regulations of the government of the country and the governments of the republics, ministries and departments of the country and the republics and local government authorities and government, public organizations, etc. .

As informal legal information underlying the functioning of ASPI, all information and data on law and related phenomena that are reflected in legal scientific literature that is not official (legal monographs, textbooks, articles, reviews, reports, reference books and other materials) are considered, and information contained in the materials received from enterprises, institutions, public organizations, citizens and other sources.

It should be noted that the information obtained as a result of the operation of an automated system that stores and processes official legal information will not be official.

Of great importance, from the point of view of the creation and functioning of AIS, is the classification of information by degree of access on the open and limited access. The use of this kind of information in automated systems requires the organization of technical and software protection from unauthorized access.

There are ASPI classifications by type used technical (on what class of computers they operate), software (under what operating system they work, with what software they were created), linguistic means, as well as logical and mathematical methods that underlie the information processing process. In addition, automated legal information systems can be classified on demand to the level of user training (for specialists, for a wide range of users).

The experience of practical application of AIS has shown that the most accurate, corresponding to the very purpose of AIS, should be considered the classification by degree of difficulty technical, computational, analytical and logical processing of the information used. With this approach to classification, AIS and related information technologies can be most closely linked.

Accordingly, the following types of AIS can be distinguished:

1. Automated data processing systems (ASOD).

2. Automated information retrieval systems (AIPS).

3. Automated information and reference systems (AISS).

4. Automated information and logic systems (AILS).

5. Automated workstations (AWP).

6. Automated control systems (ACS).

7. Automated information support systems (ASIS).

8. Expert Systems (ES) and decision support systems.

Let us dwell on a more detailed description of the types of AIS listed in the classification.

1. Automated data processing systems (ASOD) are designed to solve well-structured problems for which input data are available, algorithms and standard processing procedures are known. ASOD are used to automate repetitive routine operations of managerial work of low-skilled personnel. ASOD are practically not used as independent information systems, but at the same time they are mandatory elements of most complex information systems, such as AISS, AWS, ACS. In particular, ATS ASOD are used for statistical processing of information according to given reporting forms.

2. Under automated information retrieval system (AIPS) in the field of law we will understand an automated information legal system designed to collect, organize, store and search for legal information at the request of users.

AIPS are used to accumulate and constantly correct large amounts of information about persons, facts and subjects of interest. These systems work mainly on the principle of "request - response", so the processing of information in them is mainly associated not with the transformation of primary data, but with their search. The principal feature of AIPS is the concept of "information retrieval".

Information retrieval - this is the process of finding in some set of those information that are devoted to the topic (subject) indicated in the information request, information about which the user needs.

Automated information retrieval systems are usually divided into documentary and factographic. This division is based on the difference in search objects. In documentary - the objects of search are documents, their copies or bibliographic description. In factographic - the desired objects can be records that characterize specific facts or phenomena.

3. Automated Information and Reference System (AISS) in the field of law, it is an automated legal information system designed to store documented and factual information and issue information on narrow thematic sections. A characteristic feature of these systems is the requirement for the absence of information "noise" in the results of data processing. The absence of "noise" is the result of a very detailed pre-processing of information arrays entered into the system. Obviously, such processing should be carried out by specialists in the field in which the information and reference system operates, and manual processing of information significantly limits the subject area of the system.

It has recently become difficult to draw a clear distinction between information retrieval and information reference systems.

This is due to the fact that developers use more and more advanced information retrieval technologies that can significantly reduce the amount of "information noise" in the results of the information system. On the other hand, modern complex information retrieval systems also implement the functions of information and reference systems for accurate processing and searching for reference information.

The use of information retrieval and reference systems of legal information in various fields of activity has its own characteristics and, accordingly, defines specific tasks and requirements that allow us to speak of them not only as a search tool.

There are four main areas of application of these systems:

· systematization and research of problems of the legislation;

Legislation;

law enforcement practice;

legal education.

To successfully solve the problems of systematization of legislation, a preliminary classification of legal material is necessary. A special role is played by the subject classification of normative acts. This work is carried out on the basis of special thematic classifiers (for example, the general legal classifier of branches of legislation).

It should be noted the undeniable advantage of automated information retrieval systems in the analysis of links between various regulatory legal acts. This laborious job, if carried out by hand, is made simple and quick by the hypertext links between documents in many modern systems.

Automated information retrieval systems provide ample opportunities for systematizing legal material: incorporation, codification and consolidation. Chronological and subject incorporations are greatly simplified with the help of automated information retrieval systems with special chronological and subject classifiers.

The work on making official changes to the text of normative legal acts is facilitated.

In legislative activity, the use of automated information retrieval systems is also of great importance. These systems play the role of an indispensable assistant for taking into account previous legislation at the stage of developing new regulations. The need to link all newly created normative acts with those already in force, to prevent the repetition of the same norms in different legal acts, to recognize certain normative acts as invalid is a very laborious work. Manual selection of the necessary legal documents can not only take quite a long time, but also lead to the fact that many regulations remain outside the field of view of specialists. Machine search significantly increases the efficiency of preparing new regulations and lists of regulations that have become invalid.

Automated information retrieval systems are most widely used in law enforcement.

Obtaining the necessary regulatory legal documents from the media requires a lot of time. This task becomes even more difficult when it comes to various departmental regulations, which are by no means always published in the periodical press.

With the use of information retrieval systems, the task of quickly selecting the necessary documents is greatly simplified. Moreover, among people working with legal information, the number of specialists who do not have a special legal education has recently grown significantly. Faced with the need to resolve a specific legal issue, many of them do not know what specific regulatory legal acts govern this issue. Such problems often arise before lawyers who are not specialists in the legal field under consideration. These difficulties can be avoided by taking advantage of the various search capabilities provided by modern automated legal information systems. Classification systems (chronological, thematic, by details of documents, etc.) of such computer databases allow solving many problems at a good level.

4. Automated Information and Logic Systems (AILS) designed to solve on the basis of systematized legal information of various types of the simplest logical problems. As a result of the operation of systems of this class, there is not only a search for the legal information necessary for solving problems (as in information retrieval systems), but also, with the help of certain logical procedures, the synthesis of new information that is not explicitly contained in the selected legal information. Let us give a more precise definition of such systems.

Information-logical systems of legal information are called automated information legal systems, designed on the basis of a specially systematized array of legal information stored in them, with the help of special logical procedures, to solve the problems of analyzing legal information.

5.Automated workstations (AWP) — an individual set of hardware and software designed to automate the professional work of a specialist. As a rule, an automated workplace includes a personal computer, a printer, a plotter, a scanner and other devices, as well as application programs designed to solve specific tasks from professional activities. The concept of ARM is not fully established. So, sometimes an workstation is understood only as a workplace equipped with all the hardware necessary to perform certain functions.

You can also find the concept of AWP as a code name for a software package designed to automate the workflow.

Since the workstations differ from AISS and AIPS in their advanced functionality, the latter can be included in the workstation as subsystems.

Usually, there are three ways to build an workstation depending on the structure of execution - individual use, group use and network. It should only be noted that the network method of construction seems to be the most promising, since it allows obtaining information from remote data banks, up to the federal and international levels, as well as exchanging information of interest between structural divisions without resorting to other means of communication.

6. Automated control systems (ACS) — a set of software and hardware designed to automate the management of various objects. The main function of the ACS is to provide management with information. The automated control system provides automated collection and transmission of information about the controlled object, processing of information and issuance of controlled actions on the control object.

7. Systems in which certain logical algorithms are implemented can be called automated information support system (ASIO).

8. Expert systems (ES) belong to artificial intelligence systems. These systems are capable of accumulating and processing knowledge from a certain subject area, deriving new knowledge on its basis and solving practical problems based on this knowledge, explaining the course of the solution. With the help of expert systems, non-formalized, poorly structured problems are solved, the algorithms for solving which do not exist due to incompleteness, uncertainty, inaccuracy, vagueness of the situations under consideration and knowledge about them.

From the point of view of the systematization of legislation in expert systems, a system of information and data contained in the rules of law should be implemented, in contrast to the systematization of regulatory legal acts in information retrieval systems.

Currently, a large number of expert systems in the field of law have already been created to solve specific legal problems and are successfully functioning. These systems, when solving a certain class of problems, can replace a legal expert. Drawing on the knowledge of experts embedded in their information data bank, they explain, argue and draw conclusions.

The functioning of the expert system is associated with the solution of three main problems:

· problems of knowledge transfer from human experts to a computer system;

· problems of knowledge representation, that is, the reconstruction of an array of knowledge in a certain legal area and its representation as a structure of knowledge in the computer's memory;

problems of knowledge use.

The need for a deep and detailed formalization of the decision-making process for modeling it in a computer system leads to the fact that while expert systems of this kind are created by programmers and legal experts to address specific issues in fairly limited legal areas, that is, they are highly specialized. The users of such systems are legal practitioners dealing with legal issues outside their area of expertise, and especially non-legal users.

In the future, expert systems can be effectively used in the practice of systematizing legislation to solve the following problems:

· identification and elimination by expert interpretation of conflicting legal prescriptions in acts of different legal force;

identifying and filling legal gaps with the help of the analogy of law, the analogy of the law;

· doctrinal (unofficial) interpretation of rules, concepts, principles that are not clearly formulated in legal acts.

The listed types of information systems can be included as components in more complex information formations.

Information technology is part of the AIS.

Information Technology (IT) is a set of methods for processing disparate initial data into reliable and operational information for decision-making using hardware and software in order to achieve optimal parameters of the control object.

In the conditions of market relations, the ever-increasing demand for information and information services has led to the fact that information processing technology has begun to focus on the use of the widest range of technical means, primarily computers and communication tools.

On their basis, computer systems and networks of various configurations were created in order not only to accumulate, store, process information, but also to bring terminal devices as close as possible to the workplace of a specialist or decision-maker. This was the achievement of many years of IT development.

The development of market relations has led to the emergence of new types of entrepreneurial activity and, above all, to the creation of firms engaged in the information business, the development of information technologies, their improvement, the distribution of IT components, in particular software products that automate information and computing processes.

IT components also include computer equipment, communications equipment, office equipment and specific types of services - information, technical and consulting services, training, etc.

There is a wide variety of AIS, which differ in their focus on the level of management, the scope of the economic object, on one or another nature of the management process, the type of information resources supported, architecture, methods of access to the system, etc.

abstract

BY THEME: Automated information system. The principle of operation on the example of a specific system.

Fulfilled student group EU-091-1

Buymov S.V.

checked Art. teacher Schmidt T.S.

Novokuznetsk 2012

Introduction. 3

1. Automated information system. four

2. The principle of operation of an automated information system on the example of 1C: Enterprise. eighteen

Conclusion. 26

List of used sources. 27

Introduction

The rapid development of computer technology has led to the fact that information systems based on the use of information and computer technology and communications, which are the main technical means of storing, processing and transmitting information, have become increasingly widespread. Such information systems are called automated. They are based on the use of special means and methods of information transformation, i.e. automated information technologies.

An automated information system (AIS) is a collection of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and a staff of specialists designed to process information and make management decisions. The creation of AIS helps to increase the efficiency of production of an economic object and ensures the quality of management. The greatest efficiency of AIS is achieved by optimizing the work plans of enterprises, firms and industries, quickly developing operational decisions, clearly maneuvering material and financial resources, etc. Therefore, the management process in the conditions of functioning of automated information systems is based on economic and organizational models that more or less adequately reflect the characteristic structural and dynamic properties of the object.

Of course, there cannot be a complete repetition of the object in the model, however, details that are insignificant for analysis and management decision-making can be neglected. Models have their own classification, subdivided into probabilistic and deterministic, functional and structural. These features of the model give rise to a variety of types of information systems.

Automated information system

Automated information systems are a set of various tools designed to collect, prepare, store, process and provide information that meets the information needs of users. AIS combines the following components:

1) language tools and rules used for selecting, presenting and storing information, for displaying a picture of the real world in a data model, for presenting the necessary information to the user;

2) information fund of the system;

3) ways and methods of organizing information processing processes;

4) a set of software tools that implement information conversion algorithms;

5) a complex of technical means functioning in the system;

6) personnel serving the system.

The main goals of automating the activities of the enterprise are:

1. Collection, processing, storage and presentation of data on the activities of the organization and the external environment in a form convenient for financial and any other analysis and use in making managerial decisions.

2. Automation of business operations (technological operations) that make up the target activity of the enterprise.

3. Automation of processes that ensure the implementation of the main activity.

Characteristics of the automated information system. General characteristics of automated information systems

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