The use of GIS for solving various problems, in different organizational schemes and with different requirements, determines different approaches to the GIS design process.

There are five main stages of the GIS design process.

1. Analysis of the decision-making system. The process begins by identifying all types of decisions that require information to be made. The needs of each level and functional area must be considered.

2. Analysis of information requirements. It determines what type of information is needed to make each decision.

3. Aggregation of solutions, i.e. a grouping of tasks in which decisions require the same or significantly overlapping information.

4. Designing the information processing process. At this stage, a real system for collecting, storing, transferring and modifying information is being developed. Consideration should be given to the ability of staff to use computer technology.

5. Design and control over the system. The most important stage is the creation and implementation of the system. The performance of the system is assessed from different positions, if necessary, an adjustment is made. Any system will have drawbacks and therefore needs to be made flexible and adaptable.

Geographic information technologies are designed to automate many time-consuming operations that previously required a lot of time, energy, psychological and other costs from a person. However, different stages of the technological chain lend themselves to more or less automation, which can largely depend on the correct formulation of the initial problems.

First of all, this is the formulation of requirements for the used information products and the outputs resulting from the processing. These include requirements for printing maps, tables, lists, documents; to search for documents, etc. As a result, a document should be created with the conventional name "General list of input data".

The next step is to determine the priorities, the order of creation and the main parameters (territorial coverage, functional coverage and data volume) the system being created... Further, the requirements for the data used are established, taking into account the maximum possibilities of their application.

LECTURE 10 GIS CONCEPT AND REQUIREMENTS

GIS types

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system for managing, analyzing and displaying geographic information. Geographic information is represented as a series of geographic datasets that model the geographic environment through simple generalized data structures. GIS includes sets tools for working with geographic data.

Geographic information system supports several types for working with geographic information:

1. Geodatabase View: A GIS is a spatial database containing datasets that represent geographic information in context. general model GIS data (vector features, rasters, topology, networks, etc.)

2. Type of Geovisualization: GIS is a set smart cards and other views that show features and relationships between features on the earth's surface. Can be built different types maps, and they can be used as “windows to the database” to support querying, analyzing and editing information.

3. Geoprocessing View: GIS is a set of tools for deriving new geographic datasets from existing datasets. Spatial data processing (geoprocessing) functions extract information from existing datasets, apply analytical functions to them, and write the results into new derived datasets.

In ESRI® ArcGIS® software, these three GIS views are represented by a catalog (GIS as a collection of geodatasets), a map (GIS as a smart cartographic view), and a toolbox (GIS as a toolbox for processing spatial data). All of them are integral parts of a full-fledged GIS and are used to a greater or lesser extent in all GIS applications.

Rice. 1.

Geodatabase view

GIS is a special type of database about the world around it - a geographic database (geodatabase). At the heart of GIS is a structured database that describes the world in geographic terms.

Let us give short review some key principles that are important to understanding geodatabases.

Geographic representation

When users design a geodatabase in a GIS database, they determine how different features are presented. For example, parcels are usually represented as polygons, streets as centerlines, wells as points, and so on. These features are grouped into feature classes, where each set has a single geographic representation.

Each GIS dataset provides a spatial representation of some aspect of the surrounding world, including:

Ordered sets of vector objects (sets of points, lines and polygons)

Raster datasets such as digital models relief or image

Spatial networks

Terrain topography and other surfaces

Survey datasets

Other types of data such as addresses, place names, map information

How does GIS work?

GIS stores information about the real world as a collection of thematic layers that are grouped based on geographic location. This simple yet highly flexible approach has proven its worth when dealing with a variety of real tasks: to track the movement of vehicles and materials, to display in detail the real situation and planned activities, to simulate the global circulation of the atmosphere.

Any geographic information contains information about the spatial position, whether it is a reference to geographic or other coordinates, or links to an address, postal code, constituency or census district, identifier of a land or forest area, name of a road, etc. When using such links to automatic detection the location or locations of the object (s), a procedure called geocoding is applied. With its help, you can quickly determine and see on the map where the object or phenomenon of interest is located, such as the house in which your acquaintance lives or the organization you need is located, where an earthquake or flood occurred, which route is easier and faster to get to the point you need or at home.

Vector and raster models. GIS can work with two significantly different types of data - vector and raster. In a vector model, information about points, lines and polygons is encoded and stored as a set coordinates X, Y... The location of a point (point object), such as a borehole, is described by a pair of coordinates (X, Y). Linear features such as roads, rivers, or pipelines are saved as X, Y coordinate sets. Polygon features such as river catchments, land parcels, or service areas are stored as a closed set of coordinates. The vector model is especially useful for describing discrete objects and is less suitable for describing continuously changing properties, such as soil types or the availability of objects. The raster model is optimal for working with continuous properties. Bitmap is a set of values ​​for individual elementary components (cells), it is similar to a scanned map or picture. Both models have their own advantages and disadvantages. Modern GIS can work with both vector and raster models.

The tasks that GIS solves. General-purpose GIS, among other things, usually performs five procedures (tasks) with data: input, manipulation, control, query and analysis, visualization.

Enter. For use in GIS, the data must be transformed into a suitable digital format... The process of converting data from paper maps into computer files called digitization. In modern GIS, this process can be automated using scanner technology, which is especially important when carrying out large projects, or, with a small amount of work, data can be entered using a digitizer. Many data have already been translated into formats that are directly perceived by GIS packages.

Manipulation. Often, to complete a specific project, the existing data must be additionally modified in accordance with the requirements of your system. For example, geographic information can be in different scales(the center lines of the streets are at a scale of 1: 100,000, the boundaries of the census districts are at a scale of 1: 50,000, and residential buildings are at a scale of 1: 10,000). For joint processing and visualization, it is more convenient to present all data on a single scale. GIS technology provides different ways manipulating spatial data and highlighting the data required for a specific task.

Control. In small projects, geographic information can be stored as regular files. But with an increase in the amount of information and an increase in the number of users for storing, structuring and managing data, it is more efficient to use database management systems (DBMS), then special computer tools for working with integrated data sets (databases). In GIS, it is most convenient to use a relational structure in which data is stored in tabular form... In this case, common fields are used to link tables. This simple approach is flexible enough and is widely used in many GIS and non-GIS applications.

Query and Analysis. If you have GIS and geographic information, you can get answers simple questions(Who is the owner of this land plot? How far apart are these objects? Where is this industrial zone located?) And more complex queries that require additional analysis (Where are there places for building a new house? What is the main type of soil under spruce forests? How will the construction of a new road affect traffic?). Queries can be set as a simple click on specific object, and with the help of developed analytical tools. With the help of GIS, one can identify and set patterns for search, play scenarios like “what will happen if…”. Modern GIS has many powerful analysis tools, of which two are the most significant: proximity analysis and overlay analysis. To analyze the proximity of objects relative to each other, GIS uses a process called buffering. It helps answer questions like: How many houses are within 100 meters of this body of water? How many customers live within 1 km of this store? What is the share of oil produced from wells located within 10 km from the management building of this oil and gas production department? The overlay process involves integrating data located in different thematic layers. In the simplest case, this is a display operation, but in a number of analytical operations, data from different layers are physically combined. Overlay, or spatial aggregation, lets you, for example, integrate soil, slope, vegetation, and tenure data with land tax rates.

Visualization. For many types of spatial operations, the end result is the presentation of the data in the form of a map or graph. A map is a very efficient and informative way of storing, presenting and communicating geographic (georeferenced) information. Previously, maps were created for centuries. GIS provides amazing new tools that expand and develop the art and scientific foundations of cartography. With its help, the visualization of the maps themselves can be easily supplemented with reporting documents, three-dimensional images, graphs and tables, photographs and other means, for example, multimedia.

Related technologies. GIS is closely related to a number of other types of information systems. Its main difference lies in the ability to manipulate and analyze spatial data. Although there is no universally accepted classification of information systems, the description below should help distance GIS from desktop mapping systems, CAD systems, remote sensing, database management systems (DBMS or DBMS) and technology. global positioning(GPS).

Desktop mapping systems use cartographic representation to organize user interactions with data. In such systems, everything is based on maps, the map is a database. Most desktop mapping systems have limited data management, spatial analysis, and customization capabilities. The corresponding packages work on desktop computers - PCs, Macintosh and lower-end UNIX workstations.

CAD systems are capable of project drawings and plans of buildings and infrastructure. To combine into a single structure, they use a set of components with fixed parameters. They are based on a small number of rules for combining components and have very limited analytical functions. Some CAD systems have been extended to support cartographic data presentation, but, as a rule, the utilities available in them do not allow you to efficiently manage and analyze large spatial databases.

Remote sensing and GPS. Remote sensing techniques are an art and scientific direction for taking measurements of the earth's surface using sensors such as various cameras on board aircraft, global positioning system receivers or other devices. These sensors collect data in the form of images and provide specialized capabilities for processing, analyzing and visualizing the captured images. Due to the lack of sufficiently powerful data management and analysis tools, the corresponding systems can hardly be attributed to real GIS.

Database management systems are designed to store and manage all types of data, including geographic (spatial) data. DBMSs are optimized for such tasks, so many GIS have built-in DBMS support. These systems do not have GIS-like analysis and visualization tools.

geographic information system mapping

Geographic information system (GIS, also geographic information system) are electronic spatial-oriented images (maps, diagrams, plans, etc.) and databases integrated in a single information environment. GIS includes the capabilities of database management systems (DBMS), raster and vector graphics editors and analytical tools and are used in cartography, geology, meteorology, land management, ecology, municipal administration, transport, economics, defense and many other areas.

In terms of territorial coverage, there are global GIS (global GIS), subcontinental GIS, national GIS, often having the status of state, regional GIS (regional GIS), subregional GIS and local, or local GIS (local GIS).

How GIS works

GIS stores information about the real world as a collection of thematic layers that are grouped based on geographic location. This simple yet highly flexible approach has proven its value in a variety of real-world tasks: tracking the movement of vehicles and materials, detailed display of real-life situations and planned activities, and modeling global atmospheric circulation.

Any geographic information contains information about the spatial position, whether it is a reference to geographic or other coordinates, or links to an address, postal code, constituency or census district, identifier of a land or forest area, name of a road or a kilometer pole on a highway, etc. ...

Layered representation of geographic information in GIS

Key benefits of GIS

• user-friendly display of spatial data
  Spatial data mapping, including in three-dimensional dimensions, is most convenient for perception, which simplifies the construction of queries and their subsequent analysis.
• data integration within the organization
  Geographic information systems integrate data accumulated in various departments of the company or even in different areas of activities of organizations in the whole region. Collective use of the accumulated data and their integration into a single information array provides significant competitive advantages and increases the efficiency of the operation of geographic information systems.
• making informed decisions
  Automating the analysis and reporting of any spatial data phenomena can help speed up and improve decision making.
• handy tool for creating maps
  Geographic information systems optimize the process of decoding data from space and aerial surveys and use already created terrain plans, diagrams, drawings. GIS significantly save time resources by automating the process of working with maps and create three-dimensional terrain models.

Industry use of GIS

The capabilities of geographic information systems can be used in a wide variety of areas of activity. Here are just a few examples of the use of GIS:

administrative-territorial administration

• urban planning and design of objects;
• maintaining inventories of engineering communications, land, urban planning, green spaces;
• forecast of emergency situations of technogenic and ecological character;
• management of traffic flows and routes of urban transport;
• building environmental monitoring networks;
• engineering-geological zoning of the city.

telecommunications

• trunk and cellular, traditional networks;
• strategic planning of telecommunication networks;
• selection of the optimal location of antennas, repeaters, etc.;
• determination of cable laying routes;
• monitoring of the state of networks;
• operational dispatch control.

engineering Communication

• assessment of the needs for water supply and sewerage networks;
• modeling of the consequences of natural disasters for systems of engineering communications;
• engineering network design;
• monitoring of the state of engineering networks and prevention of emergencies.

transport

• road, rail, water, pipeline, air transport;
• control transport infrastructure and its development;
• fleet management and logistics;
• traffic management, route optimization and traffic analysis.

oil and gas complex

• geological exploration and field survey work;
• monitoring of technological modes of operation of oil and gas pipelines;
• design of trunk pipelines;
• modeling and analysis of the consequences of emergency situations.

law enforcement agencies

• rapid response services, armed forces, police, fire services;
• planning rescue operations and security measures;
• simulation of emergency situations;
• strategic and tactical planning of military operations;
• navigation of rapid response services and other law enforcement agencies.

ecology

• assessment and monitoring of the state of the natural environment;
• modeling of ecological disasters and analysis of their consequences;
• planning of environmental protection measures.

forestry

• strategic forestry management;
• logging management, forest approach planning and road design;
• maintaining forest inventories.

Agriculture

• planning the processing of agricultural land;
• registration of landowners and arable land;
• optimization of transportation of agricultural products and mineral fertilizers.

GIS examples

Google earth

Google's project, in which satellite photographs of the entire earth's surface were posted on the Internet. Photos of some regions are of unprecedented high resolution.

Unlike other similar services that show satellite images in regular browser(for example, Google maps), v this service a special client program downloaded to the user's computer is used Google earth... Although this approach requires downloading and installing the program, in the future it provides additional features that are difficult to implement using the web interface. This program was originally released by Keyhole and then purchased by Google, which made the program publicly available. There are also paid versions of Google Earth Plus and Google Earth Pro, which support GPS navigation, presentation tools and high-resolution printouts.

Possibilities:

• Google Earth automatically downloads images and other data necessary for the user from the Internet, saves them in the computer memory and on the hard disk for further use. The downloaded data is saved on the disk, and on subsequent launches of the program, only new data is uploaded, which allows you to significantly save traffic.
• To render the image, a three-dimensional model of the entire globe (taking into account the height above sea level) is used, which is displayed on the screen using DirectX or OpenGL interfaces. It is in the three-dimensionality of the landscapes of the Earth's surface that the main difference lies Google programs Earth from its predecessor Google Maps. The user can easily move to any part of the planet by controlling the position of the "virtual camera".
• Virtually the entire land surface is covered with images from DigitalGlobe, with a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. There is individual sites surfaces (usually covering capitals and some major cities in most countries of the world) with more detailed resolution. For example, Moscow was photographed with a resolution of 0.6 m / pc, and many US cities - with a resolution of 0.15 m / pc. The landscape data has a resolution of about 100 m.
• There is also a huge amount of additional data that can be connected at the request of the user. For example, the names of settlements, reservoirs, airports, roads, railways, and other information. In addition, for many cities there is more detailed information - street names, shops, gas stations, hotels, etc. There is a geodata layer (synchronized via the Internet with the corresponding database), which displays (with a spatial reference) links to articles from Wikipedia. In Russia, you can see the names of the streets of all cities in the central regions.
• Users can create their own tags and overlay their images on top of satellite images (these can be maps, or more detailed images obtained from other sources). These tags can be exchanged with other users of the program through the Google Earth Community forum. Tags sent to this forum become visible to everyone after about a month. Google users Earth.
• The program has a layer "3D Buildings", with three-dimensional models added by developers or by users themselves, through the 3D Warehouse service. In the cities of Russia, you can find models of some significant architectural monuments.
• There is also a simplified Java version of the program for cell phones.
• There is a distance measurement function.
• Version 4.2 introduced google technology Sky, allowing you to view the starry sky.
• In version 5.0, the ability to view a three-dimensional map of the seabed and oceans was introduced.

GeoMedia technology is a new generation GIS architecture that allows you to work directly without import / export simultaneously with a lot of spatial data in different formats... This is achieved by using special data access components - Intergraph GeoMedia Data Server.

Allows you to visualize and analyze spatial information (search, filtering by condition, dynamic visualization by condition or from changes in information in the database, buffer zones, statistics, proximity analysis, topological analysis (such as "is object A inside object B", etc.) and many other), preparation of maps for printing. For end users(not GIS designers and administrators) Executing wildcard queries in a customized work session environment. Directly (without conversion and damage at this moment of data) connects to the following sources of information (servers and files in the corresponding formats): ArcGIS, MapInfo, MGE, GeoMedia (storage based on Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Server), universal databases Oracle Server, IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server, vector maps or graphics in MicroStation formats (Bentley Systems), AutoCAD (Autodesk), etc., raster data (with and without georeference) such as aerospace images and scanned paper maps in TIFF, JPEG, CIT, RLE, etc., WMS web servers, spreadsheets, tabular sources ODBC data and even ASCII texts(as a full-fledged storage, but formatted, of course). Not suitable for editing and / or creating data (digital maps).

NASA World Wind

Fully 3D interactive virtual globe created by NASA. Uses NASA satellite imagery and USGS aerial imagery to build 3D models of the planet. Initially, the program contains maps with low resolution... When approaching a certain area under consideration on the map, images with high resolution downloaded from NASA servers.

The program allows you to select the scale, direction and angle of view, visible layers, search by geographical names. It is possible to display the names of geographic objects and political boundaries.

The zoom function is implemented in World Wind as a change in the height from which the camera is looking at the surface. From a high altitude, the image looks flat, but from a height of several tens of kilometers in the mountains, the effect of perspective is clearly visible, and smooth scrolling the image gives the impression of flying over real terrain.

Besides the image of the Earth, the program also shows the surface of the Moon. The images were taken from the Clementine satellite, launched in 1994, which has taken about 1.8 million images during that time. NASA World Wind allows you to observe the moon at almost any point on it, adjusting the approach of the image. The image clearly shows the relief of a natural satellite, mountains, craters and crevices. Some of the images are so detailed that it makes it possible to customize the view of the moon's surface from twenty meters.

gvSIG

Free geographic information system with open source... The first working version appeared at the end of 2006 and was distributed over the Internet. It is a geographic information management toolkit with an intuitive interface that works great with both raster and vector formats. gvSIG is being developed with a Spanish government grant.

The program supports all the necessary GIS functions:

• Work with layers, thanks to which you can display only the necessary this moment objects;
• Map scaling functions;
• Support for saving the required angles of the map;
• Automatic calculations of the distance between objects and areas of areas;
• Placement of active objects on the map;
• Creation of professional geographic maps with essential elements that you can later print.

ArcGIS

Family of software products American company ESRI, one of the leaders in the global market for geographic information systems. ArcGIS is built on the basis of COM, .NET, Java, XML, SOAP technologies. The latest release is ArcGIS 10.

ArcGIS allows you to visualize (represent in the form of a digital map) large amounts of statistical information that has georeferencing... The environment creates and edits maps of all scales: from plans of land parcels to the world map.

ArcGIS also includes a wide range of spatial information analysis tools.

ArcGis is used in a wide variety of areas:

• Land Registry, land management
• Real estate accounting (see: AIS for real estate accounting, ISOGD)
• Engineering Communication
• Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Emergency Situations
• Telecommunications
• Oil and gas
• Ecology
• State border service
• Transport
• Forestry
• Water resources
• Remote sensing
• Subsoil use
• Geodesy, cartography, geography
• Business
• Trade and services
• Agriculture
• Education

It should be noted that GRASS GIS is one of the oldest geographic information systems. Its development was initiated by the laboratory of U. S. Army Construction Engineering Research in 1982. In 1995 source texts GRASS were published under the GPL license.

The main feature of GRASS is modular structure, which allows you to form a GIS from individual functional units, optimized for the needs of the end user.

The main groups of modules:

• visualization;
• interaction with the DBMS (storage of spatial and attributive information);
• image processing (processing satellite images, creating composite images, geometric and chromatic correction);
• print management;
• work with raster maps (shade-models, scaling);
• work with vector maps (spatial analysis operations, attribute queries);
• and etc.
GeoMedia is both a GIS technology and a family of GIS products.GeoMedia technology is a new generation GIS architecture that allows you to work directly without import / export simultaneously with a lot of spatial data in various formats. This is achieved by using special data access components - Intergraph GeoMedia Data Server.Today, GeoMedia users have access to components for all major industrial formats of digital cartographic data storage: ArcInfo, ArcView, ASCII, AutoCAD, FRAMME, GeoMedia, GML, MapInfo, MGE, MicroStation, Oracle Spatial, etc., including raster, tabular and multimedia data ... At the same time, users can develop their own GeoMedia Data Server based on a template for an arbitrary format. Intergraph GeoMedia Data Server components allow you to see and simultaneously analyze data from an arbitrary number of sources stored in different formats, coordinate systems with varying precision. Liked this:

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

State educational institution higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University"

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(branch) of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University in Cherepovets

(IMIT SPbSPU)

Department of "Management"

Abstract on the topic "Geographic information systems"

Completed by student gr. 0.182

Teacher Shutikova

Cherepovets

INTRODUCTION

Geographic Information System - or GIS - is a computer system that allows data to be displayed on an electronic map. Maps created with the help of GIS can be safely called the new generation maps. GIS maps can be used to plot not only geographic data, but also statistical, demographic, technical, and many other types of data and apply a variety of analytical operations to them. GIS has the unique ability to reveal hidden relationships and trends that are difficult or impossible to notice using familiar paper maps... We see a new, high-quality, meaning of our data, and not a mechanical set of separate parts.

An electronic map created in GIS is supported by a powerful arsenal of analytical tools, a rich toolkit for creating and editing objects, as well as databases, specialized devices for scanning, printing, and others. technical solutions, by means of the Internet - and even space images and information from satellites.

A GIS system includes five key components:

· Hardware. This is the computer running the GIS. Currently GIS is working on different types computer platforms, from centralized servers to individual or networked desktop computers;

· software . Contains functions and tools necessary for storing, analyzing and visualizing geographic information. Such software products include: tools for entering and manipulating geographic information; database management system (DBMS or DBMS); tools to support spatial queries, analysis and visualization;

· data. Location data (geographic data) and associated tabular data can be collected and prepared by the user, or purchased from suppliers on a commercial or other basis. In the process of managing spatial data, GIS integrates spatial data with other types and sources of data, and can also use the DBMS used by many organizations to organize and maintain the data at their disposal;

· Performers. GIS users can be both technical specialists who develop and maintain the system, and ordinary employees, whom GIS helps to solve current everyday affairs and problems;

· Methods.

2. GIS history

Pioneer period (late 1950s - early 1970s)

Research of fundamental possibilities, border areas of knowledge and technologies, development of empirical experience, first large projects and theoretical works.

The emergence of electronic computing machines(Computer) in the 50s.

· The emergence of digitizers, plotters, graphic displays and other peripherals in the 60s.

Creation of software algorithms and procedures graphic display information on displays and plotters.

· Creation of formal methods of spatial analysis.

· Creation software tools database management.

The period of government initiatives (early 1970s - early 1980s)

State support for GIS has stimulated the development of experimental work in the field of GIS based on the use of street network databases:

· Automated systems navigation.

· Systems for removal of municipal waste and garbage.

· Vehicle traffic in emergencies, etc.

Period of commercial development (early 1980s - present)

A wide market for various software tools, the development of desktop GIS, the expansion of their area of ​​application through integration with nonspatial databases, the emergence of network applications, the emergence of a significant number of non-professional users, systems that support individual datasets on individual computers, pave the way for systems that support corporate and distributed bases geodata.

User period (late 1980s - present)

Increased competition among commercial producers of geographic information technology services gives advantages to GIS users, the availability and "openness" of software tools makes it possible to use and even modify programs, the emergence of user "clubs", teleconferences, geographically separated, but connected by a single topic of user groups, an increased need for geodata, the beginning of the formation of the global geoinformation infrastructure.

GIS in Russia

The most widespread in Russia are software products ArcGIS and ArcView from ESRI, GeoMedia product family from Intergraph Corporation and MapInfo Professional from Pitney Bowes MapInfo.

Other software products of domestic and foreign development are also used: Bentley's MicroStation, IndorGIS, STAR-APIC, Zulu, DublGIS, etc.

3. GIS Perspectives

GeoDesign is an evolutionary stage in the development of GIS. It is very important for the planning and development of territories, especially in the field of land use and environmental protection, but it is widely demanded in almost all other applied and scientific fields. For example, this methodology will be widely used in retail to open new stores and close old ones, by civil engineers to place infrastructure such as roads in the most suitable places, by organizations serving utility networks, in agriculture, forestry and water management, law enforcement agencies, energy companies, the military and many others. This approach will further enhance the value of GIS, pushing it beyond simple description the world "as it is" in the direction of the development and implementation of concepts for creating the future, the integration of geographical (spatial) thinking in all areas of our activities.

The future belongs to GIS technologies with elements artificial intelligence based on the integration of GIS and expert systems. The advantages of this symbiosis are quite obvious: expert system will contain the knowledge of an expert in a particular field and can be used as a decisive or advising system.

The current status of new computer geotechnologies is determined by large state programs, foreign investments aimed at the widespread use of aerial photographs and satellite images, digital maps, and visualization of databases.

The city GIS of the future will not only allow receiving semantic information about objects on the map upon request, but also predict the development of the territory, allow the city administration to play options for directive decisions, the possible construction of a new city district, etc. show city planners how the load will be redistributed in urban engineering networks, the power of traffic flows, how the price of real estate will change depending on the implementation of additional highways or the construction of a new shopping center in a particular area.

Conclusion

At the moment, GIS systems are one of the fastest growing and most interesting in terms of commercialization, with their convenient user interface and huge amount the information they contain make them indispensable in an ever-accelerating world.

At the moment, in Russia, about 200 organizations are engaged in the development and implementation of GIS systems, the creation of a land cadastre will allow building other, subject-oriented maps on the basis of its maps and supplementing them with appropriate attributive content, which will allow our systems to compete with Western models.

With the greater development of mobile access to the network through various devices GIS systems using satellite images coupled with three-dimensional modeling will allow even an ordinary user to navigate any terrain without any problems and receive all necessary information just asking a question.

The use of GIS in the management of territory and economy

"The scope of GIS is limited only by your imagination"

1. Introduction

At present, it is difficult to imagine an area of ​​human activity in which a computer would not be used. Computers are used almost everywhere: in art, science, education, medicine, industry, trade and many other areas. Some areas were affected by almost total automation, in others this process is just beginning.
One of the areas of activity where the automation process is just starting to gain momentum is territory and farm management. For territory management, as a rule, GIS is used - geographic information systems or geographic information systems.
In industrialized countries, where automation has been a focus of attention for a long time, automation territorial administration more or less adjusted. As far as Russia is concerned, this process has started only in certain regions of the country. And then all the possibilities of GIS, as a rule, are reduced to displaying a map or plan of a certain area.

2. Geographic information system, concept and software

2.1 Concept of GIS

Geographic information system (GIS) is a software and hardware complex, problem solver for storage, display, updating and analysis of spatial and attributive information on objects of the territory. One of the main functions of GIS is the creation and use of digital (electronic) maps, atlases and other cartographic products. The basis of any information system is data. GIS data is categorized as spatial, semantic, and metadata.
Spatial data is data that describes the location of an object in space. For example, the coordinates of the corner points of a building, represented in the local or any other coordinate system. Semantic (attribute) data - data about the properties of an object. For example, address, cadastral number, number of storeys and other characteristics of the building.
Metadata is data about data. For example, information about who, when and with the use of what source material, information about the object was entered into the system.

Initially, GIS was created to study natural resources in the mid-1960s, but now there are thousands of GIS in industrialized countries used in economics, politics, ecology, natural resource management and conservation, cadastre, science, education, etc. They integrate cartographic information, remote sensing and environmental monitoring data, statistics and censuses, hydrometeorological observations, expeditionary materials, drilling results, etc.
Structurally, GIS for territory management is a centralized database of spatial objects and a tool that provides the ability to store, analyze and process any information related to a particular GIS object, which greatly simplifies the process of using information about the territory objects by interested services and individuals.
It is also worth noting that GIS can (and should) be integrated with any other information system that uses data on the objects of the territory. For example, a system for automating the activities of a property management committee should use an address plan and a GIS land map in its work. Also, the GIS can store zones containing rental rates coefficients that can be used in calculating rent.
In the case when a centralized GIS is used, all employees of the local government have the opportunity to receive regulated access to the current GIS data, while spending much less time on their search, analysis and generalization.
GIS is designed to solve scientific and applied tasks inventory, analysis, assessment, forecasting and management of the environment and the territorial organization of society.
GIS is based on automated cartographic systems, and the main sources of information are various geo-images.

2.2 GIS software

The software can be basic and applied. Basic software is the foundation for any problem-oriented GIS. The underlying software provides all the basic functionality required by a problem-oriented GIS developer. This software is being developed quite big amount commercial and non-profit organizations. Application software is developed for a specific field of application and provides solutions to specific narrow problems.
The basic GIS software is currently widely available on the market. There are foreign and domestic developments. All software on the market differs in functionality and price. Moreover, functionality and price are directly proportional. Although relatively simple tasks can be solved using free Open Source GIS technologies.
The most functional and, accordingly, the most widely used products are the products of ESRI. ESRI has developed GIS software for a wide variety of applications. The product line is represented by server and desktop applications with functionality of different levels. MapInfo and Itergraph are also widely known.

3. The use of GIS in the management of territory and economy

The interest in the introduction of GIS into the practice of state and municipal administration all over the world remains high for many years. In Russia and the CIS countries, quite a lot of attention is also paid to projects using GIS. And if earlier government bodies (ministries, agencies, etc.) demonstrated great activity in the implementation of such projects, then recently local authorities have also shown serious interest: regional and municipal government bodies. This is due to significant changes in legislation that significantly change the economic basis of regional governance. Municipalities are given great opportunities and, at the same time, they are responsible for managing land and real estate, maintaining infrastructure, preserving the ecological environment and ensuring the safety of the population.
Geographic information systems have long been widely used to solve problems of state and municipal administration. There are many examples of successful and not very successful implementation of GIS in the practice of the relevant bodies. Of course, the efficiency of using GIS is determined by many factors, and, probably, not only by the choice software from a particular supplier. However, the very ability to implement the required functions, build a full-fledged information system, integrate it into the existing information infrastructure, implement and provide technical support decisions are highly dependent on the properties and quality of the GIS software.
GIS technology provides a means to display and understand what is in one specific or many locations, provides tools for modeling resources, identifying relationships, processes, dependencies, examples, threats and risks. These capabilities allow you to see what is really happening and where, measure the size and magnitude of an event or impact, jointly analyze a variety of data, develop plans, and ultimately help decide what steps and actions to take. The ability of GIS to integrate spatial and nonspatial data, together with analysis and process modeling functions, allows this technology to be used as a common platform for integrating business processes across departments, activities and disciplines across city or regional government.
Effective management of municipalities and dynamically developing regions requires reliable and up-to-date data on objects and processes on their territory, as well as Hi-tech accumulation, processing and presentation of information. Modern geographic information systems with their advanced analytical capabilities make it possible to visually display and comprehend information about specific sites, processes and phenomena in their totality. GIS allows you to identify relationships and spatial relationships, support the collective use of data and their integration into a single information array.
TO digital maps, or a digital cartographic base with thematic layers, which are the geospatial basis of GIS, databases of real estate, land plots of organizations, monetary valuation of lands, engineering structures, monuments of urban planning and architecture, information on geology, history of development, etc. can be connected. The database can also organize the storage of both graphic and all technical, reference and other documentation.
In modern GIS, the possibility of three-dimensional representation of the territory has appeared. Three-dimensional models of objects, embedded in a three-dimensional landscape, designed on the basis of digital cartographic data and remote sensing materials, can improve the quality visual analysis territories and ensure the adoption of informed decisions with greater efficiency.

4 Examples of using GIS

Below are examples of possible GIS applications. Only a small part of possible solutions are described.

4.1 Use of GIS in communications management

When using various communication networks, a problem arises inevitably associated with the identification of emergency situations and the forecast of its development.

Currently, using GIS technologies, the following tasks are successfully solved:
- determination of the place of damage to the main cable or pipe according to consumer complaints;
- forecast of further development of the emergency;
- solution of the issue on the earliest possible elimination of emergency situations;
- solving issues on the organization of backup electricity, water or heat supply of important infrastructure facilities;
- tracking the state of objects communication network and organization of timely repair or reconstruction

4.2 Using GIS in Traffic Management

Currently widely known map services for tracking traffic congestion. For example, Yandex Traffic.
However, with the help of GIS-Technologies, direct management of the organization is also possible. road traffic... The system is able to automatically change traffic conditions on the basis of traffic congestion data using technical means in a certain area. For example, change the phases of switching traffic lights, change the number of lanes for traffic or organize a detour.

4.3 Use of GIS in forestry management

GIS is widely used in forestry management.

The following tasks are being successfully solved:
- accounting for the species composition of forest plantations;
- distribution of sites for various types of legal felling;
- organization of forest restoration;
- monitoring the health of the forest;
- assessment of damage from forest fires.

4.4 Public GIS

Currently, various authorities are striving to ensure transparency of their activities for the population. For this, it is widely used global network Internet. Currently, resources have begun to appear that allow everyone to get acquainted with a variety of information about the territory.

Of course, such a GIS does not publish data whose dissemination is restricted by current legislation.

4.5 Environmental monitoring of the environment

GIS technologies are widely used to make decisions on the organization of environmental protection measures, as well as to assess the effectiveness of these measures.

GIS allows you to simultaneously work with large amounts of data, which makes it possible to assess the degree of impact of an existing or projected hazardous facility on the environment.

4.6 Urban GIS

The very process of creation and the very structural construction of urban planning project documentation obviously indicates the effectiveness of the use of GIS technologies.
First, since the initial data of many organizations, including graphic documents, are usually presented on different cartographic bases and often in the form of diagrams, it is GIS technologies that allow them to be brought to a “common denominator”, i.e. to a single cartographic basis.
Secondly, sections and cartographic materials are created in digital form in certain areas, which, in essence, are thematic cartographic and semantic bases of the geographic information system.
Thirdly, a conjugate analysis of the above information is carried out and a synthetic scheme "Comprehensive urban planning analysis of the territory" is created, where the entire powerful arsenal of GIS technologies can be successfully applied.
Fourth, based on the analysis carried out, project proposals for the urban development of the territory (Project plan) and sectoral engineering design schemes are being developed, detailing and supporting the project proposals of the Master Plan, where the use of GIS technologies seems to be very effective.

4.7 Use of GIS in emergency situations

GIS allows solving problems of assessing the causes of occurrence and forecasts of the development of various emergencies:
- forecast of the consequences of the leakage of toxic substances at a hazardous facility for making a decision on the evacuation of the population and assessing the damage environment;
- forecast of forest fire development based on meteorological conditions;
- forecast of flooded zones in case of dam breaks and floods;
- assessment of economic damage.

4.8 GIS and demography

GIS technologies are widely used for assessing the composition of the population and for making decisions on the arrangement of various social infrastructure facilities. For example, planning the load on secondary schools, kindergartens and medical institutions.