Erudites can know most of the surnames and occupation of these people - John Loughie Baird, Boris Lvovich Rozing, Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin, Semyon Isidorovich Kataev, Konstantin Dmitrievich Persky, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkov, Kenziro Takayanagi, Philo Taylor Flor. These names are most often heard when it comes to who invented the television.
They worked on new technologies in different years and even eras and on different continents, but each individually made a significant contribution to the implementation of the idea of transmitting visual information using technical means.
Who was the inventor of the first mechanical television
An electronic telescope - this is how the German engineer-inventor Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow called his invention. In 1884 he filed a patent. The principle of operation of the device, which is now recorded as the first television, was based on the reception of light signals and their mechanical scanning using a projection transducer (Nipkov disk).
The apparatus created by Nipkov is not a television as such, but nevertheless it is an important component that gave impetus to the development of mechanical television. By the beginning of the twentieth century, several more scientists had patented their picture tubes (Karl Braun, Max Dieckmann).
In 1925, the Scotsman John Loogie Byrd, who took Nipkow's idea, organized a public demonstration of a television image of a silhouette in motion in London. A year later, a presentation with a human face took place. And in 1927, the inventor carried out for the first time in world history a broadcast signal transmission between Glasgow and London.
But the age of television mechanics could not be long, the era of electronic television began.
Who invented electronic TV
What until recently seemed like a fantastic goal, became more and more reality every year. Russian physicists and engineers could not help but contribute to the invention. The first to come up with a new approach to television communications was a physicist and lecturer at the St. Petersburg Technological University Boris Lvovich Rozing. He began his research by setting a new vector - he introduced an inertialess electron beam into the television system.
BL Rosing can be considered the founder of electronic television, because he did not use mechanical parts. His system was recognized in Europe and backed up by a 1907 patent. A few years later, the physicist-inventor presented a prototype of the kinescope, and the demonstration of the image with its help was recorded in the history of technology as the first television broadcast of electronic television. It happened in 1911.
But it took decades until the most important development, from which mass production would begin. Rosing's idea of using a cathode-ray tube was continued to develop by his student Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin. After the October Revolution, the Russian engineer emigrated to America, where he continued to work. The result of his work was a patent for an iconoscope - that's what the author called it, and under this name the device got into mass production. The first model was sold in 1928 for $ 75 and featured obscure silhouettes.
Regular television broadcasts were launched first in the United States, then in European countries. By the mid-1930s, broadcasting was carried out on the VHF band. The TV receiver model has been improved by scientists from other countries. The correct answer to the question of what year the television was invented will be 1937, when the British released a model with a picture tube. The TV set appeared in mass production in the USSR a little later.
The first attempts to master television broadcasting technologies were made in the Soviet Union at the beginning of the twentieth century. At first, they produced devices based on the Nipkov disk (the one who invented the first mechanical method of image transmission) with a 3x4 cm screen, then they mastered the electronic principle.
In 1932, the Leningraders launched the production of television sets (the Komintern plant produced 3000 units). The device was called “B-2”, it was of a mechanical type, but it was not an independent device: it had to be connected to a radio receiver.
Soviet engineers relied on mechanical televisions, which led to technological stagnation. However, regular television broadcasting (3 channels) in the country of the Soviets began in the pre-war period - in 1938. KVN television is considered the most popular, but its production began only in the post-war years. The first Soviet color television with sequential transmission of color fields ("Rainbow") was an analogue of the American television camera, which was outdated by that time.
Who invented color television
Work on the ability to transmit images in color took place in parallel with the evolution of televisions. With the advent of mechanical television, engineers began to make attempts to make the transmission of images of high quality, close to reality. Back in 1908, the Soviet engineer O. Adamyan patented the invented 2-color device.
A breakthrough in the development of color signal transmission was the invention of the above-mentioned Scotsman D. Brad. The device, which he assembled in 1928, could transmit 3 images in succession using light filters (blue, green and red).
Color television received an impetus for development only after the Second World War. The United States suffered the least from the hostilities, so it quickly rebuilt defense production facilities for civilian production. The US radio-electronic industry began to use decimeter radio bands; 3 transmitting tubes were used for color separation. The search for the most suitable signal transmission system took a long time. Only in 1951 began regular color broadcasting, which was carried by 5 CBS television stations.
In the USSR, on November 7, 1952, after searching for and developing a similar standard, the Leningrad Television Center conducted a test broadcast. A year later, regular broadcasting began on Shabolovka in Moscow.
The most interesting facts
Among those who created the TV is the Japanese man Kenjiro Takayanagi. His role is that already in 1927 he demonstrated an apparatus with a resolution of 100 lines, and in 1928 he was the first to render the faces of people in semitones.
The world's first serial television receiver Visionette (“Vignett”) was mechanical with a 45-line scan.
Serial production of electric vacuum devices was launched in 1934 in Germany. The cheapest model from Telefunken with a 30 cm diagonal cost $ 445.
Soviet people could make a TV set on their own. The instruction was published in the magazine "Radiofront", it was only necessary to switch the radio to another frequency.
The KVN-49 TV, which became the most popular in the Soviet Union, was sold at a price that was equivalent to 2 average wages. The device was unreliable, so very soon it acquired a popular nickname, witches deciphered the abbreviation as “Bought, turned on, does not work”.
When television was invented, television commercials appeared. The Bulova Watch Company video was only 10 seconds long and the customer paid $ 9.
Now there is a TV in every home, but attempts to transmit image and sound over a distance have been crowned with success not so long ago. The transmission of sound became possible after the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio, but the electromagnetic radiation that allows the transmission of images was tamed later, let's find out who invented the television.
The essence of a television broadcast is converting light waves into electrical signals with the subsequent transmission of electrical signals through the communication channel and decoding of information in the reverse order - from electrical impulses to pictures.
In the Middle Ages, the inventor of the camera obscura was able to turn light into an optical drawing. And the transformation of light into electricity became possible with the discovery of the chemical element selenium in 1817... It was possible to practically use the properties of the "lunar" mineral in 1839. The first step towards television was taken. The idea of converting an electrical signal into a light signal was realized in 1856, when I.G. Geisler invented the inertialess tube which converted electricity into an optical image using a conductor gas.
In 1875, Bostonian George Carey introduced first TV prototype- a mosaic structure consisting of gas discharge tubes. Almost simultaneously, in the period from 1877 to 1880, three scientists from different countries at once published a scheme involving the alternate transmission of signals. Among them was our compatriot - Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev, the inventor of the "telephoto". The Russian scientist presented a completely achievable plan, according to which, before transmission, the image was divided into separate parts, and after receiving it was restored into a single picture. In 1889, Professor Stoletov invented the photocell after which, in 1907, BL Rosing created a patented principle of reverse conversion of electrical signals into an image using a cathode cathode-ray tube. Since then, this invention has been actively used in the design of a television set. Without Boris Rosing, who was able to get a picture consisting of points and shapes, the appearance of the first electronic television set would have been impossible.
Vladimir Zvorykin
After summing up a theoretical basis, which gives an understanding of the essence of phenomena and the possibility of controlling signals of different nature, as well as the appearance of a number of inventions, the world approached the appearance of special devices, intended for television broadcasting.
There is no definite answer to the question of who is considered the inventor of the TV. Attempts to implement the process of converting light waves into electrical waves with subsequent restoration of the optical image have been undertaken by various scientists and inventors.
In 1884 German scientist Paul Nipkow created the first device for optical-mechanical beam sweeping- the so-called "Nipkova Disc". In fact, the device was an electronic telescope that reads the image line by line.
Taking advantage of the idea of a talented German student, John Loggi Byrd was able to get picture on the screen of the receiving device. January 26, 1926 members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain observed for the first TV broadcast... Despite the fact that the image was very generalized and indistinct, and there was no sound, it was already television. The scientist was not devoid of a commercial streak: Byrd's company began producing televisions.
The first picture tube was invented by Karl Brown... Subsequently, the glass "Brown Tube" became part of the television set.
Follower and student of Boris Rosing Vladimir Zvorykin in 1932 invented and patented the electronic television system... To a certain extent, a scientist can be called the inventor of the first television.
How the first TV worked
First TV proposed by John Byrd, worked on the basis of the Nipkov disk... The device was a large rotating disk with holes located from the outer circumference to the center (along the Archimedes spiral). The size of the broadcast picture was directly proportional to the size of the disc in the bounding box. The number of holes corresponded to the number of lines on the TV screen. The Nipkov disk rotated, moving the perforation, as a result of which a single image was divided into lines. The design had technical limitations that did not allow the translator screen to be enlarged. It was not possible to increase the number of holes indefinitely: the more the disc is covered with perforations, the smaller the size of the holes that must transmit light to the photocell. Eventually, the screens of the first television sets were tiny - only 3 x 4 cm.
Low-line television made it possible to broadcast a television signal at long and medium wavelengths, thanks to which the signal from Moscow could be “caught” even in Europe. But using the Nipkow Disk did not allow to enlarge the screen even to the size of a standard photograph - in this case, the translator had to be equipped with a huge two-meter disc. But the principle of electronic television, proposed by Vladimir Zvorykin, was limited in frequency, since the picture was divided into a huge number of elements, the transmission of which would take up all the power. It was The decision was made broadcast television signals on ultrashort waves with a range of less than 10 meters. Ultrashort waves travel in a straight line, just like light pulses.
Zvorykin's TV worked according to a different system. The device is based on inventions patented by the scientist - an iconoscope (transmitting cathode-ray tube) and a kinescope (receiving tube that reproduces an image). In the late 1920s, the idea of electronic television spread throughout the world.
The first TV in the USSR
First TV broadcast took place in the vastness of the Soviet Union in April 1931 of the year. At that time, domestic TVs were not yet released. The first TV in the USSR appeared later, as the authorities did broadcasting bet, since it was believed that such a method of transmitting information more effective in terms of propaganda... Nevertheless, in the USSR at that time, Nipkov's paper disks were produced. Television signals were broadcast at long and medium frequencies. Sound was transmitted separately, picture separately.
Domestic craftsmen quickly mastered the wisdom of assembling television receivers. Cardboard perforated disc complemented by a neon lamp, ensuring signal reception and imaging on a miniature screen... A radio receiver was purchased to receive the audio signal. Assembly diagrams of homemade TVs were published in the magazine "Radiofront".
Later, the Leningrad enterprise "Comintern" began producing domestic television sets operating according to the Nipkov system. The device resembled a set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen designed for connection to a radio receiver. Television broadcasting has become regular. For a long time on the territory of the USSR broadcast only one channel - First, whose work was interrupted during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, the principle of electronic television began to be used, the first CRT television receiver was released. The second domestic television channel began broadcasting.
The first color TV
The ideas for the first color TV and the transmission of color images were developed in parallel with the implementation of the concept of black-and-white television broadcasting. The same John Byrd in 1928 he guessed to build in a three-color filter into your television set. The images were transmitted through a light filter one by one. It is likely that the principle used by Byrd was based on the proposal of Alexander Polumordvinov, who in 1900 applied for a patent for the first color three-component Telephot system. The inventor also proposed to combine the perforated Nipkov disc with multi-colored light filters.
In 1907 Hovhannes Adamyan patented two-color television system with simultaneous color transfer. Later, the scientist came up with a scheme for sequential transmission of three color signals. Adamyan's unfolding apparatus was equipped with three series of holes covered with red, blue and green filters. This idea was later implemented by John Byrd. The disadvantage of the scheme was incompatibility with black and white television.
The first true color TV was released in America in the 1920s. RCA devices could be freely purchased on credit.
Later it turned out that the developers were ahead of the needs of the public: at that time, the black-and-white picture was quite enough for viewers. They returned to the idea of color television after the end of the Second World War.
The first color TV in the USSR
Research on color television in the USSR continued in 1947. On November 7, 1952, Leningrad Television successfully conducted an experimental broadcast color television.
In 1954, Soviet scientists developed a TV broadcasting standard for the OSKM, and already in 1956 the same Leningrad TV Center broadcast the first film with a color image. The quality of signal reception was tested on domestic black-and-white devices.
Since October 1, 1967, color television broadcasting in the USSR has been carried out using the SECAM standard. In 1977, domestic television broadcasting was broadcast entirely in color.
In the Soviet Union, their own color television apparatus was released later, although development began in the time of Zvorykin. In 1953, domestic enterprises produced TVs "Raduga" based on Nipkov discs with color filters. After the transition to the principle of electronic television, the updated "Rainbow" and the "Temp-22" model were released.
The first domestic mass TV with a color image was named "Rubin".
Who invented the plasma TV
In July 1964, University of Illinois professors D. Bitzer and G. Slottow developed the first prototype of a modern plasma television. At that time, the technology did not arouse much interest. They returned to the topic of the plasma apparatus with the advent of digital television. Invented investigated properties of plasma. By that time, it became clear that the CRT broadcasting system needed to be replaced - electronic TVs did an excellent job of transmitting video sequences, but a fundamentally new solution was needed to broadcast computer video graphics.
The first device was equipped with just one cell. Modern televisions are equipped with millions of pixels.
In 1999, the world saw a sixty-inch Panasonic Plasma TV. At that point, TVs were much thinner than previous generations.
With the advent of liquid crystal screens, plasma TV technology has slowed down somewhat. The demand for "plasma" has decreased.
For the reasons of the authors, the kinescope (and the TV) could not appear before the first lamp. Each picture tube (and TV) is built according to the scheme: there is a cathode heated by a voltage of, say, 6.3 V, and an anode covered with a phosphor. If the movement of electrons and their density is correctly controlled, it is possible to form spots of different brightness on the screen, which is already considered an image. In the case of color television, the only difference is in the number of cathodes. There are three cathodes, striking clearly into their own phosphor (collected by triads in the form of sticks and dots). Otherwise, the image becomes slightly different in color, floats, and other negative effects appear.
About TVs and television
Even before the experiments with radio, a signal was transmitted by wire, the first mechanical televisions were used to transmit photographs over a distance in printing. With an undeveloped connection, getting a photo from across the ocean (this is what the Marconi did) sounded very tempting. For example, Evgeny Sandov conducts the first bodybuilding competitions at his own expense, and in the United States, newspapers are already full of fresh photos transmitted by mechanical televisions.
Evgeny Sandov was born in Prussia a dozen years before the creation of the cathode tube, the ancestor of the television, and actively developed the first methods of weight training. In 1901 he held the first competition, where most of the participants were engaged in author's programs. There is reason to believe that Edgar Burroughs wrote off the English lord, who was born in the jungle - as a result of a riot on a ship - from the mentioned person, whom the world today recognizes as Tarzan. In particular, Sandow practiced wrestling with a lion, shod in mittens and wearing a muzzle. Finally, today we admire Sandow while watching a Mr. Olympia competition on the TV screen. Whose statuette is being awarded to the winner?
Sandov died at the age of 58 under unknown circumstances. Presumably, he strained himself when he pulled a car out of a ditch with one hand, and his wife buried her husband in a grave without a headstone.
To transmit a photo across the ocean, it was required to make a device that reads the image. The mechanical TV was created on the basis of the Nipkov disc (year of invention - 1884). The opaque wheel is cut with holes at equal angular distances and at the same distance to the center. It turns out a spiral with a single turn. For example, the first hole is located on the periphery, the second is a little closer, and so on to the center of the TV. Sensitive projection elements were located behind. We will not go into the element base of the first televisions, just say that a whole line was projected through the hole onto the screen at once.
The more holes fit, the greater the vertical resolution of the TV turned out to be, and the horizontal was determined by the number of elements (bulbs). It was difficult to achieve high speed, the inertia of the eye requires building an image 24 times per second. For example, a typical Nipkov disc for a TV showed 30 lines, which means that it took 24 x 30 revolutions in a second, which was difficult for the old times. The cinematography was limp, where the diaphragm was called upon to do the indicated 24 vibrations per second. Even a simple photo, achieved with the first mechanical televisions, could not be made of acceptable quality for printing in newspapers. By 1909, instant scanning for monochrome images had been completed.
Black and white TVs
In light of the above, it becomes clear why the question of who invented the television set will cause difficulties for professionals. So many people have had a hand that it is already difficult to understand whose merit is greater. The first black-and-white picture tube was ready already in 1879, 5 years before the invention of the Nipkov disc. In particular, Crookes discovered that beams deflected by a magnetic field caused a phosphor to glow.
On the basis described, a cathode gun was invented. Initially, a vertical scan was obtained with a mirror, then the Nipkov disk began to be used. Actually, the scanning device (1909) for photographs closely touched the Brown tube (with a mirror). As you can see, the field of technology has developed rapidly. The first TV's cathode-ray tube, invented in 1922, featured a heated cathode, which significantly improved picture quality. Sandow survived the invention for three years, it belongs to a man with the uncomplicated name John Johnson of American citizenship, but of Swedish origin. Household appliances - televisions are no exception - most of them owe the birth of America, where in ancient times (the first half of the 20th century) a magazine was even published, where novelties and non-standard methods of using traditional technology were published.
The first commercial cathode ray tube televisions came out in 1934 in Germany. However, television in its current form was born thanks to two Russian compatriots. The talented engineer Vladimir Zvorykin received the position of the head of the electronics laboratory from David Sarnov. In 1929, Zvorykin invents the final TV picture tube, a couple of years later - the iconoscope (transmitting tube). Thus, the foundations are laid for transmitting images over a distance. It remains to put on a carrier and broadcast, at will to the four winds and televisions. Antennas and radio were invented at the end of the 19th century, to which efforts were made by Popov, Marconi and other scientists.
What's included in a typical TV
In order for the information to overcome the ether, it was transformed into a form that easily moves in space. We quickly realized that it is difficult to radiate sound frequencies, but they decay, on the contrary, extremely quickly. We found a solution: to put information into a high-frequency signal called a carrier. Amplitude, frequency or phase changed (the latter two methods tend to be viewed by engineers as something related). As a result, it was required to transfer the image and sound. We created our own carrier for each type of information. Let's say the image was transmitted by amplitude modulation, the sound - by frequency.
Today there are many ways to encrypt information. The carrier is encoded with a digital signal of ones and zeros. To make the content available, you need to have a key. This is how protection against unauthorized access is performed. What's going on inside the TV:
Later, we will tell you when the first color TV appeared, why LCD TVs are good, why you should not confuse the concepts of plasma TVs and laser TVs. We hope our efforts are not wasted.
TV set (television receiver) (from Novolatinsk televisorium - far-sighted) - an electronic device for receiving and displaying images and sound transmitted via wireless channels (including television programs, as well as signals from video signal playback devices).The idea of transmitting images at a distance has existed since ancient times, being reflected in myths and legends (for example, "The Tale of a Silver Saucer and a Pouring Apple"), however, the technical and theoretical basis for creating such a device appeared only at the end of the 19th century, after the creation of radio ...
In 1884, German inventor Paul Nipkow invented the Nipkow disk, a device that formed the basis of mechanical television.
On October 10, 1906, inventors Max Dieckmann, a student of Karl Ferdinand Braun, and G. Glage registered a patent for the use of a Brown tube for image transmission. Brown was against research in this area, considering the idea to be unscientific.
In 1907, Dieckmann demonstrated a television receiver with a 20-frame screen measuring 3x3 cm and a scanning frequency of 10 frames / s.
On July 25, 1907, Boris Lvovich Rosing, a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, filed an application for an invention "A method of electrical transmission of images over a distance", proving the possibility of using a cathode-ray tube to convert an electrical signal into points of a visible image. The beam was swept in the tube by magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (change in brightness) with the help of a capacitor, which could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm.
On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and their reception with reproduction on a CRT screen. The transmitted image was static (that is, there were no moving objects).
In 1908, Armenian inventor Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals (“P A device for converting local oscillations of a light beam reflected from an oscilloscope mirror into brightness oscillations of a Geisler tube", The application was filed in 1907). Later he received similar patents in Great Britain, France and Russia (1910, "Receiver for images, electrically transmitted from a distance"). In 1918, Adamyan assembled the first installation in Russia capable of displaying black and white images (static figures), which was a big step in the development of television. In 1925, he received a patent for a three-color electromechanical television system, that is, for a device for transmitting color images over a distance using a disc with three series of holes. As the disk rotated, the three colors merged into a single image. Experienced transmissions were shown in the same year in Yerevan.
There are many publications about the creation in 1928 of an electronic television system by an inventor from Tashkent B.P. Grabowski. The first television receiver in history, on which the Tashkent experiment was carried out, was called a "telephot".
In 1925, Scottish inventor John Lodge Bird first demonstrated television transmission of moving objects using the Nipkow disc. In the late 1920s, the Baird Corporation he founded was the only TV manufacturer in the world.
A real breakthrough in electronic television technology was made by B. Rosing's student V.K.Zvorykin (who emigrated to America after the revolution and worked for RCA) - in 1923 he applied for television based entirely on the electronic principle, and in 1931 world transmitting electron tube with a mosaic photocathode, called the "iconoscope", which laid the foundation for the development of electronic television. The iconoscope was the first electronic transmission television tube, which allowed the mass production of television receivers to begin. Then Zvorykin began to create a fully electronic television system. For complete success, it was required to carry out a lot of work on improving the iconoscope and kinescope (receiving tube), systems for converting and transmitting electrical signals, solving technological problems associated with obtaining the required photosensitive structure, etc.
Regular television broadcasting on a system with optical-mechanical image scanning began in the USA in 1927, in Great Britain in 1928, and in Germany in 1929.
The first regular television broadcasting on an electronic principle in the VHF band began in 1935 in Germany (441 lines), in 1936 - in England (405 lines), Italy (441 lines) and France (455 lines). Regular broadcasting with program announcements began in the UK in 1936.
After the Second World War, the population in the United States did not lose purchasing power, and its radio-electronic industry, which had increased enormous capacities during the war and lost its defense orders, found a field for itself in the form of telefication of the country and quickly solved this problem. If in 1947 there were about 180 thousand televisions in the United States, then by 1953 their number had increased to 28 million! (that is, almost every second family had a TV). The market for six years was practically saturated with black and white TVs, and in order to create a new mass product, the American radio industry took seriously color television.
After the development and creation of this system, regular color television broadcasting began in the United States in 1953. At the same time, color televisions appeared. Then it cost an average of about a thousand dollars (half the cost of an average car), and its maintenance per year cost about the same amount. It required, for example, almost weekly adjustment by a specialist (the first TVs had more than a hundred control knobs). Therefore, color television in the United States became widespread only after 12-15 years (the first 10 million TV sets were sold only by 1966).
The Japanese radio industry quickly established the production of relatively cheap color TVs for the US market, and therefore in 1960 Japan itself adopted the American system (that is, the choice was forced).
Regular television broadcasting in Russia (USSR) began on March 10, 1939.
The first Soviet TV set (a set-top box - the TV did not have its own loudspeaker and was connected to a broadcasting receiver) using a Nipkov disc system was created at the Leningrad Komintern plant (now the Kozitsky plant) in April 1932. It was a brand B-2, with a screen size of 3x4 cm. In 1933-1936. the plant produced about 3 thousand of these TVs. In 1938, the Komintern plant produced televisions TC-1, it was a complex model with 33 tubes and was manufactured under an American license and using their documentation. By the end of the year, about 200 TVs had been produced. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, their fleet was up to 2000 pieces. About the same number of TVs of the model were manufactured VRK(All-Union Radio Committee).
Work on the creation of a simplified TV set designed for the mass consumer was carried out at another Leningrad enterprise - the Radist plant (it was to this plant that leading specialists from VNIIT and the Kozitsky plant came). And in 1940 a serial desktop TV was created in the laboratories of "Radist" 17TN-1 with a screen with a diameter of 17 cm. Before the war, the plant managed to produce no more than 2 thousand TVs of this brand. Before the war, the Aleksandrovsky plant produced the first Soviet TV, which surpassed American RCA in quality - ATP-1... But truly the first Soviet TV is considered KVN-49, even Stalin watched it. The first TVs cost more than 900 rubles.
Moscow Television Plant (now "Rubin"), was created in 1951, and released the first television sets North in 1953, the Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant ("Record", now VESTEL) began producing television sets in 1957. Since the post-war park of TV sets in the USSR was small, then in 1951-55. an attempt was made to create a system sequential color television(which has some advantages, but is incompatible with black and white, and therefore previously rejected in America). The standard of 525 lines at 50 frames (25 fields) per second was chosen, a disc with color filters rotated in the transmitting camera in front of the tube, the same disc rotated synchronously in front of the kinescope screen on the TV (with red filters, red image details were transmitted, with green, green ones, with blue - blue). Experimental broadcasting was carried out with Experimental color television station, OCST-1. At the Leningrad plant them. Kozitsky produced several hundred color televisions "Rainbow" with a kinescope with a diameter of 18 cm (with increased brightness - to compensate for the loss of light in light filters).
But in February 1957, the Council of Ministers issued a resolution on color television with an instruction to begin in the next, 1958, experimental broadcasting already on a simultaneous (compatible) system. By November 1959, OSTT-2 was installed on Shabolovka, which in January 1960 began regular broadcasting on the NTSC system. Television sets were produced by two factories: in Leningrad, the plant named after V.I. Kozitsky (new "Rainbow"), and the Moscow Radio Plant - "Temp-22". In total, about 4,000 of them were produced, but they did not go on sale to the public.
As a result, in March 1965, an agreement on cooperation in the field of color television was concluded between the USSR and France, and the transition to the French SÉCAM system was carried out. The first broadcast color television broadcast in the USSR took place on November 7, 1967. The first color TVs were also French - several hundred KFT TVs were purchased. In the 70s - 80s, there was a gradual replacement of the park of black-and-white TVs with color domestic production. The park of color TVs was difficult to form, although for a long time they were sold even below the cost price. In the early years of color broadcasting, even a real sales crisis arose: the population almost stopped buying black-and-white televisions on the occasion of the "era of color television", but they still did not dare to buy rather expensive color televisions, not being sure of their quality and reliability (and the volume of color TV programs grew very slowly then).
At the end of the 1980s, the population of the USSR already had more than 50 million color television sets.
Until about the 1990s, televisions were used exclusively on the basis of a picture tube (cathode ray tube). At the end of the 20th century, projection televisions (both CRT and LCD-based, as well as based on a micromechanical optical modulator) began to spread. TVs based on almost flat and then completely flat, picture tubes, appeared dark kinescopes with improved transmission of black color, kinescopes with a shortened tube (in the thickness of the case, competing with liquid crystal ones). Systems for transmitting text information in a TV signal - teletext and fasttext - were introduced. Picture-in-picture (PIP) TVs (first released in 1978 by Sharp) began to be produced, digital video signal processing was widely introduced, which improved the final image quality. Pocket TVs with LCD screens have gone on sale, mini-TVs have been built into watches and glasses. The technology of production of television receivers improved and became cheaper, the television became one of the most widespread household appliances, it became the main instrument of the world mass media, displacing radio.
At the beginning of the XXI century, televisions with liquid crystal and plasma screens (panels) began to be mass-produced, steadily replacing traditional CRTs due to the rapid cost reduction. The screen size of modern consumer TVs can be up to several meters. Televisions with a very large aspect ratio (intended for public places) can be made on the basis of a matrix of discrete LEDs or based on a matrix of plasma panels.
Further development of television receivers is carried out in the direction of supporting high-definition television (HDTV) and digital television.
Today television is a significant part of the life of a modern person. The TV quickly took root in homes, despite the fact that it was invented less than a hundred years ago. Of course, the miracle of technology that we have now initially looked and was arranged completely differently. How it all began, who invented the TV, in what year and in which country it happened, we will consider in this article.
Which scientist invented the television first
People have always wanted to learn how to capture moments from their lives. Experiments with the transfer of images began in the Middle Ages. Then the camera obscura was invented, which made it possible to convert light into an optical pattern.
We can safely say that each invention of the above scientists contributed to the creation of a television apparatus, therefore, it is impossible to single out only one inventor of the television.
The first patent from Vladimir Zvorykin
A kinescope served as a part for creating the TV. It is a converter of electrical signals into light signals. The very first was created in 1895 by Karl Brown. Until 1990, TV and computer monitors were made exclusively on the basis of a kinescope.
The basis for the creation of the television camera was the Nipkov Disk. The Scotsman John Byrd used the idea of Paul Nipkow and, on the basis of his invention, was able to display the picture on the TV screen. The first telecast took place in 1926 in the UK. It was such a success that after it, Byrd's company began producing televisions for sale. There was no sound in the device, and the image was indistinct, however, this was already television.
John Lodge Byrd while working on a mechanical television system
Vladimir Zvorykin, an American engineer of Russian origin, patented his electronic television system in 1932. Zvorykin became the "father" of the first electronic, that is, a modern television set suitable for practical use.
How the very first TV worked
Byrd's apparatus was based on the Nipkow Disk and looked like a huge rotating disk with holes. The first television sets had tiny screens like
J. Byrd's transmitter (1926)
attachments - 3x4 cm. The spiral rotated, moving the perforation, thereby dividing the image into lines. The lines were combined into a single picture on the screen. Nipkov's disk did not make it possible to make a screen the size of at least a standard photograph - for this, the disk had to be about two meters in diameter. The television signal was broadcast at medium and long wavelengths - this made it possible to transmit the image over long distances.
The principle of electronic television proposed by Zvorykin did not limit the size of the screen, but limited the frequency of signal delivery. TV signals were broadcast over a distance of less than ten meters. Zvorykin's TV was based on his other patented inventions - the iconoscope and the kinescope. At the end of the 1920s, the whole world was gripped by the implementation of television broadcasting.
The first color TV
After the first successful experience with television broadcasting, the inventors began to think about the transfer of the picture in the form in which a person sees the world around him. Simultaneously with the implementation of the transmission of black and white images, the idea of color television was developed. The first experiment was carried out by the same John Byrd. He inserted a three-color filter into his television, through which the images passed in turn.
Schematic diagram of the first color TV
In 1900, Alexander Polumordvinov applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system. One of his ideas was to combine the Nipkov Disk with light filters of different colors.
The first true color TV was released in the United States in the 1920s. Almost anyone could buy the device on credit.
Production of televisions in the USSR
The first telecast in the Soviet Union took place on April 29, 1931. But the first television appeared later, as the authorities put more emphasis on radio broadcasting, which, in their opinion, was more suitable for propaganda. Radio was more accessible; during construction, a special radio socket was made in each house.
Nipkov's Paper Discs were commercially available. Soviet craftsmen mastered the principle of assembling television sets. Assembly diagrams of homemade TVs were published in the magazine "Radiofront". You could assemble the TV yourself in the following way:
- A perforated cardboard disc was aligned with a neon lamp to provide signal reception and imaging on a small screen.
- In order for the image to be accompanied by sound, a radio receiver was connected to the TV receiver. Sound and picture were fed separately from each other.
The disadvantage of such a TV was that, due to the low sensitivity of the photocell, the image had to be re-scanned for several minutes.
Color TVs in the USSR
As an experiment, on November 7, 1952, the Leningrad television broadcast a television program with a color image. Four years later, the same television center began producing color films.
TV classification
Televisions are classified according to several criteria. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.
By image acquisition technology:
- CRT. These TVs cannot broadcast digital broadcasts.
- Liquid crystal (). , have high image quality, but a small viewing angle.
By type of screen backlight:
- Backlit by cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL).
- With LED backlight (). They consume little power and have a clear image with good contrast.
- Quantum Dot Illuminated (QLED).
In addition to these criteria, TVs differ in screens. There are plasma screens and projection screens. Projection screens are divided into CRT, laser, liquid crystal and micromirror. All of them work with front or rear projection, that is, the image is fed to the screen through a projector or a translucent screen (rear projection).
The most modern model is MicroLED monitors. In 2019, it only demonstrated a TV with such a screen.
In conclusion
Television has come a long way to come to us in the form it has now. It would seem that there is nowhere to transform television, because we already have good sound and a clear color picture. Despite this, work on TVs does not stop, and every year companies release more improved models.
