What is an object model and why is it created;
- what role does information play in creating a model;
- what is an information model;
- what is adequacy information model.

The role of the goal in the development of an information model of an object

Knowing the world around us, each of us forms our own idea of ​​it. One of the methods of cognition is the creation and study of a model of a real object, process or natural phenomenon. When constructing and researching a model, it is customary to introduce a generalized concept of an object of research (original, prototype), meaning by this any material or non-material object (process), as well as a natural phenomenon.

A model is understood as a material or mentally imagined object that, in the process of research, replaces the original object so that its study gives new knowledge about the original object. The model acts as a kind of cognitive tool that the researcher puts between himself and the object of research and with the help of which he studies the object of interest. The modeling process is cyclical process, as a result of which you can repeatedly change the model itself, constantly improving and refining it.

When creating a model, an important step is to collect information about an object to the extent that the set goal of building a model requires. Without such information, model development is impossible.

A model is an object that reflects the essential properties of a real object of research, which are selected in accordance with a given modeling goal.

There are no hard and fast rules on how to best represent a model. However, humanity has accumulated vast experience in this field of activity. Models can take all sorts of shapes and forms. Regardless of this, the model can be attributed either to the class of material or to the class of non-material models.

Any model is created and changed thanks to the information available to a person about real objects or phenomena. The ability to create models, as well as in general the ability to cognize the world around, depends on a person's ability to correctly understand and process information. In order to study a real object, we purposefully collect information about it.

This information can be stored in the memory of a person, but if it is presented in any form in one of the information coding languages, then in this case we can talk about the creation and use of an information model of the research object (original).

The study of some sides of the original object is carried out at the cost of refusing to reflect the other sides. Therefore, any information model replaces a real-life object only in a strictly limited sense. It follows from this that for one object, several information models can be created that focus on certain aspects of the object under study and characterize the object with varying degrees of detail.

As an illustration, consider the housing sector. It will go about the construction of a residential building. What should be the information model of this house? It turns out that there can be many of them. Their number is determined by the goal facing the one who is related to this construction. Obviously, the points of view of the apartment buyer, architect, investor and construction organization when determining the purpose of building an information model, they differ significantly from each other. Thus, for the house in question, several different information models can be created, depending on the goal that is set for those who create it. Let's take a look at some of them.

Suppose the buyer's goal is to purchase a comfortable home. To build an information model, the most essential information should be selected in accordance with a given goal. Although the concept of comfort is ambiguous - everyone understands it in their own way, we will try to express it in one of the possible interpretations. Let's list the main indicators that should determine the comfort. The house should be located in a quiet green place, equipped with modern technical devices, it should have an underground garage, a concierge or a security guard should be sitting at the entrance. To build an information model, it is necessary to select information that reflects all the above requirements and present it, for example, in the form of a table or a list. The task of the buyer includes: search for companies that are engaged in the construction of similar houses; building for each variant of the corresponding information model; based on analysis results - selection best option from the point of view of the goal. The chosen option will be the information model (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1. Information models of houses under construction from the buyer's point of view.
The goal is to purchase comfortable housing

We will use a similar technique to build information models for other people interested in construction, for example, an investor and an architect. It is clear that the goals in both cases will be completely different in comparison with the buyer, which means that the models will be different.

From the investor's point of view, the main goal is to make a profit, which means that the indicators that contain information of interest to him will mainly be of a financial nature (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2. Information models of houses under construction from the point of view of the investor.
The goal is to get maximum profit

From the point of view of the architect, the main goal is to develop a modern architectural project, taking into account environment: adjacent territory with the prevailing style of nearby houses, existing infrastructure, ecology, etc. Several options for the information model corresponding to this goal are given in table. 1.3.

Let's highlight the main thing that should be paid attention to when building an information model:

♦ first, the purpose of building an information model should be clearly formulated;
♦ then select information appropriate for this purpose for several similar research objects;
♦ then present this information using one of the information coding languages, for example, in the form of a list of parameters (indicators) and their values ​​for each object in tabular form(as shown in Tables 1.1-1.3).

Table 1.3. Information models of houses under construction from the point of view of the architect.
The goal is to create architectural project appropriate for the environment

An information model is a model that contains purposefully selected and presented in some form the most essential information about an object.

Information models play very important role In human life. The knowledge gained in the classroom at school allows you to draw up various information models, which together reflect the informational picture of the world around you.

The lessons of history make it possible to build a model of the development of society, and knowledge of this model allows you to create the history of your life, either repeating the mistakes of your ancestors, or taking them into account.

In astronomy lessons, you available means talk about the solar system.

In geography lessons you get information about geographic sites: mountains, rivers, cities and countries. These are also informational models.

In chemistry lessons, information about the chemical properties and laws of interaction of different substances is supported by experiments that are models of real chemical processes.

Before building a model, it is necessary to collect information about the studied subject or phenomenon and present it in the appropriate form. Forms of presentation of information models can be different. The most commonly used forms are:
♦ oral (verbal);
♦ signed: tabular, graphic, symbolic (text, numbers, Special symbols);
♦ in the form of gestures or signals.

The form of presentation of information usually depends on the tool with which it will be processed. Nowadays, in most cases, a computer is used to process information. This versatile tool allows you to develop and explore models of a variety of objects: molecules and atoms, bridges and architectural structures, aircraft and cars. Large amounts of information about the object under study can be stored in the computer's memory. This allows us to consider an object with different sides, explore its form, state, action, using for each case specific model and related modeling techniques.

One of the most convenient forms of information model presentation is a table. It was this form that was chosen as the main one in the entire set of textbooks. This is also due to the fact that the modeling and study of the properties of the model will be carried out on a computer, where a strict formalization of the task is required. Such a table reflects the main characteristics of the object, selected in accordance with the goal of modeling. Examples of this form of presentation are table. 1.1-1.3.

The concept of the adequacy of the information model

Any model should reflect the most essential, from the point of view of the goal, the properties of the research object (original or prototype). The object of research can be not only a material object that a person can touch (house, tree, flower, piece of furniture), but also an intangible object, process or phenomenon ( musical composition, oral story, natural phenomenon, dance).

Correspondence of the model to the original can be achieved in appearance, in structure, in behavior, both individually and in the aggregate of these features, depending on the goal of the study. Appropriateness in appearance is achieved mainly by satisfying structural, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements. Structural consistency is achieved using system analysis the object of research, as a result of which the composition of its elements is determined - simple objects, of which the original consists, as well as the relationship that binds them. All this taken together determines the structure of the object under study, the most essential features of which should be reflected by the model. Conformity in behavior is achieved by analyzing the behavior of the prototype, that is, studying its dynamic properties, and creating such a model that would reflect the most significant aspects of this behavior.

In all these cases, the problem of assessing the quality of the model arises. The quality of a model depends on its ability to reflect and reproduce objects and phenomena of the objective world, their structure and regular order. How much information needs to be collected in order for the resulting information model to fully reflect the essential properties of the original object? To answer this question, the concept of model adequacy is introduced in modeling.

The adequacy of the model is the correspondence of the model to the original object in terms of those properties that are considered essential for the study.

The adequacy of the information model is the correspondence of the information model to the original object in terms of those properties that are considered essential for the study.

The concept of adequacy is to some extent conditional, since full compliance of the model with a real object cannot be achieved. Any model differs from the original. The model loses its meaning, as in the case of full adequacy to the original, when it ceases to be a model and becomes exact copy the simulated object, and in the case of insufficient adequacy, excessive difference from the original, when the properties essential for the study are not reflected in the model.

An information model plays a special role in determining the degree of adequacy, which is needed by a researcher not only as an independent object, but also as a basis for creating a material model. Let us recall that the information model includes only those parameters (indicators) that reflect the information that is most significant from the point of view of the set goal. This means that some information will not be included in the information model. How to find a middle ground: what to include and what to neglect? The answer to this question can be given by checking the adequacy of the information model to the original.

The adequacy of the information model is determined in several ways, but, as a rule, these are strict mathematical methods analysis based on probability theory and mathematical statistics. The method of numerical experiment on a computer is widespread, where it is also necessary to apply mathematical methods as a tool for generalizing the results obtained.

For a more rough estimate of the adequacy of the model, you can use a more simple methods: for example, observing the state and behavior of the original object or comparing with similar real ones or ideal objects that exist only in the imagination of a person.

Let's look at the previous example related to building a house. What is the adequacy of the three models presented in table. 1.1-1.3, a real object? Realizing that the real object has not yet been built, it is too early to talk about the presence of any adequacy. However, for this, the models exist so that at the preliminary stages to achieve the smallest possible differences between the model and the real object. From the buyer's point of view, a greater degree of adequacy can be achieved if the selected option lists the largest number indicators, the values ​​of which correspond to the stated goal - maximum comfort. If we analyze the four options for the values ​​of the parameters in table. 1.1, then preference should be given to the Elita company, but this will be the most expensive housing. If the buyer introduces restrictions on the cost of the apartment, then the adequacy of the information models of other companies is less. In this case, it is necessary to carry out additional work to comprehend their requirements, refine existing information models in order to clarify additional information aspects, and then re-evaluate the adequacy of all three model options. The same should be done for other information models, for the investor and the architect. Do it yourself.

Test questions and tasks

Tasks

1. Consider different options information models for the example of a house under construction given in the topic. For each model, assess its adequacy.

2. Select the object "school" as the object of research and develop information models that reflect the point of view of the student, the parent of the student, and the school principal. For each model, assess its adequacy.

3. Select the "river" object for your research and develop information models that reflect the perspective of the angler and artist. For each model, assess its adequacy.

4. Select the store object as the object of your research and develop information models that reflect the perspectives of the buyer, seller, and store owner. For each model, assess its adequacy.

5. Select the process of creating a school play as the object of research. Develop several information models. For each model, assess its adequacy.

Control questions

1. What is an object model?

2. What is meant by the object of research and what are the synonyms for this concept?

3. What kinds of models do you know?

4. What is an information model of an object?

5. What is most important in building an information model?

6. What is the adequacy of the model and why is this concept introduced ^

7. How to make sure that the information model is adequate; original?

Information object

After studying this topic, you will learn and repeat:

What's happened information picture the world;
- what is an information object;
- how the information model and information object relate to each other.

We live in the real world, surrounded by various material objects. The presence of information about objects of the real world gives rise to another world, inseparable from consciousness specific people where only information exists. We give this world a variety of names. One of these names is informational picture of the world.

Cognition of the real world occurs through the informational picture of the world. A person forms his own idea of ​​the real world, receiving and comprehending information about each real object, process or phenomenon. Moreover, each person has his own informational picture of the world, which depends on many factors of both subjective and objective order. Of course, the level of education of a person plays an important role here. Informational pictures of the world for a schoolchild, student and teacher will differ significantly. The more voluminous and more diverse the information that a person can perceive, the more colorful this picture turns out. So, for example, a child's informational picture of the world is not at all the same as his. parents.

One of the ways of knowing the real world is modeling, which is primarily associated with selection necessary information and building an information model. However, any information model reflects a real object only in a limited aspect - in accordance with the goal set by the person. Hence, a certain "flawedness" of the perception of the world arises if a person studies it from only one side, determined by one goal. Comprehensive knowledge of the surrounding world is possible only when there are different information models corresponding to different goals.

Suppose we have created several information models for one object in the real world (Fig. 1.2). Their number is determined by the number of goals set. For example, the information models of our planet for a schoolchild, astronomer, meteorologist and surveyor will differ significantly, since they have different goals, which means that the information they select and form the basis of the information model will be different.

During development, the model is constantly compared with the prototype object to assess its compliance with the original. The measure of compliance is the concept of adequacy discussed in the previous topic.

Rice. 1.2. Relationship between real world objects and information models

What happens if we deal only with information models, detaching ourselves from the real world? In this case, the need for the concept of adequacy disappears, since by eliminating the object, we thereby break virtual communication that establishes an object-model relationship. This means that we will completely immerse ourselves in a virtual, non-existent world where only information circulates. There will be nothing to compare the model with, which means that there will be no need for the modeling itself.

Thus, the model turns into a kind of independent object, which is a collection of information.

Remembering the concept of an object, which is defined as some part of the surrounding world, considered as a whole, we can assume that an information model that has no connection with the original object can also be considered an object, but not material, but informational. Thus, the information object is obtained from the information model by "alienating" information from the original object.

An information object is a collection of logically related information.

Then information world will represent many different information objects(fig. 1.3).

Rice. 1.3. After breaking ties with objects of the real world, a set of information objects remains

An information object "alienated" from the original object can be stored on various material carriers. The simplest material medium of information is paper. There are also magnetic, electronic, laser and other information carriers.

WITH information objects fixed on a material medium, you can perform the same actions as with information when working on a computer: enter them, store, process, transfer. However, the technology for working with information objects will be somewhat different than with information models. When creating an information model, we defined the purpose of modeling and, in accordance with it, highlighted essential features, focusing on research. In the case of an information object, we are dealing with a simpler technology, since no research is needed. The traditional stages of information processing are quite enough here: input, storage, processing, transmission.

When working with information objects, the computer plays an important role. Using the opportunities that office technologies provide the user, you can create a variety of professional computer documents, which will be types of information objects. Everything that is created in computer environments, will be an information object.

Literary work, newspaper article, order - examples of information objects in the form text documents... Pictures, drawings, diagrams are information objects in the form graphic documents... Accrual sheet wages, a table of the cost of purchases made in a wholesale store, an estimate for the performance of work and other types of documents in tabular form, where automatic calculations are made according to formulas that link table cells are examples of information objects in the form spreadsheets... The result of a selection from the database is also an information object.

Quite often we are dealing with compound documents in which information is presented in different forms. Such documents can contain text, pictures, tables, formulas, and much more. School textbooks, magazines, newspapers are well-known examples of compound documents that are information objects of a complex structure. To create compound documents, use software environments, which provide for the possibility of presenting information in different forms.

Other examples of complex information objects include computer-generated presentations and hypertext documents. The presentation is made up of a set of computer slides that provide not only the presentation of information, but also its presentation according to a previously created script. Hypertext can be a document that contains hyperlinks to other parts of the same document or to other documents containing additional information.

Test questions and tasks

Tasks

1. Give examples of information objects that exist outside the computing environment.

2. Give examples of information objects that exist in the computer environment.

Control questions

1. What is meant by the informational picture of the world?

2. What is the informational picture of the world of a preschool child?

3. What is the informational picture of the world of a high school student?

4. What way of knowing the real world do you know?

5. What is an information object?

6. Under what conditions can an information model be perceived as an information object?

7. What can you do with an information object?

Modeling as a method of cognition

1.1.1. Models and Simulations

A person seeks to know objects (objects, processes, phenomena) of the surrounding world, that is, to understand how specific object, what are its structure, basic properties, laws of development and interaction with other objects. For the solution of many practical tasks it's important to know:

How will the characteristics of an object change with a certain impact on it from other objects ("What will happen if ...?");

What impact should be made on an object in order to change its properties in accordance with the new requirements ("How to do it to ...?");

What is the best combination of object characteristics in terms of given conditions("How to do it better?").

One of the methods of cognition of objects of the surrounding world is modeling, consisting in the creation and study of simplified substitutes for real objects. The placeholder object is namedbe a model, and the original object is a prototype or original. Examples of models are shown in Fig. 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. Model examples

Modeling is used when the object under study is too large (solar system) or too small (atom), when the process proceeds very quickly (fuel processing in an internal combustion engine) or very slowly (geological processes), when the study of the object can be dangerous for others (an atomic explosion), lead to its destruction (checking the seismic properties of a high-rise building) or when the creation of a real object is very expensive (a new architectural solution), etc.

The model is not an exact copy of the original object: it reflects only part of its properties, relationships, and behavioral features.

The more features of an object the model reflects, the more complete it is. However, it is impossible to reflect in the model all the features of the original object, and more often than not it is not necessary. The characteristics of the original object, which must be reproduced in the model, are determined by the purpose of modeling - the purpose of the future model. These features are called essential for this model from the point of view of the modeling goal.

Think about what features of the "theater" object will be essential when creating its model from the point of view of: 1) construction company, engaged in the construction of the theater building; 2) a director preparing the production of a new performance; 3) the cashier selling tickets; 4) a viewer who is going to attend the performance.

Model

Modeling

Since any model always reflects only part of the features of the original, you can create and use different models the same object. For example: a ball can reproduce only one property of the Earth - its shape, an ordinary globe also reflects the location of the continents, and a globe that is part of the current model Solar system, - also the trajectory of the Earth around the Sun.

You can reflect the features of the original in the model different ways.

First, the signs can be copied, reproduced. This model is called natural (material). Examples of full-scale models are dummies and layouts - reduced or enlarged copies, reproducing appearance the simulated object (globe), its structure (model of the solar system) or behavior (radio-controlled model of a car).

Secondly, the features of the original can be described in one of the languages ​​of representation (coding) of information - to give a verbal description, to give a formula, diagram or drawing, etc. Such a model is called informational. In the future, we will consider specifically information models.

Information model- a description of the original object in one of the languages ​​of information presentation (coding).

1.1.2. Stages of building an information model

Any model is built to solve some problem. The construction of an information model begins with an analysis of the condition of this problem, expressed in natural language (Fig. 1.2).

As a result of analyzing the condition of the problem, the object of modeling and the goal of modeling are determined.

After determining the goal of modeling in the object of modeling, the properties, main parts and connections between them, which are essential from the point of view of this particular goal, are highlighted. At the same time, it should be clearly defined what is given (what initial data are known, what data are valid) and what needs to be found in the problem being solved. The links between the original data and the results should also be indicated.

The next step in building an information model is formalization is the presentation of the identified links and the selected essential features of the modeling object in some form (verbal description, table, figure, diagram, drawing, formula, algorithm, computer program etc.).

Formalization is the replacement of a real object with its formal description, that is, its information model.

Rice. 1.2. Stages of creating an information model

Example... A 9th grade student for a literature lesson must memorize the first three stanzas of the first chapter of the novel by A, S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", containing 42 lines. How long does it take him to complete this task, if he can memorize the first line in 5 seconds, and to memorize each next line he needs 2 seconds more time than memorizing previous line?

V in this case the object of modeling is the process of memorizing a poem by a student; the purpose of the simulation is to obtain a formula for calculating the time it takes a student to memorize a poem.

From the point of view of the goal of modeling, it is essential the following information: time of memorizing the first line (5 seconds); the difference in memorization time for the next and previous lines (2 seconds); the number of lines to be memorized (42 lines). This is the original data. The result should be the time it takes to memorize all 42 lines of the novel fragment.

Since the time for memorizing each line, starting from the second, is obtained by adding a constant number to the time required for memorizing the previous line, we can talk about an arithmetic progression: b, 7, 9, 11, ...

The first member of this progression is a1 = 5, the difference of the progression is d = 10, the number of members of the progression is n = 42.

This formula is the required information model. With its help, independently calculate the time it takes for the student to memorize the poem.

Information models exist separately from the objects of modeling and can be processed independently of them. Having built an information model, a person uses it instead of the original object to study this object, to solve the problem.

At the address http://earth.google.com/intl/ru/ the application “ Google planet Earth ", which provides an opportunity to travel around our planet without getting up from an armchair. This is a three-dimensional model of the planet, by navigating through which you can: view satellite photos the earth's surface; explore cities, individual buildings and everything peacefully famous landmarks in three-dimensional image; explore distant galaxies, constellations and planets; travel back in time, etc.

1.1.3. Classification of information models

There are many options for classifying information models. Let's take a look at some of them.

If we take as a basis for the classification subject area, then we can distinguish physical, environmental, economic, sociological and other models.

Depending on the consideration of the time factor, dynamic (changing over time) and static (not changing over time) models are distinguished.

Depending on the form of presentation of information about the object of modeling, sign, figurative and mixed (figurative-sign) types of information models are distinguished.

Signed information models are built using various natural and formal languages ​​(sign systems). The sign information model can be represented in the form of a text in a natural language or a program in a programming language, in the form of a formula, etc.

Figurative information models (drawings, photographs, etc.) are visual images objects recorded on any medium.

Mixed information models combine figurative and iconic elements. Examples of mixed information models are geographic maps, graphs, diagrams, etc. In all these models are used simultaneously and graphic elements, and signs.

THE MOST IMPORTANT THING

Model is a new object that reflects the features of the object, process or phenomenon that are essential from the point of view of the goal of modeling.

Modeling- a method of cognition, which consists in creating and researching models.

Purpose of modeling(the purpose of the future model) determines the characteristics of the original object that must be reproduced in the model.

Distinguish between full-scale and information models. Full-scale models- real objects, in a reduced or enlarged form, reproducing the appearance, structure or behavior of the modeled object. Information models- descriptions of the original object in one of the information coding languages.

Formalization- the process of replacing a real object with its formal description, that is, its information model.

By form views distinguish figurative, symbolic and mixed (figurative-symbolic) information models.

Questions and tasks

1. Read the presentation materials for the paragraph contained in electronic application to the textbook. What can you say about the forms of presentation of information in the presentation and in the textbook? What slides could you add to your presentation?

2.What is a model? When is modeling used?

3. Use examples to demonstrate the validity of the following statements:

a) several models can correspond to one object;

b) one model can correspond to several objects.

4. Give examples of full-scale and informational models.

5.In the following list of models, indicate those that can be used for:

a) representations of objects of the surrounding world;

b) explanations of known facts;

c) testing hypotheses and gaining new knowledge about the objects under study;

d) forecasting;

e) management.

Models: residential area development layout; photographs of the movement of air masses; train timetable; a model of a flight of an aircraft of a new design in a wind tunnel; structure diagram internal organs person.

6. Give an example of an information model:

a) a student of your class;

b) a basketball player;

c) a patient of a veterinary clinic;

| Modeling as a method of cognition

Lesson 2
§ 1.1 Modeling as a method of cognition

Keywords:

Model
modeling
simulation target
full-scale (material) model
information model
formalization
classification of information models

1.1.1. Models and Simulations

A person seeks to know objects (objects, processes, phenomena) of the surrounding world, that is, to understand how a specific object is arranged, what are its structure, basic properties, laws of development and interaction with other objects. To solve many practical problems, it is important to know:

How will the characteristics of an object change with a certain impact on it from other objects ("What will happen if ...?");
what impact should be made on an object in order to change its properties in accordance with the new requirements ("How to do it to ...?");
what combination of object characteristics is the best under the given conditions ("How to do it better?").

One of the methods of cognizing objects of the surrounding world is modeling, which consists in creating and researching simplified substitutes for real objects. The placeholder object is usually called the model, and the original object is called the prototype or the original object. Examples of models are shown in Fig. 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. Model examples

Modeling is used when the object under study is too large (solar system) or too small (atom), when the process proceeds very quickly (fuel processing in an internal combustion engine) or very slowly (geological processes), when the study of the object can be dangerous for others (an atomic explosion), lead to its destruction (checking the seismic properties of a high-rise building) or when the creation of a real object is very expensive (a new architectural solution), etc.

The model is not an exact copy of the original object: it reflects only part of its properties, relationships and behavioral features. The more features of an object the model reflects, the more complete it is. However, it is impossible to reflect in the model all the features of the original object, and more often than not it is not necessary. The characteristics of the original object, which must be reproduced in the model, are determined by the purpose of modeling - the purpose of the future model. These features are called essential for this model from the point of view of the modeling goal.

Think about what features of the “theater” object will be essential when creating its model from the point of view of:

1) a construction company engaged in the construction of a theater building;
2) a director preparing the production of a new performance;
3) the cashier selling tickets;
4) a viewer who is going to attend the performance.

A model is a new object that reflects the features of the object, process or phenomenon that are essential from the point of view of the goal of modeling.

Modeling is a cognitive method that consists in creating and researching models.

Since any model always reflects only part of the features of the original, you can create and use different models of the same object. For example: a ball can reproduce only one property of the Earth - its shape, an ordinary globe also reflects the location of the continents, and the globe, which is part of the current model of the Solar System, also reflects the trajectory of the Earth around the Sun.

The features of the original can be reflected in the model in different ways.

Firstly, signs can be copied, reproduced. This model is called natural (material). Examples of full-scale models are dummies and models - reduced or enlarged copies that reproduce the appearance of a modeled object (globe), its structure (model of the solar system) or behavior (radio-controlled model of a car).

Secondly, the features of the original can be described in one of the languages ​​of representation (coding) of information - to give a verbal description, give a formula, diagram or drawing, etc. Such a model is called informational. In the future, we will consider specifically information models.

Information model is a description of the original object in one of the information presentation (coding) languages.

1.1.2. Stages of building an information model

Any model is built to solve some problem... The construction of an information model begins with an analysis of the condition of this problem, expressed in natural language.

As a result of analyzing the condition of the problem, the object of modeling and the goal of modeling are determined.

After defining modeling objectives in the modeling object are highlighted properties, main parts and connections between them, essential from the point of view of this particular goal (Fig. 1.2). In this case, it should be clearly defined what is given (what initial data know what data are valid) and what you want to find in the problem being solved. Also must be specified links between inputs and outputs.

The next step in building an information model is formalization- presentation of the identified links and the selected essential features of the object of modeling in some form (verbal description, table, figure, diagram, drawing, formula, algorithm, computer program, etc.).

Formalization is the replacement of a real object with its formal description, that is, its information model.

Rice. 1.2. Stages of creating an information model

Example. A 9th grade student for a literature lesson must memorize the first three stanzas of the first chapter of Alexander Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", containing 42 lines. How long will it take for him to complete this task if he can memorize the first line in 5 seconds, and it takes him 2 seconds more to memorize each next line than to memorize the previous line?

In this case, the object of modeling is the process of memorizing a poem by a student; the purpose of the simulation is to obtain a formula for calculating the time it takes a student to memorize a poem.

From the point of view of the purpose of modeling, the following information is essential: the time of memorizing the first line (5 seconds); the difference in memorization time for the next and previous lines (2 seconds); the number of lines to be memorized (42 lines). This is the original data. The result should be the time it takes to memorize all 42 lines of the novel fragment.

Since the time for memorizing each line, starting from the second, is obtained by adding a constant number to the time required for memorizing the previous line, it is necessary to add the numbers that form a sequence: 5, 7, 9, 11, etc. Note that the difference between adjacent numbers of this sequence is the same.

In mathematics, there is a formula for calculating the sum of such a sequence:

Here n is the number of lines, and 1 is the first member of the sequence, d is the difference between adjacent numbers in the sequence.

This formula is the required information model. With its help, independently calculate the time it takes for the student to memorize the poem.

Information models exist separately from the objects of modeling and can be processed independently of them. Having built an information model, a person uses it instead of the original object to study this object, to solve the problem.

The application is hosted at https://www.google.com/intl/ru/earth/ Google Earth, which provides an opportunity to travel around our planet without getting up from a chair.

This is a three-dimensional model of the planet, moving along which you can:

view satellite photographs of the earth's surface;
explore cities, individual buildings and world famous landmarks in 3D;
explore distant galaxies, constellations and planets;
travel back in time, etc.

1.1.3. Classification of information models

There are many options for classifying information models. Let's take a look at some of them.

If we take for basis of classification subject area, then physical, environmental, economic, sociological and other models can be distinguished.

Depending on the time factor allocate dynamic(changing over time) and static(not changing over time) models.

Depending on the presentation of information about the object of modeling distinguish iconic, figurative and mixed(figurative-symbolic) types of information models.

Iconic information models are built using various natural and formal languages ​​(sign systems). The sign information model can be represented in the form of a text in a natural language or a program in a programming language, in the form of a formula, etc.

Figurative information models(drawings, photographs, etc.) are visual images of objects fixed on some kind of information carrier.

The mixed information models combine figurative and symbolic elements. Examples of mixed information models are geographic maps, graphs, diagrams, etc. All these models use both graphic elements and signs.

THE MOST IMPORTANT THING

Model is a new object, which reflects the features of the studied subject, process or phenomenon that are essential from the point of view of the goal of modeling.

M modeling - a method of cognition, consisting in the creation and study of models.

Purpose of modeling(the purpose of the future model) determines the characteristics of the original object that must be reproduced in the model.

Distinguish between natural and information models... Full-scale models are real objects that, in a reduced or enlarged form, reproduce the appearance, structure or behavior of a modeled object. Information models are descriptions of the original object in one of the information coding languages.

Formalization- the process of replacing a real object with its formal description, that is, its information model.

According to the form of presentation, they are distinguished figurative, iconic and mixed(figurative-symbolic) information models.

Questions and tasks

1. Read the materials of the presentation for the paragraph contained in the electronic attachment to the textbook. What can you say about the forms of presentation of information in the presentation and in the textbook? What slides could you add to your presentation?

2. What is a model? When is modeling used?

3. Confirm by examples the validity of the following statements:

a) several models can correspond to one object;
b) one model can correspond to several objects.

4. Give examples of full-scale and information models.

5. In the following list of models, indicate those that can be used for:

a) representations of objects of the surrounding world;
b) explanations of known facts;
c) testing hypotheses and gaining new knowledge about the objects under study;
d) forecasting;
e) management.

Models: residential area development layout; photographs of the movement of air masses; train timetable; a model of a flight of an aircraft of a new design in a wind tunnel; diagram of the structure of human internal organs.

6. Give an example of an information model:

a) a student of your class;
b) a basketball player;
c) a patient of a veterinary clinic;
d) apartments in a residential building;
e) books in the library;
f) a disc with audio recordings of musical works;
g) cities.

7. Describe the stages of building an information model. What is the essence of the formalization stage?

8. List the types of information models depending on the form of presentation of information about the object of modeling. Give examples of information models of each type.

9. Check out the 3D models posted in the Unified collection of digital educational resources(http://sc.edu.ru/). What class of models can they be attributed to?

The purpose of the lesson: to organize joint educational activities for the formation and development of research skills of students; create conditions for the development of modeling technology.

What you need to know: the main stages of development and research of models on a computer.

Must be able to: build a model of an object or process according to the goal.

Work plan

1. Homework check.
2. Explanation of the new topic.

Using a computer to study information models of various objects and systems allows you to study their changes depending on the value of certain parameters. The process of developing models and examining them on a computer can be divided into several main stages.

At the first stage of the study of an object or process, it is usually built descriptive information model. This model distinguishes the parameters of the object that are significant from the point of view of the goals of the research being carried out, and neglects the insignificant parameters.

The second stage creates formalized model, that is, the descriptive information model is written using some formal language. In such a model, with the help of formulas, equations, inequalities, etc., formal relations are fixed between the initial and final values ​​of the properties of objects, and also restrictions are imposed on the permissible values ​​of these properties.

However, it is far from always possible to find formulas that explicitly express the required quantities in terms of the initial data. In such cases, approximate mathematical methods are used to obtain results with a given accuracy.

At the third stage, it is necessary to transform the formalized information model into computer model, that is, express it in a computer-understandable language. There are two fundamentally different ways to build a computer model:

1) construction of an algorithm for solving the problem and its coding in one of the programming languages;
2) building a computer model using one of the applications (spreadsheets, DBMS, etc.).

In the process of creating a computer model, it is useful to develop a convenient graphical interface that will allow you to visualize the formal model, as well as implement an interactive dialogue between a person and a computer at the stage of model research.

The fourth stage in the study of the information model is to conduct computer experiment. If computer model exists as a program in one of the programming languages, it needs to be run for execution and get the results.

If you are exploring a computer model in an application such as a spreadsheet, you can sort or search the data, build a chart or graph, and so on.

The fifth stage is analysis of the results obtained and correction of the investigated model. If the results obtained in the study of the information model differ from the measured parameters of real objects, it can be concluded that errors or inaccuracies were made at the previous stages of building the model. For example, when constructing a descriptive qualitative model, the essential properties of objects can be incorrectly selected, in the process of formalization errors in formulas can be made, and so on. In these cases, it is necessary to correct the model, and the refinement of the model can be carried out repeatedly until the analysis of the results shows their compliance with the object under study.

Questions to Think About

1. In what cases can the individual stages of building and researching a model be omitted? Give examples of creating models in the learning process.

Practical work

In today's lesson, I invite you to build an information model of the qualities of your personality and research it in order to determine professional preferences.

(Handouts (Appendix 1) were given to students at the beginning of the lesson, there is Table 2 on the “Desktop” of the computer)

1. Type of thinking

All people are divided into "left hemisphere" (L) and "right hemisphere" (R). In the "left hemisphere" boolean type thinking. They are, in general, optimists and believe that they will solve most of their problems on their own.

If you are "left-brain", then, as a rule, you come into contact with people without much difficulty. In work and everyday affairs, you rely more on calculation than on intuition. You have more confidence in the information received from the press than in your own impressions.

Activities that require logical thinking are easier for you. If the profession you are striving for requires exactly logical ability, then you are in luck. You can become a good mathematician, teacher of exact sciences, designer, production manager, computer programmer, pilot, driver, draftsman ... continue this list yourself.

2. "Right-brain" - this means that you are an artistic person. A representative of this type is prone to some pessimism. You prefer to rely more on your own feelings than on a logical analysis of events, and at the same time you are often not deceived. They are not very sociable, but you can work productively even in unfavorable conditions (noise, various interference, etc.). Success awaits you in areas of activity that require imaginative thinking skills - artist, actor, architect, doctor, educator.

3. A wide field of activity opens up for a person who equally combines the signs of logical and artistic thinking. The zones of his success are where the ability to be consistent in work is required and at the same time to perceive events figuratively, wholeheartedly, to quickly and carefully think over his actions even in an extreme situation. Manager and tester of complex technical systems, lecturer and commander - all these professions require harmonious interaction of opposite types of thinking.

One can identify oneself as an artist or thinker by some biological characteristics. Let's conduct a simple express anal from.

A. Interlace your fingers. Was the thumb of the left hand (L) or the right (R) on top? Write down the result.

B. Make a small hole in a piece of paper and look through it with two eyes at an object. Close one eye or the other one at a time. Does the subject move if you close your right eye or your left?

V. Get into Napoleon Pose with your arms crossed over your chest. Which hand is on top?

G. Try to simulate “thunderous applause”. Which palm is on top?

Now let's see what you get.

SPPP - the owner of this characteristic is conservative, prefers generally accepted forms of behavior.

PPP - weak temperament, indecision prevails.

PPLP - strong, energetic, artistic character. When communicating with such a person, decisiveness and a sense of humor will not interfere.

PPLL - the character is close to the previous type, but softer, more contact, slower to get used to the new environment. It is quite rare.

PLPP is an analytical mindset, the main feature is gentleness, caution. Avoids conflicts, is tolerant and calculating, prefers distance in relationships.

PLPL is a weak type, found only among women. Characterized by susceptibility to various influences, defenselessness, but at the same time the ability to go into conflict.

PLLP - artistry, some inconstancy, a tendency to new impressions. In communication, he is brave, knows how to avoid conflicts and switch to a new type of behavior. Among women, it is found about twice as often as among men.

PLLL - and this type, on the contrary, is more typical for men. Differs in independence, inconstancy and analytical mindset.

STDs are one of the most common types. He is emotional, easily contacts with almost everyone, However, he is not persistent enough, is susceptible to other people's influence.

LPPL - similar to the previous type, but even less persistent, gentle and naive. Requires a particularly careful attitude to yourself.

LPLP is the strongest type of character. Persistent, energetic, difficult to convince. Somewhat conservative due to the fact that he often neglects other people's opinions.

LPLL is a strong but unobtrusive character. Internal aggressiveness is covered by external softness. Capable of quick interaction, but mutual understanding is lagging behind.

LLPP - are characterized by friendliness, simplicity, some scattered interests.

LLPL - simplicity, gentleness, credulity - these are its main features. A very rare type, it practically does not occur in men.

LLP - emotionality combined with decisiveness leads to ill-considered actions. Energetic.

LLLL - has the ability to look at things in a new way. A pronounced emotionality is combined with individualism, perseverance and some isolation.

Please enter the obtained characteristics into table №2 located on the “Desktop”.

As you can see, the combination Llll corresponds to the artistic type, and The PPPP inherent in thinkers. But since in pure form Since these types are rare, the rest of the combinations to some extent reflect the existing variety of psychological structures. However, the proposed classification is only the first step towards knowing oneself. Let's do the next one.

2. Contact

There are not so many professions on earth that allow you to do without communicating with people. Therefore, you will do the right thing if you pay attention to qualities such as sociability, contact. They are useful not only for charming movie stars, but also for anyone who wants to make good use of their gift of speech. Therefore, let us put the question in this way: where are you turned to - to people or to yourself? Who would you rather communicate with - yourself or with others?

If you want to determine your psychological type in relation to others, then evaluate the above statements in points from 0 to 4, then calculate the amount.

1. I get close to people easily.
2. I have many acquaintances with whom I willingly meet.
3. I am a talkative person.
4. I feel at ease with strangers
5. It would be unpleasant for me if the possibility of communication disappeared for a long time. -
6. When I need to know something, I prefer to ask rather than digging through books.
7. I manage to revive a boring company.
8. I speak quickly.
9. When I am cut off from people for a long time, I really want to talk to someone.

1-12 points. Introvert. Turning to himself, he hardly comes into contact, in the company he is able to catch up on everyone's melancholy. Such a person is focused mainly on his own feelings, restrained, shy, prefers a book to communication. He is serious in decisions, does not trust emotions, likes order. He is pessimistic, and therefore is unlikely to make a good teacher or organizer. By temperament, he is usually phlegmatic or melancholic.

13-24 points. Ambavert. It is characterized by calm, equal relationships with people, responsibility for their actions. These are the qualities that, as a rule, are possessed by the best leaders, teachers - in short, everyone whose work requires the ability to communicate with people.

25–36 points. Extrovert. Talkative, sociable optimist, loves tricky questions, sharp jokes. Communication with anyone is not a problem for him, and here he is an excellent improviser. He does everything easily and naturally. But he is no less easy about his own obligations, and therefore he can only be called the master of his word with irony. Intemperate because he does not consider it necessary to control emotions and feelings. Such a person is usually choleric or sanguine.

Appendix 2), located on the "Desktop" the obtained characteristics.

3. Propensities and preferences

Special techniques help to identify a person's abilities and inclinations quickly and in a wide range. There are already hundreds of such techniques, but still they are not enough. Indeed, not all areas of human activity are so simple that clear, unambiguous requirements can be formulated for them. Nevertheless, the well-known psychologist E. A. Klimov divided all professions into five groups: the first he classified the professions of the type "man - nature" (for example, forester, agronomist, biologist), to the second - "man - technician" (locksmith, machine operator , assembler), to the third - “person - person” (teacher, nurse, administrator), to the fourth - “person - sign system” (stenographer, computer operator, mathematician), to the fifth - “person - artistic image” (jeweler, photographer, artist).

By answering the following questions, you can determine which type of profession you prefer. Do you like the activity on the left side of the question (column a) or not? What is preferable for you? Choose an answer option.

Table 1

№	a	b
1	Take care of animals	Serving machines, devices
2	Treat sick	Compose computer programs
3	Monitor the quality of book illustrations, posters	Monitor the condition and development of plants
4	Handle materials (wood, fabric, metal)	Advertise, sell products
5	Discuss popular science articles	Discuss plays, concerts
6	Raise animals	Help comrades in work, sports
7	Tune musical instruments	Driving a tractor, diesel locomotive
8	Giving people information (at the information desk, on excursions)	Design exhibitions, participate in the preparation of concerts
9	Repair things, products	Search and correct mistakes in texts, pictures
10	To treat animals	Perform calculations, calculations
11	Breeding new varieties of plants	Design cars, design houses
12	Deal with disputes between people, persuade, explain	Understand drawings, diagrams
13	Observe the work of amateur performances	Study the life of microbes
14	To establish medical devices	Provide people with medical care
15	Prepare reports on observed phenomena	Describe events artistically
16	Do laboratory tests in a hospital	Examine patients, prescribe treatment
17	Paint walls, paint products	Mount buildings, collect cars
18	Organize cultural trips, excursions	Participate in concerts, performances
19	Make parts, build buildings	Draw, copy cards
20	Fight plant diseases	Work on the computer

Please circle the selected answer options in Table 3

10b 11a 11b 12a 126 13a 13b 14a 14b 15a 15b 16a 16b 17a 176 18a 186 19a 19b 20a 20b

In two columns there will be the most “hits”, they will show your preferences in activity.

Please enter in table 2 (see. Appendix 2), located on the "Desktop" received characteristics.

Now that you have more or less firmly determined what type of profession you prefer, it is time to think about the necessary qualities that you will need in the future.

Homework: highlight the stages of modeling in the work done and, based on the data obtained, compile a list of preferred professions and model your professional image.

Tip: Don't take your results too seriously.

Used Books:

1. Ugrinovich N. Informatics and ICT. Basic course. Textbook for grade 9. - M .: BINOM, 2006.
2. Zharikov E., Krushelnitsky E. For you and about you. - M .: Education, 1991.

In this paper, we propose to analyze in detail the topic of modeling in computer science. This section has great importance to train future specialists in the field of information technology.

To solve any problem (industrial or scientific), informatics uses the following chain:

It should pay special attention to the concept of "model". Without the presence of this link, the solution of the problem will not be possible. Why is the model used and what is meant by this term? We will talk about this in the next section.

Model

Modeling in computer science is the compilation of an image of a real-life object that reflects all the essential features and properties. A model for solving a problem is necessary, since it is, in fact, used in the solution process.

V school course Informatics, the topic of modeling begins to be studied in the sixth grade. At the very beginning, children need to be introduced to the concept of a model. What it is?

• Simplified likeness of an object;
• Reduced copy of a real object;
• Scheme of a phenomenon or process;
• An image of a phenomenon or process;
• Description of the phenomenon or process;
• Physical analogue of the object;
• Informational analogue;
• A placeholder object that reflects the properties of a real object, and so on.

A model is a very broad concept, as it has already become clear from the above. It is important to note that all models are usually divided into groups:

• material;
• perfect.

A material model is understood as an object based on reality. existing facility... It can be a body or a process. This group it is customary to subdivide into two more types:

• physical;
• analog.

This classification is conditional character, because it is very difficult to draw a clear line between these two subspecies.

The ideal model is even more difficult to characterize. She is associated with:

• thinking;
• imagination;
• perception.

It includes works of art (theater, painting, literature, and so on).

Modeling goals

Modeling in computer science is very important stage, since it pursues a lot of goals. Now we invite you to get to know them.

First of all, modeling helps to know the world around us. From time immemorial, people have accumulated the acquired knowledge and passed it on to their descendants. Thus, a model of our planet (globe) appeared.

In past centuries, modeling of non-existent objects was carried out, which are now firmly entrenched in our life (umbrella, mill, and so on). At the present time, modeling is aimed at:

• identification of the consequences of any process (increase in the cost of travel or disposal of chemical waste underground);
• ensuring the effectiveness of the decisions made.

Modeling tasks

Information model

Now let's talk about another type of models studied in the school computer science course. Computer modelling, which must be mastered by every future IT specialist, includes the process of implementing the information model using computer tools... But what is this information model?

It is a whole list of information about any object. What does this model describe and what useful information it carries:

• properties of the modeled object;
• his condition;
• connections with the outside world;
• relationships with external objects.

What can serve as an information model:

• verbal description;
• text;
• drawing;
• table;
• scheme;
• drawing;
• formula and so on.

A distinctive feature of the information model is that it cannot be touched, tasted, and so on. It does not carry material embodiment, as it is presented in the form of information.

A systematic approach to creating a model

In which class school curriculum is modeling being studied? Informatics in grade 9 introduces students to this topic in more detail. It is in this class that the child learns about the systems approach to modeling. We propose to talk about this in a little more detail.

Let's start with the concept of "system". It is a group of interrelated elements that work together to accomplish a given task. To build a model, a systematic approach is often used, since an object is considered as a system that functions in a certain environment. If any complex object, then the system is usually divided into smaller parts - subsystems.

Purpose of use

Now we will consider the goals of modeling (informatics grade 11). Earlier it was said that all models are divided into some types and classes, but the boundaries between them are conditional. There are several signs by which it is customary to classify models: purpose, area of ​​knowledge, time factor, way of presentation.

As for the goals, it is customary to distinguish the following types:

• educational;
• experienced;
• imitation;
• gaming;
• scientific and technical.

The first type includes educational materials... To the second, reduced or enlarged copies of real objects (a model of a structure, an airplane wing, and so on). allows you to predict the outcome of an event. Simulation modeling often used in medicine and social sphere... For example, does the model help you understand how people will react to a particular reform? Before doing a serious operation on a human organ transplant, many experiments were carried out. In other words, simulation model allows you to solve the problem by trial and error. Game model is a kind of economic, business or military game. Using this model, you can predict the behavior of an object in different situations... A scientific and technical model is used to study a process or phenomenon (a device that simulates a lightning discharge, a model of the motion of the planets of the solar system, and so on).

Field of knowledge

In which class is the student more familiar with modeling? Grade 9 computer science focuses on preparing its students for admission exams schools... Since the USE and GIA tickets contain modeling questions, now it is necessary to consider this topic in as much detail as possible. So, how is the classification by area of ​​expertise done? On this basis, the following types are distinguished:

• biological (for example, diseases artificially caused in animals, genetic disorders, malignant neoplasms);
• the behavior of the firm, the model of the formation of the market price, and so on);
• historical (family tree, models of historical events, model of the Roman army, etc.);
• sociological (model of personal interest, the behavior of bankers when adapting to new economic conditions) etc.

Time factor

According to this characteristic, two types of models are distinguished:

• dynamic;
• static.

Already, judging by the name alone, it is not difficult to guess that the first type reflects the functioning, development and change of an object in time. Static, on the contrary, is capable of describing an object at a particular moment in time. This type is sometimes called structural, since the model reflects the structure and parameters of the object, that is, it gives a slice of information about it.

Examples are:

• a set of formulas reflecting the motion of the planets of the solar system;
• air temperature change graph;
• video footage of a volcanic eruption and so on.

Examples statistical model serve:

• a list of the planets of the solar system;
• a map of the area and so on.

Presentation method

To begin with, it is very important to say that all models have a form and form, they are always made of something, somehow presented or described. On this basis, it is accepted in this way:

• material;
• intangible.

The first type includes material copies of existing objects. You can touch them, smell them, and so on. They reflect external or internal properties, actions of an object. What are material models for? They are used for experimental method knowledge (experimental method).

We have also addressed immaterial models earlier. They use the theoretical method of cognition. Such models are usually called ideal or abstract. This category is divided into several more subspecies: imaginary models and informational ones.

Information models provide a list of various information about the object. Tables, figures, verbal descriptions, diagrams and so on can act as an information model. Why this model called intangible? The thing is that it cannot be touched, since it has no material embodiment. Significant and visual models are distinguished among information models.

The imaginary model is one of the This is a creative process that takes place in the imagination of a person, which precedes the creation of a material object.

Simulation steps

The 9th grade informatics topic "Modeling and formalization" has a lot of weight. It is a must to learn. In grades 9-11, the teacher is obliged to acquaint students with the stages of creating models. This is what we are going to do now. So, the following stages of modeling are distinguished:

• meaningful statement of the problem;
• mathematical formulation of the problem;
• development using computers;
• operation of the model;
• getting the result.

It is important to note that in the study of everything that surrounds us, the processes of modeling and formalization are used. Computer science is a subject dedicated to modern methods studying and solving any problems. Consequently, the emphasis is on models that can be implemented with a computer. Special attention in this topic should be given to the point of developing an algorithm for solving with the help of electronic computers.

Relationships between objects

Now let's talk a little about relationships between objects. In total, there are three types:

• one to one (such a connection is indicated by a one-way arrow in one direction or the other);
• one to many ( multiple link indicated by a double arrow);
• many-to-many (this is indicated by a double arrow).

It is important to note that links can be conditional and unconditional. An unconditional link involves the use of every instance of an object. And in the conditional, only individual elements are involved.