We continue to master the concept of domains. Today we will consider a topic that is quite important for a novice webmaster from a practical point of view. However, as usual, nothing complicated. Just read the article carefully.
What are the levels of domain names?
Domains, depending on their place in the network, are divided into levels or, in other words, domain zones.
First comes the ROOT DOMAIN - as we already know, the most important domain name level.
Then go
Top level domains.
Such as .RU, .NET, .COM, .BIZ, .ORG and others.
This domain zone includes INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN, or GENERAL TOP LEVEL DOMAIN. The most famous of them are .COM, .ORG, .NET. If interested, read about it in additional materials.
Also, the top-level domain zone includes two-letter , granted for use for a particular country.
For example, the .RU domain is allocated for the Russian Federation, the .DE domain is for Germany, and so on.
Note that top-level domains are not for sale. They have already been assigned and distributed.
Second level domains.
This is the unique part of the domain name that immediately precedes the top-level domain and is separated from it by a dot. The uniqueness of a second-level domain is determined by the fact that there cannot be two identical second-level domains. When registering, a name is selected and if it is already taken, registration will be denied to you.
Note. Domains site and vseohostinge.com are not the same, as they belong to different domain zones .ru and .com
Second-level domains are exactly those domains that are for sale. But we will talk about this in another article.
Third-level domains, they are also subdomains or subdomains.
Third level domains are any domain name within a second level domain. For example: test.site In this example, test is the third-level domain.
A third-level domain is a rather popular thing in our country. For owners of second-level domains hosted on a paid hosting, this is the ability to host as many subdomains as you like for free within the purchased disk space, of course.
For lovers of free hosting, there are many services where you can get this hosting. That's just the address will be in the third-level domain.
SUMMING UP:
So, we fix that domains are subdivided into domain name levels in accordance with the hierarchy of domain zones. In practice: in articles, on the websites of hosting companies, we will most likely encounter c
TOP LEVEL DOMAIN, such as, for example: .RU .COM .RF and many others ;
SECOND-LEVEL DOMAIN, such as, for example, domains of the form DOMAIN.RU or DOMAIN.COM or DOMAIN.RF;
THIRD LEVEL DOMAIN (SUBDOMAIN), such as, for example, domains like SUBDOMAIN.DOMAIN.RU or SUBDOMAIN.DOMAIN.COM or SUBDOMAIN.RF DOMAIN .
TLDs are not for sale, they are already allocated and fixed. But from among them, you can choose the appropriate zone when registering a domain.
SECOND LEVEL DOMAIN must be registered and purchased. You need to come up with a second-level domain yourself, provided that the exact same one has not already been registered by another person.
THIRD LEVEL DOMAINS are overwhelmingly free. But, you can say shareware. As a rule, where serious business begins, there is always something to pay for. In addition, third-level domains are not registered for specific people, that is, you are not the full owner of such a domain. However, today is not about that. I hope now you will not get confused in the levels of domain names.
Many dummies have a terrible confusion in their heads regarding concepts such as "domain", "domain name", "site domain", "server domain" etc. What is it? Is it all the same or completely different things? On the Internet, you can read many definitions of these concepts. Some argue that the domain is the domain name, because it is the name of the site. Others write that the domain is site name, and the domain name is Website address. In short, complete confusion! It may be clear to advanced users, but for beginners there is no clarity.
Let's deal with these concepts together so that everything settles down in the brain on the shelves, once and for all!
We will assume that you have read the article "How the Internet Works" and know that, as a rule, sites are hosted on the disk space of Internet servers of hosting companies.
All computers on the network, including servers of host providers, have their own IP address, which is a sequence of numbers. So, to find any site on the World Wide Web, you need to know the IP address of the server where the site is hosted.
However, many different sites can be located on the same server or on a different IP address. How to be? To facilitate the search was invented Domain Name System(DNS - Domain Name System). This alternative addressing system is more human-readable. You give your site a unique name, or in other words, Domain name.
Domain name- this is a unique combination of Latin characters, by which you can identify your site among many others. In addition to letters, a domain can include numbers from 1 to 9 and hyphens "-", but a hyphen cannot be at the beginning or at the end of a domain. The domain length can be from 2 to 63 characters.
Next, host your site on a server with a specific IP address. In order to match a specific digital IP address with the symbolic domain name of your site, there are special DNS servers.
DNS server- a program that converts a domain name to a digital IP address and vice versa. These servers have extensive tables in memory that map each domain name to an IP address. Remember that many domain names can correspond to one IP address!
Every time you type a domain name into your browser, the DNS service calculates which IP address that name corresponds to and which resource you need to provide. Therefore, the domain name of the site is often called - the domain address of the site or the domain name of the server, etc. In fact, it's all the same.
It is much more convenient for a person to use domain names than digital IP addresses.
However, all the same, the unique and complete address of the site is its URL(Uniform Resource Locator), which consists of three main elements: Protocol + Domain name + Path/File. As you can see, the site's domain name is only part of its full Internet address.
Each domain name consists of several parts separated by dots - these are domains of different levels. The number of domain levels is usually limited to two or three. A long domain name and a large number of domain levels are inconvenient to use. The rightmost field is called Top level domain, then, from right to left, follow the lower-level domain names.
Top level domains
Top-level domains are also called domain zones. For example, in the domain name site , . en is a top-level domain.
All top-level domains can be divided into two groups:
National or geographic domains, they determine the site's belonging to a particular country or geographic area. For example, the .ru domain belongs to Russia, .kz belongs to Kazakhstan, .ua belongs to Ukraine, etc.
Public Domains. They can establish the site's belonging to a particular category or type of activity. For example, .com - commercial, .info - informational, .biz - for business, .org - non-commercial, .travel - tourism, etc.
The basis for the Russian zone of the Internet (Runet) is the domain . EN. It is he who makes it possible to register a variety of domain names for Runet due to the emergence of second-level domains.
Second level domains
The name of my website blondinka-net.ru is a second-level domain name. Here .RU is a top-level domain. Own website name - likbez-net is in second place from the end of the full name. That is why such domains are called second-level domains.
The second and all subsequent levels of a domain have an important limitation - they must be unique within their parent domain group. In other words, there can only be one second-level domain on the Internet. likbez-net in the top level domain . en .
Second level domain names registered with the registrars.
It should be noted that the right to own a second-level domain is issued to an organization or a person only for a year, for each next year the application must be renewed.
Third level domains
Third level domains are registered with organizations that own second-level domains.
The owner of a second-level domain has the ability to create an unlimited number of addresses of the third and further levels. So, for example, I as the owner of the second level domain site, I can create a forum domain forum.likbez- net. en. It turned out a third-level domain name, and forum is a third-level domain in the zone likbez- net. en.
Usually, the third level domain registration service is provided by providers- internet service providers .
Domain level - the location of a domain in the hierarchical structure of domain names on the Internet.
A domain is a website address or zone name. All computers are identified on a network by an IP address as a sequence of numbers. To access the server, it is important to know this address. But on one server of the hosting provider (on one IP address) 1000 sites can be hosted.
To find the right site created a domain name system. The English name is DNS or Domain Name System. A domain name is easier for users to remember than a sequence of numbers.
A domain name can consist of a sequence of Latin letters or contain numbers, Cyrillic and a hyphen. The hyphen must only appear in the middle of the sequence. Letters are uppercase or lowercase, case does not matter.
There are 3 main types of domains. Consider who can own them, and how they differ.
First (top) level domains, what they are.
Such domains are also called "first-level" or domain zones. Such domains cannot be bought. They are registered and made available for use by the ICANN organization. New domain zones are constantly appearing, for example.travel
Domain zones are provided to countries:
- .ru - Russia;
- .de - Germany;
- .kz - Kazakhstan.
Or denote the type of organization using the domain:
- .com is for commercial organizations.
- .info - information sites.
- .edu - for educational institutions.
They can be used to determine where the site is geographically located or what tasks it performs. At the same time, the site in the .com zone does not have to be commercial.
Shared website hosting for popular CMS:
Second level domains.
Domains are registered in one of the first-level zones (country or international domains). They are separated from the domain zone by a dot. The name must be unique within the same zone. The right of ownership is issued for a year, then you need to renew it for a fee.
Third level domains.
Common third-level domains - refer to geographic regional domains. For example.msk.ru, .perm.ru. Such a domain is useful for local sites, such as news or a city portal.
Third-level domains not tied to geo-zones like.msk.ru, spb.ru are also called subdomains or subdomains. Registered with organizations that own second-level domains. In one such domain there can be an unlimited number of domains of the third. The user can set up a subdomain in the hosting control panel.
An example of domains 1, 2, 3 levels.
In domain names, the case does not matter.. Ru - they lead to the same site. For the same reason, you cannot register an existing domain by capitalizing it.
primerdomena.ru and primerdomena.info are in different zones, both can be registered.
In the examples above, .ru is the domain zone, ipipe and primerdomena are the second-level domain name.
Megatool..ru, (domain zone ru) is an example of a third-level domain.
m.habrahabr.ru - the owner of the site has placed a mobile version of the site on a subdomain.
Domain names don't have to be short, but they should be easy to remember. Subdomains are suitable for individuals who are not chasing thousands of visitors, or for hosting a forum or an additional service on the site.
For organizations, commercial or non-commercial, it is better to use second-level domains. They inspire more trust among users and are easier to remember.
Generic top-level domains (Generic TLDs - gTLDs) are created for the entire Internet community. Initially, only eight gTLDs were created: COM, NET, ORG, INT, EDU, GOV, MIL and ARPA (the ARPA domain was created for the time needed to implement the domain name system, but turned out to be not a temporary phenomenon at all, they still "live" in it back zones). Then, in 1984, when the domains were approved, it was written in the documents that such a number "will be enough, and the emergence of new domains is unlikely." However, the growth of the Internet has exceeded expectations, in connection with which the need for the number of top-level domains in the global Internet community has increased. In 2001, a decision was made to introduce seven more new gTLDs: INFO, BIZ, NAME, COOP, MUSEUM, AERO, and PRO. Currently, these domains are fully operational.
ICANN has yet to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of domain zones introduced in 2001, but ICANN experts believe that it is not advisable to wait for such conclusions and delay the approval of new domains. At the same time, ICANN also opposes the hasty introduction of new domains. The experience of introducing domains approved in 2000 shows that highly specialized domains like MUSEUM can be implemented quite quickly. In "large" zones, the problems of cybersquatters, as well as ensuring the stable operation of new domains, are extremely acute. Therefore, the implementation process of such zones requires a comprehensive analysis, and for now ICANN is opting for highly specialized domains. In late 2002, at a meeting in Amsterdam, the ICANN Board approved the idea of creating several new top-level domains.
In April 2004, ICANN announced the start of consultations, during which anyone could submit their objections or comments regarding the creation of new domain zones. A large number of proposals were submitted to the peer review panel, and 10 entities submitted applications to create and administer new gTLDs for specific activities, each contributing $45,000 per application. Interestingly, the proposal to create a TEL domain came from two companies at the same time: the American Pulver.Com and the English Telname Limited London. Both of these companies expressed their desire to become the administrator of the new domain. ICANN gave preference to the English corporation.
In 2005, 10 new sTLDs were approved by ICANN. These include the following special Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs): TRAVEL, JOBS, CAT, ASIA, MOBI, TEL. Most of them are already registering domain names.
At the same time, the corporation is not going to limit the number of future zones in advance. Initially, the initiative to increase the number of first-level domains came from ICANN itself, which in this way is trying to meet the needs and optimize the network experience for Internet users.
In order to streamline the introduction of new gTLDs, the corporation has decided to develop clear rules governing this process. Work on them began in 2005 and takes place with the active participation of the Internet community.
In September 2007, the ICANN GNSO unit responsible for maintaining generic domains developed a draft special document that regulates the legal, technical, economic and other aspects associated with the introduction of new top-level domains.
In July 2008, this document was approved. Now the procedure for the appearance of domain zones will become simpler, faster and more affordable. The initiators of the innovation claim that the project, first of all, will solve the problem of easy-to-remember names in existing domain names.
Approximate start dates for this program (“New gTLD”): the final version of the “Applicant Guidebook” for new top-level domains should appear by December 2009, which means that official applications for domains will begin in the first days of 2010.
You can learn more about the process of developing rules for creating new domain zones.
ICANN President Paul Toomey explained the need to introduce new domain zones as follows: "It's all a matter of choice. The world around us is very diverse, we want to be able to reflect this diversity on the Internet - in particular, with the help of domain zones".
Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)
Public Domains
gTLDs
purpose
COM, NET, ORG domains are the first generic top-level domains that appeared in 1984 according to the decision of the international organization ICANN, created by the world community to distribute the address space of the Internet. Initially, seven gTLDs were created: COM, NET, ORG, INT, EDU, GOV, MIL, of which the COM, NET, and ORG domains are the most widely used.
Initially, the COM domain was intended for commercial organizations, the ORG domain for non-profit organizations, and the NET domain for everyone involved in the development of networks and telecommunications technologies. However, over time, registration of domains in these zones has become completely free, and anyone can register a domain in them.
The COM and NET public domains are administered by VeriSign , while the ORG domain has been administered by the non - profit organization PIR since early 2003 .
Domains INT, EDU, GOV, MIL also appeared in 1984 and immediately became "special" or, as experts call them, "limited use".
The INT domain was created exclusively for the registration of domain names by international organizations. The decision to register domains in this zone is made by the international organization IANA, subject to the registrant's compliance with a number of requirements. This domain is the only one of the first special ones in which foreign (in relation to the US), including Russian organizations, can register a domain name.
The EDU domain contains over 5,000 names, and, like the GOV and MIL domains, is under the control of the US government. Previously, only universities and four-year colleges were eligible to register a name in the EDU domain, but now smaller educational institutions in the United States will join them. Registration is free of charge. Until recently, the EDU domain was both managed and supported by VeriSign. Now only technical support is left for this company, and the policy of the domain is determined by the non-profit association Educause, which represents the interests of more than 1,800 universities, colleges and other higher educational institutions in the United States.
The GOV domain is created exclusively for US federal government agencies, and the registration of domain names in this domain is handled by the Government-Wide Registration Service .
The MIL domain is under the control of the US government, in particular the US Department of Homeland Security . Specialists of this particular Department maintain a database of domain names of the MIL domain, intended only for military organizations and institutions responsible for the country's security.
The INFO domain is one of the new generic top-level domains that were added in 2001 by ICANN to the existing list of gTLDs. The INFO domain is designed for anyone who wants to place information about themselves, their company, product or service on the Internet. "Information" (from English information) is a universally recognized term, easily translated into various national languages of the world. Organizations, individuals, brands, community projects will certainly benefit from using the INFO domain.
According to data published by Afilias LLC, which is tasked with maintaining the registry of the INFO zone, three months after the start of domain registration in this zone, about 60 thousand domain names were registered, of which 60% were Europeans (leaders in the number of names) or other non-Americans. . Representatives of Afilias explain such popularity of INFO in the European market by the fact that the word INFO is intuitively understandable to people who speak almost any language. Some numbers: of the already registered addresses, Europe accounts for 52%, North America - 40%. By countries: USA - 39%, Germany - 20%, Switzerland - 7%, UK - 6%. Today, there are about 5 million domains in the INFO zone.
While Afilias maintains the INFO registry, there are more than 70 registrar companies that collect applications and fees. Registration began in July 2001, most of the largest companies have already registered domains with their names. In Russia, you can register second-level domains in the INFO zone with RU-CENTER .
The BIZ domain (from the English word business - business, business, commercial activity) is one of the new generic top-level domains, designed for commercial organizations, enterprises and corporations that somehow represent themselves on the Internet. Until now, in the meaning in which the BIZ domain should act, the COM domain, opened for registration in 1984 and including almost 70 million domain names, has been used and continues to be used. The wide interest shown during the pre-registration of second-level domains in the BIZ zone showed that corporate users are really interested in the sites of this zone, seeing them as an additional opportunity for disseminating information about their activities among customers and business partners. Analysts note that the demand for this service exceeded expectations. The appearance of a new domain zone is an important step towards solving the problem of domain shortage, which has arisen as a result of the oversaturation of traditional zones (COM, NET, ORG). There are 1.7 million domains in the BIZ zone.
The domain is maintained by NeuLevel . In Russia, you can register second-level domains in the BIZ zone with RU-CENTER .
On October 17, 2001, ICANN signed an agreement with the MUSEUM Domain Management Association (MuseDoma for short) to manage the MUSEUM generic top-level domain. Of the seven TLDs adopted by ICANN in November 2000, three are special: MUSEUM, AERO, and PRO. The MUSEUM domain was the first of them to work in the international domain name system. This special domain is intended for museums, as well as organizations of various forms of ownership related to the museum business. In addition, individuals professionally associated with this field of activity can register a domain.
The concepts of "museum" and others are given in a number of definitions of the Code established by the International Council of Museums, which was one of the founders of the MuseDoma Association. By "museum" is meant a non-profit organization in the service of society, acting for the benefit of its development, open to public visits for the purpose of studying material evidence of various human activities, the environment and the aesthetic pleasure of visitors. "Museums" include institutions containing collections of living specimens of plants and animals (botanical and zoological gardens, aquariums), planetariums and technology parks, non-profit galleries and art exhibitions.
In addition to the institutions designated by the term "museums", archaeological, ethnographic, historical and natural monuments, reserves should be included. Organizations involved in museum activities are defined in the ICOM Code as international, national, regional or local associations of museums; management structures or public organizations responsible for their work; non-profit institutions or organizations that attempt to preserve, research museum wealth, conduct educational and other activities related to museums and museology, as well as cultural centers and other objects that contribute to the preservation and collection of material and intangible resources of the heritage of mankind, its creative activity.
Persons professionally associated with museology are defined in the ICOM Code as employees of museums and museum-equivalent institutions who have received specialized training or equivalent practical experience in any area of museum work.
The order of registration in the MUSEUM domain is somewhat different from the order of registration in other top-level domains. The MUSEUM domain management association has declared a fairly strict policy maintained in relation to this domain. MUSEUM Domain Administrator The MuseDoma Association will not formally register second-level domains, the right of each applicant to register a domain in the MUSEUM zone will be considered individually. Domains can be registered through MuseDoma Association authorized, ICANN accredited organizations. The number of ICANN-accredited registrars that will be selected to register domains in the MUSEUM zone has already been determined, but will be reviewed periodically.
On November 16, 2001, a number of Internet addresses were activated in the new MUSEUM zone. MuseDoma hopes to use the second-level domain names of the specialized domain to create an online directory of museums by type, geographic location and specialty. So domestic museums can already now register a third-level domain in the moscow.museum and russia.museum domains.
The NAME domain is intended for anyone who would like to register their first and last name on the Internet as a domain name. The administrator of the domain zone is the English company Global Name Registry Limited accredited by ICANN.
Since January 14, 2004, the Global Name Registry has started registering second-level domains in the NAME zone. The first domain names in this zone appeared two years before this moment - back in January 2002, however, initially only third-level domains were offered for registration in the NAME domain. So, the address for an individual looked like this: name.surname.name. And only from January 14, 2004 it became possible to register a second-level domain of the type name.name.
The NAME domain is intended exclusively for individuals and not for companies. GNR's president hopes that with the start of second-level domain registration, the system will receive a huge influx of users after two years of confusion. The Global Name Registry intends to make the NAME domain "the standard for custom domains." The domain administrator is available to all users at [email protected] and ready to answer any questions.
Organizations and individuals, one way or another connected with the aerospace industry, can register a domain in the AERO zone:
- space industry;
- public and private airlines;
- airports and airfields;
- air freight companies;
- logistics companies for air companies;
- air traffic system services;
- aircraft crews;
- air transport unions;
- aviation clubs (aeroclubs) and their members;
- aviation consultants;
- educational institutions and aviation information structures;
- aviation industry associations and other representative organizations;
- aviation insurance associations;
- aviation legislative associations;
- aviation media;
- civil aviation management structures;
- computer systems for booking and selling air tickets;
- government agencies responsible for ensuring the operation of aviation, providing assistance to airlines and weather bureaus;
This list can be extended at the discretion of the domain administrator.
AERO is one of seven new top-level domains approved by ICANN on November 16, 2000. The administration of this domain zone, intended for use mainly in the air transportation and travel industry, is entrusted to the international telecommunications group Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques SITA, which has been uniting air carriers for more than 50 years.
SITA has been selected by ICANN to specifically create a generic top-level domain for air transport. This will enable the use of Internet technologies to improve the efficiency and security of commercial electronic transactions in the aviation industry, which is the first among many to receive its own gTLD.
SITA, as the administrator of the AERO domain, has developed a policy for this domain zone, which provides for a phased pre-registration of domains for various groups of third-level domains in second-level domains. To date, the domain administrator himself has reserved about 500 second-level domain names that group and designate general concepts of the air industry. Before submitting an application for registration of a domain in the AERO zone, you should prove your belonging to the aviation industry.
On March 18, 2002, pre-registration of domain names began in the new AERO zone: until September, domain names consonant with trademarks and company names were registered, then registration was opened in 88 second-level domains, divided into three groups:
- airlines;
- government and management organizations;
- individuals professionally related to the aviation industry.
Such structuring makes it easier for users to find the web pages of various airlines. For example, the current website of the Sheremetyevo airport is located at www.sheremetyevo-airport.ru, while most people search on sheremetyevo.ru, which is occupied by the cargo carrier company. Now, however, Moscow airports can register domains that are convenient for their search on the web. For example, sheremetyevo.airport.aero.
By the end of 2002, registration was open for other aviation groups such as freight and supply, education and sports, media and pilots, etc.
With the approval in 2001 of seven new top-level domains, ICANN selected a registry company for each of them. RegistryPro became the PRO domain registry. In the PRO domain, second-level domains .med.pro, law.pro, etc. have been created, in which licensed and accredited specialists in the relevant field can register domain names. RegistryPro is constantly expanding the list of professions for which its own subdomain has been created. Also in the new domain space will appear subdomains associated with the geographical location. Studies have shown that it is preferable for professionals to have sites with domains in the PRO professional zone. More than 35 million licensed professionals: lawyers, doctors, accountants in countries with a high level of Internet development will ensure the rapid filling of the PRO domain zone.
The PRO domain is designed to create areas on the Internet for professionals in various fields of activity. For example, a qualified physician can register the JamesRClarke.med.pro domain, which will allow users worldwide to understand that he is accredited in the field of medicine. At the same time, a lawyer can register for himself the domain name JamesRClarke.law.pro. In addition, the new domain zone is available to professional companies and associations who can register domain names in the PRO domain that are consonant with company names or their trademarks.
In April 2003, priority registration of second-level domain names in the PRO domain began for owners of intellectual property - trademarks, and in the fall of 2003, open registration of domain names began in the PRO domain. The PRO domain thus became the last of the seven new generic domains approved by ICANN in 2001 to be open to the general public.
The TRAVEL domain was approved by ICANN in April 2005 at the suggestion of The Travel Partnership Corp, a New York trade group. The TRAVEL zone is intended for travel agencies, tour operators, airlines, hotel chains and everyone involved in the travel, excursion, and leisure industry. The new domain is designed to unite the entire tourism industry on the Internet in a single domain space. Industry domains can only be obtained by organizations that have documented involvement in the tourism industry, which can serve as an assurance to users that the company they are contacting really has the authority for tourism activities. At the same time, the official registrar of the new domain, the New York firm Tralliance, a division of the Theglobe.com Internet holding, stipulates in advance that it will not engage in criminal investigations in case of inappropriate behavior of any of the domain owners. It is noted that the domain is not intended for anyone's personal travel sites.
From the beginning of October 2005, the period of registration of domain names began in the TRAVEL domain. In order to avoid cybersquatting, applications from registered trademark holders were considered first. Subsequently, the domain zone was fully opened, but in two years only 25,000 domain names were registered in it. Experts explain this by the fact that domains in this zone are expensive, the domain itself consists of 6 letters, and besides, it has strict rules.
To obtain a domain, an organization must document its involvement in the tourism industry, this gives users assurance that the company they are applying to really has the authority to travel activities. The domain is not intended for personal travel sites.
The problems of communication between employers and employees are well known. Job seekers need direct access to information about in-demand professions and vacancies. A specialized domain zone with names like companyname.jobs is designed specifically for posting such information. These sites directly provide job seekers with the right information about a possible career in a particular company and facilitate the job search process. In turn, employers can post on the Internet the most detailed information about the requirements for job seekers, thereby reducing the time of castings and interviews.
Go Daddy Group Inc., which is the founder of a number of registrar companies, is ready to cooperate with the Human Resource Management Society SHRM in the direction of the development of the JOBS domain. SHRM has submitted an application to ICANN and is ready to act as a sponsor of the new top-level domain, and Go Daddy is ready to take over the technical side of maintaining the JOBS domain and registering domain names in the new "personnel" zone.
Time will tell if SHRM, Go Daddy and ICANN will be able to reach an understanding. It remains to add that ICANN approved applications for the creation of JOBS and TRAVEL top-level domains, the first of a number of others.
On September 16, 2005, the ICANN org approved the creation of the CAT domain for members of the Catalan linguistic and cultural community. The non-profit organization Fundacio puntCAT was created to manage the new domain.
Since February 2006, trademark owners have been able to register domains in the CAT zone, and since April 2006, open registration of names has started. In November 2007, the Catalan zone passed the mark of 25,000 registered domains.
Names in the CAT zone are available to individuals and legal entities that:
- already have an online resource in Catalan;
- have a special code (ENS);
- plan to create an Internet resource aimed at popularizing Catalan culture;
- have written recommendations from three individuals who have registered a domain in the CAT zone, or one legal entity.
To register a name, it is sufficient to fulfill one of the above requirements. Registration is carried out through accredited registrars, who have the right to independently set its cost.
In addition to Latin letters and Arabic numerals, 11 special characters that exist in the Catalan language are allowed in the domain. In this case, the total number of characters in the name should vary from three to 63.
The TEL domain is designed to store contact information directly in the DNS. Domain owners can decide what contact information to include on their domain (for example, phone numbers, website and email addresses, and numbers for instant messaging services such as ICQ or Windows Messenger). The domain is operated by Telnic, a London-based communications company.
The TEL domain has combined traditional means of communication and new technologies, which makes it possible to use telephony, VoIP, instant messaging, e-mail, SMS and other forms of Internet communications. The company's specialists have prepared a universal text and navigation system for the contact information of Internet users.
Priority registration in the TEL domain started on December 3, 2008. At the end of March 2009, the zone opened to everyone. Today there are more than 200 thousand names in .TEL.
By the way, this is not the first attempt to launch the TEL domain. A previous application, back in October 2000 from VoIP promoter Jeff Palver, was rejected in 2004. Palver's idea was to simply translate already unique phone numbers into Internet addresses. However, this would conflict with ENUM's existing scheme to merge phone numbers and DNS.
The decision to introduce a new sponsored top-level domain, MOBI, was made at the ICANN meeting in Luxembourg in the summer of 2005. Yielding to pressure from mobile phone manufacturers as well as Microsoft, ICANN approved the creation of a new top-level domain on the first day of the Luxembourg meeting. The new MOBI domain zone is intended for sites and services focused on working with mobile phones and wireless devices.
Initially, the appearance of the MOBI zone was scheduled for the first half of 2006. Sites that are planned to be placed in the MOBI domain must at least support WAP technology or a similar one, that is, have all the attributes specific to working with mobile phones - the ability to work on a small screen, mainly textual content and high download speed.
The new domain zone was sponsored by the Mobi JV consortium, which united Microsoft, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, T-Mobile, Vodafone, Telefonica Movilies, Hutchinson 3, and the GSM Association. "When MOBI enters the widespread adoption stage, mobile phone manufacturers will have an additional incentive to develop new mobile device functionality and market opportunities for these devices will increase," the companies said in a joint statement.
According to the management of Western registrars, the MOBI indicator in the site name serves as a guarantee that the site works correctly on a mobile device. Mobile device manufacturers hope that the more web resources are optimized for PDAs and smartphones, the more users upgrade their phones.
Neil Edwards, CEO of Mobile Top Level Domain Ltd. (mTLD) reported that today most people have mobile devices with Internet access, rather than computers connected to the network. The creators of the new domain promise that the special MOBI zone will facilitate Internet access for users of mobile devices, which, according to some forecasts, by 2008 there will be more than 1.3 billion.
Currently, most of the sites on the web are designed for desktop viewing and are not at all designed to be downloaded from mobile devices. Ordinary sites when viewed on mobile phones can cause a terrible impression. The new domain will make it possible to highlight sites on the Internet that are accessible and convenient to all users of mobile devices.
Open registration in the MOBI domain began in October 2006, and in May 2007 there were 500,000 domain names in it. Citizens of 104 countries of the world have already become owners of domain names in this zone.
Mobile Top Level Domain has developed rules and guidelines for providers based on open standards. These recommendations are designed to ensure normal work with sites on any mobile phone. Some of the recommendations have already been published on the mtld.mobi website.
The decision to create a domain zone for the Asia-Pacific region was made by ICANN in October 2006. The ASIA zone was administered by the non-profit organization dotASIA, which developed the rules and procedure for registering names in the new domain.
On October 9, 2007, the first stage of priority registration of domain names started in the ASIA zone, during which it became available to owners of trademarks that were registered before March 16, 2006. During the first stage, more than 15,000 applications were received from those wishing to obtain a domain name. The new zone proved so popular that competition arose for the right to own some domains: more than one application was submitted for 622 names. Australia became the leader in the number of registered domains (3450 domains).
On November 13, 2007, the second period of priority registration began: it became available to all resident legal entities in the Asia-Pacific region. Also, the owners of trademarks registered before December 6, 2006 could get a domain name in the ASIA zone. In addition, right holders were given the opportunity to register as a domain name not only an identical designation, but also all the different spellings of their trademarks. Initially, it was planned to complete the second stage of priority registration on January 15, 2008, but the excitement around domain names in the new zone turned out to be so great that the stage was extended until January 31. The final opening of the new zone took place on March 26, 2008.
What is a domain? Almost every novice Internet user asks himself this question. If you do not go into details, the answer is quite simple. A domain is the name of a site on the network, unique and unparalleled. You can see the domain on which the page you are currently viewing is located in the address bar of your browser. Everything after these letters is the path to this article.
In fact, site addresses have numeric values that are very difficult for users to remember. But now that the domain name system has been developed, each site creator can give it an easy-to-pronounce and memorable name, which makes navigating the Internet more convenient.
Domains are usually divided into several levels. Each level is determined by how many dot-separated parts the name contains. For example, a first-level domain is nothing more than a zone on the Internet. Sites on domains of the 1st level are not located.
Examples
- .ru - Russian
- .ua - Ukrainian
- .com - Commercial
- .org - Non-Profit Organizations
- .edu - Educational Resources
- .gov - Government
- Other options (more than a few dozen)
Second-level domain - denotes the name of a resource within one of the domain zones. For example, our Businesslike forum is currently located on a second-level domain, where Businesslike is the name of the site, a.ru is the zone in which it is located.
Third-level domain - defined by the name of the resource within the second-level domain. Name. Second level name. domain zone. As a rule, 3rd level domains are absolutely free. Take, for example, the Ucoz website builder known to many webmasters, which gives clients domain names like site.ucoz.ru; site.at.ua and the like.
