Types of Internet resources
The main goal of studying any subject in secondary school is the formation of communicative competence, all other goals (educational, educational, developmental) are realized in the process of implementing this main goal. The communicative approach implies learning to communicate and developing the ability for intercultural interaction, which is the basis for the functioning of the Internet. Outside of communication, the Internet does not make sense, as it is an international multinational, cultural society, whose life is based on the electronic communication of millions of people around the world who speak at the same time. Involving in network communication in the lesson, we create a model of real communication.
The development of education today is organically connected with the increase in the level of its information potential. This characteristic feature largely determines both the direction of the evolution of education itself and the future of the whole society. For the most successful orientation in the global information space, it is necessary for students to master the information culture, since the priority in the search for information is more and more given to the Internet.
As an information system, the Internet offers its users a wide variety of information and resources. The basic set of Internet services includes:
e-mail (e-mail);
teleconferences (usenet);
videoconferencing;
the possibility of publishing your own information, creating your own home page (homepage) and placing it on a Web server;
access to information resources:
reference directories (Yahoo, InfoSeek/UltraSmart, LookSmart, Galaxy);
search engines (Alta Vista, HotBob, Open Text, WebCrawler, Excite);
conversation on the network (Chat).
Due to the fact that modern transformations in Kazakhstani education are taking place in the era of the rapid development of high technologies and the expansion of the information space by means of the Internet, any of these resources can be actively used in the lesson, both in the humanities cycle and in the natural and mathematical cycle.
Today, a teacher must have the skills to cooperate with students on the basis of information interaction, be able to select, structure and evaluate the information necessary to solve a wide range of educational problems. Changes in the structure and content of general and secondary education (UNT, specialized school, various types of testing) have led teachers to actively use the computer in the classroom, not only at the senior level, but also at the lessons at the middle and junior levels, where the topic of studying the Internet is not planned.
Lessons using Internet resources are a fusion of new information technologies with new pedagogical technologies: the teacher’s own position is changing (I cease to be a “source of knowledge”, but become a co-author, organizer of the process of research, search, processing of information, creation of creative works in the implementation of an active approach to education).
The most common Internet resource in the classroom at school is the website. The sites are easy to use and are widely used by all teachers who have access to the Internet in the classroom. Search sites have many links to educational sites in various subjects: mathematics, biology, geography, chemistry, physics, computer science, Russian language and literature, for elementary education. Here you can find interesting lesson designs in text format, in the form of presentations, in the form of flipcharts, which can be used in preparation for a lesson or an extracurricular event.
Let's give an approximate classification of sites. In practice, very often sites are combined. Classification of sites is needed to understand what type of site you need specifically, based on specific goals and objectives (Figure 1.1). Let us dwell in more detail on those types of sites that are most often used in the educational process of research work.
Informational resources
Thematic sites
This type of Internet sites is characterized by the fact that it contains information on a particular topic. This also includes online encyclopedias. The volume of such a site can be from 10 pages or more. The bigger, the better. The format of materials can be any: plain text, video, audio podcasts, and more.
The peculiarity of the thematic site is that the free materials contained on the site are in the public domain and provide the visitor with information on any issue. For example, if a thematic site contains information about house plants, then it should contain information about caring for them, watering, transplanting, fertilizing, etc.
Internet portals
Portals are a type of sites containing a wide variety of information. As a rule, portals are similar in structure to thematic sites, but have more advanced functionality and a larger number of services and sections. Also, portals often have sections for users to communicate: chats, blogs and forums.
A blog (blog - online diary) is a type of site where the blog owner or editor writes posts with his news, ideas or other constantly incoming information. A distinctive feature of blogs is the relevance of the published information.
Blogs have replaced the personal pages of users on the Internet. This is a kind of virtual diary, which is placed on a special resource that provides the ability to add entries, comment, make a list of friends, bookmark favorite sites, etc.
Website directories
This is a type of sites, the main content of which is structured links to other sites, as well as their brief descriptions. As a rule, sites are grouped according to certain topics or have a narrowly focused focus (the so-called thematic directories). Site directories are moderated and unmoderated. An unmoderated directory (FFA) is a directory where anyone can place a link to their site without being checked by a directory moderator. In moderated directories, the moderator monitors the subject matter and quality of sites placed in the directory and may refuse to help in placement, guided by certain rules of the directory.
Figure 1.1. Main types of sites
Web services
Search engines
A search engine is a special type of site with which a visitor can find information of interest to him by entering a query in a special field and receiving a list of sites that match the query. It is these sites that are most often used by both students and teachers if they do not know where to find the information they are interested in. In the input field, you need to enter a word or phrase that should be contained in the document. Most often, the subject of the searched file is entered in this field.
Postal services
This type of site provides an interface for working with e-mail. Mail sites are sites where you can create (usually free) your mailbox and manage it.
Internet forums
On sites of this kind, users can create topics for discussion, and then comment on them. As a rule, forums are limited to one specific topic. The forum offers a set of topics for discussion. The job of a forum is for users to create topics in sections and then have discussions within those topics. A single topic, in fact, is a thematic guest book.
This type of sites, with the help of special functions that operate on it (registration, user functions and moderation), makes it possible for visitors to communicate in real time. The chat looks like a window that displays all the messages of the chat participants. Often in chats there are opportunities to view archives, send files.
Hosting sites
On sites of this type, the function of storing any files is implemented. Also often there are hosting sites with the ability to view downloaded files directly through the browser.
Hosting is a service for hosting someone else's website on your web server or someone else's web server on your "site", i.e. granting the right to connect to the Internet and its maintenance. As a rule, the demand for website hosting is much greater than for server hosting, since the latter is only needed for fairly large websites. In addition, hosting is called the sites themselves or servers that provide this service.
File archives
File archives are a storehouse of various virtual information, from articles to software. File archives are huge and often separate computers - servers are assigned to this type of site on the network. In addition, file archives often allow the visitor to upload their information to the appropriate section of the archive and, of course, download the file they need from there.
Internet resources.
http://www.n-shkola.ru/ | Magazine "Primary School".The magazine "Primary School" is a unique methodological guide, universal in nature: it publishes materials on all subjects and courses for each grade of elementary school, official documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation |
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Unified collection of Digital Educational Resources |
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http://www.uchportal.ru/ | Everything for the primary school teacher"Teacher Portal": lessons, presentations, control, tests, planning, programs |
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| Unified collection of digital educational resources. Great selection for grades 1-11. Supporters of the school 2100 educational program will find especially a lot of interesting things for themselves. |
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| Primary School . Very colorful DERs in various primary school subjects. |
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| open class . All resources are organized by subject area. |
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| Cool magazine.A site for students in the preparation of writing reports and messages on the world around. |
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| Head teacher info. The project includes a variety of materials in all subjects. |
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| Mat-Reshka offers the student an individual trajectory of classes, which takes into account the interests of the child, his strengths and weaknesses. The simulator will be useful for both strong students and children with special educational needs. |
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| Sun. Teachers will be interested in materials on the preparation of subject and thematic holidays, as well as on the organization of extracurricular activities. |
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Materials of the newspaper "Primary School" of the publishing house "First of September" |
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Wiki. Children's e-books and presentations. Here you can find addresses of sites with presentations for lessons |
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Starter. In the photo gallery there are illustrations for lessons for elementary school, in the cinema hall there is a collection of educational cartoons and slide shows, in the library there are more than 500 links to the development of lessons for elementary school, articles, useful sites |
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Alphabet in pictures and verses for students of the 1st grade. |
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"Country of Masters"The theme of the site: applied art, craftsmanship in all its manifestations and the environment. Materials for technology lessons. |
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Here you will find all kinds of materials and resources related to the use of ICT in the educational process. Community of Primary School Teachers - "ICT in Primary School" |
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Tutorials on the basic school subjects. |
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EER for students of primary general education provides the conditions for the implementation of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO, aimed at solving communicative and cognitive problems, mastering the logical actions of comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification, ways of studying nature and society, the formation of general educational competencies. |
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| This is a simple Multiplication Table for Kids program to learn multiplication tables. |
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The site contains a set of educational resources in the form of presentations for mathematics lessons in the 1st grade of the Educational System "School 2100" (textbooks "My Mathematics" by T.E. Demidova, S.A. Kozlova, A.P. Tonkikh). |
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Presentations, simulators for all subject areas of elementary school. |
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http://www.metodkabinet.eu/ |
The whole process of creating a website can be divided into four stages:
Creation of terms of reference for the development of the site, preparation of the idea and structure of the site.
Creation of the design of the future site regarding the chosen structure.
Adaptation and customization technical part (ImageCMS).
Adaptation the general view of the site, the output of information sections and technical modules.
Setting the administrative part for convenient management of information on a particular site, the creation of all the necessary information sections, as well as technical modules.
Preparation of materials And website content.
Preparation of materials - this is a selection of materials that will be posted on the site, analysis of existing ones and adaptation for proper display on the Internet.
Site content - these are all the main texts, as well as images of the site. In order to ensure maximum effectiveness of the site, information materials should contain all the basic answers to possible questions from users.
336 Typical design of economic information system (EIS). Basic concepts and classification of standard design methods.
Typical design is carried out on the basis of experience gained in the development of individual projects. Typical projects as a generalization of experience for certain groups of organizational and economic systems or types of work in each case are associated with many specific features and differ in the degree of coverage of management functions, the work performed and the developed project documentation.
EIS typical design methods suggest creation of a system from ready-made purchased standard elements (standard design solutions). To do this, the designed EIS must be decomposable into many constituent components (subsystems, task complexes, software modules, etc.), for which standard design solutions available on the market are selected and purchased. Further, the purchased standard elements, as a rule, including software products, are adjusted to the specifics of a particular enterprise or are finalized in accordance with the requirements of the problem area.
By a typical design solution we mean a reusable design solution presented in the form of project documentation, including software modules. Standard design solutions are also called replicable products.
Depending on the level of decomposition of the system, elemental, subsystem and object methods of typical design are distinguished.
With the elemental method of typical design of EIS, a typical solution for a task or for a separate type of task support (information, software, technical, mathematical, organizational) is used as a typical element of the system. The advantage is the use of a modular approach to the design and documentation of EIS. Disadvantages - large time spent on pairing dissimilar elements, poor adaptability of elements to the characteristics of the enterprise.
When using the subsystem method, separate subsystems act as elements of typing, which provide functional completeness, minimization of external information links, parametric customization, alternative schemes within the values of input parameters. At the same time, a higher degree of integration of typical EIS elements is achieved.
With the object method, a typical project for control objects of a certain industry is used as a typical element, which includes a complete set of functional and supporting EIS subsystems. The undoubted advantage of the object method lies in the complexability of all components due to the methodological unity and informational, software and technical compatibility of the components.
Internet resources are host - machines, machines - clients, programs (for example, WWW server, FTP server, etc.), information resources (files on servers, host - machines and machines - clients).
All resources on the Internet have their own address. The full address (identifier) consists of two parts: the IP address of the machine (or the host machine, or the global network), and a URL to identify resources on this machine (sometimes it is considered that the URL includes the IP address). An IP address has a domain structure and can be represented in symbolic or numeric form.
Host - the machine is a domain, i.e. an administrative unit that has the right to provide addresses to subordinate objects that form the "tree" of the host.
The IP address syntax specifies that the fully qualified computer name includes the top-level domain name as the rightmost element. Subdomains are listed to the left of the first level domain and are separated from each other by a dot.
For example, mesi.ru/ is the full name of the host computer of the Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics (MESI), registered in the top-level domain “ru” (from RUssia).
All computers connected to this host are combined into a group that has the same value of the first two levels of the address. If the university has an information management institute (im), then the host computer located in this unit forms its own domain (of a lower level). The full IP address of this new domain will be:
If one of the host computers in the information management institute is given the name "cafedra_vms", then the full IP address of this host will be:
cafedra_vms.im.mesi.ru/
The domain addressing system ensures that no two hosts on the entire Internet have the same address.
A name can contain any number of domains. But most often used names with the number of domains no more than three - five.
Each group that has a domain can create and modify addresses under its control. For example, if a new subdivision is created at an institute with the address im.mesi.ru - an analytical research laboratory, then the institute should not ask anyone for permission to name its host computer. It is enough to add a new name (for example, analysts), as a result of which any Internet user will be able to access this computer at the address:
analysts.im.mesi.ru/
For subdomains (that is, lower-level domains), any non-repeating names can be used. But for the name of the top-level domains, there is a standard (agreement): such a name can be two letters that define the country in which the address node is located (there are 244 such names in total): ru - Russia; su - Soviet Union; de - Germany; fr - France; uk - UK; ua - Ukraine; kg - Kyrgyzstan; etc.
or three letters indicating the type of activity: com - commercial organizations; net - network organizations; edu - educational and scientific institutions; gov - government agencies; mil - military organizations; org - other organizations.
A second-level domain is a unique name for a host computer on the Internet, which should not be repeated in a first-level domain (this is monitored by RosNIIROS).
A third-level domain can also mean a host computer name unique to a second-level domain, but it can also be a virtual object - the name of a Web site located on a host computer registered in a second-level domain.
Currently, second-level domains are being registered in Russian, in the languages of the CIS and Baltic countries. It is planned to use hieroglyphs in domain addresses.
Numeric IP addresses consist of four integers, each of which does not exceed 256. The numbers are separated from each other by periods: for example, 194.84.93.10 or 200.5.78.175. Numerically, an IP address is 32 bits long.
Names are converted to numeric addresses automatically using the Internet DNS (Domain Name System) service. DNS servers store information about the correspondence between symbolic and numeric names.
Users work with digital addresses quite rarely: when connecting to the Internet, the digital address of the DNS server is indicated; when working with the Intranet, the numeric address is used to indicate its WWW server.
The domain addressing system (IP addressing) is used to address electronic computers connected to the Internet. But on these computers there are a large number of various resources (databases, file libraries, Web sites, mailboxes, ...), which are addressed using the URL (Universal Resource Lokator) - Universal Resource Locator. URL is the address of any Internet resource, including the IP address of the computer on which this resource is located, indicating the protocol by which this resource should be accessed. URL example:
Here http is the name of the protocol (WWW); ie - directory name;
Here the port number is separated from the IP address by a colon.
Usually ports do not need to be specified - they are used by default.
Types of protocols modern programs also recognize independently. Therefore, instead of http://www.kat.ru/users, you can use www.kat.ru/users . Now, if this directory needs to be accessed using a different protocol, then it must be specified explicitly.
Email addresses consist of two parts, separated by the @ symbol. To the right of this symbol is the IP address of the computer on which the subscriber's post office is located. To the left of it is the name of the subscriber. For example:
Navigating the Internet (i.e. moving from one resource to another) can often be done without a set of long URLs, using so-called “hyperlinks”. Hyperlinks can be textual or graphical. Each hyperlink consists of two parts: an index (Anchor) and an address part (URL reference). When using text hyperlinks, the user sees a pointer - a specially highlighted word or group of words (usually the pointer is highlighted in blue and underlined). When using graphical hyperlinks, pointers are not highlighted in any way. Just a picture or part of it is made active. You can detect any hyperlink with the mouse cursor - if it hits the pointer of a text or graphic hyperlink, then its shape changes to a hand clenched into a fist with a bent index finger.
The address part of the hyperlink is not visible to the user. It is the full URL - the address of the object to be navigated to. It is located in the description of how it is necessary to display the resource used on the screen, i.e. in HTML tags.
If the resource is located on your computer, then instead of the URL, the full address of this resource is typed in MS DOS notation. For example: d:\institut\web-site\index.htm .
2.2. E-mail and its use for searching, sending and receiving information.
Purpose and scope of e-mail protocols.
On the ISP host computer, mailboxes are allocated for users, in which all correspondence incoming for them is accumulated.
When a user connects to a node (ISP host computer), letters from the corresponding user's mailbox are sent to his computer. In this case, the user remains connected to the Internet (and pays) only for the time necessary to exchange correspondence with the mailbox. The rest of the work is done offline. This is one of the benefits of email.
For the normal functioning of modern e-mail on the host computer, it is necessary to have two mail servers: outgoing mail server SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - a simple transport mail protocol - accumulates letters sent by subscribers of this node and sends them to the addresses indicated in the letters; incoming mail server POP3 (Post Office Protocol) - mail protocol - receives correspondence from other nodes, delivers it to mailboxes and can recode incoming messages, for example, from KOI-8 to Windows 1251.
Before the advent of SMTP and POP3 protocols, the UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Program) protocol, a program for copying from Unix to Unix, was used to work with e-mail. This protocol is not an Internet service and does not use the TCP/IP protocols. But some global computer networks work with e-mail using this protocol.
Recently, another Internet protocol for working with e-mail has appeared: MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) - a multipurpose e-mail extension for the Internet. It provides the transfer of data that, in addition to pure text in KOI-8, ASCII or Windows 1251 format, contains data in the binary system, which allows you to send graphics, audio and video files interspersed with text, while previous protocols only allow you to connect binary files to the main text of the letter as an additional unit accompanying the text of the letter.
Which of the following protocols are available to the client for work
Depends on the ISP, on what e-mail servers are installed on the host computer.
Internet Mail program.
This program is included with the Internet Explorer browser and installed with it.
When the program is launched for the first time, the Internet Mail setup wizard is initiated, with the help of which the necessary parameters for working with e-mail on the Internet are set. When the program is configured, the setup wizard is not called.
When setting up e-mail, you must specify your name or pseudonym to the program, by which you will be contacted during correspondence; your e-mail address (which is determined by your ISP); addresses of incoming (POP3) and outgoing (SMTP) e-mail servers; password for access to e-mail; method of connecting to the Internet (via a local network, manually or using a modem).
When accessing the program, the main working window is called up on the screen.
The title of the window and the menu in it are standard for Windows 95.
Below the menu bar is a toolbar with buttons: “Create message”, “Send to sender”, “Reply all”, “Forward”, “Deliver mail”, “Delete”.
Under the line of the toolbar there is an opening list “Folders”, which is used to work with incoming and outgoing correspondence.
The central part of the program window is divided into two halves: the contents of the open folder are displayed in the upper part; at the bottom - texts of letters.
At the very bottom of the program window is the status bar, in which the program's messages about the actions it performs appear.
The “Message” menu command allows you to fine-tune the program (the “Options” option of this command is used for this). Fine-tuning allows you to change the parameters set by the program setup wizard, select a font, enable spell checking, etc.
To access Internet Mail from Internet Explorer, click on the “Mail” button in the Internet Explorer window menu.
A person who has access to the Internet enters the world of practically unlimited information resources. Please note that some resources may be paid. The following is a very brief overview of the main network resources.
1) Email.
E-mail, or e-mail (from electronic mail - e-mail), is one of the ways of communication between people. It combines all the advantages of mail, teletype, telegraph and fax. Moreover, sending by e-mail is cheaper than the services of each of the considered means of communication.
Email address example: [email protected]
In the example under consideration, sas is the subscriber's identifier, usually composed of the initial letters of his last name, first name, patronymic. The one to the right of the @ sign is called the domain and uniquely describes the location of the subscriber [email protected]- required character in the e-mail address.
2) World Wide Web.
Probably the most interesting, convenient and effective resource that is currently very popular is the hypertext network information system World Wide Web (World Wide Web). The World Wide Web, which is called the Web or WWW for short, is a hypertext (more precisely, hypermedia) information system containing linked documents that can be created in various software environments and located on any of the computers on the Internet.
Hypertext can be considered as a text containing links that are associated with the definition, explanation, additions of individual words, phrases, images included in the text under consideration. The most important property of hypertext is automatic access to information associated with a user-specified link. The search for this information and its display on the screen is carried out with the help of special programs for working with hypertexts.
3) Resource address.
Each web page from the point of view of the operating system is a file located on one of the disk devices of a computer that plays the role of a web server. Therefore, in order to access a web page, you need to somehow point to the file that stores this page.
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/fag/www_fag.html
http - protocol
sunsite.unc.edu - computer domain address
boutell/fag/www_fag.html - file
4) Electronic bulletin boards.
On electronic bulletin boards (abbreviation BBS from Bulletin Board System is often used in the literature) announcements are posted that are sent by users to everyone who reads them. Electronic boards are analogous to ordinary bulletin boards that are placed in public, frequently visited places. You can also draw an analogy with the advertisements printed in newspapers and magazines.
5) Teleconferences.
On the basis of e-mail programs, electronic bulletin boards and other special packages, business meetings, scientific conferences are held, which can be attended by several people who are at their workplaces in different cities or countries.
6) File transfer.
Messages sent over the network can only consist of ASCII codes. However, by attaching any file to a message, it can also be sent over the network, but only in offline mode. On the Internet, there is another way to transfer arbitrary files between computers. This method is based on the FTP (File transfer Protocol), which involves the transfer of files in the so-called online, or online, mode. This means that the sending and receiving computers must be in direct contact with each other during the file transfer (like people talking to each other on the phone).
7) Remote access.
The FTP protocol is quite powerful, but at the same time a limited means of accessing the resources of “foreign” computers on the network. It provides only copying, that is, sending copies of files from one network computer to another. Full access to the resources of computers connected to the Internet is provided by the telnet protocol (TERminaL over NETwork protocol - remote access protocol). Using this protocol, the user can connect to a computer located on the opposite side of the globe and work with it as with his personal computer.
8) Search for servers.
As noted above, in order to use the ftp or telnet protocols, you need to know the domain address of the corresponding server. If such an address is unknown, then access to the required resource can be significantly hindered. To make it easier to find the right servers on the Internet, a menu-based system for accessing Internet servers has been developed. This system was called GOPHER. The term comes either from the word gopher - a gopher (Minnesota, the birthplace of this system, is considered the state of "golden gophers"), or from the slang term gofer - a prowling person.
9) Databases on the Internet.
A large number of databases are connected to the Internet, containing a huge amount of information on a variety of issues: from information on specific sciences - biology, mathematics, physics - to a collection of anecdotes and fables. As a rule, they are part of the widely used information system WAIS (Wide Area Information System). A computer that has special software and provides users with access to the databases of this system is called a wais server.
WAIS brings together wais servers around the world with access to more than 1000 public and commercial databases. To access WAIS, you need to know the home address of a particular wais server.
63. WWW-information web: Internet naming system, domain name and IP address.
WWW (World Wide Web) uses the Internet to transfer hypertext documents - documents containing textual, multimedia information, as well as links to other documents - from the server on which these documents are located to the user's computer. This is the most common and popular service.
WWW has two features:
1. using hypertext;
2. the ability of clients to interact with other Internet applications.
3. Browser programs are used to work with WWW on client computers. The task of the browser is to show the user the document specified by him. The browser program can do the following:
4. view documents located on remote server computers, accessing them via the Internet;
5. view both text and hypertext documents;
6. allow the user to follow links to other documents, creating a phenomenon of prolonged "fermentation" through the resources of the WWW.
Hypertext documents are written using a special language called HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language). Images and other non-text components are not directly inserted into the document and are stored separately. Instead, a link is inserted into the text that specifies the name of the file that contains the required component.
Several documents, united on the same server by some common theme, are called the home page (home page).
The larger resource is called a site. The site can combine several servers; on the other hand, one powerful server can host several sites.
To access a document, you must specify its address, which is called URL (Uniform Resource Locator - Universal Resource Locator) - this is a character string that indicates the document or resource requested by the user of the World Wide Web. To access the desired resource or document, just enter its URL address in the browser input field. The URL format is standardized so it is recognized by all viewers. The URL structure is as follows:
<Тип ресурса или протокол>:// <Имя в Internet>/<Путь доступа>,
where<Тип ресурса или протокол>defines a resource access method.<Имя в Internet>represents the network name of the computer on which the searched data resides.<Путь доступа>- path to the searched file with indication of directories (folders) and file name.
URL example: http://citforum.ru/seminars/cis99.html.
http:// - an instruction to the browser to use the HTTP network protocol designed to work with the WWW;
citforum.ru is the domain name of the computer on the Internet (WWW server) on which the required document is located;
/seminars/cis99.html is the path to the searched file.
When a browser accesses the specified URL, the destination computer must meet the following requirements:
be in working order;
· have a running program that is waiting for this call.
The system of names (addresses) on the Internet
Each computer on the Internet must have its own unique address so that any other computer on the network can reach it. The individual address of each computer on the Internet is called an IP address. IP addresses have two forms of notation:
digital (numerical) address;
domain address.
Both addresses can be used equally.
The digital address is 32 bits long; for convenience, it is divided into four blocks of 8 bits each, which can be written in decimal form. A digital address has three components:
Network address
Subnet address
The address of the computer on the subnet.
For example, an IP address might look like: 142.25.6.170, where:
142.25 – network address; 6 – subnet address; 170 - computer address.
The digital address contains the complete information needed to identify the computer.
The numeric form of the address is used by computers and special network service equipment; for users, a digital address is inconvenient, poorly remembered and carries little semantic information.
Due to the inconvenience of using addressing in digital form, the domain name system of computers represented on the Internet was invented.
A domain name consists of several words or abbreviations separated by dots, for example: irgups.ru. A domain name carries useful information about the location of a computer. The number of characters in a domain name is limited to 63.
The domain name has a hierarchical multi-level structure:
Ø The rightmost part of the name indicates the top-level domain, that is, the largest group of computers in which this computer is located. In this example, it is ru - short for Russia; this domain unites computers connected to the Internet in Russia;
within top-level domains there are subdomains - domains of the second and more levels;
the leftmost part of a domain name denotes a computer name within its subdomain.
Domains of the first (top) level are three-letter and two-letter. Three-letter: com, edu, gov, org, etc. Two-letter top-level domains indicate its country of location: ru, ua, jp, etc.
The transformation of a domain name into a digital IP address is carried out by a special Internet service called DNS (Domain Name System). The computers that perform this translation are called DNS servers.
