What is Information Technology (IT or IT)?! IT technologies - what is it? Why do we need IT technologies?

Information is one of the most valuable resources of society, along with such traditional material types of resources as oil, gas, minerals, etc., which means that the process of its processing, by analogy with the processes of processing material resources, can be perceived as technology. Technology when translated from Greek (techne) means art, skill, skill, and these are nothing more than processes.

Under process one should understand a certain set of actions aimed at achieving a set goal. The process must be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.

Then the following definition is valid.

Information technology (IT) - a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).

The purpose of information technology is the production of information for human analysis and decision-making based on it to perform any action.

The practical application of data processing methods and tools can be different, so it is advisable to distinguish between global basic and specific information technologies.

Global information technology includes models, methods and means that formalize and allow the use of information resources of society.

Basic information technology designed for a specific application (production, research, teaching, etc.).

Specific information Technology implement data processing when solving functional tasks of users (for example, accounting, planning, analysis tasks).

Like all technologies, information technologies are constantly developing and improving. This is facilitated by the emergence of new technical means, the development of new concepts, methods of organizing data, their transmission, storage and processing, forms of user interaction with technical and other components of information and computing systems.

Expanding the circle of people with access to information and computing resources of data processing systems, as well as the use of computer networks that unite users geographically remote from each other poses a particularly acute problem of ensuring the reliability of data and protecting it from unauthorized access. In this regard, modern information technologies are based on the concept of using special hardware and software that ensure information security

The next step in improving information technology is to expand the scope of application of knowledge bases and corresponding artificial intelligence systems.

The knowledge base is the most important element of the expert system created at the workplace of a management specialist. She acts as an accumulator of knowledge in a specific area of ​​professional activity and an assistant in analyzing the situation in the process of developing and making management decisions.

1.2 Information technology and information system

Information technology is closely related to information systems, which are its main environment. At first glance, it may seem that the definitions of information technology and systems are very similar.

Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity on data stored in computers. The main purpose of information technology is to as a result of targeted actions to process primary information to obtain the information necessary for the user.

Information system is a human-computer information processing system. An information system is an environment whose constituent elements are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various types of hardware and software, communications, etc. The main goal of an information system is to organize the storage and transmission of information.

Implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented to it. Information technology can exist outside the scope of the information system.

Example. Information technology for working in the environment of the Microsoft Word word processor, which is not an information system.

Thus, information technology is a more capacious concept , reflecting the modern understanding of the processes of information transformation in the information society . The skillful combination of two information technologies - management and computer - is the key to the successful operation of an information system.

Summarizing all of the above, let us introduce somewhat narrower definitions of an information system and technology implemented using computer technology.

Information technology - a set of clearly defined purposeful actions of personnel to process information on a computer.

Information system - a human-computer system for supporting decision-making and production of information products, using computer information technology.

Information technologies (IT, also information and communication technologies) - processes, methods of searching, collecting, storing, processing, providing, distributing information and methods for implementing such processes and methods (Federal Law No. 149-FZ); techniques, methods and methods of using computer technology in performing the functions of collecting, storing, processing, transmitting and using data (GOST 34.003-90); resources needed to collect, process, store and disseminate information (ISO/IEC 38500:2008).

Information systems and technology specialists are often called IT or IT specialists.

In a broad sense, IT covers all areas of creation, transmission, storage and perception of information and not only computer technologies. At the same time, IT is often associated specifically with computer technology, and this is no coincidence: the advent of computers brought IT to a new level, just as television once did, and even earlier, printing.

The information technology industry is concerned with the creation, development and operation of information systems. Information technologies are designed, based on and rationally using modern achievements in the field of computer technology and other high technologies, the latest means of communication, software and practical experience, to solve problems for the effective organization of the information process to reduce the cost of time, labor, energy and material resources in all areas human life and modern society. Information technologies interact and are often an integral part of the service sector, management, industrial production, and social processes.

History of information technology

The development began in the 1960s, along with the emergence and development of the first information systems (IS).

Investments in infrastructure and services and the Internet sparked rapid growth in the IT industry in the late 1990s.

• · Structured standards for digital data exchange of algorithms;
• · Widespread use of computer storage and provision of information in the required form;
• · Transfer of information via digital technologies over virtually unlimited distances.

Information technology covers all the resources needed to manage information, especially the computers, software and networks needed to create, store, manage, transmit and retrieve information. Information technologies can be grouped as follows:

• · Networks
• · Terminals
• · Services

Currently, there are various data networks - sets of communication end devices (terminals), united by data transfer channels and switching devices (network nodes) that ensure the exchange of messages between all end devices.

The following types of data networks exist:

• · Telephone networks are networks in which the terminal devices are simple signal converters between electrical and visible/audible.
• · Computer networks are networks whose end devices are computers.

Telephone

The main method until 2003-2004, now outdated, for connecting to the Internet was to use a modem connected to the telephone network. Although it has all the necessary features, broadband is preferred by many internet users. In almost all countries of the European Union, household access to a telephone line is very high, with the exception of Austria, Finland and Portugal. However, in Spain, access to the main telephone networks (narrowband) has virtually disappeared. In 2003, half of all Internet connections were telephone connections. Currently, 97% of Internet connections are made through broadband systems. Almost 95% of connections are made at speeds greater than or equal to 1 Mbit.

Broadband

Term broadband includes a wide range of technologies that provide higher data transfer rates and access to the Internet. These technologies use wires or fiber optic cables.

Multilink dial-up

Provide increased throughput by connecting two or more dial-up connections together and treating them as a single data channel. Requires two or more modems, phone lines, and account numbers, as well as a provider that supports the technology. This option was briefly popular before ISDN, DSL and other more modern technologies. Some manufacturers have created special modems to support this method.

ISDN -- (English: Integrated Services Digital Network) digital network with integration of services. Allows you to combine telephone and data exchange services. The name was proposed by the XI CCITT group in 1981. The main purpose of ISDN is data transmission at speeds of up to 64 kbit/s over a subscriber wire line and the provision of integrated telecommunications services (telephone, fax, etc.). Using telephone wires for this purpose has two advantages: they already exist and can be used to supply power to the terminal equipment. To combine different types of traffic in an ISDN network, TDM technology is used. Time Division Multiplexing, time multiplexing). For each type of data, a separate band is allocated, called elementary channel(or standard channel). This band is guaranteed a fixed, negotiated share of bandwidth. The band is allocated after a signal is given CALL via a separate channel called off-channel signaling channel.

xDSL -- (English digital subscriber line, digital subscriber line) a family of technologies that can significantly increase the capacity of the subscriber line of the public telephone network by using efficient linear codes and adaptive methods for correcting line distortion based on modern achievements in microelectronics and digital signal processing methods. xDSL technologies appeared in the mid-90s as an alternative to ISDN digital subscriber termination. The main types of xDSL include ADSL, HDSL, IDSL, MSDSL, PDSL, RADSL, SDSL, SHDSL, UADSL, VDSL. All these technologies provide high-speed digital access over a subscriber telephone line. Some xDSL technologies are original designs, others are merely theoretical models, while others have already become widely used standards. The main difference between these technologies is the modulation methods used to encode data.

Communication via power lines

Power Line Communications is a term that describes several different systems for using power lines (Power Lines) to transmit voice or data information. The network can carry voice and data by layering an analog signal on top of standard 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC power. PLC includes BPL Broadband over Power Lines-- broadband transmission over power lines), providing data transmission at speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s, and NPL (English. Narrowband over Power Lines-- narrowband transmission over power lines) with significantly lower data rates up to 1 Mbit/s.

ATM - (asynchronous data transfer method) is a high-performance network switching and multiplexing technology based on data transmission in the form of cells of a fixed size (53 bytes), of which 5 bytes are used for the header. Unlike the synchronous data transfer method (STM - English. Synchronous Transfer Mode), ATM is better suited to provide data services with widely varying or variable bitrates.

cellular

One of the types of mobile radio communications, which is based on a cellular network. The key feature is that the total coverage area is divided into cells (cells), determined by the coverage areas of individual base stations (BS). The cells partially overlap and together form a network. On an ideal (flat and undeveloped) surface, the coverage area of ​​one BS is a circle, so the network made up of them looks like hexagonal cells (honeycombs). The network consists of spatially dispersed transceivers operating in the same frequency range, and switching equipment that makes it possible to determine the current location of mobile subscribers and ensure continuity of communication when a subscriber moves from the coverage area of ​​one transceiver to the coverage area of ​​another.

Telecommunications

A type of communication, a method of transmitting information using electromagnetic signals, for example, through wires, fiber optic cable or radio. Currently, the transmission of information over long distances is carried out using electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, teletype, using radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber-optic lines, satellite communications and the global information and communication network Internet. The principle of telecommunication is based on the conversion of message signals (sound, text, optical information) into primary electrical signals. In turn, the primary electrical signals are converted into secondary electrical signals whose characteristics are in good agreement with the characteristics of the communication line. Next, through the communication line, secondary signals arrive at the input of the receiver. In the receiving device, the secondary signals are converted back into message signals in the form of sound, optical or text information.

Terminals

Terminals act as user access points to the information space.

Personal Computer

Computer - (English computer, IPA: -- “calculator”), an electronic device intended for use by one user, that is, for personal use. Personal computers (hereinafter referred to as PCs) can also conditionally include any other computer used by a specific person as his personal computer. The vast majority of people use desktop and various portable computers (laptops, tablet computers) as PCs. Although the computer was originally created as a computing machine, as a PC it is usually used for other purposes - as a means of accessing information networks and as a platform for computer games, as well as for working with graphical interfaces.

Cellular telephone

A mobile phone designed to operate in cellular networks; uses a radio transceiver and traditional telephone switching to provide telephone communications within the cellular network coverage area. Currently, cellular communications are the most common of all types of mobile communications, so a cell phone is usually called a mobile phone, although mobile phones, in addition to cellular phones, also include satellite phones, cordless phones and trunk communication devices.

TV

A modern electronic device for receiving and displaying images and sound transmitted wirelessly or via cable (including television programs or signals from video playback devices - for example, VCRs).

Game console

A specialized electronic device designed and created for video games. The most commonly used output device is a television or, less commonly, a computer monitor - which is why such devices are called set-top boxes, since they are attached to an independent display device. Portable (pocket) gaming systems have their own built-in display device (they are not attached to anything), so calling them game consoles is somewhat incorrect. Initially, game consoles differed from personal computers in a number of important ways - they relied on a television as the main display device and did not support most of the standard peripherals created for personal computers, such as a keyboard or modem. Until recently, almost all consoles sold were designed to run proprietary games, distributed without support for other consoles. However, as game consoles developed, the difference between them and personal computers began to gradually blur - some consoles can allow connecting a keyboard, a hard drive, and even running the Linux operating system on them. The circuits and software of some set-top boxes may, as an exception, be distributed under free licenses. The video game console market has evolved from relatively simple electronic television gaming systems such as Pong to powerful, feature-rich gaming systems today.

Services

Email

Technology and the services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called “letters” or “e-mails”) over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, e-mail practically replicates the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, etc.) and characteristic features - ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easy-to-understand and remember addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. To view it, you must have Java-Script enabled); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in general, they access each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs. Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (mass advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a specific letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); restrictions on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in a mailbox (personal for users).

Search system

A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a website on which the interface (front-end) of the system is located. The software part of the search system is the search engine (search engine) - a set of programs that provides the functionality of the search system and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines search for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can search for files on FTP servers, products in online stores, and information in Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priority tasks of the modern Internet (see about the main problems in the operation of search engines in the article Deep Web). According to Net Applications, in November 2011, search engine usage was distributed as follows:

• · Google -- 83.87%;
• · Yahoo! -- 6.20%;
• · Baidu -- 4.22%;
• · Bing -- 3.69%;
• · Yandex -- 1.7%;
• · Ask -- 0.57%;
• · AOL -- 0.36%.

Information Technology

Information Technology (IT, from English information technology, IT) - a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to technologies for creating, storing, managing and processing data, including the use of computer technology. Recently, information technology is most often understood as computer technology. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software to create, store, process, limit the transmission and receipt of information. Computer hardware and programming specialists are often called IT specialists.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, IT is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, and engineering disciplines that study methods for effectively organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. IT itself requires complex training, high initial costs and high-tech technology. Their implementation should begin with the creation of mathematical software, modeling, and the formation of information repositories for intermediate data and solutions.

The main features of modern IT:

• Structured standards for digital data exchange algorithms;
• Widespread use of computer storage and provision of information in the required form;
• Transfer of information via digital technologies over almost unlimited distances.

Information Technology Discipline

In a broad sense, IT covers all areas of creation, transmission, storage and perception of information and not only computer technology. At the same time, IT is often associated specifically with computer technology, and this is no coincidence: the advent of computers brought IT to a new level. Just like television once did, and even earlier printing.

Information technology industry

The information technology industry is concerned with the creation, development and operation of information systems. Information technologies are designed, based on and rationally using modern achievements in the field of computer technology and other high technologies, the latest means of communication, software and practical experience, to solve problems for the effective organization of the information process to reduce the cost of time, labor, energy and material resources in all areas human life and modern society. Information technologies interact and are often an integral part of the service sector, management, industrial production, and social processes.

Story

The development began in the 1960s, along with the emergence and development of the first information systems (IS).

Investments in Internet infrastructure and services sparked rapid growth in the IT industry in the late 1990s.

Technological potential and growth

Gilbert and Lopez note the exponential growth of technological progress (a kind of Moore's law) as the power density of all information processing machines doubling per capita every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; global telecommunications capacity per capita doubles every 34 months; The amount of information contributed in the world per capita doubles every 40 months (that is, every three years), and the transmission of information per capita tends to double approximately every 12.3 years.

Use of information technology in business

The interaction of information technology and business is manifested in the following: 1) IT technologies increase the efficiency and competitiveness of almost any business; 2) currently, all business is moving to the Internet, so any company needs to have a strategy for the new reality; 3) if a company does not have such a strategy, it has no future. .

Information technology as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the core business must be used thoughtfully and carefully. A positive effect is achieved only if the company's management has a clear idea of ​​the goals of future actions. That is, if a tool appears that can benefit a business, it is necessary to foresee several steps ahead how the business itself will develop and how the use of IT technology must be developed to support the successful implementation of the business strategy. Otherwise, this very powerful tool, which is also expensive and difficult to use, will, unfortunately, not bring any benefit to the business, and funds for IT will be wasted. .

Statistics for Russia

According to data collected by Timur Farukshin (Director of Consulting at IDC in Russia and the CIS) for 2010, in terms of monetary expenditures on IT equipment, Russia was among the top ten leading countries in the world, inferior to the developed countries of Western Europe and the United States by 3-5 times. spending on IT equipment per capita. Russia spends significantly less on the purchase of software per capita; in this area of ​​spending, Russia lags behind the United States by 20 times, behind the leading countries of Western Europe by 10 times, and behind the world average by 55%. For the provision of IT services in 2010, Russia took only 22nd place and was 66% behind the world average.

According to IT specialists, the main problem in the development of IT technologies in Russia is the digital divide between different Russian regions. According to 2010 statistics, the lag in this area of ​​such regions as Dagestan and Ingushetia, compared to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk Region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, according to certain indicators, even tends to increase. Since the lack of IT specialists and the general educational level of the population in lagging regions compared to advanced ones, in 2010 already reached a ratio of 1/11.2; despite the fact that school access to the Internet in lagging and advanced regions had a smaller ratio - 1/2.2.

Expenditures on information and communication technologies in 2005 as a percentage of the main consumer - USA ($1,096,112,600,000)

see also

Notes

Links

• Information technology according to GOST 34 .003-90
• UN website Information and communication technologies

Information technology– a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).

Purpose of information technology– production of information for its analysis by a person and based on it making a decision to perform any action.

Three stages of information technology associated with the evolution of criteria can be distinguished.

In 1953, the creator of information theory, American mathematician Claude Shannon, wrote: “Our computer scientists look like scholastic scientists. When calculating a long chain of arithmetic operations, digital computers significantly outperform humans. When they try to adapt digital computers to perform non-arithmetic operations, they turn out to be clumsy and unsuitable for such work.”

Stage 1: Machine resources. The functional limitations noted by K. Shannon, as well as the terrifying cost of the first computers, completely determined the main task of information technology in the 50s and early 60s. - increasing the efficiency of data processing using already formalized or easily formalized algorithms. The main goal was to reduce the number of machine cycles that a particular program required for its solution, as well as the amount of RAM it occupied. The main costs of data processing were then almost directly dependent on the computer time spent on them.

Stage 2: programming. In the mid-60s, the 2nd stage of information technology development began, which continued until the early 80s. From the technology of effective program execution to the technology of effective programming - this is how it was possible to determine the general direction of the change in efficiency criteria during this stage. The most famous result of this first radical revision of the criteria for programming technology was the UNIX operating system created in the early 1970s. The UNIX operating system, aimed primarily at increasing the efficiency of programmers, was developed by Bell Labs employees K. Thompson and D. Ritchie, who were completely dissatisfied with the available primitive program design tools focused on batch mode. At the turn of the 80s, UNIX was considered a classic example of an OS - it began its triumphant march on the PDP-11 series minicomputers in the mid-70s.

Stage 3: formalization of knowledge. A personal computer, as a rule, has developed means of self-training for a novice user to work at the remote control, flexible means of protection against computer errors and, most importantly, all the hardware and software of such a computer are subordinated to one “super task” - to ensure a “friendly reaction” of the machine to any including inadequate user actions. The main task of personal computing is the formalization of professional knowledge - performed, as a rule, independently by a non-programming user or with minimal technical support from a programmer.

Information technology is the most important component of the process of using society's information resources. In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is Personal Computer, which significantly influenced both the concept of constructing and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of the PC into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications have determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a consequence, a change in its name by adding one of the synonyms: “ new», « computer" or " modern».

Adjective " new” emphasizes the innovative rather than evolutionary nature of this technology. In table 1 shows the main characteristics new information technology.

Table 1. Main characteristics of new information technology

Three basic principles new information technology:

interactive(dialogue) mode of working with a computer;

integration(docking, interconnection) with other software products;

flexibility the process of changing both data and problem statements.

The means of information production are hardware, software and mathematical support for this process.

Information Technology Toolkit– one or more interrelated software products for a specific type of computer, the operating technology of which allows you to achieve the goal set by the user.

The following common types of software products for a personal computer can be used as tools:

word processor,

desktop publishing systems,

spreadsheets,

database management systems,

electronic notebooks and calendars,

functional information systems,

expert systems, etc.

Information technology is closely related to information systems, which are its main environment.

Information technology is process, consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity on data stored in computers. The main purpose of information technology– as a result of targeted actions to process primary information, obtain the information necessary for the user.

Information technology must meet the following requirements:

ensure a high degree of division of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;

include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;

be of a regular nature.

Stages, actions, and operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which will allow for more efficient targeted management of information processes.

By appearance Information technologies are divided into the following:

1. Information technology for data processing is designed to solve well-structured problems for which the necessary input data are available and algorithms and other standard procedures for processing them are known. It is used at the level of operational (executive) activities of low-skilled personnel in order to automate some routine, constantly repeating operations of managerial work.

2. Andmanagement information technology is aimed at satisfying the information needs of all employees of the organization, without exception, who deal with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of management. This technology is focused on working in the environment of a management information system and is used when the tasks being solved are less structured.

3. Automated office information technology– organization and support of communication processes both within the organization and with the external environment on the basis of computer networks and other modern means of transmitting and working with information.

4. Information technology for decision support is a qualitatively new method of organizing human-computer interaction. Developing a solution, which is the main goal of this technology, occurs as a result of an iterative process that involves:

decision support system as a computing link and control object;

a person as a control link that sets input data and evaluates the resulting result of calculations on a computer.

The end of the iteration process occurs at the will of man.

The distinctive features of this technology include:

orientation towards solving poorly structured (formalized) problems;

a combination of traditional methods of accessing and processing computer data with the capabilities of mathematical models and methods for solving problems based on them;

targeting the non-professional computer user;

high adaptability, providing the ability to adapt to the features of existing hardware and software, as well as user requirements.

Decision support information technology can be used at any level of management.

5. Information technologies of expert systems based on the use of artificial intelligence. Expert systems enable a manager or specialist to receive expert advice on any problems about which these systems have accumulated knowledge.

The main idea of ​​using this technology is to obtain his knowledge from an expert and, having loaded it into the computer’s memory, use it whenever the need arises. Expert systems are computer programs that transform the experience of experts in any field of knowledge into the form of heuristic rules (heuristics). Heuristics do not guarantee an optimal outcome with the same certainty as conventional algorithms used to solve problems within decision support technology. However, they often provide sufficiently acceptable solutions for practical use. All this makes it possible to use expert system technology as advisory systems.

The main components of the information technology used in the expert system are the user interface, knowledge base, interpreter, and system creation module.

The specialist uses the interface to enter information and commands into the expert system and receive output information from it. Commands include parameters that guide the knowledge processing process. Information is usually given in the form of values ​​assigned to certain variables.

Expert systems technology provides the ability to receive as output information not only a solution, but also the necessary explanations.

The knowledge base contains facts that describe the problem area, as well as the logical relationship of these facts. The central place in the knowledge base belongs to the rules. Rule defines what should be done in a given situation and consists of two parts: a condition that may or may not be true, and an action that should be performed if the condition is true.

Interpreter processes the knowledge contained in the knowledge base in a certain order. The technology of the interpreter comes down to the sequential consideration of a set of rules. If the condition contained in the rule is met, a specific action is performed and the user is presented with an option to solve their problem.

System creation module serves to create a set (hierarchy) of rules. There are two approaches that can be used as the basis for a system creation module: the use of algorithmic programming languages ​​and the use of expert system shells. Expert systems shell is a ready-made software environment that can be adapted to solve a specific problem by creating an appropriate knowledge base. In most cases, using shells allows you to create expert systems faster and easier than programming.

The main component of an automated information system is information technology (IT), the development of which is closely related to the development and functioning of IS.

Concept " technology ”translated from Greek means art, skill, skill. Technology, as a process, means a sequence of a series of actions for the purpose of processing something. The technological process is implemented by various means and methods.

The process of material production involves the processing of resources in order to obtain material products (goods). When it comes to information technology, data plays the role of resources.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of tools, methods for collecting, processing and transmitting primary information to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, i.e. information product.

The information product is used, in particular, for decision making. Exists difference between the concepts of “information system” and “information technology” .

Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated operations for transforming information (data collection, registration, transfer, storage, processing, use).

A computer information system is a human-machine information processing system for the purpose of organizing, storing and transmitting information. For example, technology that works with a text editor is not an information system.

Information technology consists of stages, each of them includes operations, and the latter consists of elementary actions, such as pressing a key, selecting an item in a menu, etc.

In information technologies of economic systems, office programs have become widespread, including: table processors; word processors; DBMS; integrated packages, etc.

Information technology has gone through several stages. Each stage is determined by the technology, software products that are used, i.e. the level of scientific and technological progress in this area.

The concept currently used is " new information technology " This concept implies:

1. Use of personal computers and PC networks.

2. Availability of communication tools.

3. Availability of dialogue (interactive) work with a computer.

4. Availability of an integration approach.

5. Flexibility of processes for changing data and setting tasks.

6. Organic “integration” of computers into existing management technology at enterprises.

The main goal of automated information technology is to obtain, through the processing of primary data, information of new quality, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed. This is achieved through the integration of information, ensuring its relevance and consistency, and the use of modern technical means for the introduction and operation of qualitatively new forms of information support for the activities of the management apparatus.

Information technology copes with a significant increase in the volume of processed information and leads to a reduction in the time it takes to process it. IT is the most important component of the process of using information resources in management. Automated information systems for information technology are the main environment, the constituent elements of which are tools and methods for data transformation. Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations on information circulating in the information system.

Information technology depends on many factors, which are systematized according to the following classification criteria (Table 1.1):

degree of centralization of the technological process;

subject area type;

degree of coverage of management tasks;

class of technological operations being implemented;

user interface type;

way to build a network.

By degree of centralization of the technological process IT in management systems is divided into:

Centralized,

Decentralized and

Combined technologies.

Centralized technologies are characterized by the fact that information processing and the solution of the main functional tasks of an economic object are carried out in an IT processing center - a central server organized at a computer network enterprise or in an industrial or territorial information and computing center.

Decentralized technologies are based on the local use of computer technology installed at user workstations to solve a specific specialist problem. Decentralized technologies do not have a centralized automated data storage, but provide users with means of communication for exchanging data between network nodes.

Table No. 1.1 – Classification of information technologies