Information sphere (environment) - a sphere of activity related to the creation, dissemination, transformation and consumption of information (see article 2 of the Federal Law "On participation in international information exchange"). As a sphere of legal regulation, it is a set of subjects of law carrying out such activities, objects of character in relation to which or in connection with which this activity is carried out, and social relations, regulated by character or subject to legal regulation.

The production, distribution, transformation and consumption of information is based on information processes - the creation, collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search, receipt, distribution and consumption of information in the state and society, as well as the processes of creation and application of information systems, information technologies and means their support, means and mechanisms of information security. Social (public) relations, subject to legal regulation, arise when performing these particular information processes. Such public relations are called informational relations, and the activity in the implementation of information processes is called informational activity.

Analyzing information as a subject of legal relations, one cannot speak about it in general, vaguely. The subject of consideration should be, first of all, information that is in civil, administrative or other public circulation and about which or in connection with which, therefore, social relations arise that are subject to regulation by law.

The Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" defines information as "information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation" (Art. 2). Taking into account the social aspect of the object under consideration, we add: included in the turnover in a form understandable for human perception. This definition makes it possible to "deduce" from the concept of "information" programs for electronic computers (computers), referred by the said Law to the means of providing computers.

This law introduces the term "documented information (document)" and defines it as information recorded on a tangible medium with details that allow it to be identified "(Art. 2).

The concept of "documented information" is based on the dual unity - information (information) and a material medium, on which it is reflected in the form of symbols, signs, letters, waves or other display methods. As a result of documentation, there is a kind of materialization and reification of information. Information is "fixed" on a material medium or even "tied" to it and thereby becomes isolated from its creator. As a result, as documented information we receive a book, an article in a magazine, a collection of articles, a fund of documents, a data bank or another array of documents (data) on paper, machine-readable and other media.

According to the above definition, documented information (document) is, in fact, a material object, which gives grounds to refer it to the category of things as well. This means that it is subject to the right of property ownership. It should be noted, however, that the documented information is of a special kind. Its main difference from other oysters lies in the above-mentioned bi-unity of information and material carrier, which predetermines the specifics of the requirement concerning its legal regime.

Thus, from a legal point of view, the dual unity of information and material carrier makes it possible to protect documented information using simultaneously two institutions: the institution of intellectual property and the institution of property property.

Traditionally, writing paper has been used as a physical medium for documentation. A document created on such a medium, confirmed by the relevant details and supplied with signatures, was widely used, and is used in civil, economic and other relations, including as evidence in court proceedings. It is known that the evidentiary capacity of documented information is based on the possibility of establishing, with the help of handwriting examination, the fact that this particular document is the original and that the signature on it exactly (or rather, with a high degree of probability) belongs to a particular person.

With the introduction of new information technologies, machine-readable media - magnetic and optical disks, computer memory, electrical vibrations, electromagnetic waves - began to be used instead of paper as material carriers. Unfortunately, unlike information recorded on paper, information on a machine-readable medium can be easily changed without the desire of its author as a result of unauthorized access to it by an unauthorized person, and without any trace of such interference. Naturally, in this case, the document on a machine-readable medium loses its evidentiary capacity, it is easy to forge and no examination is able to reveal this forgery.

The problem of establishing the evidentiary force of a machine-readable document arose. It was necessary to create such a mechanism for recording information on it, which, on the one hand, would exclude the possibility of unauthorized access of an unauthorized person to information for the purpose of distorting or falsifying it, and on the other hand, would allow a particular person to put some mark on this document, similar to his signature on paper, which would be impossible to forge, and the examination could reliably confirm the belonging of this mark-signature to this person.

Hence the concept of "electronic digital signature" arose, which, through a special software and information complex, provides reliable confirmation of the originality of information, details of the document and the fact of its "electronic signature" by a specific person.

Dissemination in communication and telecommunication systems of information on a machine carrier, provided with an electronic digital signature, is similar to the distribution of original documents on paper by traditional methods. The dissemination of information on a machine-readable medium without an electronic digital signature or other similar means of identification is similar to either the transfer of oral information, the identity of the content of which to the hypothetical original can be confirmed by the testimony of witnesses, or the transfer of a copy of the document, in relation to which it is required to prove, by possible means, its compliance with the original.

Thus, an electronic digital signature ensures the input and transmission of a document through the communication and telecommunication system with the provision of an opportunity at any point in traffic and at any time to remove this document from the system and submit it for dispute resolution.

The situation is more complicated when a document is automatically generated within an automated system (databank) in an algorithmic way based on source documents (data) obtained from different points of the information space of this system and at different times. Until recently, such documents had to be signed by the official responsible for their preparation. Obviously, with a large amount of initial data and automatic calculations required to prepare the output document, this person is actually not able to verify the correctness of the calculations made by the system and must sign the document, so to speak, according to his position. Indeed, after all, someone should be responsible for the document, although prepared by an automated system, but used to make responsible decisions.

The question arises: is it possible to automatically issue an electronic digital signature on a document prepared by an automatically automated system, by this system itself (or a computer)? On the one hand, it would seem that this is nonsense - after all, in this case it seems that no one is responsible for the content of the document - you cannot ask from a computer. But, on the other hand, it is also wrong to impose the obligation to sign such a document on an official who is unable to verify its content and hold accountable for the inaccuracy of information in it. What should be done?

Apparently, the placement of such an electronic signature can be assigned to an automated system, but subject to a clear solution to the problem of distribution of duties and responsibility for the quality of the initial and intermediate information used in the automatic preparation of the final document by a computer, between:

subjects providing the preparation of initial information; subjects responsible for the development of algorithms and programs for information processing on a computer; subjects that ensure the operability of technical means.

For this, a technology for the preparation and movement of initial and intermediate information in an automated system, equipped with high-quality organizational and legal support, should be developed, which, in the event of establishing the unreliability of the final result noted in the document, would make it possible to quickly and reliably identify the point of the technological process at which there was a mistake was made that led to a distortion of the final result, as well as the person who made it. In terms of law, it becomes necessary to regulate relations regarding the duties and responsibilities of persons who prepare, process and transmit initial and intermediate information at all stages of its movement, as well as develop a computer program and ensure the reliable operation of technical means (computers, communications and telecommunications ).

To identify many types of documented information as varieties of objects of legal regulation, as well as a complex of social relations (information relations) that arise when performing actions on such objects, it is necessary to consider the movement of information in the information sphere and the procedure for its transformation in the implementation of the processes of creation, transformation and consumption of information ...

The legislator defined the information sphere as “the sphere of activity related to the creation, distribution, transformation and consumption of information” (Federal Law “On Participation in International Information Exchange”), and information processes as processes of production, transmission, search, receipt and dissemination of information (Federal the law “On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information”, as well as the Federal Law “On Participation in International Information Exchange”). The processes of creation and application of information systems, information technologies and means of their support should also be classified as information processes.
Public relations subject to legal regulation in the information sphere arise when these information processes are performed. Such public relations are called informational, and the activity on the implementation of information processes is called informational activity.
To study social relations associated with information and its circulation, we will build a model of the information sphere (Fig. 4).
The information sphere, based on the types and methods of presenting information, the features of its transformation and circulation, can be divided into two parts - the main part or part of the actual information circulation (circles in the figure) and the part that provides information circulation (rectangles in the figure), each of which in turn is subdivided into areas. The main part includes three areas, providing two.
Two main ones:
The area of ​​creation and application of information technologies and means of their support; The area of ​​creation and application of information security tools and mechanisms
Three supporting:
The area of ​​production and distribution of source and derived information; The area of ​​search, receipt and consumption of information; The area of ​​the formation of information resources, the preparation of information products, the provision of information services.
Today, activities in the information sphere are unthinkable without the use of automated information systems and data banks, their networks, and other information technologies based on the use of computer technology, communications and telecommunications. The introduction of information technologies has created new opportunities for speeding up and increasing the efficiency of information processes, improved the quality of information services and, in fact, revolutionized information communication. New material carriers of information were created, significantly different from traditional ones, new mechanisms of its replication and distribution. An additional area has appeared that provides the main areas with the capabilities of software and hardware, communications and telecommunications - the area of ​​creation and application of information technologies and means of their support.
The creation, transformation and consumption of information, especially in the context of modern communication and telecommunication systems, also required an emphasis on the problems of information security (or rather, security in the information sphere).

The main purpose of information security can be considered to identify threats and protect: information from unauthorized access; information rights and freedoms of the individual; personality, society, state from the impact of false, harmful information, disinformation. In this regard, another supporting area appears - the creation and application of information security tools and mechanisms.
The field of creation and application of information systems, information technologies and means of their support has arisen and is developing in connection with the needs of all other areas. At the same time, none of the main areas is unthinkable without the use of software, hardware and telecommunications means.
The area of ​​creation and application of information security tools and mechanisms ensures the implementation of information processes based on the security requirements of the individual, society, and the state in the information sphere. It has arisen and develops in connection with the needs of all four of the above areas and ensures their safe operation.
The division of the information sphere into areas is conditional, since they are all closely related. The initial information is created under the influence of the environment, as well as on the basis of derived information and information from information resources. Derived information is created on the basis of both source information and information from information resources. Information resources are formed on the basis of initial and derived information, primarily as "stocks" of retrospective information. And, finally, as a result of information consumption, new initial and derived documented information is created again, information resources are formed or supplemented. Thus, the information circulation is closed in the information sphere (information circulation).
One and the same person (individual) can act as different subjects in different areas. For example, the author of a scientific work can work as an administrator of a databank in the field of information resources, act as a consumer of information in the field of search, receipt and consumption of information, act as a specialist operating an information system, and also participate in the field of information security in addressing information security issues.
To identify the subjects participating in information processes, to establish the types of information circulating in the information sphere, let us consider in more detail each of the above areas during the "life cycle" of information circulation.
6. Information processes. Information Systems.

Data storage. People store information either in their own memory (sometimes they say - "in the mind"), or on some kind of external media. Most often on paper.

The information that we remember is always available to us. For example, if you memorized the multiplication table, then you do not need to look anywhere in order to answer the question: how much is five five? Each person remembers his home address, telephone number, as well as the addresses and phone numbers of loved ones. If you need an address or phone number that we do not remember, then we turn to the address book or to the telephone directory.

Human memory can be conditionally called operational. Here the word "prompt" is synonymous with the word "fast". A person quickly reproduces the knowledge stored in his memory. We can also call our memory internal memory. Then the information stored on external media (in notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias, magnetic records) can be called our external memory.

A person often forgets something. Information on external media is stored longer and more reliably. It is with the help of external carriers that people pass on their knowledge from generation to generation.

Transfer of information. The dissemination of information between people occurs in the process of its transfer. The transmission can take place during direct conversation between people, through correspondence, using technical means of communication: telephone, radio, television, computer network.

There are always two parties involved in the transmission of information: there is a source and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits (sends) information, and the receiver receives (perceives) it. Reading a book or listening to a teacher, you are receivers of information, while working on an essay on literature or answering in a lesson, you are a source of information. Each person constantly has to move from the role of a source to the role of a receiver of information.

The transfer of information from a source to a receiver always occurs through some kind of transmission channel. In direct conversation, these are sound waves; for correspondence, this is a postal service; in a telephone conversation, it is a telephone communication system. During transmission, information can be distorted or lost if information channels are of poor quality or interference (noise) occurs on the communication line. Many people know how difficult it can be to communicate with a bad telephone connection.

Data processing. Information processing is the third type of information processes. Here is a well-known example - solving a mathematical problem: given the values ​​of the lengths of two legs of a right-angled triangle, you need to determine its third side - the hypotenuse. To solve the problem, the student, in addition to the initial data, must know a mathematical rule with which to find a solution. In this case, this is the Pythagorean theorem: "the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs." Applying this theorem, we obtain the required value. Here, the processing consists in the fact that new data is obtained through calculations performed on the original data.

Computation is just one of the options for processing information. New information can be derived not only through mathematical calculations. Remember the stories of Sherlock Holmes, the hero of the books of Conan Doyle. Having often very confusing testimony of witnesses and circumstantial evidence as background information, Holmes, using logical reasoning, clarified the whole picture of events and exposed the criminal. Logical reasoning is another way of processing information.

The process of processing information is not always associated with the receipt of any new information. For example, when translating a text from one language to another, information is processed that changes its form, but not the content.

The coding of information belongs to the same type of processing. Encoding is the transformation of the representation of information from one symbolic form to another, convenient for its storage, transmission or processing.

The concept of coding began to be used especially widely with the development of technical means for storing, transmitting and processing information (telegraph, radio, computers). For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, telegraph messages were encoded and transmitted using Morse code. Sometimes the encoding is done in order to make the content of the text secret. In this case, it is called encryption.

Another type of information processing is sorting it (sometimes they say - ordering). For example, you decide to write down the addresses and phone numbers of all your classmates on separate cards. In what order should these cards be folded so that later it would be convenient to search among them for the necessary information? Most likely, you will put them in alphabetical order by last name. In computer science, the organization of data according to some rule that connects it into a single whole is called structuring.

Search for information. You and I very often have to search for information: look for a translation of a foreign word in a dictionary, a phone number in a telephone directory, a train departure time in a train schedule, a required formula in a mathematics textbook, a route on a metro map, and a library catalog information about the required book. Many more examples can be cited. All these are the processes of searching for information on external media: books, diagrams, tables, filing cabinets.

Information processes in living nature. Can it be argued that only human life is connected with information and information processes? Of course not! Science knows a lot of facts confirming the flow of information processes in living nature. Animals have memory: they remember the way to their habitat, the place of obtaining food; pets distinguish familiar people from strangers. Many animals have a heightened sense of smell that carries valuable information to them. Of course, the ability of animals to process information is much lower than that of humans. However, many facts of intelligent behavior indicate their ability to make certain conclusions.

Information system- an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes.

Means of providing automated information systems and their technologies- software, technical, linguistic, legal, organizational means (programs for electronic computers; computer technology and communications; dictionaries, thesauri and classifiers; instructions and techniques; regulations, statutes, job descriptions; diagrams and their descriptions, other operational and accompanying documentation) used or created in the design of information systems and ensuring their operation.

Information systems also include various types of automated information systems. First of all, this is the Internet, as well as automated control systems (ACS), automated data processing systems (ASOD), automated systems of scientific and technical information (ASNTI), etc., databanks, knowledge bases, expert systems, information and computing systems, information and telecommunication systems and networks, communication and telecommunication systems, as well as the means of providing these systems and technologies.

Basic technical means- computer equipment, copying equipment, office equipment, communications and telecommunications, etc. Software- operating systems, application programs, telecommunication software, other software. Linguistic means- dictionaries, thesauri, classifiers, other linguistic means, organizational and legal means - normative legal and legal acts, normative and technical documents, regulations, statutes, job descriptions.

Subjects in the field of information technology and means of their support can be divided into two groups: subjects organizing and developing information systems, information technologies and means of their support, and subjects operating the listed objects.

Customers and developers act as subjects organizing and performing the development of information systems. These are government bodies, legal entities and individuals - organizations and enterprises, specialists. The subjects operating information systems, information technologies are public authorities, their subdivisions, legal entities and individuals.

One of the most important areas of activity of subjects in this area should be the formation and development of the software and hardware part of the information infrastructure of the modern information society.

Information infrastructure- an organized set of computer technology, communications and telecommunications, as well as mass media and information resources, ensuring the efficient and high-quality implementation of information processes - the processes of production, collection, accumulation, storage, search, distribution and consumption of information to meet the needs of the individual, society, state ...

Information and information sphere

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State policy in the field of information technology. Legal regulation of relations in the development and use of communications and telecommunications, the use of information systems with the architecture of "electronic government".

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1.9. Information sphere of society

Let us consider in more detail the social impact of the widespread dissemination of information technologies in the course of the current sixth information revolution. The informatization of society, as noted in the introduction, is a process that covers all aspects of social life, providing for a systematic reorganization and increasing the efficiency of any socially significant activity based on the use of modern information and communication systems and technologies. The creation on the basis of global networks of a single world information infrastructure, which ensures active interaction of people, enterprises, government and public organizations, leads to the formation of an information society.
The importance of this process was recognized by the general scientific community. Back in the mid 70s. of the last century, the term "social informatics" was used to designate a new scientific discipline that studies public knowledge, social communication and social management on the basis of an informational approach. Subsequently, the subject of this discipline was repeatedly specified, however, it should be noted that there is inconsistency in the definition of the list and content of the basic concepts of social informatics. In this section, we will consider some of the main issues of social informatics, considering it the subject of patterns and trends in the development of the information sphere of society and its interaction with other spheres of public life.
The Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange" defines the information sphere (environment) as the sphere of activities of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information. The doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation reveals the concept of the information sphere in more detail, including in it the totality of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, generate, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting relations. Thus, the information sphere can be characterized as the sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs, which includes the following interrelated components (Fig. 1.34):
1. Information subjects (individual and collective) carrying out activities for the implementation of information processes.
2. Streams of information generated and consumed.
3. Information infrastructure.
Information infrastructure includes:
1) information resources of society;
2) information industry of production, processing and distribution of information, provision of information services, including computer technology, communications, mass media; production of information and communication equipment and software (ICT and PS), creation of information technologies and systems;

3) systems (state, public and commercial organizational structures) that regulate and reproduce the information sphere.
Information resources created by society and constituting part of its information infrastructure are the main source of information consumed by society and its members. Some infrastructure elements can act as information subjects. These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.34 dotted line.
Let us consider in more detail the development trends of each of the components of the information sphere.
A significant increase in the role and place of information in the life of the state, society, and the individual has turned it into a powerful, tangible resource that has become one of the leading factors of social development. The concept of an information resource, although relatively new, found widespread use only in the 80s. of the last century, occupies an increasingly important place in the modern scientific, technical and socio-political vocabulary. Informatization of society not only puts it on a par with other types of economic resources: natural, energy, material, labor, financial, but also gives it a priority. The Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” defines information resources as separate documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, databanks, other information systems). In this case, under the documented information in this law is meant information recorded on a material carrier (document) with details that allow it to be identified. The need to introduce a category of information resource is caused, on the one hand, by the avalanche-like growth of the volume of documents accumulated by mankind and the degree of their use; on the other, turning them into one of the key factors in the development of modern society.
Speaking about information resources, it should be borne in mind that they represent the knowledge of the people who created them, prepared for social use, recorded on paper, magnetic, optical or other material medium. According to the method of organizing the storage and use of information resources, traditional (an array of documents, a fund of documents, an archive) and automated (database, automated information system, Internet) forms are distinguished. The task of converting resources existing in a traditional form into an automated form using mass technologies is urgent. There are classifications of information resources on other grounds: by topic, by form of ownership, by the availability of information, etc.
Like other types of resources, information resources have owners and owners. They can be citizens, organizations, local government bodies, government bodies. The owner of an information resource (as well as information systems, technologies and means of their support), according to the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information", is an entity that fully exercises the powers of ownership, use, and disposal of these objects. Unlike the owner, the owner of information resources carries out the possession, use and disposal of them within the limits established by law and the owner. It is necessary to note two trends in the development of information infrastructure related to information resources. On the one hand, there is an increasing decentralization of information resources (as an object of ownership and possession), on the other hand, there is an obvious desire of government bodies, specialized information centers and organizations to integrate information resources at the level of their ownership and use.
The active involvement of information resources in the economic and other spheres of public life, the growth in the scale of their use led to the allocation of a significant part of them, intended not for internal consumption by their producers (owners), but to meet the information needs of a wide range of external information subjects. Information from information resources is disseminated as a result of the preparation of information products and the provision of information services. Information products (products) are documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and designed to meet these needs through distribution or implementation. Information products can be distributed both in physical and electronic form, for example, over telecommunication networks. The actions of subjects (owners and owners) to provide users with information products, in accordance with the Federal Law "On participation in international information exchange", are information services.
The range of information services is wide enough and is not limited to providing users with the information products they need. Information services also include:
- consulting services (the result is not necessarily documented);
- services for the transfer of information (information product is provided not to the user of the service, but to its addressee);
- Internet access services (information product not defined);
- services for the formation (providing the possibility of creating) personal sites on the provider's server and providing access to them (the information product is created by the user who owns it).
Summarizing these examples, we will call information services the actions of information subjects to ensure the execution of information processes that satisfy the information needs of users.
Analysis of the information sphere allows us to distinguish in it three main types of information subjects carrying out activities for the implementation of information processes:
1) producers of information, information resources, products and services;
2) owners (owners) of information resources and products;
3) consumers of information, information resources, products and services.
In addition, some of the subjects of the information sphere carry out activities in its infrastructure, for example, manufacturers of information systems and technologies, means of their support, as well as the owners of these systems and means.
Among the producers of information resources are:
- bodies of state power and administration of various levels, local self-government bodies that form legal and administrative documents;
- bodies of the state system of statistics, processing colossal flows of socio-economic information;
- information centers of various ministries and departments, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as interdepartmental centers that form information resources and distribute information products of the corresponding profile;
- the cognitive structures of society - scientific and educational organizations, analytical centers, in which new knowledge is formed;
- enterprises and organizations in various fields of activity;
- mass media.
As examples of subjects - producers of information resources, we will indicate the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which forms and distributes the base of legal documents "Etalon", the Institute of Scientific Information in the Field of Social Sciences (INION), the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI).
Consumers of information products and services are state authorities and administrations, local governments, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership and fields of activity, as well as individuals.
A characteristic feature of the informatization of society is the expansion of the information sphere due to the involvement of an increasing number of new subjects in it. Evidence of this process is, for example, the implementation of the concepts of electronic government (e-govemment), electronic business (e-business), electronic commerce (e-marketing), electronic (distance) education (e-education). Informatization also invades unexpected areas: in May 2002, Moscow hosted a media art festival "Software as a work of art, or Art games with software", focused on art that is adequate to the information society. The activity of its participants was aimed at artistic and theoretical comprehension of the new digital reality created by software that controls audio and video sequences, as well as artistic software, which is an artistic product in itself.
The information infrastructure of society, in addition to information resources, also includes the information industry, which has been acquiring since the 80s. last century, an increasing proportion and impact on the economic and social life of society. There are two sectors in the information industry:
1) the sector of production, processing and distribution of information, provision of information services, also called the information technosphere;
2) the sector for the production of information and communication technology and software, the creation of information technology and systems, that is, the sector for the means of production of the information technosphere.
The information technosphere includes:
- computer facilities and informatics, providing the ability to form information resources on the basis of electronic presentation, storage and processing of information;
- means of information and telecommunication systems, providing data transmission via communication channels;
- television and radio broadcasting systems, as well as telephone, telegraph and radio communications;
- a network of wired, fiber-optic, radio relay, satellite and other types of communication channels intended for the dissemination of information in space;
- printing, copying, duplicating and other equipment intended for documenting and replicating information products;
- means of recording and reproducing images and sound (electro-optical devices for displaying information, film and photographic equipment, audio equipment).
The level and development trends of the information technosphere in different countries are assessed using a number of quantitative indicators, both absolute and relative (per 1000 population).
Table 1.7 shows the values ​​of some of these indicators taken from various sources for a number of leading countries of the world and Russia for 19971 (upper number) and for 2001.2 and can give significantly different values ​​of the same indicator.

Analysis of indicators of development of the information technosphere reveals the following trends:
- the development of electronic media leads to the displacement of print media (newspapers);
- there is a rapid growth in the number of home computers, the number of which becomes comparable to the number of computers used in enterprises and organizations;
- in leading countries, the growth in the number of home computers is comparable to or exceeds the growth in the number of televisions;
- the share of citizens covered by satellite and cable television in developed countries is close to 100%; in Russia in 2002 it was only 20%.
In 2003, the rates of development of communications and information technologies significantly exceeded the national average (over 40% and 20%, respectively). The volume of the information technology market in 2003 was 6.9 billion dollars, including the share of sales of hardware is estimated at 64%, services - 25%, software - 11%.
The successful development of the sector of means of production of the information technosphere is evidenced by the fact that the total number of computers exceeded 213 million units in 2003, and the PC density was 9.0 units per 100 people against 8.4 in 2002. Since 2002, one can clearly see not only a significant displacement of Western ones by domestic manufacturers, but also a saturation of demand for computer technology.
The volume of Internet services (without access) grew in 2003 by 25% and amounted to 220 million dollars. The number of Internet users is estimated at 12-14 million people, and the average annual growth in the number of users is at least 40% (in 2001 there were 3 million users). The growth of Internet traffic has exceeded 180%, of which up to 70% are locked inside Russia.
The growth rates of the Russian legal software market remain within the range of 20-40%. In 2004, its volume increased to $ 760 million (in 2002 - $ 500 million).
In 2003, 1.8 million new telephones were installed in Russia. The number of cellular subscribers more than doubled and amounted to 36.4 million people. In 2004, it is planned to increase the number of mobile users in the country to 55-60 million.
According to Moore's rule of thumb, the computing power of a computer doubles every two years. Moreover, each new generation of programs requires twice as much resources. Another rule of thumb indicates that a doubling of the bandwidth of communication channels occurs every 10-13 months. Some researchers conclude from this that the world loves chatting more than thinking.
State, public and commercial organizations that regulate and reproduce the information sphere constitute another block of the information infrastructure of society. This block can be distinguished:
- government and administrative bodies pursuing a policy aimed at developing the information sphere of society by creating favorable conditions for the activities of information subjects, as well as legal regulation of relations in the information sphere;
- research, design, development organizations conducting theoretical and experimental research to determine the effective structure and main directions of development of the information industry, the creation of new tools for the implementation of information processes and the development of promising information and communication technologies (ICT) based on them;
- educational institutions that train and improve the skills of personnel for the information industry, as well as train a wide range of citizens in the effective use of modern ICT in order to ensure their successful adaptation to the new realities of modern life;
- organizations involved in the distribution, wholesale and retail trade of ICT devices.
The importance of the informatization process as a key development factor was realized by the authorities of the leading countries of the world.
In 1993, the US government announced plans for the development of a national information infrastructure as the technological foundation of the information society. In a specially prepared report, the main principles of the formation of the information society were listed, including:
- providing universal interactive access;
- providing access to state information;
- protection of privacy, security and reliability of networks;
- protection of intellectual property rights;
- coordination of government efforts, encouragement of private investment and assistance in technological innovation.
In accordance with this report, the United States set a course for the construction of an information superhighway, defined as the totality of all technologies associated with the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information, including television, computer networks, satellite broadcasting, mobile communications, and online service technologies.
A strategy has been developed and recommendations for entering the information society and European countries are being implemented. In July 1994, the European Commission of the European Community adopted the action plan "The European Way to the Information Society". In 1995, the European Commission established a Forum to discuss common issues in the emerging information society. The purpose of the Forum is to track this process in areas such as the impact on the economy and employment; the creation of new social and democratic values ​​in the "virtual community"; impact on public and government services; education, training and retraining; culture and media, sustainable development; technology and infrastructure. In 1998-2002. the efforts of the European Union (641 projects) were concentrated in a special program "Information Society Technologies", which will be continued in 2002-2006. The following areas of research were identified as the main ones:
- systems and services for citizens;
- new working methods and e-commerce;
- multimedia content and tools;
- technologies and public infrastructure;
- promising and emerging technologies.
Almost every country in Europe also has a program outlining a national policy in building an information society, the failure of which entails a loss of the country's competitiveness, a comparative decline in living standards, and a loss in development.
In July 2000, the G8 of the world's most industrialized countries adopted the Charter for the Global Information Society, which was called the Okinawa Charter (after the Japanese city where it was adopted). In the initial paragraphs of the Charter, the following basic provisions are fixed, which will be applied by these countries in the process of formation and development of the information society:
1. The revolutionary impact of IT, which is one of the most important factors in the formation of society in the 21st century, concerns the way of life of people, their education and work, as well as the interaction of government and civil society. And CTs are becoming a vital driver of the global economy.
2. The essence of IT-driven economic and social transformation lies in its ability to help people and society use knowledge and ideas. In order for people to use their potential more widely, the leaders of the G8 countries will take measures to ensure that ICTs serve to achieve the goals of ensuring sustainable economic growth, increasing social welfare, promoting social harmony, strengthening democracy, transparent and responsible governance, international peace and stability.
3. All people everywhere must be able to reap the benefits of the global information society. Its sustainability is based on democratic values ​​that stimulate human development, including the free exchange of information and knowledge.
4. Government efforts will focus on strengthening policies and regulations that foster competition and innovation, streamline global networks, tackle network-undermining abuse, narrow the digital divide, invest in people, and ensure global access and participation.
5. The Charter is primarily a call to all, in the public and private sectors, to bridge the international information and knowledge divide. A solid ICT policy and action framework can transform how countries interact to promote social and economic progress around the world.
The digitalization section of the Charter highlights the need to realize the full economic, social and cultural benefits of the information society and highlights key areas of work, including:
- carrying out economic and structural reforms in order to create an environment of openness, efficiency, competition and the use of innovations, complemented by measures to adapt to labor markets, develop human resources, and ensure social cohesion;
- sound management of macroeconomics, contributing to more accurate planning on the part of the business community and consumers, and taking advantage of new information technologies;
- development of information networks that provide fast, reliable, secure and cost-effective access through competitive market conditions and appropriate innovations;
- developing human resources capable of meeting the demands of the information age through education and lifelong learning and meeting the growing demand for ICT specialists in many sectors of the economy;
- the active use of ICT in the public sector and the promotion of the provision of real-time services necessary to increase the level of accessibility of power for all citizens.
It is also noted that it is up to governments to create predictable, transparent and non-discriminatory policies and regulatory frameworks necessary for the information society, in accordance with the following core principles and approaches:
- promoting competition and opening markets for information and communication technologies, products and services;
- protection of intellectual property rights to information technology;
- the commitment of governments to use only licensed software;
- development of cross-border e-commerce by promoting further liberalization, improving networks, related services and procedures; increasing consumer confidence in electronic markets;
- promoting market standards, including technical standards for interoperability;
- development of an effective and meaningful privacy protection mechanism when processing personal data; further development and effective functioning of electronic identification, electronic signature and other means of ensuring the security and reliability of transactions.
The importance of concerted action to create a safe and crime-free cyberspace, the need to find effective political solutions to such pressing problems as unauthorized access and computer viruses is emphasized.
The second section of the Charter is devoted to the important issue of bridging the digital divide within and between states. To ensure universal access to information and communication networks, it is proposed:
- to promote the establishment of favorable market conditions necessary for the provision of information services to the population;
- ensure the possibility of access through institutions open to the general public;
- improve network access, especially in underdeveloped urban, rural and remote areas;
- pay special attention to the needs and capabilities of people with less social protection;
- Promote the further development of “user-friendly” technologies, including mobile Internet access, increased use of free public content and software open to all users, while respecting intellectual property rights.
It is stated that the strategy for the development of the information society must be accompanied by the development of human resources, for which the G8 is committed to providing all citizens with the opportunity to learn and acquire skills in working with ICT through education, lifelong learning and training.
The two final sections are devoted to the issues of effective international cooperation between states, including developing, international public and commercial organizations in order to actively form a global information society.
Naturally, the process of informatization of various objects proceeds differently. Thus, the transition of different countries and regions to the information society began at different times and occurs at different rates. The United States is expected to complete this transition by 2020, Japan and Western European countries by 2030-2040, and Russia by 2050.
One of the main mechanisms for the transition of our country to the information society is to become the program "Electronic Russia" for 2002-2010, the implementation of which will allow:
- effectively use the intellectual and human potential of Russia in the field of ICT;
- to ensure the harmonious entry of Russia into the world economy on the basis of cooperation and information openness;
- to overcome the gap between Russia and developed countries in the level of use and development of ICT;
- to ensure the equal entry of Russian citizens into the global information community on the basis of respect for human rights, including the right to freely search, receive, transfer, produce and disseminate information, as well as the right to ensure the confidentiality of any information protected by law in information systems.
To achieve the goals of the program, it is envisaged to solve the following tasks:
- formation of an effective regulatory legal framework in the field of ICT, regulating, among other things, the issues of ensuring information security and the implementation of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
- increasing the efficiency of interaction between public authorities and local self-government bodies both among themselves and with business entities and citizens through the use of modern ICT;
- providing conditions for increasing the efficiency and wider use of ICT in the economic and social sphere;
- increasing the level of training and retraining of personnel by improving education based on ICT;
- promoting the development of independent mass media by stimulating the introduction of ICT in their activities;
- assistance in the development of telecommunications infrastructure and opportunities for connecting to open information systems for citizens and business entities, as well as a significant increase in the quality of services provided in this area;
- formation of a unified information and telecommunications infrastructure necessary to improve the work of state and local authorities, enterprises and other organizations;
- the formation of conditions necessary for the widespread use of e-commerce mechanisms in the commodity markets of Russia, contributing to the acceleration of the promotion of goods (services), maintaining stable reproduction, meeting the needs of consumers and increasing the efficiency of managing the supply of products for federal state needs.

Information is called information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation. Data is a convenient form of presentation of information, and information is the useful content of data. The data type determines not only the ways of presenting information for its storage, transmission and processing, but also the set of operations that can be performed with this data.
Working with large datasets is easier to automate if the data items are arranged in the dataset according to some rules, forming a given data structure.
The main properties (quality indicators) of information are its value, usefulness, comprehensibility and accessibility.
Information manifests itself in information processes. The most common informational processes are registration, distribution and use of information. The varieties of the systemic organization of the implementation of information processes are information technologies and information systems. Information technology is a systemically organized set of methods and ways of implementing information processes based on a certain class of tools. An automated information system is an interconnected set of information, automated information technologies, as well as software and hardware tools and specialists that ensure their implementation, designed for the effective implementation of a set of works required in the activities of an AIS user.
For successful information interaction between a person and a computer, it is necessary to be able to encode all types of information: text, graphic, audio and video information.
The basis for representing information in modern computers and other digital devices is a binary code consisting of two characters: 0 and 1.
Algorithmic processing of information in an information system can be modeled using nested abstract machines interacting with the user. Any algorithm can be represented using three basic structures of structured programming: follow, branch, and loop-bye.
In the history of the development of civilization, six information revolutions are distinguished, which consisted in a radical change in the means and methods of storing information, as well as the amount of information available to the active part of the population. The sixth information revolution, which is currently taking place, is caused by the formation and development of global information and communication networks, covering all countries, penetrating every home, for every workplace, causing fundamental changes in the organization of production, trade and other professional activities.
The sphere of social and human activity aimed at meeting information needs is called the information sphere. It includes entities that carry out activities for the implementation of information processes, streams of generated and consumed information, information infrastructure, including information resources of society, information industry and systems of regulation and reproduction of the information sphere.

Control questions

1. What characterizes the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic aspects of information?
2. What is the difference between information and data?
3. Name the three main types of data structures and explain the corresponding addressing methods.
4. What is the information process?
5. How is text information represented in binary code?
6. How is graphic information represented in binary code?
7. What is an algorithm and what are its main properties?
8. What is an abstract machine and what is its interaction with the user?
9. Describe the basic basic constructs of structured programming.
10. What are the main features of each of the information revolutions.
11. What is the information sphere and what is its composition?
12. What are information services and what are their main types?
13. Explain the content of each of the general information processes using the underlying processes included in them.
14. What is information technology and what aspects is it characterized by?
15. What are the main trends in the development of automated information technology?
16. Describe the generalized architecture of the AIS.
17. What types of AIS stand out when using different classification signs?

Literature

1. Aladiev V.Z., Khunt Yu.Ya., Shishakov M.L. Fundamentals of Informatics. M .: Filin, 1998. S. 11-51.
2. Informatics / Ed. N.V. Makarova. Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2002. S. 13-118.
3. Informatics in terms and definitions of Russian legislation / Ed. V.A. Nikitova. M .: Slavic Dialogue, 2000.S. 96-108.
4. Colin K.K. Fundamentals of Informatics: Social Informatics. M .: Academic project; Yekaterinburg: Business book, 2000.S. 12-35, 41-69, 95-213.
5. Castells M. Information age: economy, society and culture. M .: GU HSE, 2000.S. 25-80.
Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. M .: Legal literature; Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, 1995. S. 1213-1225.

When defining the concept of "information sphere", it should be borne in mind that at present there is no such well-established single legal concept. If we consider the concept of "information sphere" (environment), which in the legislation means "the sphere of activities of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information" (Federal Law "On Participation in International Information Exchange"), then it is, in our opinion is too general.

In addition, in the Law, for example, there is no sign of storing information, called one of the main ones for a document; instead of the signs specified in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Art. 29, p. 4), others are proposed: instead of "production" - "creation and transformation", instead of "search, receipt, transfer, distribution" - "consumption", although these signs are not of the same order. Below is the definition given in relation to objects and their main characteristics.

The information sphere is an environment for the circulation of information (production - distribution - consumption), in which subjects realize their needs and capabilities in relation to information.

The main objects of the information sphere are:

1. Information, including information resources - arrays of documents, databases and data banks, all types of archives, libraries, museum funds, etc., containing data, information and

knowledge recorded on the relevant media.

2. Information infrastructure, which includes a set of information systems:

a) organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information sphere, in particular, the collection, processing, storage, distribution, search and transmission of information.

b) information and telecommunication structures - geographically distributed state and corporate computer networks, telecommunication networks and systems of special purpose and general use, networks and data transmission channels, means of switching and managing information flows;

c) information, computer and telecommunication technologies;

d) mass media systems.

The structure of social relations and legal relations derived from them should be determined based on the standard cycle of information circulation, which can be represented in the form of the simplest formula: production - distribution - consumption - production, and the main powers of subjects in the information sphere, established, first of all, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freely seek, receive, transmit,

to produce, distribute information, and also have the right to privacy, secrecy and protection from so-called "harmful information".

In this case, it is necessary to take into account three main cases of the transition of social relations into legal relations: 1) at the will of the subject, 2) in addition to the will and desire of the subject, 3) regulated by morality, customs, customs, ethical norms, where law is only

guarantees freedom of behavior. For the effective regulation of social relations by the norms of law, one should take into account the objective laws operating both in the information sphere as a whole and in its individual areas, which can be distinguished on the basis of the general laws of the development of nature, society, thinking in relation to the information sphere.

Objective laws of the development of the information sphere and information relations

The general laws for the information sphere can be attributed to the objective law of organization and limitation of information in social systems: the higher the level of organization of the system (where information is both a means of organizing the system and a qualitative characteristic of the degree of its organization), the higher the level of regulation and restrictions should be. In the conditions of the multiply increasing volume of consumed information, the formation of an information society, in the absence of a civil society, the responsibility for the social regulation of these processes lies primarily with the state. This provision is reflected in the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation, where the conclusion is made: "improving the legal mechanisms for regulating public relations arising in the information sphere is a priority direction of the state policy in the field of ensuring information security of the Russian Federation."

Another objective law of the development of the information sphere, which is reflected in the transition period to the information society, is the law of information advance: the solution of the problems of information interaction should be ahead of time every next step in other spheres of social activity, which makes it possible to more fully coordinate reforms, create favorable conditions for the functioning of markets for goods, services, capital and labor, to ensure the equal right to acquire ownership of property, to own, use and dispose of it, to pursue a coordinated policy in various areas. A single information space should precede the creation of a single economic and legal space, just as information support should outpace every next step in decision-making in different social spheres. This also implies the opposite - failure to solve the problems of information interaction or a delay here will necessarily lead to a serious lag in other spheres of social activity, which is happening today. This appears to be part of the G8 leadership's call in the Okinawa Charter of the Global Information Society (2000) to bridge the international information and knowledge divide, and also prompts the conclusion that “a solid IT policy and action framework can change the way our interaction to promote social and economic progress around the world. "

The general laws of information interaction should include a group of laws concerning the organization and operation of complex systems, which he discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. A. A. Bogdanov in his "Tectology" -. The essence of these laws (laws of additivity, (from Latin addere - add) is that the total potential of the system

is determined by the nature of the interaction of its subsystems. So, if the subsystems are indifferent (indifferent) to each other, then the total potential of the system is equivalent to the potential of one of the subsystems. If the subsystems are in a state of war with each one, then the potential of the system is less than the potential

the weakest of the subsystems.

And if the interaction of all subsystems is purposeful, then the potential of the system is much greater than the sum of the potentials of all subsystems. This is the law of superadditivity, when the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

In the field of information production, there is an objective law of incomplete use of information, including when making decisions in management activities, which is determined both by the paradox of information redundancy and by the inability (dishonesty) of subjects to use it fully. The current legislation in this area distinguishes "production", "creation", "transformation" of information. Legal regulation is present here in the form of regulatory norms that contribute to the creation of organizational and economic prerequisites for the development and improvement of information production; in the form of guarantees of freedom of creativity, behavior, education, etc .; in the form of protection and protection of rights to objects of intellectual property, as well as in the form of prohibitions on the production of "harmful" information.

In the field of information dissemination, there is an objective law of information distortion as it moves, which is associated with the different ability and readiness of subjects to perceive it. Legislators are united here, highlighting only the "dissemination" of information. At the same time, relations related to the transfer of information, which is enshrined in Art. 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and also refers to the dissemination of information, have not been properly reflected in the legislation. By the method of distribution, direct and indirect distribution can be distinguished.

With direct distribution, the creator of an information product directly affects the consumer (communication itself, transmission of ideas in the educational and educational environment, (lectures, conferences, seminars, rallies, theatrical performances and other cultural events). Legal regulation here provides for the establishment of bans on the distribution of confidential and " harmful "information, including false information and libel, and responsibility for this, as well as legal protection and protection of copyright and related rights.

Rice. 1. The information sphere as an object of the right of IBOD - information without restriction of access, IOD - information with limited access, OIP - intellectual property, VRI - harmful information, ODI - publicly available information

In the case of indirect distribution between the creator of information and the consumer, there is an intermediary - a means of fixing and transmitting information, the presence of which predetermines the mass character of such information relations. With the historical development of the means and technologies for the dissemination of information, the mass character of information exchange and the importance of information in society grew, which predetermined a high degree of legal regulation in this area, including the protection and protection of the rights to the integrity and confidentiality of disseminated information, to intellectual property, information systems to protect against the spread of "harmful information".

In the field of information consumption, there is an objective law of compulsory alienation and socialization of information, which is associated with both the unwillingness of subjects to voluntarily give their information, and the need to socialize information in the interests of realizing the information rights of citizens, building an information society and preserving and developing a single information space of the country. In the current legislation in this area, a number of concepts are distinguished: "consumption", "search", "collection", "receipt", "accumulation", "storage". Legal regulation should provide here for the protection and protection of rights to access information, rights to privacy, secrecy and intellectual property, rights to protection from the impact of "harmful" information, rights to information systems and the interests of the state to preserve a single information space country.

"Some authors propose to consider other components as part of the information sphere: the market of information technologies, communications, informatization and telecommunications, information products and services; a system of interaction between the information space of Russia and the world's open networks; a system for ensuring information protection (security); a system of information In our opinion, one cannot agree with this approach, since the listed components are rather qualitative characteristics, conditions, signs, in the presence of which a set of system objects forms a single information space.

2 The implementation of this provision presupposes: an assessment of the state and effectiveness of the application of existing

legislative and other normative legal acts in the information sphere and the development of a program for their

improvement; creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for providing information

security; determination of the legal status of all subjects of relations in the information sphere, including

users of information and telecommunication systems, and establishing their responsibility for

compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area; creation of a collection and analysis system

data on the sources of threats to the information security of the Russian Federation, as well as on the consequences

their implementation; development of normative legal acts that determine the organization of the investigation and

the procedure for litigation on the facts of illegal actions in the information sphere, and

also the procedure for eliminating the consequences of these illegal actions; formulation development

offenses, taking into account the specifics of criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary

responsibility and the inclusion of relevant legal norms in criminal, civil,

administrative and labor codes, into the legislation of the Russian Federation on state

service. 3 Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. (General organizational science). In 2 books. M, 1989. S. 304, 351; Bodyakin V.

I. Where are you going, Human? Foundations of Evolutionology (Information Approach). M., 1998.S. 332.

More on topic 4.1. The concept and structure of the information sphere. Objective laws of its development:

1. The concept and structure of information technology socio-cultural service and tourism
2. 1.1. Basic terminology. Concepts: information system, information technology, information management
3. Section 2. STATE REGULATION OF THE INFORMATION SPHERE
4. 2.1. Objective grounds for the formation of the industry of information law
5. 2. Information and legal relations: concept, types, relationship with the legal norm, structure and protection
6. Money, credit and finance as an objectively necessary form of market economy development
7. § 16. The concept of legal birth and legal children. - Certification of the legality of birth. - The Roman assumption of the legality of children born in wedlock.
8. § 4. Trends in the development of social structure and their manifestation at the present stage of development of Russian society
9. The concept and essence of management. Features of general management of a service sector enterprise
10. I Application of the concept of correality outside the original scope. Opposition with solidarity.

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