- This is the main computing component, on which the speed of the entire computer greatly depends. Therefore, usually, when choosing a computer configuration, they first choose the processor, and then everything else.
For simple tasks
If the computer will be used for working with documents and the Internet, then an inexpensive processor with a built-in Pentium G5400/5500/5600 video core (2 cores / 4 threads), which differ only slightly in frequency, will suit you.
For video editing
For video editing, it is better to take a modern multi-threaded AMD Ryzen 5/7 processor (6-8 cores / 12-16 threads), which, in tandem with a good video card, will also cope well with games.
Processor AMD Ryzen 5 2600
For the average gaming computer
For a purely mid-range gaming computer, it is better to take the Core i3-8100/8300, they have honest 4 cores and perform well in games with mid-range video cards (GTX 1050/1060/1070).
Processor Intel Core i3 8100
For a powerful gaming PC
For a powerful gaming computer, it is better to take a 6-core Core i5-8400/8500/8600, and for a PC with a top-end i7-8700 graphics card (6 cores / 12 threads). These processors show the best results in games and are able to fully unleash powerful graphics cards (GTX 1080/2080).
Processor Intel Core i5 8400
In any case, the more cores and the higher the frequency of the processor, the better. Focus on your financial capabilities.
2. How the processor works
The central processing unit consists of a printed circuit board with a silicon crystal and various electronic elements. The crystal is covered with a special metal cover that prevents damage to it and is a heat spreader.
On the other side of the board are the legs (or pads) with which the processor is connected to the motherboard.
3. Manufacturers of processors
Processors for computers are produced by two large companies - Intel and AMD in several high-tech factories in the world. Therefore, the processor, regardless of manufacturer, is the most reliable component of the computer.
Intel is a leader in the development of technologies used in today's processors. AMD partially adopts their experience, adding something of its own and pursuing a more democratic pricing policy.
4. What is the difference between Intel and AMD processors
Intel and AMD processors differ mainly in architecture (electronic circuitry). Some are better at some tasks, some at others.
Intel Core processors generally have higher performance per core, making them superior to AMD Ryzen processors in most modern games and more suitable for building powerful gaming PCs.
AMD Ryzen processors, in turn, win in multi-threaded tasks such as video editing, in principle they are not much inferior to Intel Core in games and are perfect for a universal computer used for both professional tasks and games.
In fairness, it should be noted that the old inexpensive AMD FX-8xxx series processors with 8 physical cores do a good job of editing video and can be used as a budget option for these purposes. But they are less suitable for gaming and are installed on motherboards with an outdated AM3 + socket, which will make it problematic to replace components in the future in order to improve or repair the computer. So it's better to get a more modern AMD Ryzen processor and an appropriate socket AM4 motherboard.
If your budget is limited, but in the future you want to have a powerful PC, then you can buy an inexpensive model to start with, and after 2-3 years, change the processor to a more powerful one.
5. CPU socket
Socket is a connector for connecting the processor to the motherboard. Processor sockets are marked either by the number of processor pins, or by alphanumeric designation at the discretion of the manufacturer.
Processor sockets are constantly undergoing changes and new modifications appear from year to year. The general recommendation is to purchase a processor with the most modern socket. This will ensure that both the processor and the motherboard can be replaced in the next few years.
Intel processor sockets
- Completely obsolete: 478, 775, 1155, 1156, 2011
- Obsolete: 1150, 2011-3
- Modern: 1151, 1151-v2, 2066
AMD processor sockets
- Legacy: AM1, AM2, AM3, FM1, FM2
- Obsolete: AM3+, FM2+
- Modern: AM4, TR4
The sockets of the processor and the motherboard must be the same, otherwise the processor simply will not install. Today, the most relevant are processors with the following sockets.
Intel 1150- they are still on sale, but in the next few years they will go out of use and replacing the processor or motherboard will become more problematic. They have a wide range of models - from the most inexpensive to quite powerful.
Intel 1151- modern processors, which are no longer much more expensive, but much more promising. They have a wide range of models - from the most inexpensive to quite powerful.
Intel 1151-v2- the second version of socket 1151, differs from the previous one by supporting the most modern 8th generation processors.
Intel 2011-3— powerful 6/8/10-core processors for professional PCs.
Intel 2066— top most powerful and expensive 12/16/18-core processors for professional PCs.
AMD FM2+- processors with integrated graphics for office tasks and the simplest games. In the lineup there are both very low-end and mid-range processors.
AMD AM3+- outdated 4/6/8-core processors (FX), older versions of which can be used for video editing.
AMD AM4— modern multi-threaded processors for professional tasks and games.
AMD TR4— top most powerful and expensive 8/12/16-core processors for professional PCs.
It is not practical to consider purchasing a computer on older sockets. In general, I would recommend limiting the choice to processors on sockets 1151 and AM4, since they are the most modern and allow you to assemble a fairly powerful computer for any budget.
6. Main characteristics of processors
All processors, regardless of manufacturer, differ in the number of cores, threads, frequency, cache memory, frequency of supported RAM, the presence of an integrated video core, and some other parameters.
6.1. Number of Cores
The number of cores has the biggest impact on processor performance. An office or multimedia computer needs at least a 2-core processor. If the computer is supposed to be used for modern games, then it needs a processor with at least 4 cores. A processor with 6-8 cores is suitable for video editing and heavy professional applications. The most powerful processors can have 10-18 cores, but they are very expensive and designed for complex professional tasks.
6.2. Number of threads
Hyper-threading technology allows each processor core to process 2 data streams, which significantly increases performance. Multi-threaded processors are Intel Core i7, i9, some Core i3 and Pentium (G4560, G46xx), as well as most AMD Ryzen.
A processor with 2 cores and Hyper-treading support is close to 4-core in performance, and with 4 cores and Hyper-treading it is close to 8-core. For example, Core i3-6100 (2 cores / 4 threads) is twice as powerful as a 2-core Pentium without Hyper-treading, but still slightly weaker than a fair 4-core Core i5. But Core i5 processors do not support Hyper-treading, so they are significantly inferior to Core i7 processors (4 cores / 8 threads).
The Ryzen 5 and 7 processors have 4/6/8 cores and 8/12/16 threads, respectively, making them kings in tasks such as video editing. The new Ryzen Threadripper processor family has processors with up to 16 cores and 32 threads. But there are lower processors from the Ryzen 3 series that are not multi-threaded.
Modern games have also learned to use multi-threading, so for a powerful gaming PC it is advisable to take a Core i7 (for 8-12 threads) or Ryzen (for 8-12 threads). Also a good choice in terms of price / performance will be the new 6-core Core-i5 processors.
6.3. CPU frequency
The performance of a processor is also highly dependent on its frequency, at which all processor cores operate.
A simple computer for typing and accessing the Internet, in principle, will need a processor with a frequency of about 2 GHz. But there are a lot of processors around 3 GHz that cost about the same, so it's not worth saving here.
A mid-range multimedia or gaming computer will need a processor with a frequency of about 3.5 GHz.
A powerful gaming or professional computer requires a processor closer to 4 GHz.
In any case, the higher the frequency of the processor, the better, and then look at the financial possibilities.
6.4. Turbo Boost and Turbo Core
Modern processors have the concept of a base frequency, which is indicated in the specifications simply as the frequency of the processor. We discussed this frequency above.
Intel Core i5, i7, i9 processors also have the concept of maximum frequency in Turbo Boost. This is a technology that automatically increases the frequency of processor cores under high load to increase performance. The fewer cores a program or game uses, the more their frequency increases.
For example, the Core i5-2500 processor has a base frequency of 3.3 GHz, and the maximum frequency in Turbo Boost is 3.7 GHz. Under load, depending on the number of cores used, the frequency will increase to the following values:
- 4 active cores - 3.4 GHz
- 3 active cores - 3.5 GHz
- 2 active cores - 3.6 GHz
- 1 active core - 3.7 GHz
AMD A-series, FX, and Ryzen processors have a similar automatic processor overclocking technology called Turbo Core. For example, the FX-8150 processor has a base frequency of 3.6 GHz, and the maximum frequency in Turbo Core is 4.2 GHz.
In order for Turbo Boost and Turbo Core technologies to work, the processor must have enough power and not overheat. Otherwise, the processor will not raise the frequency of the cores. So the power supply, motherboard and cooler must be powerful enough. Also, the work of these technologies should not be hindered by the BIOS settings of the motherboard and the power settings in Windows.
Modern programs and games use all processor cores and the performance gain from Turbo Boost and Turbo Core technologies will be small. Therefore, when choosing a processor, it is better to focus on the base frequency.
6.5. Cache
Cache memory is the internal memory of the processor, which is necessary for it to perform calculations faster. Cache size also affects processor performance, but to a much lesser extent than the number of cores and processor frequency. In different programs, this influence can vary in the range of 5-15%. But processors with a large amount of cache memory are much more expensive (1.5-2 times). Therefore, such an acquisition is not always economically feasible.
Cache memory comes in 4 levels:
The L1 cache is small and usually overlooked when choosing a processor.
The level 2 cache is the most important. Low-end processors typically have 256 kilobytes (KB) of L2 cache per core. Processors designed for mid-range computers have 512 KB of L2 cache per core. High-end professional and gaming processors must have at least 1 megabyte (MB) of L2 cache per core.
Not all processors have a level 3 cache. The weakest processors for office tasks can have up to 2 MB of L3 cache, or none at all. Processors for modern home multimedia computers should have 3-4 MB of L3 cache. Powerful processors for professional and gaming computers should have 6-8 MB of L3 cache.
Only some processors have a level 4 cache, and if it is, then this is good, but in principle it is not necessary.
If the processor has a cache level 3 or 4, then the size of the cache level 2 can be ignored.
6.6. Type and frequency of supported RAM
Different processors may support different types and frequencies of RAM. This must be taken into account in the future when choosing a RAM.
Legacy processors may support DDR3 RAM with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600 or 1866 MHz.
Modern processors support DDR4 memory with a maximum frequency of 2133, 2400, 2666 MHz or more, and often, for compatibility, DDR3L memory, which differs from regular DDR3 by a lower voltage from 1.5 to 1.35 V. Such processors can work with regular DDR3 memory if you have it already exist, but processor manufacturers do not recommend this due to the increased degradation of memory controllers designed for DDR4 with an even lower voltage of 1.2 V. In addition, an old motherboard with DDR3 slots is also needed for old memory. So the best option is to sell the old DDR3 memory and switch to the new DDR4.
Today, the most optimal in terms of price / performance ratio is DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2400 MHz, which is supported by all modern processors. Sometimes you can buy memory with a frequency of 2666 MHz for not much more expensive. Well, 3000 MHz memory will cost much more. In addition, processors do not always work stably with high-frequency memory.
You also need to consider what maximum memory frequency the motherboard supports. But the memory frequency has a relatively small impact on overall performance and is not worth chasing.
Often, users who begin to understand computer components have a question about the availability of memory modules for sale with a much higher frequency than the processor officially supports (2666-3600 MHz). For memory to work at such a frequency, the motherboard must have support for XMP (Extreme Memory Profile) technology. XMP automatically raises the bus frequency to keep the memory running at a higher frequency.
6.7. Integrated video core
The processor may have an integrated video core, which allows you to save on the purchase of a separate video card for an office or multimedia PC (watching video, simple games). But for a gaming computer and video editing, you need a separate (discrete) video card.
The more expensive the processor, the more powerful the integrated video core. Among Intel processors, the Core i7 has the most powerful integrated video, followed by i5, i3, Pentium G and Celeron G.
AMD A-series processors on socket FM2+ have a more powerful integrated video core than Intel processors. A10 has the most power, then A8, A6 and A4.
FX processors on socket AM3 + do not have an integrated video core and were previously used to assemble inexpensive gaming PCs with a mid-range discrete graphics card.
Also, most of the AMD Athlon and Phenom series processors do not have an integrated video core, and those that do have it on the very old AM1 socket.
Ryzen processors with the G index have an integrated Vega video core, which is twice as powerful as the video core of the previous generation processors from the A8, A10 series.
If you are not going to buy a discrete graphics card, but still want to play undemanding games from time to time, then it is better to give preference to Ryzen G processors. But do not count on the integrated graphics to handle demanding modern games. The most it can do is online games and some well-optimized games at low or medium graphics settings in HD resolution (1280x720), in some cases Full HD (1920x1080). Look at the tests of the processor you need on Youtube and see if it suits you.
7. Other characteristics of processors
Also, processors are characterized by such parameters as the manufacturing process, power consumption and heat dissipation.
7.1. Manufacturing process
The process technology is the technology by which processors are manufactured. The more modern the equipment and production technology, the thinner the technical process. The process technology used to manufacture a processor greatly affects its power consumption and heat dissipation. The thinner the process technology, the more economical and cooler the processor will be.
Modern processors are manufactured using manufacturing processes ranging from 10 to 45 nanometers (nm). The smaller this value, the better. But first of all, focus on the power consumption and the associated heat dissipation of the processor, which will be discussed later.
7.2. Processor power consumption
The greater the number of cores and the frequency of the processor, the greater its power consumption. Also, energy consumption is highly dependent on the manufacturing process. The thinner the process technology, the lower the power consumption. The main thing to consider is that a powerful processor cannot be installed on a weak motherboard and it will need a more powerful power supply.
Modern processors consume from 25 to 220 watts. This parameter can be read on their packaging or on the manufacturer's website. The motherboard parameters also indicate what power consumption of the processor it is designed for.
7.3. CPU heat dissipation
The heat dissipation of the processor is considered to be equal to its maximum power consumption. It is also measured in Watts and is referred to as the Thermal Design Power (TDP) temperature package. Modern processors have a TDP in the range of 25-220 watts. Try to choose a processor with a lower TDP. The optimal TDP range is 45-95W.
8. How to find out the characteristics of processors
All the main characteristics of the processor, such as the number of cores, frequency and cache memory, are usually indicated in the price lists of sellers.
All parameters of a particular processor can be specified on the official websites of manufacturers (Intel and AMD):
By model number or serial number, it is very easy to find all the characteristics of any processor on the site:
Or just enter the model number in a Google or Yandex search engine (for example, "Ryzen 7 1800X").
9. Processor models
Processor models change annually, so here I will not list them all, but will only list processor series (lines) that change less frequently and which you can easily navigate.
I recommend getting processors of more modern series, as they are more productive and support new technologies. The model number that comes after the series name is higher the higher the frequency of the processor.
9.1. Intel processor lines
Old series:
- Celeron - for office tasks (2 cores)
- Pentium - for entry-level multimedia and gaming PCs (2 cores)
Modern series:
- Celeron G - for office tasks (2 cores)
- Pentium G - for entry-level multimedia and gaming PCs (2 cores)
- Core i3 - for entry-level multimedia and gaming PCs (2-4 cores)
- Core i5 - for mid-range gaming PCs (4-6 cores)
- Core i7 - for powerful gaming and professional PCs (4-10 cores)
- Core i9 - for heavy duty professional PCs (12-18 cores)
All Core i7, i9, some Core i3 and Pentium processors support Hyper-threading technology, which significantly increases performance.
9.2. AMD processor lines
Old series:
- Sempron - for office tasks (2 cores)
- Athlon - for entry-level multimedia and gaming PCs (2 cores)
- Phenom - for multimedia and gaming PCs of the middle class (2-4 cores)
Outdated series:
- A4, A6 - for office tasks (2 cores)
- A8, A10 - for office tasks and simple games (4 cores)
- FX - for video editing and not very heavy games (4-8 cores)
Modern series:
- Ryzen 3 - for entry-level multimedia and gaming PCs (4 cores)
- Ryzen 5 - for video editing and mid-range gaming PCs (4-6 cores)
- Ryzen 7 - for powerful gaming and professional PCs (4-8 cores)
- Ryzen Threadripper - for powerful professional PCs (8-16 cores)
The Ryzen 5, 7 and Threadripper processors are multi-threaded, which makes them a great choice for video editing with a large number of cores. In addition, there are models with an “X” index at the end of the marking, which have a higher frequency.
9.3. Series restart
It is also worth noting that sometimes manufacturers restart old series on new sockets. For example, Intel now has Celeron G and Pentium G with integrated graphics, AMD has updated Athlon II and Phenom II processor lines. These processors are slightly inferior to their more modern counterparts in terms of performance, but they win significantly in price.
9.4. Core and processor generation
Along with the change of sockets, the generation of processors usually also changes. For example, socket 1150 had 4th generation Core i7-4xxx processors, socket 2011-3 had 5th generation Core i7-5xxx processors. With the transition to socket 1151, 6th generation Core i7-6xxx processors appeared.
It also happens that the generation of the processor changes without changing the socket. For example, the 7th generation Core i7-7xxx processors came out on socket 1151.
The change of generations is caused by the improvement of the electronic architecture of the processor, also called the core. For example, the Core i7-6xxx processors are built on a core code-named Skylake, and those that replaced the Core i7-7xxx processors are based on the Kaby Lake core.
The cores can have various differences from quite significant to purely cosmetic. For example, Kaby Lake differs from the previous Skylake with updated integrated graphics and blocking overclocking on the bus for processors without the K index.
Similarly, there is a change of cores and generations of AMD processors. For example, the FX-9xxx processors have replaced the FX-8xxx processors. Their main difference is a significantly increased frequency and, as a result, heat generation. But the socket has not changed, but the old AM3 + remains.
AMD FX processors had many cores, the latest being Zambezi and Vishera, but they were replaced by new much more advanced and powerful Ryzen (Zen core) on socket AM4 and Ryzen (Threadripper core) on socket TR4.
10. CPU overclocking
Intel Core processors with a "K" index at the end of the marking have a higher base frequency and an unlocked multiplier. They are easy to overclock (overclock) to increase performance, but will require a more expensive motherboard based on a Z-series chipset.
All AMD FX and Ryzen processors can be overclocked by changing the multiplier, but their overclocking potential is more modest. Overclocking of Ryzen processors is supported by motherboards based on B350, X370 chipsets.
In general, the possibility of overclocking makes the processor more promising, since in the future, with a slight lack of performance, it will not be possible to change it, but simply overclock it.
11. Packing and cooler
Processors with the word “BOX” at the end of the marking are packed in a high-quality box and can be sold as a set with a cooler.
But some more expensive box processors may not come with a cooler.
If “Tray” or “OEM” is written at the end of the marking, this means that the processor is packed in a small plastic tray and there is no cooler in the kit.
Entry-level processors such as Pentiums are easier and cheaper to purchase with a cooler. But a mid-range or high-end processor is often more profitable to buy without a cooler and separately choose a suitable cooler for it. The cost will be about the same, but in terms of cooling and noise level it will be much better.
12. Setting filters in the online store
- Go to the "Processors" section on the seller's website.
- Select the manufacturer (Intel or AMD).
- Select a socket (1151, AM4).
- Select a processor line (Pentium, i3, i5, i7, Ryzen).
- Sort the selection by price.
- Browse processors starting with the cheapest ones.
- Buy a processor with the highest possible number of threads and frequency that suits you for the price.
Thus, you will get the best price / performance processor that meets your requirements at the lowest possible cost.
13. Links
Processor Intel Core i7 8700
Processor Intel Core i5 8600K
Processor Intel Pentium G4600
The processor (CPU or CPU) is the central link in almost every modern device. He is able to simultaneously carry out any calculations and execute commands of various programs. Mainly, the CPU determines how fast and productive a computer or laptop will be. It is his choice that gives further direction to the process of selecting other components.
Choosing a processor for a computer or laptop is not a difficult task. First you need to decide on the purposes for which it is acquired. After that, you need to understand the main parameters of its central "brain".
AMD, Intel processor socket types and system bus frequency
A socket is a processor socket for connecting to the motherboard (see photo). Today, most motherboards are made for either Intel or AMD brand CPUs. It is important to know that the CPUs of these brands are not interchangeable - their sockets differ both in shape and electrically. By type of connector, they are divided into classes. Each such class consists of models with sockets of the same shape. In this case, it is possible to insert them into the same motherboard. The main thing is that its chipset has the appropriate support.
Also, when buying a CPU, for example, with an LGA1155 socket, the motherboard must be purchased with a similar socket. Over time, new connectors began to have an increasing number of contacts, which led to a constant increase in the bus frequency - the speed at which the CPU communicates with the motherboard. Thus, the more modern the socket type, the higher the bus frequency. It, like the clock frequency, is measured in hertz. The higher this value, the faster the information exchange process. It is best to choose a CPU with a bus frequency of 1.6 GHz or higher.
At the time of writing, Intel's most popular socket is LGA1155. For more powerful servers with a Core i7 or Xeon CPU, an LGA1366 connector is made. The latest development was the LGA2011 socket. It is used in some Ivy Bridge CPUs. Although the price of such CPUs is falling, motherboards with such a socket are very expensive. There is no need to overpay for a small increase in performance.
AMD has compatible "+" series sockets. For example, the most popular AM3+ connectors are also suitable for AM3. This allows you to expand the possibilities of improving the CPU. Sockets FM1 and FM2 were designed for AMD Fusion CPUs, which have the most powerful integrated graphics, a great solution for those who do not want to spend money on a discrete graphics card.
CPU clock speed: choose for games and everyday tasks
The clock speed is the total number of actions that the CPU can perform in one second. This characteristic is measured in hertz (Hz). For example, a clock speed of 1.8 GHz per second is the execution of 1 billion 800 million operations. The higher this value, the faster the CPU runs. Therefore, you should choose a CPU with a higher clock speed. To run office applications, comfortably watch videos in Full HD resolution and listen to music, the power of a dual-core CPU with a frequency of about 1500-2000 MHz is enough. For modern games and multimedia tasks, a clock frequency of 2000-2500 MHz will already be required - 4-6 or 8-core (according to the requirements of the programs).
Please note that modern models from Intel are equipped with proprietary Turbo Boost technology. This is an automatic increase in the nominal frequency at the request of the operating system (see photo).
Processor cache memory: select the desired amount
Cache memory is the ultra-fast memory of the CPU into which the data of the executable program is loaded. The larger the cache, the faster this data will be processed. There are currently 3 cache levels:
L1 is the fastest memory because it has the smallest size (8-128 KB);
L2 - slower than L1, but larger (128-12288 KB);
L3 is the slowest memory. It has the largest size or may be completely absent (0-16384 Kb). The latter is possible for specially made processors or certain servers.
When choosing a CPU, the L3 cache should be calculated so that each core has at least 1 MB of space. You should take into account the fact that in the characteristics it is indicated completely for the entire processor. Based on this, you should not buy a 4-core CPU with a L3 cache of less than 4 MB.
Number of CPU cores: more is not always better
A core is a small crystal made of silicon. Its area is approximately 1 square centimeter. It contains a CPU implemented with the help of the smallest logic elements. At the moment, the CPU clock frequency can no longer be raised higher, since its value has reached its maximum value. Therefore, manufacturers switched to increasing the number of cores. The advantage of multi-core is especially pronounced when running resource-intensive multi-tasking programs at the same time, but only those that support this property. Therefore, if the CPU has 4 cores, and the running program is designed to use only 2, the other 2 will not be used. In the opposite case, for example, Ghost Recon, optimized for four cores, demonstrates a confident superiority over the dual-core mode (see photo).
Therefore, when choosing a CPU for everyday tasks, it is more important to rely not on the number of cores, but on the indicator of its clock frequency and cache memory size. However, when buying a computer or laptop for gaming, it is better to purchase a modern quad-core option.
Processor bit depth: 32 and 64 bits
The number of bits of information processed by the CPU during one clock cycle is characterized by a bit depth. It can have a value of 8, 16, 32 and 64. Nowadays, all major programs are designed for 32-bit or 64-bit architecture.When choosing a computer or laptop, please note that 32-bit systems support no more than 3.75 GB of RAM. 64-bit allows you to transfer more than 4 GB of RAM, which is necessary for modern applications, where 4 GB is already a minimum.
Processor graphics core, heat dissipation and technology
In addition to a number of conventional cores, the CPU can be additionally equipped with a core that has graphics computing capabilities. This significantly reduces the load on the integrated GPU or discrete graphics card. The latest developments of models with a graphics core are quite capable of replacing budget options for video cards. They support Full HD video as well as low power games. For desktop computers, Intel has released similar hybrid models of the Clarkdale family, and for mobile computers - Arrandale. There is also a cheaper option - Lynnfield. The company's graphics solution in the Sandy Bridge CPU was rather weak. It was significantly inferior to similar developments of competitors - ARM or AMD Llano. Therefore, for the new Ivy Bridge CPUs, the architecture of the graphics core was changed, which made it possible to improve its performance.
Heat dissipation, this parameter that determines how much the CPU heats up during operation, is called heat dissipation (TDP). Its unit of measurement is the watt. According to the value of heat dissipation, you can choose the appropriate cooling system. For example, if the TDP of the CPU is 75 W, then the cooler must also be chosen with the same power, and even better, even a little higher.
For laptops and netbooks, heat dissipation should not exceed 45 watts, because they do not have the ability to use bulky cooling systems. This characteristic is also taken into account in cases where a quieter system is selected that runs longer on battery power.
If you choose between identical models that have different heat dissipation, you should purchase the one with a lower value.
A set of specific commands aimed at increasing the performance of the CPU is called a technology. For example, SSE4 technology includes 54 commands that improve the process of working with more serious programs. These include 3-dimensional modeling, powerful games, as well as the processing of audio and video files.
If you plan to use the above programs, then the selected central CPU must support such technologies.
In conclusion: AMD and Intel - which processor is better
Models from Intel are preferable to AMD because other internal components and some applications work more correctly with them, although in general Intel is more expensive than AMD. Objectively, for expensive devices, the choice of a system based on Intel is more justified, and AMD is a good option for budget solutions. Intel also releases Atom series processors with half the cache compared to Core, but Atom has its advantages - it's less power consumption. According to the test results, different CPUs show different results when solving different types of tasks: some are faster in games, others in multimedia applications. Therefore, the choice is made based on the needs of the owner.
Employees of simple offices work with light text and graphic editors, and also carry out a little surfing on the Internet. For them, it is enough to opt for modern, moreover, not very expensive series. These include Pentium Dual-Core models from Intel or Phenom II X2 (AMD).
For home use, including modern games and watching high-definition videos, you will need a more productive 2-core CPU with the highest possible clock speed. These can be Core i3 5xx, 6xx (Intel) or Phenom II X2 5xx (AMD).
When installing the most demanding toys, you should choose a 4-core CPU in a higher price category, for example, Core i5 750 (Intel) or Phenom II X4 95x.
If you run programs designed for professional 3D graphics or media applications, they need to process a very large amount of data. For such purposes, it is recommended to choose a model with at least 6 cores already. Core i7 8xx, 9xx (Intel) or Phenom II X6 (AMD) models are suitable here.
* always topical questions, what you should pay attention to when choosing a processor, so as not to make a mistake.
Our goal in this article is to describe all the factors that affect processor performance and other performance characteristics.
It's probably not a secret for anyone that the processor is the main computing unit of a computer. You could even say - the most important part of the computer.
It is he who handles almost all the processes and tasks that occur in the computer.
Whether it is watching videos, music, Internet surfing, writing and reading in memory, processing 3D and video, games. And many more.
Therefore, to choose C central P processor, should be treated very carefully. It may turn out that you decide to install a powerful video card and a processor that does not correspond to its level. In this case, the processor will not reveal the potential of the video card, which will slow down its work. The processor will be fully loaded and literally boil, and the video card will wait for its turn, working at 60-70% of its capabilities.
That is why, when choosing a balanced computer, not costs neglect the processor in favor of a powerful video card. The processor power should be enough to unlock the potential of the video card, otherwise it's just money thrown away.
Intel vs. AMD
*chase forever
Corporation Intel, has huge human resources, and almost inexhaustible finances. Many innovations in the semiconductor industry and new technologies come from this company. Processors and developments Intel, on average for 1-1,5 years ahead of the developments of engineers AMD. But as you know, you have to pay for the opportunity to have the most modern technologies.
Processor pricing policy Intel, is based on number of cores, cache amount, but also on "freshness" of architecture, performance per clockwatt,chip process technology. The value of the cache memory, the "subtleties of the technical process" and other important characteristics of the processor will be considered below. For the possession of such technologies as a free frequency multiplier, you will also have to pay an additional amount.
Company AMD, unlike the company Intel, strives for the availability of its processors for the end consumer and for a competent pricing policy.
One might even say that AMD– « People's stamp". In its price tags you will find what you need at a very attractive price. Usually one year after the introduction of a new technology, the company Intel, an analogue of the technology from AMD. If you are not chasing the highest performance and pay more attention to the price tag than to the presence of advanced technologies, then the company's products AMD- just for you.
Price policy AMD, is based more on the number of cores and very little on the amount of cache memory, the presence of architectural improvements. In some cases, for the opportunity to have a cache memory of the third level, you will have to pay a little extra ( Phenom has a cache memory level 3, Athlon content with only limited, 2 levels). But sometimes AMD spoils his fans ability to unlock cheaper processors to more expensive ones. You can unlock cores or cache memory. Improve Athlon before Phenom. This is possible due to the modular architecture and the lack of some cheaper models, AMD simply disables some more expensive on-chip blocks (by software).
Nuclei– remain practically unchanged, only their number differs (valid for processors 2006-2011 years). Due to the modularity of its processors, the company does an excellent job of selling rejected chips, which, when some blocks are turned off, become a processor from a less productive line.
The company has been working on a completely new architecture for many years under the code name Bulldozer, but at the time of release 2011 year, new processors showed not the best performance. AMD sinned on operating systems that they do not understand the architectural features of dual cores and "other multithreading."
According to company representatives, you should wait for special fixes and patches to feel the full performance of these processors. However, at the beginning 2012 year, company representatives postponed the release of an update to support the architecture Bulldozer for the second half of the year.
Processor frequency, number of cores, multithreading.
At times Pentium 4 and before him CPU frequency, was the main processor performance factor when choosing a processor.
This is not surprising, because processor architectures were specially designed to achieve high frequencies, this was especially reflected in the processor Pentium 4 on architecture netburst. High frequency was not effective with the long pipeline that was used in the architecture. Even Athlon XP frequency 2GHz, in terms of performance was higher than Pentium 4 c 2.4GHz. So it was pure marketing. After this error, the company Intel I realized my mistakes and back to the good side I started working not on the frequency component, but on the performance per clock. From architecture netburst had to refuse.
What us gives multi-core?
Quad-core processor 2.4 GHz, in multi-threaded applications, would theoretically be roughly equivalent to a single-core processor with a frequency of 9.6GHz or 2-core processor with a frequency 4.8 GHz. But that's only in theory. Practically on the other hand, two dual-core processors in two socket motherboards will be faster than one 4-core processor at the same operating frequency. Bus speed limits and memory latencies make themselves felt.
* subject to the same architectures and the amount of cache memory
Multi-core, makes it possible to execute instructions and calculations in parts. For example, you need to perform three arithmetic operations. The first two are executed on each of the processor cores and the results are added to the cache memory, where the next action can be performed with them by any of the free cores. The system is very flexible, but without proper optimization it may not work. Therefore, optimization for multi-core for the architecture of processors in the OS environment is very important.
Apps that "love" and use multithreading: archivers, video players and encoders, antiviruses, defragmenter programs, graphic editor, browsers, Flash.
Also, the "fans" of multithreading include such operating systems as Windows 7 and Windows Vista, as well as many OS, based on the kernel linux, which run noticeably faster with a multi-core processor.
Most games, sometimes a 2-core processor at a high frequency is quite enough. Now, however, there are more and more games "sharpened" for multithreading. Take at least these sandbox games like GTA 4 or prototype, in which on a 2-core processor with a frequency below 2.6 GHz- you don’t feel comfortable, the frame rate falls below 30 frames per second. Although in this case, most likely the cause of such incidents is the "weak" optimization of games, lack of time or "not direct" hands of those who transferred games from consoles to PC.
When buying a new processor for games, now you should pay attention to processors with 4 or more cores. But still, do not neglect the 2-core processors from the "upper category". In some games, these processors sometimes feel better than some multi-core ones.
Processor cache.
- this is a dedicated area of \u200b\u200bthe processor chip, in which intermediate data is processed and stored between processor cores, RAM and other buses.
It runs at a very high clock speed (usually at the frequency of the processor itself), has a very high bandwidth, and processor cores work with it directly ( L1).
Because of her shortage, the processor can be idle in time-consuming tasks, waiting for new data to be processed in the cache. Also cache memory serves for records of frequently repeated data that can be quickly restored if necessary without unnecessary calculations, without forcing the processor to spend time on them again.
Performance also adds the fact that if the cache memory is combined, and all cores can equally use the data from it. This gives additional opportunities for multi-threaded optimization.
This technique is now used for level 3 cache. For processors Intel there were processors with a combined level 2 cache ( C2D E 7***,E8***), thanks to which this method appeared to increase multithreaded performance.
When overclocking the processor, the cache memory can become a weak point, preventing the processor from overclocking more than its maximum operating frequency without errors. However, the advantage is that it will run at the same frequency as the overclocked processor.
In general, the larger the cache memory, the faster CPU. In which applications?
In all applications where a lot of floating point data, instructions and threads are used, cache memory is actively used. Cache memory is very popular archivers, video encoders, antiviruses and graphic editor etc.
Favorably to a large amount of cache memory are games. Especially strategies, auto-sims, RPGs, SandBox and all games where there are a lot of small details, particles, geometry elements, information flows and physical effects.
Cache memory plays a very important role in unlocking the potential of systems with 2 or more video cards. After all, some part of the load falls on the interaction of the processor cores both among themselves and for working with the streams of several video chips. It is in this case that the organization of the cache memory is important, and the cache memory of the 3rd level of a large volume is very useful.
Cache memory is always equipped with protection against possible errors ( ECC), upon detection of which, they are corrected. This is very important, because a small error in the cache memory, during processing, can turn into a giant, continuous error, from which the whole system will “lie down”.
Corporate technologies.
(hyper-threading, HT)–
for the first time the technology was applied in processors Pentium 4, but it did not always work correctly and often slowed down the processor more than accelerated it. The reason was a too long pipeline and an unfinished branch prediction system. Applied by the company Intel, there are no analogues of the technology yet, if not considered an analogue then? what the engineers of the company implemented AMD in architecture Bulldozer.
The principle of the system is such that for each physical core, two computing threads, instead of one. That is, if you have a 4-core processor with HT (Core i 7), then you have virtual threads 8 .
The performance gain is achieved due to the fact that data can enter the pipeline already in its middle, and not necessarily at the beginning. If some processor units capable of performing this action are idle, they receive a task to be executed. The performance increase is not the same as for real physical cores, but comparable (~ 50-75%, depending on the type of application). It is quite rare that in some applications, HT negatively affects on performance. This is due to poor optimization of applications for this technology, the inability to understand that there are "virtual" threads and the lack of limiters for loading threads evenly.
TurboBoost - a very useful technology that increases the frequency of the most used processor cores, depending on their level of workload. It is very useful when the application does not know how to use all 4 cores, and loads only one or two, while their frequency increases, which partially compensates for performance. An analogue of this technology in the company AMD, is the technology Turbo Core.
, 3 now! instructions. Designed to speed up the processor in multimedia calculations (video, music, 2D/3D graphics, etc.), as well as speed up the work of such programs as archivers, programs for working with images and video (with the support of instructions by these programs).
3now! - pretty old technology AMD, which contains additional instructions for processing multimedia content, in addition to SSE first version.
* Namely, the possibility of stream processing of real numbers of single precision.
The presence of the latest version is a big plus, the processor begins to perform certain tasks more efficiently with proper software optimization. Processors AMD have similar names, but slightly different.
* Example - SSE 4.1 (Intel) - SSE 4A (AMD).
In addition, these instruction sets are not identical. These are analogues, in which there are slight differences.
cool'n'quiet, speedstep, CoolCore, Enhanced half State(C1E) andt. d.
These technologies, at low load, reduce the frequency of the processor by reducing the multiplier and core voltage, disabling part of the cache, etc. This allows the processor to heat up much less and consume less energy, make less noise. If power is needed, the processor will return to its normal state in a split second. On standard settings bios almost always enabled, if desired, they can be disabled to reduce possible "friezes" when switching in 3D games.
Some of these technologies control the speed of the fans in the system. For example, if the processor does not need enhanced heat dissipation and is not under load, the processor fan speed is reduced ( AMD Cool'n'Quiet, Intel Speed Step).
Intel Virtualization Technology and AMD Virtualization.
These hardware technologies allow, with the help of special programs, to run several operating systems at once, without any significant loss in performance. Also, it is used for the correct operation of servers, because often, they have more than one OS installed on them.
Execute Disable Bit andno eXecute Bit – a technology designed to protect a computer from virus attacks and software bugs that can cause a system crash by buffer overflow.
Intel 64 , AMD 64 , EM 64 T - this technology allows the processor to work both in OS with 32-bit architecture and in OS with 64-bit architecture. System 64bit- in terms of benefits, for the average user, it differs in that more than 3.25 GB of RAM can be used in this system. On 32 bit systems, use b about More RAM is not possible due to the limited amount of addressable memory* .
Most applications with a 32-bit architecture can be run on a system with a 64-bit OS.
* What to do if back in 1985, no one could even think about such gigantic, by the standards of that time, amounts of RAM.
Additionally.
A few words about
This point is worth paying close attention to. The thinner the technical process, the less the processor consumes energy and, as a result, it heats up less. And among other things - it has a higher margin of safety for overclocking.
The thinner the technical process, the more you can "wrap" in the chip (and not only) and increase the capabilities of the processor. Heat dissipation and power consumption also decrease proportionally, due to lower current losses and a decrease in the core area. You can see a trend that with each new generation of the same architecture on a new process technology, power consumption is also growing, but this is not so. It's just that manufacturers are moving towards even greater performance and are stepping over the heat dissipation line of the previous generation of processors due to an increase in the number of transistors, which is not proportional to a decrease in the technical process.
built into the processor.
If you do not need an integrated video core, then you should not buy a processor with it. You will only get worse heat dissipation, extra heat (not always), worse overclocking potential (not always), and overpaid money.
In addition, those cores that are built into the processor are only suitable for loading the OS, surfing the Internet and watching videos (and even then not of any quality).
Market trends are still changing and the opportunity to buy a productive processor from Intel Without a video core, it drops out less and less. The policy of forced imposition of the built-in video core, appeared with processors Intel codenamed Sandy Bridge, the main innovation of which was the built-in core on the same manufacturing process. The video core is located jointly with processor on one crystal, and not as simple as in previous generations of processors Intel. For those who do not use it, there are disadvantages in the form of some overpayment for the processor, the displacement of the heating source relative to the center of the heat distribution cover. However, there are also pluses. Disabled video core, can be used for very fast video encoding using technology Quick Sync coupled with special software that supports this technology. In future, Intel promises to expand the horizons of using the built-in video core for parallel computing.
Sockets for processors. Platform lifespans.
Intel leads a rough policy for their platforms. The lifespan of each (the date of the beginning and end of sales of processors for it) usually does not exceed 1.5 - 2 years. In addition, the company has several parallel developing platforms.
Company AMD, has the opposite compatibility policy. To her platform AM 3, all processors of future generations that support DDR3. Even when the platform goes to AM3+ and later, either new processors under AM 3, or new processors will be compatible with old motherboards, and it will be possible to make an upgrade that is painless for the wallet by changing only the processor (without changing the motherboard, RAM, etc.) and flashing the motherboard. The only nuances of incompatibility may be when changing the type, since a different memory controller built into the processor will be required. So compatibility is limited and not supported by all motherboards. But in general, for an economical user or those who are not used to changing the platform completely every 2 years - the choice of the processor manufacturer is understandable - this AMD.
CPU cooling.
Comes with processor as standard BOX-new cooler that will just do the job. It is a piece of aluminum with a not very high dispersion area. Efficient coolers based on heat pipes and plates attached to them are designed for highly efficient heat dissipation. If you don't want to hear excessive fan noise, then you should consider purchasing an alternative, more efficient heatpipe cooler, or a closed-loop or open-loop liquid cooling system. Such cooling systems will additionally enable overclocking for the processor.
Conclusion.
All important aspects that affect the performance and performance of the processor have been considered. Let's recap what to look out for:
- Select manufacturer
- Processor architecture
- Process technology
- CPU frequency
- Number of processor cores
- Processor cache size and type
- Support for technologies and instructions
- Quality cooling
We hope this material will help you understand and decide on the choice of a processor that meets your expectations.
Clock frequency called a parameter that is measured in gigahertz. A higher such frequency allows faster processing of data. This is one of the most important parameters that you should pay attention to when choosing a processor.
No less important is the number of cores, the fact is that the clock frequency at this stage of development can no longer be increased, this prompted to continue development in the direction of parallel computing, which is expressed in an increase in the number of cores. The number of cores informs about how many programs can be run simultaneously without losing performance. However, it should be borne in mind that if the program is optimized for two cores, then even with more of them, the computer will not be able to fully use them.
Cache and processor bus frequency
The bus frequency indicates the rate at which information is transmitted to and from the processor. The larger this indicator, the faster the exchange of information occurs, gigahertz are used as units of measurement here. Of great importance is the processor cache, which is a high-speed block of memory. It is located directly on the core and serves to improve performance, since data is processed at a much higher speed in it than in the case of RAM. There are three levels of cache memory:
L1 - the first level is the smallest in volume, but the fastest, its size varies between 8 - 128 KB.
L2 - the second level, much slower than the first, but exceeds it in volume, here the size varies between 128 - 12288 KB.
L3 - the third level, loses in speed to the first two levels, but the most voluminous, by the way, it may be completely absent, as it is provided for special editions of processors or server solutions. Its size reaches 16384 KB, it can be present in such processors as Xeon MP, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition or Itanium 2.
Socket and heat dissipation
Less significant, but still relevant when choosing a processor, are characteristics such as socket and heat dissipation. socket This is the socket where the processor is installed on the motherboard. By indicators heat dissipation you can determine the degree of heating of the processor during operation. This indicator is measured in watts, and it varies between 10 - 165W.
The average cost of processors in the Moscow market of Intel Core 2 Duo is 5000 rubles, and AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core is 3000 rubles, according to http://price.ru
Tab. 3 Comparison of processors
For graphics, the bus and processor frequencies are important, therefore, in accordance with the minimum hardware requirements when choosing between the two proposed CPUs, based on the above key characteristics, as well as price qualities, I prefer the AMD ATHLON II X2 CPU http://www.nix.ru .
As you know, the clock frequency of the processor is the number of operations performed per unit of time, in this case, per second.
But this definition is not enough to fully understand what this concept really means and what meaning it has for us, ordinary users.
On the Internet you can find many articles about this, but in all of them something is missing.
Most often, this "something" is the very key that can open the door to understanding.
Therefore, we tried to collect all the basic information, as if it were puzzles, and make a single coherent picture out of them.
Content:
Detailed definition
So, the clock speed is the number of operations that the processor can perform per second. This value is measured in Hertz.
This unit of measurement is named after a famous scientist who conducted experiments aimed at studying periodic, that is, repetitive processes.
And what does Hertz have to do with operations per second?
This question arises when reading most of the articles in people who did not study physics very well at school (maybe through no fault of their own).
The fact is that this unit just denotes the frequency, that is, the number of repetitions, of these very periodic processes per second.
It allows you to measure not only the number of operations, but also various other indicators. For example, if you make 3 breaths per second, then the respiratory rate is 3 Hertz.
As for processors, a variety of operations can be performed here, which come down to the calculation of certain parameters.
Actually, the number of calculations of these very parameters per second is called.
Simple as that!
In practice, the concept of "Hertz" is used extremely rarely, more often we hear about megaHertz, kiloHertz, and so on. Table 1 shows the "decoding" of these values.
Table 1. Notations
The former and latter are now extremely rarely used.
That is, if you hear that it has 4 GHz, then it can perform 4 billion operations every second.
By no means! Today, this is the average. Surely, very soon we will hear about models with a frequency of terahertz or even more.
How is it formed
So in it have the following devices:
- clock resonator- is an ordinary quartz crystal, enclosed in a special protective container;
- clock generator- a device that converts one type of vibration into others;
- metal cover;
- data bus;
- textolite substrate to which all other devices are attached.
So, a quartz crystal, that is, a clock resonator, oscillates as a result of applying voltage. As a result, electric current fluctuations are formed.
A clock generator is attached to the substrate, which converts electrical oscillations into pulses.
They are transferred to the data buses, and thus the result of the calculations gets to the user.
This is exactly how the clock frequency is obtained.
Interestingly, there are a huge number of misconceptions regarding this concept, in particular, regarding the relationship between nuclei and frequency. Therefore, this is also worth talking about.
How frequency is related to nuclei
The core is, in fact, the processor. By this is meant the very crystal that makes the entire device perform certain operations.
That is, if there are two cores in a particular model, this means that it has two crystals that are interconnected using a special bus.
According to a common misconception, the more cores, the higher the frequency. It is not for nothing that now developers are trying to fit more and more cores into them. But it's not. If it is 1 GHz, even if it has 10 cores, it will remain 1 GHz, and will not become 10 GHz.
