The Inscribed in circle parameter allows you to form a polygon by specifying the radius of an imaginary circle described around it, that is, a circle passing through all the vertices of the polygon (Fig. 2.14, a).

By selecting the Circumscribed about circle parameter, you can create a polygon by specifying the radius of a circle inscribed in the polygon, for which all sides of the polygon will be tangent (Fig. 2.14, b).

Rice. 2.14. Creates a polygon and a circle around it (a) and inscribed in it (b)

Specify the radius of the construction circle when prompted:

Specify radius of circle:

If you enter a numerical value for the radius from the keyboard and press the key Enter, then the polygon will be oriented so that one of its sides will be parallel to the axis X. Using the mouse, you can not only set the radius, but also orient the polygon as needed.

Often, to create a drawing, you have to build straight lines, also called construction lines. Thanks to construction lines, you can see the correspondence between different projections of the same object (Fig. 2.15), and the intersection point of construction lines can be used for object snaps. For the same purposes, you can use the segments, the construction of which we considered at the beginning of the chapter, but the main advantage of straight lines is that they have infinite length. To be more precise, the length of lines in AutoCAD is limited to the graphics area.

Rice. 2.15. The use of straight lines to connect different projections of one part

It is convenient to create construction lines on a separate layer so that you can manipulate them together later, for example, quickly delete after finishing the drawing.

To build a straight line, enter the XLINE command or click on the button Construction Line(Construction line) tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Draw) the ribbon or click the same button on the toolbar Draw(Drawing).

A command line prompt will appear:

Specify a point or:

Pick the first point that the line should go through, or choose one of the options.

The Hor and Ver parameters are designed to create horizontal and vertical lines, respectively, with the least effort. After selecting one of the options, a request will appear:

Specify through point:

After specifying a point belonging to the new straight line, the command will complete successfully.

The Ang parameter allows you to draw a straight line at a specific angle. After selecting this parameter, a request will appear:

Enter angle of xline (0) or:

Enter the angle of inclination of the line to be created. By default, this angle is measured from a straight line. X Cartesian coordinate system, however, using the Reference parameter, you can specify an object (line, line, ray or polyline) from which the angle will be measured. If you select this option, the command will issue a prompt:

Select a line object:

To create a construction line, specify the desired object in response.

The Bisect parameter is used to construct the bisector of an angle - a straight line that divides the angle in half. If you choose this option, the command will prompt you:

Specify angle vertex point:

It is necessary to specify any point belonging to the future line. It is usually most convenient to set the vertex of the corner. Then the following prompt appears:

Specify angle start point:

Specify a point that belongs to one of the sides of the corner. A prompt will appear:

Specify angle end point:

After specifying a point that belongs to the second side of the corner, the bisector appears in the drawing when prompted. By continuing to pick more points, you can draw bisectors of different angles based on the first side of the corner you pick.

With the Offset parameter, construction lines are created that are parallel to some rectilinear drawing object. In this case, you can create several straight lines in one go, parallel to various objects. When you select this option, a prompt will appear:

Specify offset distance or :

In response, specify the distance at which the parallel line will be located. By choosing the Through parameter, you can specify a point in the drawing through which the straight line should pass.

The following prompt appears:

Select a line object:

Click the mouse button to select the object parallel to which the created line should be located. The command will issue a request:

Specify through point:

Click with the mouse button on the desired face of the object, indicating in which side of it the created line should be displaced.

If you have not used any of the listed parameters, then after specifying the first point through which the straight line should pass, a request will appear:

Specify through point:

In response, specify the second point of the straight line, completing its construction. You can create as many of these lines as you want by specifying different points. To end the command, press the key Enter or Esc.

In addition to a straight line, you can build a ray that differs from a straight line in that it has a point limiting its length on one side. Using rays instead of straight lines helps to visually unload the drawing.

To create a ray, call the RAY command by pressing the button Ray(Beam) tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) the ribbon or by executing a menu command Draw> Ray(Drafting> Ray). A prompt will appear:

Specify start point:

Set the starting point of the ray. The command will display the following prompt:

Specify through point:

Pick a second arbitrary point that belongs to the ray. You can draw multiple rays from the first given point. End the command by pressing the key Enter or Esc.

Note

Although, in theory, a straight line is an infinitely long object, it has a so-called conceptual midpoint - this is the first point that you specified when you created the line. Therefore, you can safely become attached to her in the future.

The beam does not have a middle, but it does have a starting point, which you can also use for object snaps.

A circle is a curved primitive that is often used in drawings for various purposes.

The parameters that must be set when constructing a circle are shown in Fig. 2.16.

Rice. 2.16. Circle parameters

To create a circle, use the CIRCLE command, which can be invoked by clicking on the button of the same name on the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) tape. By clicking on the arrow to the right of the button, you can select the desired parameters of the circle (Fig. 2.17).

Rice. 2.17. Circle construction methods

Activate instrument Circle(Circle) can also be on the toolbar Draw Draw> Circle(Draft> Circle), you will start drawing a circle with a specific parameter.

A command prompt will appear:

Specify center point for circle or:

Pick the center point of the circle, or choose one of the options provided.

You can unambiguously define the configuration of the circle using the 3P parameter by specifying three points belonging to it. The order in which the points are set does not matter. Please note: to select this parameter, you must type it in full - 3P.

Parameter 2P allows you to create a circle by specifying the location of two diametrically opposite points. If you select this option, the program will prompt you to specify the location of the first point:

Specify first end point of circle "s diameter:

Then it will ask you to set the second point:

Specify second end point of circle "s diameter:

In response, enter the coordinates of the second point of the circle. Note that it is imperative to specify two points of the circle through which the diameter could be drawn.

Using the Ttr parameter, you can create a circle by defining two tangents and a radius. When you select this option, a prompt will appear:

Specify point on object for first tangent of circle:

Click on the object that will serve as a tangent to the created circle. A prompt will appear:

Specify point on object for second tangent of circle:

Specify the second tangent line, after which the command will issue the following query:

Specify radius of circle<10.0000>:

Enter the radius of the circle.

Note

The CIRCLE command has one more parameter. Selecting the command Tan, Tan, Tan from the Circle button menu (see Fig. 2.17), you can draw a circle tangent to three objects, sequentially setting them with the mouse pointer (Fig. 2.18).

Rice. 2.18. Using the command Tan, Tan, Tan

Specify the radius of the circle in response to the prompt:

Specify radius of circle or<10.0000>:

If you select the Diameter parameter, you can draw a circle by specifying its diameter.

An arc is a portion of a circle. Therefore, when constructing an arc, you should also specify that part of the circle that you want to leave.

AutoCAD has the ability to create an arc in one of many ways, which can be confusing to the inexperienced user. However, by understanding the terminology and essence of the process, you can choose the most appropriate way to draw the arc in each specific situation. You can figure out the parameters for constructing an arc by looking at Fig. 2.19.

Rice. 2.19. Parameters used when drawing an arc

To call the command for constructing an arc ARC, click on the button of the same name on the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) tape. By clicking on the arrow to the right of the button, you can select the desired arc parameters (Fig. 2.20).

Rice. 2.20. Arc construction methods

Activate instrument Arc(Arc) can also be on the toolbar Draw(Drawing). If you are working with the classic AutoCAD interface by choosing one of the commands in the submenu Draw> Arc(Draft> Arc), you will start drawing an arc with a specific parameter.

Already at the first step, the program offers to choose one of two fundamental ways of constructing an arc:

Specify start point of arc or:

By pressing the key Enter, you will begin to form the arc by specifying the starting point, and by choosing the Center option, you can create a part of the circle by specifying the coordinates of its center.

As an example, consider creating an arc with an indication of its center - this method is probably one of the most illustrative.

1. When asked to select a method for drawing the arc, select Center. A prompt will appear:

Specify center point of arc:

2. Specify the coordinates of the center point of the circle, of which the formed arc is a part. A prompt will appear:

Specify start point of arc:

3. Specify the coordinates of the first endpoint of the arc. The command will issue the following request:

Specify end point of arc or:

4. Complete the arc by picking the location of the second endpoint, or select one of the options.

Use the Angle parameter to draw an arc, specifying the increment angle that should be specified in response to the prompt:

Specify included angle:

The chord Length parameter completes the arc. When you select it, a prompt will appear:

Specify length of chord:

Enter the length of the chord in your answer.

Like a circle, an ellipse is a curved, closed primitive. Only the ellipse can be distinguished two mutually perpendicular directions, in one of which it has the maximum size, and in the other - the minimum.

To create an ellipse (Fig. 2.21), call the ELLIPSE command by clicking the button of the same name on the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) tape. You can also activate this button on the toolbar Draw(Drawing) or select the desired item in the submenu Draw> Ellipse(Draft> Ellipse) if you are working with the classic AutoCAD interface.

Rice. 2.21. Parameters used when constructing an ellipse

A command prompt will appear:

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or:

Specify the first endpoint of one of the axes of the ellipse, minor or major. Alternatively, you can select one of the options.

The Arc parameter allows you to create an elliptical arc, the construction of which we will discuss below.

Using the Center parameter, you can draw an ellipse, knowing the coordinates of its center. When you select this option, a prompt will appear:

Specify center of ellipse:

Pick a location for the center point of the ellipse. Further construction of the ellipse is exactly the same as if you had specified the coordinates of the first boundary point of the ellipse axis.

Specify the location of the second endpoint of the ellipse axis when prompted:

Specify endpoint of axis:

The next step is to define the length of the second axis of the ellipse. A prompt will appear:

Enter a numerical value for the length of the second axis of the ellipse and press Enter, to finish drawing the ellipse.

Select the Rotation option to create small the axis of the ellipse by specifying the angle of rotation of a circle whose radius is equal to the major axis of the ellipse. As you know, if you look at a round object not perpendicularly, but at an angle, then the contours of such an object will be an ellipse. Based on this effect, you can build an ellipse in AutoCAD. When you select the Rotation option, a prompt will appear:

Specify rotation around major axis:

Enter a value for the angle of rotation of the circle around the major axis of the ellipse, from 0 ° to 89.4 °. An angle of 0 ° will create a circle with a diameter equal to the length of the major axis of the ellipse that you defined in the previous step. At an angle of 90 °, the ellipse would take the form of a line segment, therefore, the possible range of angles is limited to 89.4 °.

Just like a regular arc is part of a circle, an elliptical arc is part of an ellipse. Therefore, the process of its construction is in many ways similar to creating an ellipse: first, the ellipse itself is formed, and then it is indicated which part of it should be left (Fig. 2.22).

Rice. 2.22. Options used to draw an elliptical arc

To draw an elliptical arc, on the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Plot) on the ribbon from the button menu Ellipse(Ellipse) select item Elliptical Arc(Elliptical arc). You can also execute the menu command Draw> Ellipse> Arc(Draft> Ellipse> Arc) if you are working with the classic AutoCAD interface. Another way is to enter ELLIPSE at the command line and then select the Arc option. A prompt will appear:

Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or

As already mentioned, you first need to form an ellipse that defines the configuration of the future arc. Therefore, when prompted, specify the coordinates of the first endpoint of one of the axes, or select Center to specify the center point of the elliptical arc you are creating. A prompt will appear:

Specify other endpoint of axis:

In response, specify the coordinates of the second end point of the axis. The command will issue a request:

Specify distance to other axis or:

Specify start angle or:

Enter a numerical value for the angle or select Parameter. A prompt will appear:

Specify end angle or:

Pick an end angle to complete the arc.

If Included angle is selected, enter a value for the inner angle when prompted for Specify included angle for arc<180>: to create an elliptical arc this way.

Note

You should be aware that both the start and end angles of an elliptical arc are measured from the major axis of the full ellipse. This may seem unusual at first, but in practice it is much more convenient to use this method than if the corners were snapped to the UCS. But the internal angle, of course, is counted from the starting angle.

The ring is a primitive bounded by two concentric circles of different diameters (Fig. 2.23).

Rice. 2.23. Parameters used when constructing a ring

The command that creates the ring has two names: DONUT and DOUGHNUT. Therefore, to draw a ring, enter one of the commands or on the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drafting) Ribbon Click Donut(Ring). You can also execute the menu command Draw> Donut(Draw> Ring). A prompt will appear:

Specify inside diameter of donut<0.5000>:

Enter the value for the inner diameter of the ring. By setting the inner diameter to zero, you will create a filled circle. If, in response to this prompt, you click in the graphics area, you will be prompted to enter a second point:

Specify second point:

After determining the second point, the program will be able to accept the distance between these two points as the inner diameter of the ring. A prompt will appear:

Specify outside diameter of donut<1.0000>:

Specify the outer diameter of the ring in the same way. Finally, the following prompt will appear:

Specify center of donut or :

In response, specify the coordinates of the center of the ring.

You can place several rings of the same configuration in the drawing until you complete the command using the context menu or by pressing the key Enter or Esc.

You can customize the appearance of the ring using the FILLMODE system variable. By default, its value is 1, and the rings are filled with a solid color (Fig. 2.24, left). If this variable is assigned a value of 0, then the space of the ring will be filled with radial lines (Fig. 2.24, on right).

Rice. 2.24. Ring view at different values ​​of the FILLMODE variable

To turn off solid fill, enter the FILL command. A prompt will appear:

Enter mode :

Select OFF, which is the same as setting the system variable to 0.

In AutoCAD 2010 it is possible to set the coordinates of points in various ways, including using such helper methods as object snaps. Therefore, sometimes it is necessary to create auxiliary objects to which in the future it would be possible to establish a binding. Sometimes dots are used for these purposes.

On the menu Draw> Point(Plot> Point) two commands can be found: Single point(Single point) and Multiple point(Several points). The first one allows you to create only one point, and the second one offers to place the points until you press the key Esc. Also, place on drawing one a point can be entered by entering the POINT command from the keyboard.

By clicking on the button Multiple Points(Multiple points) in the tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) the ribbon, you can create several point objects.

Either way, you will see a prompt:

Current point modes: PDMODE = 0 PDSIZE = 0.0000

Specify a point:

Specify the coordinates of the point using the keyboard, or specify the location of the point object using the mouse.

The PDMODE system variable allows you to change the style of the point, and the PDSIZE variable determines the size of the point. In principle, you can also change the value of these system variables, and therefore the appearance of the points, using the command line. However, for these purposes it is better to use the dialog box Point style(Point style) (Fig. 2.25), which can be called by the command Format> Point Style(Format> Point Style).

Rice. 2.25. Customizing the appearance of a point

In this window, you can select one of 20 point styles. To do this, you need to click on the image that suits you.

Advice

If you need to print a drawing without dots, then they do not have to be deleted - it is enough to select the second picture in the first row, which will allow you to hide the dot objects. In the future, by choosing a different style, you can return the dots to the screen.

Enter the point size in the text box Point Size(Point size). Moreover, by setting the switch to the position Set Size in Absolute Units(Setting the size in absolute units), you can set the real size of the point object, which will preserve the ratio of the sizes of the point and other objects when scaling, and will also allow you to control the size of the point when plotting the drawing. If you leave the switch in position Set Size Relative to Screen(Setting the size relative to the screen), then the point will maintain constant dimensions regardless of the scale of the drawing view, which is convenient if you are going to use object snapping.

To complete the work on customizing the appearance of points, click OK.

A polyline is a single object that can consist of an arbitrary number of lines and arcs (Fig. 2.26).

Rice. 2.26. Polylines

To create a polyline, run the PLINE command by clicking the button Polyline(Polyline) tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) tape. You can execute the menu command Draw> Polyline(Draft> Polyline) if you are working with the classic AutoCAD interface. The program will ask you to specify the location of the point from which the construction of the polyline will start:

Specify start point:

By default, AutoCAD allows you to create polylines from straight line segments. The following prompt appears:

Specify next point or:

By specifying the coordinates of the second point in response to this prompt, you will create the first straight segment of the polyline. Alternatively, you can select one of the options.

As you might guess from the name, the Arc parameter allows you to create an arc. When you select it, a prompt will appear:

Specify endpoint of arc or:

Using a variety of parameters, you can shape the arc in one of a variety of ways.

The Halfwidth parameter allows you to set the thickness of the polyline, specifying the value of half of its thickness. By setting different initial thickness values ​​in response to the Specify starting half-width prompt<0.0000>: and ending in response to the command line prompt Specify ending half-width<0.0000>:, you can further form a narrowing or expanding polyline segment.

By choosing the Length parameter, you can create a straight polyline fragment only by entering its length. In this case, the segment will be directed in the same direction as the previous rectilinear section of the polyline, or, if an arc was formed at the previous stage, the segment will pass tangentially to it.

The Undo parameter, as usual, cancels the formation of the last section.

Using the Width parameter, you can specify the starting and ending thickness of the following sections.

A spline is a smooth curve that AutoCAD generates from user-defined points.

Call the SPLINE command by clicking the button Spline(Spline) tab Home(Main) in the group Draw(Drawing) tape. The team Spline(Spline) can also be activated from the toolbar Draw(Draw) or by executing a menu command Draw> Spline(Draw> Spline). The program will ask you to set the starting point of the spline:

Specify first point or:

Then the following prompt appears:

Specify next point:

In response, indicate the location of the second point.

The coordinates of the third and subsequent points of the spline are specified in response to the prompt, which allows you to select one of the additional parameters:

Specify next point or :

The Close parameter creates a closed spline.

The Fit tolerance parameter determines how close the spline should be to the given points. When you select this option, the prompt appears:

Specify fit tolerance<0.0000>:

As you can see, by default this value is 0, that is, the spline passes strictly through the specified points. If you enter some other number, the program will be able to draw a spline without going beyond the specified distance, so that the line is less angular.

After specifying all the necessary points for the construction of the spline, press the key Enter, to select the start tangent parameter. A prompt will appear:

Specify start tangent:

Pick a tangent to the start point of the spline. In this case, the configuration of the spline line will change depending on the position of the pointer. Click to freeze the result. In the same way, change the configuration of the spline by specifying the direction of the tangent to its endpoint when prompted:

Specify end tangent:

If you are forming a closed spline, then you need to specify the direction of only one tangent:

Specify tangent:

Until now, we have used lines of the same type and color to create objects. But for the drawing to be "readable", it is better to represent objects with different lines. For example, in architectural drawings, walls are drawn with lines of one color, and furniture and communications in another, and in mechanical engineering models, lines of different types are usually denoted in different colors. Therefore, to somehow ungroup objects, use layers. A layer is like a transparent surface on which drawing takes place. Each object in the drawing belongs to a specific layer, and each layer has such characteristics as color, type and thickness of lines.

In the newly created drawing, a layer always appears 0. Until now, all objects were built on the layer. 0, which is present in all drawings and cannot be deleted. However, you can change the default properties of this layer. In addition, you can create new layers with the specified properties.

It is convenient to manage layers on the palette Layer Properties Manager(Layer Properties Manager) (Fig. 2.27), which opens after clicking on the button Layer Properties(Layer Properties) tab Home(Main) in the group Layers(Layers) tape or after command Format> Layer(Format> Layer).

Rice. 2.27. The Layer Properties Manager palette, invoked in Model mode

As you can see, this palette consists of two parts: on the left there is a list of layer filters, and on the right, the layers themselves are listed. Since we have not created any layers yet, this list contains only a layer 0.

It is very easy to create a new layer: just click on the button New layer(New layer)

or press the keyboard shortcut Alt + N. In this case, the program will prompt you to enter the name of the new layer: by default it is Layer1(Layer 1), but it is better to give some meaningful name so that in the future you can easily navigate the list of layers.

Let's take a look at the properties that can be assigned to a layer.

In the column Status(Status) displays the status of the layer: next to the current layer there is a check mark, the used layer is displayed as a blue sheet, and unused - in gray. The list may also contain a layer filter presented as a stack of sheets.

You may not be able to change the layer name on the first try. The point is that clicking on a word in a column Name(Name) just makes it stand out. To assign a new name to the layer, press the key F2.

If the property is set for the layer On(On), it is displayed on the screen. Otherwise, when assigned the value Off(Off), objects of this layer are not visible on the screen and are not printed.

Property Freeze(Frozen) like Off(Off), makes the layer invisible and unavailable for printing. In addition, objects on a frozen layer cannot be deleted. Layer with status Thaw(Thawed) has the opposite properties.

When a layer is assigned the property Lock(Locked), it remains visible on the screen, but all of its objects cannot be edited. This setting is useful when you want to protect yourself from accidental changes to layer objects.

To change the color of a layer, click on the colored square in the column Color(Colour). A dialog box will appear on the screen. Select Color(Color selection) (fig. 2.28).

Rice. 2.28. Select Color Dialog Box

On the first tab - Index Color(Color Number) - You can choose from 256 standard AutoCAD colors. To do this, simply click on the corresponding color swatch. As you move the pointer over the color options, both the previous color (in a black frame) and the color the pointer is over (in a white frame) are displayed for comparison.

If these 256 colors are not enough, then on the tab True Color(Entire palette) You can adjust the color using HSL or RGB color model. In the tab Color books(Color Books) You can select a hue from the tablet color picker.

After clicking on the value in the column Linetype(Line Type) dialog box opens Select Linetype(Line type selection) (Fig. 2.29), in which by default there is only one line template - Continuous(Solid).

Rice. 2.29. Select Linetype Dialog Box

To load additional line types, click Load(Download). A dialog box will appear on the screen. Load or Reload Linetypes(Load or reload line types) (Fig. 2.30).

Rice. 2.30. Load or Reload Linetypes Dialog Box

Clicking on a value in a column Lineweight(Line thickness) calls the dialog box of the same name (Fig. 2.31), where you can assign a certain line thickness to a layer.

Rice. 2.31. Lineweight Dialog Box

Column Plot Style(Plot Style) assigns a plot style to a layer (see chapter 8).

If you do not want to print objects of any layer, click on the column Plot(Print) so that the printer icon is crossed out.

Pay attention to the column New vp freeze(Freeze on New Floating Viewport), which allows the layer to be frozen in all newly created viewports in paper space. By clicking in this column opposite the desired layer, you will make it invisible and unavailable for printing on all floating viewports that will be created in the future. However, changing this property will not affect existing viewports.

Finally, in the column Description(Description) you can enter an explanation for a specific layer. To do this, click on the line of the desired layer, and then press the key F2.

Except palette Layer Properties Manager(Layer Properties Manager), layers can be controlled using the buttons located on the tab Home(Main) in the group Layers(Layers) on the ribbon, or using the toolbar Layers(Layers) (fig. 2.32).

Rice. 2.32. Layer management toolbar

In particular, using the drop-down list, you can make a layer current.

As already mentioned, drawing objects have three properties: color, line type and line thickness. By default, these properties are assigned to an object depending on which layer it is on. However, individual properties can also be assigned to each object.

To change the properties of an object, you must first select it with a crossing frame or by clicking the mouse button (for more details on selecting objects, see the next chapter). Then you need to call the context menu by right-clicking and select the item Properties(Properties), thereby calling the properties palette (Fig. 2.33).

Rice. 2.33. Properties palette

On this palette, you can change the properties of the selected object by setting the required parameters.

In addition, the basic properties of an object can be accessed using the quick properties panel (Quick Properties)(Fig. 2.34), which appears next to the object when it is selected. By default, the panel opens as usual, and becomes maximized when you hover over it.

Rice. 2.34. Brief properties panel in normal (left) and deployed (on right) the form

You can customize the parameters of the quick properties panel in the dialog box Drafting Settings(Drawing modes) tab Quick Properties(Brief properties) (fig. 2.35).

Rice. 2.35. Brief properties panel settings window

After reading this chapter, you have mastered the basic techniques for creating frequently used objects (line, circle, rectangle) and quite exotic (ellipse, spline, etc.).

In addition, in this chapter you learned that it is better to group all objects, depending on their properties, on different layers, so that in the future it will be better to manage them.

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List of questions for offset AutoCAD by topic.
Department of Descriptive Geometry and Graphics. (NGiG)

1. Acquaintance with AUTOCAD. Working environment.
1.1. Types of graphics.
1.2. What is a prototype drawing.
1.3. Applying drawing boundaries.
1.4. Sets the boundaries of the drawing.
1.5. Types of geometric objects (give examples).
1.6. What are the characteristics of complex graphic objects.
2. Working with teams.
2.1. Classification of teams in terms of functions performed
2.2. Classification of commands from the point of view of dialogue with the user (give examples).
2.3. Defining a command option.
2.4. Methods for selecting a command option.
2.5. Definition of style.
2.6. Methods for setting commands.
2.7. Command completion methods.
2.8. Cancels the result of the previous command.
2.9. Cancel the result of a command step.
2.10. Repeat the last (and not only) command.
3. Working with views.
3.1. What is a view.
3.2. Types of viewports.
3.3. Creation of a viewport.
3.4. View team.
4. Methods for specifying 2-dimensional points. Ways to ensure accuracy.
4.1. Coordinates for specifying two-dimensional points (examples in general).
4.2. Applying a mesh.
4.3. Applying snap spacing.
4.4. In what drawing modes can you specify points in the direction.
4.5. In what drawing modes can you set points with the cursor.
4.6. Polar tracking mode.
4.7. Object tracking mode.
4.8. What settings are needed for object tracking mode.
4.9. Defining object snaps.
4.10. Ways to work with object snaps.
4.11. Object snaps (list).
4.12. How the angle is calculated for polar coordinates.
5. Editing.
5.1. Methods for selecting objects.
5.2. End of object selection.
5.3. What is the difference when selecting objects with a frame (window) and a crossing frame.
5.4. Ways to work with editing commands.
5.5. Frame definitions.
5.6. Determination of the cutting frame.
5.7. Methods for changing the properties of objects.
5.8. Ways to get a drawing with different properties.
5.9. Editing with "pens" (technology).
5.10. Editing complex graphic objects.
6. Layers.
6.1. Layer definition.
6.2. Applying layers.
6.3. Layer properties.
6.4. How to make a layer current.
6.5. Basic properties of geometric objects.
6.6. What parts the properties panel consists of.
6.7. How to change the belonging to a layer.
7. Teams.
7.1. For which commands you need to customize the style.
7.2. Drawing commands (give examples).
7.3. Values ​​of the "location" option of the multiline command.
7.4. Command and options for creating a UCS.
7.5. Editing commands (give examples).
7.6. Commands for deleting a part of a geometric object.
8. Assembly drawing.
8.1. Block definition.
8.2. Application of blocks.
8.3. Block properties.
8.4. Defining block attributes.
8.5. Block attribute properties.
8.6. Requirements for choosing a base point.
8.7. How to edit a block (technology).
9. 3-dimensional graphics. Observation apparatus.
9.1. Types of 3D models.
9.2. Methods for setting 3-dimensional points.
9.3. Coordinates for specifying a three-dimensional point (examples in general).
9.4. Filter definition.
9.5. List all filters.
9.6. Examples of applying filters.
9.7. 3D editing commands.
9.8. Setting the view (changing the point of view).
10. 3-dimensional graphics. Surface models.
10.1. Properties of surface models.
10.2. Ways to create surface models.
10.3. Requirements for blanks for the formation of the Koons surface.
10.4. Requirements for workpieces for forming the joint surface.
10.5. Features of the formation of surface primitives.
11. 3-dimensional graphics. Solid models.
11.1. Properties of solid models.
11.2. Ways to create a solid model.
11.3. Workpiece Requirements for Revolving (Extruding) (Solid Modeling).
11.4. Features of the formation of solid primitives.
11.5. List of visual styles.
11.6. List of logical operations.
11.7. Incision.
12. Space of the sheet.
12.1. Properties and purpose of paper space.
12.2. The sequence of actions when forming a 2D drawing in paper space.
12.3. What does the t-profile team do.
12.4. What the t-view and t-draw commands do.
12.5. How to get orthographic and section views in paper space.
12.6. The sequence of actions when forming a 3D drawing in paper space.
Year: 2012
Pages: 2
Format: Word

Any, even the most complex, drawing consists of a collection of elementary objects that can be created with one command. This includes lines, circles, arcs, and other graphical objects. In the AutoCAD system, such objects are called graphic primitives. To place an object in the drawing window, the corresponding command is called, the coordinates of the points and the necessary parameters are set. In this lesson, we will look at the commands for creating graphical primitives.

Point

Command entry methods:

Enter the command in one of the following ways.

A point in the drawing window is set by coordinates that are entered from the keyboard or fixed by clicking LMB on the working field in response to a system request

Current point modes: PDMODE = 0 PDSIZE = 0.0000

Specify a point:

The point can be sized and shaped. The size is specified in absolute units or relative to the screen size.

Point type and size can be selected in the dialog box. The window is called with the command Format> Point Style.

Line

Command entry methods:

In order to build a segment, you need to specify the coordinates of two points - the start and end. The command draws a single line segment or a sequence of segments. When constructing a sequence of segments, the end point of the previous segment is the starting point for the next one.

1. At the request of the system Specify first point:
2. At the request of the system, enter the coordinates of the starting point.
3. At the request of the system Specify next point or:

• end the command by pressing the key Enter;

1. At the request of the system Specify next point or: do one of the following:

• enter the coordinates of the end point of the next segment;
• end command execution in one of the following ways:

1. pressing the key Enter;
2. enter option Close from the keyboard. At the same time, a segment is constructed that connects the last point with the starting point of the first segment. Thus, a closed contour will be built;
3. if you have not finished executing the command, then the fifth step is repeated the required number of times.

Circle

Command entry methods:

• Calling from the menu: Draw> Circle
• Toolbar button

A circle can be constructed in the following ways:

1. Specify the center of the circle and the size of the radius or diameter.
2. Specify the coordinates of three points that lie on the circle and do not lie on one straight line.
3. Pick the coordinates of the two points that are the ends of the diameter.
4. Construct a circle that touches two previously drawn objects at the specified points.

To build, you must perform the following sequence:

• Enter the command using one of the above methods
• At the request of the system circle Specify center point for circle or: choose one of the ways to construct a circle.

1 way

• Enter the coordinates of the center of the circle.
• At the request of the system Specify radius of circle or: enter radius values ​​or option D.
• If you entered option D, a prompt appears. Specify diameter of circle, where you need to enter the value of the diameter.

It is worth noting that at the request of the system, specify the radius or diameter, you can specify not the corresponding value, but the coordinates of the point. After that, the program will independently calculate the radius or diameter from this point to the center of the circle.

2 way

• Enter option 3P, which corresponds to the choice of the method for constructing the circle by three points.
• Then, one by one, enter or specify the coordinates of three points.

3 way

• Enter option 2P, which corresponds to the choice of the method for constructing by the end points of the diameter.
• Enter or specify the coordinates of two points.

4 way

• Enter the Ttr option. In this case, the circle touches at two points with the previously constructed objects.
• Pick or enter coordinates of two points
• Enter the radius of the circle or press the key Enter... In this case, the radius will be calculated automatically.

Arc

Command entry methods:

• Type commands from the keyboard: Arc
• Calling from the menu: Draw> Arc
• Toolbar button

The arc is constructed in eleven ways, which differ in the choice and combination of three parameters:

Start- starting point;

Center- the center of the arc;

End- end point;

Angle- central corner;

Chord Length - chord length;

Direction- the direction of the tangent (indicated by one point and coincides with the vector drawn to this point from the starting point);

Radius- radius of the arc;

3 Points- by three points lying on the arc;

Continue- building an arc as a continuation of the previous line or arc. The start point and start direction will be the end point and end direction of the previous arc or line, respectively.

Construction line (Xline)

Command entry methods:

A construction line is a ray directed in both directions from a given point.

To build, you must perform the following sequence:

• Enter the command using one of the above methods.
• At the request of the system Command: _xline Specify a point or: choose one of the construction methods:

1 way

• Enter the coordinates of the first point.
• Enter the coordinates of the second point.
• At the request of the system Specify trough point: enter the coordinates of points to draw several construction lines, for which the starting point will be common, or end the command by pressing the key ESC or ENTER.

2 way

• Enter the Hor or Ver parameter, which allows the construction line to be drawn parallel to the X or Y axis.
• At the request of the system Specify trough point: enter the coordinates of the point. Continuing to specify the coordinates of the points to the request Specify trough point:, multiple parallel lines can be drawn.

3 way

• Enter parameter Ang, which allows you to build a construction line at a certain angle to the X-axis or relative to the specified straight line.
• At the request of the system Enter angle of xline (0) or:

1. Enter the value of the angle in degrees to build a straight line at an angle to the X axis and at the request of the system Specify through point: enter the coordinates of the point through which the construction line will pass.
2. Enter parameter R to build a straight line at an angle to another straight line and on request Select a line object: point to a straight-line object with the cursor. This will be followed by a request to specify the angle ( Enter angle of xline<0>: ) and points ( Specify through point:) through which the line will pass.

4 way

• Enter parameter Bisect, which allows you to build the bisector of the angle.
• Sequentially specify the vertex point of the corner and the side in response to the system request.

5 way

• Enter parameter Offset, which allows you to draw a construction line parallel to the specified line.
• Specify the offset, line and direction of the offset in sequence in response to a system request.

Ray

Command entry methods:

Ray is a line directed from a point to infinity. It is set by two points - the starting point and the point lying on the ray.

Polyline

Command entry methods:

Polyline consists of successive connections of lines and arc segments. Each segment can have a specific width. The width value at the start point of the segment can be different from the value at the end point.

When constructing a polyline, it is necessary to determine the starting point in response to a system request Specify start point: Then the following parameters become available:

Halfwidth- Specifies half the width of the polyline segment at the start and end points.

Width- Sets the width of the polyline segment at the start and end points.

Lenght- creates a polyline segment of a given length in the same direction as the previous one.

Arc- creating an arc segment of the polyline.

Close- connects the end point of the polyline to the start, straight line segment.

Undo- the last constructed segment is deleted.

In arc mode, the following options become available:

Angle- central corner;

Center- Centre;

Close- connects the end point of the polyline with its beginning with an arc segment;

Direction- the direction of the tangent;

Line- transition to the mode of construction of straight line segments;

Radius- radius of the arc;

Second pt- intermediate point on the arc;

Polyline built by the team Pline considered in AutoCAD as a single object. Polyline editing is performed by the command PEDIT... Team EXPLODE the polyline can be split into separate elements. More details about editing polylines will be described in the next lessons.

Polygon

Command entry methods:

The command builds a regular polygon with a given number of sides.

It is necessary to set the construction method:

• The polygon describes ( Circumscribed) the circle for which the radius is set;

The dialogue looks like this:

<9>:7

: c

• Inscribed polygon ( Inscribed) into the circle for which the radius is set;

The dialogue looks like this:

Command: _polygon Enter number of sides<7>:7

Specify center of polygon or: 300,300

Enter an option : i

Specify radius of circle: 50

• The length of the side is set ( Edge) and the coordinates of the end points of this side;

A polygon is a polyline, so you can use the theme to edit it using the same commands as for editing polylines.

Rectang

Command entry methods:

To build a rectangle, you need to specify the coordinates of two diagonally opposite vertices.

The dialogue looks like this:

Command: _rectang

Specify first corner point or: 100,100

Specify other corner point or: 300,300

Command parameters:

Area- building a rectangle with a given area;

Dimension- construction of a rectangle of a given length and width;

Rotation- rotation of the rectangle at a given angle relative to the X axis;

Ring (Donut)

Command entry methods:

The ring is the part of the plane between the outer and inner concentric circles. The thickness of the ring is equal to half the difference between the diameters of these circles. Rings are solid filled objects.

After entering the command, the system issues a request for the size of the inner and outer diameters, as well as requests the position of the center of the ring.

The dialogue looks like this:

Specify inside diameter of donut<0.5000>:150

Specify outside diameter of donut<1.0000>:250

Specify center of donut or :400,400

Spline

Command entry methods:

A spline is a smooth curve that goes through a given set of points. When constructing a spline, the position of the points and the direction of the tangents at the start and end points are taken into account.

After entering the command, the system prompts you to enter the coordinates of points or enter a key. The last two prompts are for the tangents of the slope of the tangents at the start and end points.

The dialogue looks like this:

Command: _spline

Specify first point or: 100,200

Specify next point: 310,110

:400,250

Specify next point or :520,180

Specify next point or :460,360

Specify next point or :580,310

Specify next point or :

Specify start tangent: 10

Specify end tangent: 20

Command parameters:

Object- converting a smoothed line to an equivalent spline.

Close- closes the curve by connecting the last point to the first.

Fit tolerance(Tolerance) - sets the accuracy of the spline approximation. With a value of 0 (Default), the spline goes exactly through the specified points. The higher the value, the more the spline deviates from the specified points and becomes smoother.

Ellipse

Command entry methods:

• Type commands from the keyboard: Ellipse
• Calling from the menu: Draw> Ellipse
• Toolbar button

An ellipse can be drawn by specifying the center and radius of an isometric circle, or by specifying the start and end points of one axis and the distance from the center of the ellipse to the end of another axis.

Keys:

Axis endpoint Is the end point of the axis. When this option is selected (it is set by default), two endpoints of the first axis and a point that indicates the distance from the center of the ellipse to the end of the other axis are specified.

Rotation- an ellipse is constructed as a projection of a circle that rotates around the diameter defined by the points specified before on the plane of the drawing. The range of permissible angles ()… 89.4.

Center Is the center of the ellipse. It is also necessary to specify the coordinates of the end point of the axis and the distance from the center to the end point of the other axis.

Arc- allows you to build an elliptical arc.

Dialogue when using a key Axis endpoint:

Command: _ellipse

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or: 120,200

Specify other endpoint of axis: 820,600

Specify distance to other axis or: 550,260 looks like:

If you choose the key Center, the dialogue will be like this:

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or: с

Specify center of ellipse: 470,400

Specify endpoint of axis: 470,870

Specify distance to other axis or: 600,400

Cloud (Revision cloud)

Command entry methods:

A cloud is a closed polyline designed to highlight annotations and changes made to the drawing.

After entering the command, information is entered with the default settings (minimum arc length: 15, maximum arc long: 15;) and a request to enter the starting point is displayed.

Command: _revcloud

Minimum arc length: 15 Maximum arc length: 15

Specify start point or