world famous Apple company in recent years has updated not only the line mobile devices, but also a series of smart devices with the release of the Apple Watch Series 3 smart watch. The third generation cannot be proud of a full and radical improvement, but it has acquired several auxiliary features and options in comparison with the 1st and 2nd version. The article will be produced detailed overview Apple Watch Series 3.
Description
The Apple Watch Series 3 watch has gone a few steps forward compared to previous solutions. This is where their innovation lies.
- The screen remained the same.
- In comparison with the first model, the second and third received protection from water. In the first line, only the splash protection option was offered.
- Removable straps for Apple Watch 3 remain the same and are offered from the same materials - silicone, metal, nylon, leather. Therefore, it will not be difficult for the user to change the strap in connection with their own preferences.
- The processor instead of S1P in the first model and S2 in the second - S3 (with two cores).
- The difference lies in the fact that an expansion of communication capabilities is offered, along with WIFI, GPS and BLUETOOTH, you can optionally use LTE.
- The camera, as before, is not available, but the speaker and microphone remained working, the device is still compatible with devices on IOS 8.3 and newer devices.
- The battery capacity has also increased. In the first series, it was 205 mAh, in the second - 273, and in the new product - 279.
- In terms of dimensions, in comparison with the previous model, everything remained in its place (38.6 * 33.3 * 11.4 / 42.5 * 36.4 * 11.4), but the first model was somewhat different.
- How is the new watch different? Of course, in bulk. In the new gadget, this figure is 42/53 units, while in the previous model it was 25/30, and in the first generation - 25/28.
Based on these differences, the features of the Apple Watch Series 3 remain the same, especially if manufactured comparative characteristic with the second series. The main difference lies in the potential availability of a version with cellular communication. However, in the territory of the Russian Federation, such variations have not yet officially gone on sale.
The release date is March 2018.
How to use the device, tell the "Spartan" set that comes in the box with him. Here's what it includes:
- instructions for the correct operation of the device, with the help of which the correct setting becomes available to the user;
- charger;
- category 1A plug;
- silicone strap with an additional clasp (with a different length);
- related documents.
Design
The design capabilities of the Apple Watch Series 3 are also pleasing. In terms of aesthetic parameters, the novelty has the maximum similarity with its predecessor, the Series 2. It is represented by the same aluminum case in a rectangular shape. There are rounded corners and smooth edges.
On the right side there are 2 buttons. One of them is equipped with an oblong shape, while the other is made in the shape of a circle. It is also a wheel that can be scrolled in order to solve a certain range of tasks. There is also a protective glass to increase the safety of the device.
The comparison shows that the screen size remains at the same level (42 mm and 38 mm diagonally). On the back side, you can find a heart rate sensor, as well as buttons through which the strap is disconnected. Around it is a round ceramic zone. On the left, there are openings for the microphone and speaker. In terms of thickness, everything remained at the same level as in the second series. Along with this, the company continues to work on expanding the choice of straps.
Screen and controls
Should you buy the Apple Watch Series 3? Definitely yes, especially if you look at the display of this device. In fact, it has remained the same: it is an OLED screen equipped with a brightness of 1000 units, and a special olephobic coating helps to read the image from the screen even in bright sunlight. The glass material itself practically does not get dirty.
The black color of the display makes the transition from the dark part of the screen to the rounded edges of the case almost imperceptible. The resolution is 272*340 pixels, as well as 312*390 pixels respectively for the 38mm and 42mm models. All this makes the device easy to use.
With regard to control, the user can comfortably interact with the proposed device. In a few hours, it is possible to remember the necessary actions, as well as watch settings “for yourself”, choosing the best applications for the Apple Watch Series 3. There are three options for controlling the device in question.
- The crown is digital. Through scrolling, it is possible to read notifications, zoom in and out of individual icons.
- Button option. If you press the key once, the dispatcher option will open recent programs, if you do this twice shortly, contactless payment will occur, one long press will turn off the novelty or allow you to make an emergency call.
- Screen control. Horizontal elements lead to switching dials, the upper ones - to open the list of notifications, the lower ones - to the operation of the "control center". Why are they needed? For example, to turn on the flashlight, lock the device, view the battery charge, turn off the sound mode, etc.
Based on the above arguments, you can decide whether to take this smart device for everyday or regular use.
Functions
Considering the main characteristics of the Apple Watch Series 3, you should pay attention to the main functionality and capabilities of the device.
- Activity. As part of this option, it is possible to install extensions, configure programs and form the Dock. The application provides statistics and dynamics of user activity.
- Dials. Programs are presented in 20 varieties, but the most interesting of them are the following: "SIRI" - information on the presence of traffic jams and the current weather, "Photo" - helps to select a suitable screen saver, "Kaleidoscope" - selection of a user-friendly dial, "Activity » to set up calorie counting, determine the number of hours in motion.
- Workout. These are common features of this unit. They allow him to adapt to a certain type of exercise and read information from sensors.
- Activity rings. The above features are far from all that these devices can do. This category includes "Calories", "Exercise", "Hours". As part of this option, there is an option called “Smart Alarm Clock”, which gives users the opportunity to wake up comfortably and on time.
- Tracking heart rates. The device automatically measures such indicators as heart rate, pressure, activity level and compares them with the norm.
- Without a smartphone. Due to the fact that the device has high compatibility with a smartphone, it is customary to use it in tandem with it. However, there is the possibility of separate use. In this case, the owner can receive notifications, listen to music compositions, reply to messages, and receive calls.
Many potential buyers are concerned about the question, is this watch waterproof or not? It turns out that with them you can take a shower and swim in the pool. It is recommended to remove the device from the hand if there is a plan to dive to a depth of more than 50 m. It is also necessary to rinse the device with water after it has come into contact with foam, salt.
Straps
The indisputable advantage is the offer from the manufacturer huge amount straps made of steel, leather, nylon. There are literally dozens of them. The most common styles are sports bracelet(consists of nylon, equipped with Velcro for secure fixation), as well as a silicone product at an affordable cost. For extravagant ladies, variations of leather and metal are offered.
Offline work
The manufacturer himself reports the ability of the device to work without auxiliary recharging for 18 hours. In the mode of active use, the battery can withstand only 3 hours of time. How to charge the watch? It is best to do this at night.
How to reset Apple Watch 3
Many users are concerned about the question of how to restart Apple Watch 3. There are several ways, but we will consider the most common one. It is a sequence of actions.
- Press the "Digital Crown" key, and also click on the "Power" button at the same time.
- Hold for 10 seconds.
- Wait for the logo symbol to appear on the display.
Today I want to tell and answer the question: - Why do you need an Apple Watch at all? Some say that these are all "show-offs", others firmly believe that this is very useful device. All my conclusions are drawn from personal experience communication with this cool device.
I use these miracle smart watch about a week, and made such a conclusion for myself that I don’t need them in FIG. Even though I am an avid fan Apple products, this is a miracle, in practice it is not a miracle at all. It may seem strange to many why such an expensive and stylish thing turns out to be completely unnecessary. Now I will try to cover everything in detail Apple flaws Watch that I noticed in such a short time.
We will discuss the following points:
1. Disadvantages and cons of Apple watch.
2. Apple Watch without iPhone.
3. Differences and capabilities of the Apple Watch from ordinary watches.
4. Conclusions.
1. The main disadvantages and disadvantages of the Apple Watch.
1. After purchasing and first running the watch without Iphone availability, you won't even be able to fully use them as a watch. You need to go through the activation process, only after synchronizing the pair - the watch with the Iphone.
2. Apple Watch, for their full operation and performance of all functions, must be constantly near your phone. And the phone must be connected to the mobile Internet or via Wi-Fi.
3. The Apple Watch communicates with the phone via bluetooth, which drains the watch and the phone itself faster, which already copes well with a decrease in the charge rate. Constant bluetooth connection kills the batteries of both devices.
4. When you receive a call on the watch, the sound is sent to the speaker, which makes it possible for everyone around you to hear your conversation with the subscriber! The conversation, in principle, cannot be secret! You can, of course, purchase bluetooth headphones. After that, to talk, we take the phone in our pocket, put the watch on our hand and bluetooth headphones. I believe that this is a very difficult kit that will not really make your life easier. And why does this kit even need another intermediate component - the Apple Watch? Bluetooth headphones can work directly with your phone!
5. Display itself touch screen The clock when touched with fingers is very sloppy and needs to be constantly wiped.
6. Watches must be used very carefully, they are afraid of water and scratches.
7. There is no way to type text on such a small display. If a message has arrived on your phone, you will see a notification on your watch, but you can only answer it from the suggested template options or using a voice that is converted into words. What if it's noisy where you are and your watch can't make out all your words? We will get the phone (then why do we need a watch?) Or try 100 times to tell the clock the necessary answer to the message.
8. Our beloved Viber, unlike a regular message, sends notifications to the watch, but you can’t answer it through the clock, you need to get your phone.
9 . Charging the watch, if you use all the functions of the watch, will last less than a day, business people can even half a day. Nice watch who work less than a day? What if you're on a hike? Carry external batteries with you (), and put on charge. If you change the clock to economy mode(disabling all functions except displaying the clock face), in which case they will show current time for up to 72 hours. What kind of nonsense? A watch that only lasts 3 days on a battery!
10. Turning on the camera mode through the clock on the Iphone. Here explain why!? The watch is on my wrist, I take out the phone with one hand and point it at what I want to photograph, I see it all on the watch display and I can click to take a picture. Under what conditions might this be useful? And how to press the button if you hold the phone in your hands?
11 . Plenty of photos on a small display on the watch, a very necessary feature in the watch. Only 75 megabytes are allocated for photos on the watch. Agree that this is very little! In such a small volume, it will be possible to save, you will not believe, as many as 15 pictures!
12. Shazam on the watch. Apple Watch still uses the Internet through the phone, and if there is no Internet or phone, then the program completely loses its meaning on the watch. Again, the watch is an extra link in the chain of this procedure.
13. Payment for services and goods using a payment system Apple Pay, works without iPhone. Your card details are stored in the watch and transmitted via the NFC chip. For example, you went for a run and wanted to buy water by putting your watch on the terminal. I just can not understand how I still lived without this feature? But most importantly, this feature is available only in the United States and Canada! For residents of the rest of the world, this feature is not available, and it is not clear when it will become available. I generally keep quiet about the CIS countries (third world).
14. The watch does not want to work together with iPad, iPod and Mac computer and phones from other manufacturers. The Apple Watch is only compatible with the iPhone.
15. Apple Watch is not a standalone device. There is no point in buying a watch if you don't have an Iphone.
16. If you do not take your iPhone for a run, you will limit yourself in the possibilities of using the available functions of the watch. Without a phone GPS module, the watch will not be able to determine the location and measure the distance travelled.
17. Apple Watch has Bluetooth and Wi-Fi functionality, but they can only connect to an iPhone or headset.
18. Big size charging and it is individual only for this watch.
2. What can an Apple Watch do without an Iphone?
1 . Show time. Without Iphone - you can not check the correct time!
2 . Setting an alarm, timer, stopwatch, events, etc.
3. View photos and listen to music (up to 250 songs - 2GB memory) on your watch with wireless headphones.
4. The work of the activity program. Track your activity, heart rate, calories lost, pulse measurement. They show how many steps you have walked, but they cannot show the footage of the distance. All data will be stored on the watch and, when synchronized with the phone, will be written to the phone itself.
5. Apple Pay and Passbook. All data information will be added after synchronization.
6. No Internet connection, GPS or Siri. You will not be able to launch "Mail", "Weather", "Maps" and other applications that use the Internet.
7. They have the Apple Remote app, which allows you to control prefix Apple TV.
3. Differences and capabilities of the Apple Watch from ordinary watches.
1. They have a beautiful and attractive design.
2. Allows you to take care of your health.
3. Determine the weather.
4. Location determination.
5. Possibility to change clock faces.
6. Checking the accuracy of time via the Internet.
7. They have built-in memory for viewing photos and listening to music.
8. Works in tandem with iPhone.
9. Controlling the Apple TV.
10 . It is possible to monitor the stock price on the stock exchange.
11. Ability to install applications.
12. Touchscreen.
4.Conclusions.
I think that Apple Watch is needed in order to get the Iphone less often.
The main thing difference Apple Watch and Iphone is that Iphone cannot be worn on the wrist, and it has much more memory and capabilities! In addition, an Apple Watch without an Iphone turns into a nonentity, comparable to cheap Chinese devices that perform the same functions.
First of all, Apple Watch is a device for monitoring the health and activity of a person. I think those who like to wear watches would not refuse them. But most, including, I see no reason to buy a beautiful watch in the region of $400-700. Watches that need to be charged every day, constantly wipe them from fingerprints, be afraid of scratching and getting caught in heavy rain or falling into water with them. To use all the functionality, carry a phone all the time.
In a word, Apple has not done anything supernatural for such a lot of money. Finally, I will say that the watch should be a watch and work for a long time without recharging.
Video. Why you need an Apple Watch. Disadvantages and Advantages. Is it worth buying?
Someone considers them unnecessary copy iPhone, and someone - a useful gadget that saves time and helps to solve everyday tasks. Smartwatches from the Apple company have received mixed reviews. Consider the functions of the apple watch and see what benefits a person can derive from them.
The first thing you need an apple watch for is to view the time, as in regular hours. The manufacturer has made the function as convenient as possible. When you move your wrist, the backlight is activated, that is, in the dark, the information on the screen will be visible, it can also be turned off.
Yes, there is a choice between classic arrows and time display, as in electronic clock- optional. This apple watch feature will allow you to change the design of watches from sports to business - depending on the needs of the client.
Health and sports
Consider why an athlete or just a person who controls his health needs an apple watch so much. A smart gadget can calculate and save parameters in the background:
- the number of heartbeats (counts the optical heart rate monitor);
- steps taken (built-in pedometer);
- calories burned.
The results are stored in the application, after which they can be analyzed. Achievements are grouped into 3 categories for convenience: general activity, time spent on your feet, and enhanced training. Thanks to these tips, the user will be able to determine how effective the workout was and understand when to take a break from work.
When playing sports apple usage watch will be useful because the device is set to physical activity: running, cycling, swimming, etc... Last Opportunity inherent in smart watches, they are more resistant to moisture, you can safely go to the pool with them. While swimming, the apple watch sport version counts the number of strokes and laps completed.
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Another distinguishing characteristic is the control of the quality and duration of sleep. A person does not always keep track of whether he went to bed on time, and even more so, he cannot determine how effective the rest turned out to be. But well-being and the ability to work quickly and productively depend on the quality of sleep. Now the Sleep ++ application for apple watch will monitor the indicators. In the morning it will show:
- how long did it take to fall asleep;
- number of hours of rest;
- what phases were present.
In the program, you can set a smart alarm clock, which will ring at the right time, when the body is ready to shake the mountains.
If you install the Workout App application, then the functionality of the gadget will expand significantly. In addition to having statistics, it has the ability to set goals, and the device will remind you of those that the user has not yet started. Plus, the Workout App has developed training programs for 7 days, a month or more - for those who go in for sports without an instructor.
You can not only be proud of the achieved results, but also share them with friends.
iPhone features in the gadget
Why an athlete needs an apple watch, figured it out. And why are they an office worker or a seller in a supermarket? The point is that there are useful features iPhone: if not all, but a lot.
Receiving and making calls
Apple Watch makes calls and receives those that come to the iPhone. The gadget has a built-in microphone and speaker, the interlocutor will be heard, the only thing is the loudspeaker. You can chat so that no one hears only with the help of a Bluetooth headset, which you will have to purchase. It turns out that the device is not intended for people who like to kill half an hour or an hour of free time talking, but it is definitely suitable to say a couple of phrases without taking out the phone.
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Display notifications and sms
If an SMS message or notification to the application has arrived on the iPhone, it will also be displayed on the screen apple watch. You can answer using a pre-prepared template or voice input. Text recognition on high level, Siri assistant understands perfectly. Command example: "Siri, tell Andrey I'll be there in half an hour." The message will be typed automatically, to send it is enough to lower your hand.
Multimedia
Apple watches can play music from a given source. Need to play songs from iPhone? No problem. Want to download music to your watch and listen to it while you run? And this gadget is capable of: 2 GB of free memory.
Another apple watch is needed to view photos. Yes, the screen is too small for these purposes, but the picture is rich and clear, and the side wheel digital crown Scales the image to show details. The watch has enough memory to store important photos.
An iPhone camera control function has also been developed. Imagine a large company has gathered, you want to take a group photo, but no one has a selfie stick. The apple watch will help out here: you need to fix the phone at a distance so that everyone is in the frame, and take a picture with the button on the Apple Watch.
Entertaining and unusual features
For Have a good mood entertaining and not quite ordinary functions have been developed, about them further.
- Over Voice. On the apple watch, this function sounds everything that happens on the pressed part of the screen, people with poor eyesight will need it. You can turn it off in the settings.
- The ability to draw and share sketches with friends, which they will see as animation.
- Walkie talkie. This feature is for sending sound recording happening around.
- Watches can remember different types touches, distinguish weaker and stronger. You can touch the gadget 2 times and send it to your loved one - he will feel the same.
- "Through me". Allows you to travel to the past and future. When you switch the time to later or earlier, the weather, calendar events, schedule, and more change.
In the 50s, a new era began in submarine shipbuilding - the use of atomic energy for the movement of submarines. According to their properties, atomic energy sources are the most suitable for submarines, since, without the need for atmospheric air or oxygen reserves, they make it possible to obtain energy for an almost unlimited time and in the required amount.
In addition to solving the problem of long-term movement in a submerged position at high speed, the use of an atomic source removed restrictions on the supply of energy to such relatively capacious consumers as instruments and life support systems (air conditioners, electrolyzers, etc.), navigation, hydroacoustics and control weapons. The prospect of using submarines in the Arctic regions under the ice has opened up. With the introduction of nuclear energy, the duration of continuous submerged navigation of boats began to be limited, as many years of experience showed, mainly by the psychophysical capabilities of the crews.
At the same time, from the very beginning of the introduction of nuclear power plants (NPP), new complex problems that arise in this case became clear: the need to ensure reliable radiation protection of personnel, increased requirements for the professional training of NPP maintenance personnel, the need for a more developed system than for diesel-electric Submarines, infrastructure (basing, repair, delivery and reloading of nuclear fuel, removal of spent nuclear fuel, etc.). Later, with the accumulation of experience, other negative aspects came to light: the increased noise of nuclear submarines (NPS), the severity of the consequences of accidents in nuclear power plants and boats with such installations, the difficulty of decommissioning and dismantling nuclear submarines that have served their time.
The first proposals from atomic scientists and naval sailors on the use of atomic energy for the movement of boats in both the USA and the USSR began to arrive in the late 1940s. The deployment of practical work began with the creation of projects for submarines with nuclear power plants and the construction of ground stands and prototypes of these installations.
The world's first nuclear submarine was built in the USA - "Nautilus" - and entered service in September 1954. In January 1959, after completion of the tests, the first domestic nuclear submarine of project 627 was commissioned by the Soviet Navy. The main characteristics of these nuclear submarines are given in Table. one.
With the commissioning of the first nuclear submarines, almost without interruption, a gradual increase in the pace of their construction began. In parallel, the practical development of the use of atomic energy during the operation of nuclear submarines, the search for the optimal appearance of nuclear power plants and the submarines themselves.
Table 1
*Equal to the sum of the surface displacement and the mass of water in the fully filled tanks of the main ballast.
** For American nuclear submarines (hereinafter) the test depth, which is close in meaning to the limit.
Rice. 6. The first domestic serial nuclear submarine (project 627 A)
circuit of a nuclear reactor. Along with water, which has a high degree of purification, which was used in the reactors of the first nuclear submarines, an attempt was made to use for this purpose a metal or an alloy of metals having a relatively low temperature melting (sodium, etc.). The advantage of such a coolant was seen by the designers, first of all, in the possibility of reducing the pressure in the primary circuit, raising the temperature of the coolant and, in general, obtaining a gain in reactor dimensions, which is extremely important in the conditions of its use on submarines.
Rice. 7. The first American nuclear submarine "Nautilus"
This idea was implemented on the second after the "Nautilus" American nuclear submarine "Seawolf", built in 1957. It used the S2G reactor with a liquid metal (sodium) coolant. However, in practice, the advantages of a liquid metal coolant turned out to be not as significant as expected, but in terms of reliability and
Rice. 8. The first domestic nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" (project 627)
the complexity of operation, this type of reactor was significantly inferior to the pressurized water reactor (with pressurized water in the primary circuit).
Already in 1960, due to a number of malfunctions revealed during operation, the reactor with a liquid metal coolant on the Seawolf nuclear submarine was replaced by the S2WA pressurized water reactor, which was an improved modification of the NautiIus nuclear submarine reactor.
In 1963, in the USSR, the nuclear submarine of project 645 was introduced into the fleet, also equipped with a reactor with a liquid metal coolant, in which an alloy of lead and bismuth was used. In the first years after construction, this nuclear submarine was successfully operated. However, it did not show decisive advantages over nuclear submarines with pressurized water reactors being built in parallel. At the same time, the operation of a reactor with a liquid metal coolant, especially its basic maintenance, caused certain difficulties. Serial construction of this type of nuclear submarine was not carried out; it remained in a single copy and was part of the fleet until 1968.
Along with the introduction of nuclear power plants and equipment directly related to them on the submarine, a change occurred in their other elements. The first American nuclear submarine, although it was larger than the submarine, did not differ much from them in terms of appearance: she had a stem bow and a developed superstructure with an extended flat deck. The hull form of the first domestic nuclear submarine already had a number of characteristic differences from DPL. In particular, its fore end was given contours that were well streamlined in the submerged position, having in terms of the outline of a semi-ellipse and close to circular cross sections. The fencing of retractable devices (periscopes, RDP devices, antennas, etc.), as well as the hatch and bridge shafts, were made in the form of a streamlined body like a limousine, hence the name "limousine" form, which later became traditional for fencing in many types of domestic nuclear submarines.
For maximum use all the possibilities for improving the performance characteristics due to the use of nuclear power plants, studies were launched to optimize the shape of the hull, architecture and design, controllability when moving underwater at high speeds, automation of control in these modes, navigation support and habitability in conditions of a long underwater swimming without resurfacing.
A number of issues were resolved using specially built pilot and experimental non-nuclear and nuclear submarines. In particular, in solving the problems of controllability and propulsion of nuclear submarines, an important role was played by the experimental Albacore submarine built in the USA in 1953, which had a hull shape close to optimal in terms of minimizing water resistance when moving submerged (the length-to-width ratio was about 7.4). Below are the characteristics of the DPL "Albacore":
Dimensions, m:
length................................................. .............................................62.2
width................................................. ...............................................8.4
Displacement, t:
surface ............................................................ ...................................1500
underwater ................................................. ....................................1850
Power plant:
power of diesel - generators, l. from ........................................1700
electric motor power *, l. s..................about 15000
number of propeller shafts ............................................... .......................one
Full submerged speed, knots .............................................. ..33
Test immersion depth, m .............................................. 185
Crew, people ............................................... ...............................................52
* With silver-zinc battery.
This submarine was re-equipped several times and was used for a long time to test propellers (including coaxial opposite rotation), controls when moving at high speeds, new types of TA and other tasks.
The introduction of nuclear power plants on submarines coincided with the development of a number of fundamentally new types of weapons: cruise missiles (CR) for firing at the coast and for hitting sea targets, later - ballistic missiles (BR), means of early warning radar detection of air targets.
Successes in the development of land-based and sea-based ballistic missiles led to a revision of the role and place of both land and sea weapons systems, which was also reflected in the formation of the type of nuclear submarines. In particular, the KR, intended for firing along the coast, gradually lost their significance. As a result, the United States limited itself to the construction of only one nuclear submarine "Halibut" and two submarines - "Grayback" and "Grow-ler" - with the Regulus cruise missile, and nuclear submarines built in the USSR with cruise missiles to destroy coastal targets were subsequently converted into nuclear submarines only with a torpedo weapons.
In a single copy, the nuclear submarine of the Triton radar patrol, built in the United States in these years, was designed for early detection of air targets using especially powerful radar stations. This submarine is also notable for the fact that of all American nuclear submarines, it was the only one that had two reactors (all other US nuclear submarines are single-reactor).
The world's first launch of a ballistic missile from a submarine was made in the USSR in September 1955. The R-11FM missile was launched from a converted submarine from the surface. With the same submarine, five years later, the first in the USSR launch of a ballistic missile from a submerged position was made.
Since the end of the 50s, the process of introducing BR on submarines began. First, a small-rocket nuclear submarine was created (the dimensions of the first domestic liquid-fueled naval ballistic missiles did not allow the creation of a multi-missile nuclear submarine at once). The first domestic nuclear submarine with three BR launched from the surface was commissioned in 1960 (by this time several domestic submarines with BR had been built).
In the United States, based on the successes achieved in the field of naval ballistic missiles, they immediately went to the creation of a multi-missile nuclear submarine with the launch of missiles from a submerged position. This was facilitated by the program successfully implemented in those years to create BR on solid fuel "Polaris". Moreover, to reduce the construction period of the first missile carrier, the hull of a serial nuclear submarine that was under construction at that time was used.
Rice. 9. Nuclear submarine missile carrier of the type "George Washington"
with torpedo armament of the "Skipjack" type. This missile carrier, named "George Washington", entered service in December 1959. The first domestic multi-missile nuclear submarine (Project 667A) with 16 submerged ballistic missiles entered service in 1967. In the UK, the first nuclear-powered missile carrier, created under a wide using American experience, was put into operation in 1968, in France - in 1974. The characteristics of the first nuclear submarines with BR are given in Table. 2
In the years that have followed since the creation of the first submarines, this new type of naval weapons has been continuously improved: increasing the flight range of naval ballistic missiles to intercontinental, increasing the rate of firing of missiles up to salvo, adopting missiles with multiple warheads (MIRVs), which have in their consisting of several warheads, each of which can be aimed at its own target, an increase in the ammunition load of missiles on some types of missile carriers up to 20-24.
table 2
The fusion of nuclear power and intercontinental ballistic missiles gave submarines, in addition to their original advantage (stealth), a fundamentally new quality - the ability to hit targets deep in enemy territory. This has turned nuclear submarines into the most important component of strategic weapons, occupying almost the main place in the strategic triad due to its mobility and high survivability.
At the end of the 1960s, nuclear submarines of a fundamentally new type were created in the USSR - multi-missile submarines - carriers of CR with an underwater launch. The appearance and subsequent development of these nuclear submarines, which had no analogues in foreign navies, was a real counterbalance to the most powerful surface warships - strike aircraft carriers, including those with nuclear power plants.
Rice. 10. Nuclear submarine missile carrier (Project 667A)
At the turn of the 60s, in addition to missileization, another important direction in the development of nuclear submarines arose - increasing their stealth from detection, primarily by other submarines, and improving the means of illuminating the underwater situation to get ahead of the enemy in detection.
Due to the peculiarities of the environment in which submarines operate, the noise suppression of submarines and the range of sonar equipment installed on them act as determining factors in the problem of stealth and detection. It was the improvement of these qualities that most strongly influenced the formation of the technical appearance that modern nuclear submarines have acquired.
In the interests of solving the problems arising in these areas, many countries have launched unprecedented research and development programs, including the development of new low-noise mechanisms and propulsion systems, special programs testing serial nuclear submarines, re-equipment of built nuclear submarines with the introduction of new technical solutions and, finally, the creation of nuclear submarines with power plants of a fundamentally new type. The latter include, in particular, the American nuclear submarine Tillibee, commissioned in 1960. This nuclear submarine was distinguished by a set of measures aimed at reducing noise and increasing the efficiency of sonar weapons. Instead of the main steam turbine with a gearbox, used as an engine in nuclear submarines being mass-produced at that time, a full electric propulsion scheme was implemented on Tullibee - a special propeller motor and turbogenerators of the appropriate power were installed. In addition, for the first time for a nuclear submarine, a hydroacoustic complex with an enlarged spherical bow antenna was used, and in connection with this, new scheme placement of torpedo tubes: closer to the middle of the length of the submarine and at an angle of 10-12 ° to its diametrical plane.
When designing the Tillibee, it was planned that it would become the lead in a series of nuclear submarines of a new type, specially designed for anti-submarine operations. However, these intentions were not realized, although many of the technical means and solutions used and tested on it (hydroacoustic complex, layout of torpedo tubes, etc.) were immediately extended to the serial Thresher-type nuclear submarines under construction in the 60s.
Following the Tillibee, two more experimental nuclear submarines were built to develop new technical solutions to increase acoustic stealth: in 1967, the Jack nuclear submarine with a gearless (direct-acting) turbine plant and coaxial propellers of the opposite direction of rotation (similar to those used on torpedoes) and in 1969, the Narwhal nuclear submarine, equipped with a new type of nuclear reactor with increased level natural circulation of the primary coolant. This reactor, as expected, will be characterized by a reduced level of noise emissions due to a decrease in the power of the primary circuit circulation pumps. The first of these solutions was not developed, and as for the new type of reactor, the results obtained were used in the development of reactors for serial nuclear submarines of subsequent years of construction.
In the 70s, American specialists again returned to the idea of using a full electric propulsion scheme on nuclear submarines. In 1974, the construction of the nuclear submarine "Glenard P. Lipscomb" was completed with a turboelectric power plant as part of turbogenerators and electric motors. However, this nuclear submarine was not accepted for mass production either. Characteristics of the nuclear submarine "Tillibee" and "Glenard P. Lipscomb" are given in table. 3.
The refusal to “replicate” nuclear submarines with full electric propulsion suggests that the gain in noise reduction, if it took place on nuclear submarines of this type, did not compensate for the deterioration of other characteristics associated with the introduction of electric propulsion, primarily due to the impossibility of creating electric motors of the required power and acceptable dimensions and, as a result, a decrease in the speed of a full underwater course in comparison with nuclear submarines with turboreducer installations that are close in terms of the time of creation.
Table 3
In any case, the testing of the Glenard P. Lipscomb nuclear submarine was still ongoing, and the assembly of the Los Angeles nuclear submarine with a conventional steam turbine plant, the lead nuclear submarine in one of the largest series of boats in the history of American shipbuilding, has already begun on the slipway. The design of this nuclear submarine was created as an alternative to the Glenard Lipscomb and turned out to be more successful, as a result of which it was accepted for serial construction.
The world practice of submarine shipbuilding knows so far only one exception, when the full electric propulsion scheme was implemented not on one experimental, but on several serial nuclear submarines. These are six French nuclear submarines of the Rubis and Amethyste types, commissioned in 1983-1993.
The problem of acoustic secrecy of nuclear submarines did not simultaneously become dominant in all countries. Another important direction in the improvement of nuclear submarines in the 60s was considered to be the achievement of the highest possible underwater speed. Since the possibilities of reducing the resistance of water to movement by optimizing the shape of the hull had been largely exhausted by that time, and other fundamentally new solutions to this problem did not give real practical results, there was only one way to increase the speed of the submarine's underwater movement - increasing their power-to-weight ratio (measured by the ratio power used to move the unit to displacement). Initially, this problem was solved directly, i.e. through the creation and use of nuclear power plants with significantly increased power. Later, already in the 70s, the designers took the path of a simultaneous, but not so significant, increase in the power of nuclear power plants and a decrease in the displacement of nuclear submarines, in particular, due to a sharp increase in the level of automation of control and, in connection with this, a reduction in the number of crew.
The practical implementation of these directions led to the creation in the USSR of several nuclear submarines with a speed of over 40 knots, i.e., significantly higher than that of the bulk of the nuclear submarines being simultaneously built both in the USSR and in the West. The record for the speed of a full underwater run - almost 45 knots - was achieved in 1969 during tests of a domestic nuclear submarine with a KR project 661.
One more feature development of nuclear submarines is a more or less monotonous increase in the depth of immersion in time. Over the years that have elapsed since the commissioning of the first nuclear submarines, the immersion depth, as can be seen from the data below for serial nuclear submarines of the last years of construction, has more than doubled. Of the combat nuclear submarines, the domestic experimental nuclear submarine Komsomolets built in the mid-80s had the greatest diving depth (about 1000 m). As is known, the nuclear submarine was destroyed by fire in April 1989, but the experience gained in its design, construction and operation is invaluable.
By the mid-70s, subclasses of nuclear submarines gradually emerged and stabilized for some time, differing in the purpose and composition of the main strike weapon:
- multi-purpose submarines with torpedo weapons, anti-submarine missiles, and later cruise missiles fired from torpedo tubes and special launchers, designed for anti-submarine operations, destruction of surface targets, as well as for solving other tasks traditional for submarines (mine laying, reconnaissance, etc.). );
- strategic missile submarines armed with ballistic missiles to destroy targets on enemy territory;
- submarines carrying cruise missiles, designed mainly to destroy surface ships and transports.
The abbreviated designation of the submarines of these subclasses: nuclear submarines, SSBNs, SSBNs (respectively, English abbreviations: SSN, SSBN, SSGN).
This classification, like any other, is conditional. For example, with the installation of silos for launching cruise missiles on multipurpose nuclear submarines, the differences between nuclear submarines and specialized SSGNs are largely erased, and the use of cruise missiles with nuclear submarines designed to fire at coastal facilities and carrying nuclear charges, transfers such submarines to the category of strategic ones. In the Navy and the Navy different countries used, as a rule, its own classification of ships, including nuclear submarines.
The construction of combat submarines is carried out, as a rule, in series of several (sometimes several dozen) submarines in each on the basis of one basic project, in which relatively insignificant changes are made as experience in the construction and operation of submarines is gained. For example, in Table. 4 shows data on the serial construction of nuclear submarines in the United States. The series, as is usually accepted, are named accordingly as the lead
Table 4
* Built in three sub-series. A larger series of nuclear submarines of 77 units was implemented only during the construction of domestic missile carriers, which, although they differ in TTX, are based on one project 667A.
** The construction of the series is not finished. Submarine, time intervals are indicated by the timing of the laying of the head and commissioning of the last in the series of submarines.
The level of ALL development achieved by the mid-1990s is characterized by the following table. 5 data for three American nuclear submarines of the last years of construction.
Table 5
* Improved modification, lead nuclear submarine of the third sub-series.
** According to other sources - 2x30000 hp
In relation to the nuclear submarine (sometimes to the DPL), a rather conditional, but widespread concept of “generation” is used. The signs by which nuclear submarines are assigned to one or another generation are: proximity in time of creation, commonality of the technical solutions incorporated in the projects, uniformity of power plants and other equipment for general ship purposes, the same hull material, etc. One and the same generation can be attributed to nuclear submarines for various purposes and even several successive series. The transition from one series of submarines to another, and even more so - the transition from generation to generation, is preceded by comprehensive studies in order to reasonably select the optimal combinations of the main performance characteristics of new nuclear submarines.
Rice. 11. The newest Russian multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Bars type (project 971)
The relevance of this kind of research has especially increased with the advent of the possibility (due to the development of technology) of creating nuclear submarines that differ significantly in speed, diving depth, stealth indicators, displacement, armament, etc. The implementation of these studies sometimes continues for several years and includes the development and military-economic assessment for a wide range of alternatives NPS - from an improved modification of a mass-produced NPS to a version that is a synthesis of fundamentally new technical solutions in the field of architecture, energy, weapons, hull materials, etc.
As a rule, these studies are not limited only to the design of nuclear submarine options, but also include entire programs of research and development work in hydrodynamics, strength, hydroacoustics and other areas, and in some cases discussed above, also the creation of special experimental nuclear submarines.
In countries that build nuclear submarines most intensively, three to four generations of these ships were created. For example, in the USA, among multi-purpose nuclear submarines, Skate and Skipjack nuclear submarines are usually referred to generation I, Thresher and Sturgeon to II, and Los Angeles to III. The Seawolf nuclear submarine is considered as a representative of the new, IV generation of US Navy nuclear submarines. Of the missile carriers, the George Washington and Ethan Allen boats belong to the I generation, the Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin to the II, and the Ohio to the III.
Rice. 12. Modern Russian nuclear submarine missile carrier of the "Shark" type (project 941)
In total, by the end of the 90s, about 500 nuclear submarines were built in the world (including those disabled due to obsolescence and those who died). The number of nuclear submarines by years in the Navy and the Navy of different countries is given in Table. 6.
Table 6
Note. Above the line - nuclear submarines, below the line - SSBNs.
According to the forecast, the total number of nuclear submarines that will be in service in 2000 will be (excluding Russian Navy nuclear submarines) about 130, of which about 30 are SSBNs.
The secrecy of nuclear submarines and almost complete independence from weather conditions makes them an effective tool for conducting various kinds of special reconnaissance and sabotage operations. Usually submarines are used for these purposes after the end of their service for their intended purpose. For example, the previously mentioned US Navy nuclear submarine Halibut, which was built as a carrier of Regulus cruise missiles, was converted in the mid-60s to search (using special devices carried by it) for objects lying on the ground, including sunken submarines. . Later, to replace it for similar operations, the US Navy's Parche torpedo submarine (of the Sturgeon type) was re-equipped, into the hull of which a section about 30 m long was embedded and a special underwater vehicle was received on the deck. The nuclear submarine was infamous for participating in a spy operation in the Sea of Okhotsk in the 80s. By installing a special device on the submarine cable, she, according to data published in the United States, provided wiretapping of communications between the Soviet naval base in Kamchatka and the mainland.
Rice. 13. The newest American nuclear submarine "Seawolf"
Several US Navy Lafayete-class missile carriers, after being withdrawn from the strategic forces, were converted into amphibious assault submarines for covert delivery of several dozen marines. For this, durable containers with the necessary equipment are installed on the deck. This ensures the life extension of nuclear submarines, which, for various reasons, are no longer used for their original purpose.
For more than forty years of the existence of nuclear submarines, due to accidents (fires, explosions, depressurization of outboard water lines, etc.), two nuclear submarines of the US Navy and four nuclear submarines of the USSR Navy sank, of which one sank twice in places with relatively shallow depths and was raised both times emergency services. The rest of the sunken nuclear submarines are seriously damaged or almost completely destroyed and lie at depths of one and a half kilometers or more.
There was one case of combat use of nuclear submarines against a surface ship: the nuclear submarine "Conqueror" of the British Navy during the conflict over the Falkland Islands in May 1982 attacked and sank the cruiser "G. Belgrano" belonging to Argentina with torpedoes. Since 1991, US Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines have carried out several strikes with Tomahawk cruise missiles against targets in Iraq. In 1999, these missiles attacked the territory of Yugoslavia from the British nuclear submarine Splendid.
(4) Previously, a set of GAS for various purposes was used on nuclear submarines.
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List of all applications
If you get lost in a cloud of app icons, replace it with a handy list. Press hard on the home screen and select "List view" - installed programs will be listed in alphabetical order. This new feature watch OS 4.
Smart Display
When you raise your wrist to look at the time, the system will show you the latest information: upcoming events from the calendar, news headlines, changes in stock quotes, weather and more. This is the Siri smart display in watchOS 4.
Battery saving
There are many ways to save battery on your watch: turn off notifications, sounds, Siri, and . The most non-obvious way is to experiment with colors. The watch works with an OLED display, so the black pixels on the screen are not highlighted, which means it does not waste battery power. The more black on the screen, the less charge it needs. Set simple black and white dials (Numerals or X-Large) and make the menu black and white (in the settings, items "General" - " Universal access- "Shades of Gray").
Volume in AirPods
You don't have to take out your iPhone to turn down the volume on your AirPods when you're listening to music on your watch. Open the player (or the Now Playing tab) and turn down the volume with the wheel. With watchOS 4, the watch shows the player on the home screen when music is playing, so you don't have to go to the app every time.
Watch Screenshots
Taking a screenshot on your watch is as easy as taking a screenshot on your iPhone - press the wheel and side button at the same time. The screenshot will appear in your iPhone's photo feed. The feature does not work by default after watchOS 3. To enable it, go to the app on your iPhone and turn on screenshots in the General item.
Quick activation of silent mode
You are sitting in the cinema, and the clock is ringing and sending notifications. To quickly turn on silent mode, cover the watch display with your palm and wait for the vibration signal. In the same way, reject calls that you cannot answer yet. Check if this function works in the settings (under "Sounds, tactile signals").
Last running application
When you raise your hand, the watch shows the time or current information for that hour. But you can make the watch open the last running application. Specify this in the settings (items "General" - "Activate when raising the wrist") and, for example, check the map on the clock every two minutes, every hour or always. And between the last running applications you can switch faster using the wheel - for this you need to press it twice.
Unlock macbook
Unlock your macbook without a password using your watch. Link your Apple Watch and MacBook to the same Apple ID and set up two-factor authentication. In macOS System Preferences, go to the iCloud tab, then to Settings account and enter your Apple ID password, and in the "Security" tab, enable two-factor authentication. After that, create a password for the watch in the application on the iPhone (in the “Passcode” item), and in the system settings on the MacBook (tab “Protection and security”, then “General”), turn on “Unlock Mac with Apple Watch”. The feature is only available to those who have updated their watch to watchOS 3 and their MacBook to macOS Sierra.
Finding a Lost iPhone
If you can't find your iPhone at home, use the clock: swipe up on the watch screen, go to the control center and tap the phone icon - the iPhone will sound signal. If this does not help, hold your finger on the phone icon - the iPhone will start flashing the camera flash. The function works only within the Bluetooth coverage area, that is, within a radius of 100 meters.
Own message templates
Don't use message templates in Messages because they're boring? Go to the Apple Watch app on your iPhone, select "Messages" - "Default replies" and rewrite all the templates as you wish. Instead of the vague "I'm on my way," be more specific, such as "I'm at Kitay-Gorod." There are templates not only in Messages, but also in facebook messenger. The latter are configured in the application on the iPhone.
Signal for Siri
Let Siri know you're done dictating your message. After you have finished speaking, press the display - Siri.
Notifications on watch and iPhone
When a message arrives on the iPhone, the notification is duplicated on the clock. If you dismiss a notification on your watch, it will disappear on your iPhone as well. But sometimes there is no time to answer, but I don’t want to reject the notification either - then it will be forgotten, the interlocutor will be unpleasant. There is a solution - click on the wheel when the notification appeared on the screen, and it will be minimized, but not dismissed. If too much information has accumulated in the notification center, press hard on the notification screen and clear the history.
Navigation language
Follow the mapped route and do not look at the display. The watch itself will tell you where to turn with the help of vibration: a series short beeps- to the right, three pairs of signals - to the left, long signal- the end of the route. The function is described in the user manual and is enabled automatically.
"Do not disturb" during training
To keep messages and calls from distracting you from your workout, watchOS 4 automatically turns on Do Not Disturb when you exercise. Open the Apple Watch app on your iPhone, go to "General" - "Do Not Disturb" and turn on the workout mode. Is not the only update for athletes. For example, the watch automatically pauses a running workout if you stop, and automatically resumes it when you run again. Enable this feature in Apple app Watch on iPhone under "Workout".
